2. ADHD, AD/HD, ADD
A neurobehavioral D: affects children, teens, adults.
>15 million Americans are affected. x 3 in males
3 features:
• Inattention
• Hyperactivity
• Impulsivity
–more frequent-severe than seen in ones peers
3. 3 subtypes
• Inattentive type (formerly ADD): not hyperactive;
usually don't disrupt the class
• Hyperactive/Impulsive type: fidgety and can't
control their impulses
• Combined type (commonest)
Usually starts not before 7
5. Who are those children
• Are restless, disobedient, untidy
• Have poor schooling, - performance
• Are embarrassing for parents
• Have few friends, poor social relation
• Not intellectually retarded. Not violent
• Struggle with low self-esteem, failed career, broken
marriage, etc
6. Cause is unknown
Genetics
• ADHD tends to run in families
Neurotransmitters
• Imbalance of NTs
Environment
• Smoking in or complications from pregnancy,
delivery, or infancy
21. Hyperactivity
• Fidgeting/squirming, difficulty seating still,
inappropriate running/climbing
• Difficulty with quiet activities, “on the go”, talkative
• Dash around, touching or playing with anything and
everything in sight
Symptoms may persist into adulthood
26. Symptoms of Impulsivity
• Blurting out answers, can’t wait for turn: very
impatient
• Intrusive: often interrupts others
• Inappropriate comments, show emotions without
restraint, act without regard for consequences
30. How Do I Know If My Child Has ADHD?
• Many ADHD symptoms are normal in childhood; majority
typically outgrown. Other conditions may have these. So,
very detailed evaluation is needed. But don't delay! Early
Dx can improve social and academic success
Symptoms must be
– ≥6 for 6 mo in >1 settings (home, school, community)
– started <7 y of age
– inconsistent with the age and severe enough to
interfere with social or academic functioning
31. … severe enough to interfere with social or academic functioning
32. Diagnosis
• Clinical. Varies P2P
• No single test
• Dx criteria: must have ≥6 symptoms x 6 mo in at
least 2 settings: home, school, society
– must cause significant impairment in functioning
– Cannot be better explained for another disorder
Dx by exclusion
33. Early Dx can improve social and academic success
34. DD
• Depression, anxiety disorders, mania
• Others: epilepsy, lead toxicity, deafness, liver
D, OSA, drugs, head injury
35. What Should I Do if …?
• Talk to pediatrician for evaluation and involve
various disciplines for
– comprehensive medical,
developmental, educational and
psychosocial Rx
• Early recognition is key to Rx
Treatment
36. Medications
• Relieve SS of ADHD, but don't cure! may not be
right for all, may be a part of a total Rx
• Stimulants: methylphenidate, dextroamphetamine,
lisdexamfetamine
• Non-stimulant: atomoxetine
• Antidepressants: bupropion, desipramine,
clonidine, guanfacine
• may take several weeks for full effect
No antipsychotic!
38. Set Clear Rules and Expectations
• These are essential in both school and at home
• Post the rules for the home
• Provide fair and consistent rewards and
consequences for these rules
• The aim is behaviour modification
39. .. fair and rewards and consequences for these rules
40. Give Clear Instructions
• Not vague! "clean up your mess" or "play nicely“.
Say: "please put dirty clothes in the bowl," “put
toys back on shelves,“ "let's allow your friend to
have a turn for the toy"
• Let your child repeat the instructions back to you
• Use calm and clear voice and kind eye contact
• Break down larger tasks into simple steps
42. Discipline, Rewards, and Consequences
• They respond better to rewards and consequences
• Reward good behaviors with praise or special time
with you or outing or favorite activity. Offering
foods or toys not ideal
• It's best to reward and praise than negative
comments: smile and say, "I liked your HW" or "you
did a great job clearing the table”
44. Consequences (contd.)
• These can include time-outs. It is essential that
these occur immediately for a negative behavior
• are to be fair, fit, consistent, predictable
• ideally should be explained in advance
• But events like holidays or BD should never be
withdrawn
45. It is essential that these occur immediately after negative behavior
47. Use Time-Outs Effectively
• Particularly for children, time-outs can be effective
• Time-outs not last longer in minutes than the
child's age in years (5-min for a 5-y-old)
• Longer time-out is too difficult (defiance)
49. Ignore Within Reason
• Ignoring a negative behavior may be an effective
behavior-modification technique
• Don’t ignore risky or injurious behavior, but ignore
whining, nagging, arguing until these stop
• S/he can crave attention with these. Ignoring can
be effective if done consistently. If he is increasingly
loud if ignored, tell him gently that talk can resume
when he is calm
51. Define Schedules and Routines
• Not-inflexible enjoyable daily routine: wake-up,
getting ready, breakfast, preparing school lunch,
playing, HW, sleep: s/he knows your expectations.
Post it to remind him/her what to do at a time
• Clocks can be used as cues
• Allow him/her check off completed items
• S/he becomes more structured and stays on task
54. Education
• Most can be educated in standard classrooms
• Some do better in a more structured environment
• Special education is tailored to meet the specific
needs of children
56. Develop Organizational Aids
• They have poor skills: trouble organizing tasks.
Provide color-coded notebooks for each subject,
and a HW sheet on top for each day
• A 2nd set of books for home is useful if he forgets to
bring them back
• Help him develop a system for his/her room and
belongings and stick to it
58. Eliminate Distractions
• Home environments may be chaotic and full of
distractions
• Ensure plenty of quiet time and space for him to
complete HW and chores
• Room should be free of distractions like TV and
video games, not where most people gather
59. Let your child have plenty of quiet time and space for tasks
60. Set Small Attainable Goals
• You cant go for Marathon (26miles) from never
running! So is unrealistic on your child to change 5
behaviors immediately. This causes unbearable
stress for you and child leading to failure
• No overnight changes! Ask him not interrupting a
conversation for 5 min, remaining seated for 10
min, etc. Praise and reward for these small goals
Focus on 1 or 2 Challenging Behaviors/Time
62. … can create unbearable stress for both and leads to failure
63. Find Areas the Child Succeeds in
• No one enjoys constant criticism: it causes more
negative behaviors to get attention
• Everyone needs to feel good at something, find an
area of his/her success: sport, music, lesson, art,
etc. that can greatly improve his/her self-esteem
• Let his/her interests and enthusiasm be your guide
65. Promote a Healthy Lifestyle - Nutrition
• Also for the whole family. Avoid junk foods or
"empty" calories on >1 occasions
• Sugary foods are not a c/of ADHD, but lots of these
may worsen ADHD. He/she may skip meals or eat
irregularly. Small frequent meals are effective
• Teach him/her good food choices by modeling these
upon yourself
66. Teach him make good food choices by modeling these choices yourself
67. Promote a Healthy Lifestyle - Exercise
• Exercise, sports can help excitable children "burn
off" extra energy. It promotes well-being and sleep
• Constant-activity or motion sports are better
• Many children with ADHD do well in martial arts or
yoga that affect mental as well as physical health
69. Promote a Healthy Lifestyle – Sleep
• Sleep is essential! Not well-rested, he/she will have
more difficulty paying attention
• Set bedtime routine. Use a checklist
• No caffeine. Provide a calming ritual (cuddling or
sharing a story)
• Turn off computer; remove cell phones and others
out of room for the night
70. If not slept, s/he will have more difficulty paying attention
71. Show Your Unconditional Love
• Be sure s/he is aware of your unconditional love,
no matter how s/he behaves
• Withdrawal of affection is never appropriate
• It's OK to let him/her know you are unhappy with
his/her behavior, but remember to say "I love you"
every day. S/he will know that he/she is a valued
member of the family
73. Take Care of Yourself!
• Never forget to take care of the caregiver!
• It is a joy of accomplishment, though can bring on
frustration, anger, guilty-feeling, anxiety, worry!
• Remember! his/her behaviors are due to a
disorder not under his/her full control
• Take a break: accept help from friends. Take
pastime to recharge yourself!
75. Prevention
• No surefire way
• Steps to reduce the risk
– avoiding alcohol, drugs, tobacco in pregnancy
– balanced food
Children whose mothers smokes during pregnancy
are twice as likely to develop ADHD
79. QUIZES
ADHD denotes commonly
• A Attention Deficit Hypersensitivity Disorder
• B Affliction Diffusion Hyperactivity Disorder
• C Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
• D Affection Deficit Hypersensitivity Disorder
80. Which is NOT a symptom of ADHD?
• A inattention
• B impulsivity
• C fidgeting
• D Stuttering
81. ADHD symptoms must be present for
• A Three weeks total
• B Six consecutive weeks
• C Three months total
• D At least 6 mo
82. 1. You have to be stricter with ADHD kids
• True
• False
2. Kids with ADHD have discipline problems
because they can’t focus
• True
• False
• It depends
83. To help your child concentrate, make sure
her breakfast is rich in
• Protein
• Unrefined sugars
• Gluten
84. 1. Using a chart can help with discipline; you
should
• Add points for good behavior
• Remove points for bad behavior
• Both
2. Use short-term goals to motivate kids with
ADHD
• True
• False
85. 1. Bad parenting can cause ADHD
• True
• False
2. Cutting out sugar from diet can reduce
disruptive ADHD behavior by
• Up to 30%
• 10%
• 0 -- it doesn't help
86. Which is more likely to lessen disruptive ADHD
behavior?
• Controlling allergic triggers
• Getting more sleep
• Neither
87. ADHD can be an inherited condition
• True
• False
88. Which class of drugs is NOT used to Rx ADHD?
• A Psychostimulant medications
• B Antidepressant medications
• C Antipsychotic medications
• D B and C
89. Which supplements have no benefit for ADHD?
• A Zinc
• B St. John's wort
• C Fish oil
• D Multivitamins
91. There are no differences in stimulant use for
Rx ADHD across racial and ethnic groups
• True
• False
92. What conditions are closely associated with
ADHD?
• A Cigarette smoking
• B Drug and alcohol abuse
• C Heart disease
• D A and B only
93. The best definition for "diversion“ related to
ADHD Rx is
• A Giving, trading, or selling prescribed medications
• B An ADHD patient's continued inability to concentrate
• C The federal government's method of managing
ADHD in schools
• D Parental denial of childhood ADHD despite diagnosis
94. What % of children with ADHD will have
persistent symptoms into adulthood?
• A At least 10%
• B At least 25%
• C At least 50%
• D At least 75%
95. In teens with ADHD, a major area of concern is
• A Overeating
• B Driving
• C Antisocial behavior
• D Acts of violence
96. ADHD has also been named
• A Superkinesis
• B Hyperkinesis
• C Hyperreality
• D Behavioral extremism
97. Which problems are common in adult ADHD?
• A Poorer educational performance
• B A lower socioeconomic status
• C Multiple marriages and divorces
• D All of the above
98. Pregnant women who smoke or drink alcohol
have more risk of having a child with ADHD
• True
• False
99. MCQ: ADHD
• Stuttering is a symptom
• SS must be persistent for minimum 9mo
• Usually resolves by adulthood
• 50% childhood ADHD continue in adulthood
• Antipsychotic drugs are DoC
• Effective parenting is the most important thing in
Rx ADHD
100.
101. How do I know my child has ADHD and not
something else?
• Only a trained health care professional can
accurately diagnose ADHD. Get the facts
about how ADHD is diagnosed.
How can I get help?
• Always talk to your child's doctor first. Check
out your local resources to meet other parents
and professionals with ADHD expertise. Your
child's school, your human resources
department at work, and neighborhood clinics
may also have lists of resources for managing
102. Working with Your Child's Doctor
• Sometimes my child's doctor's appointments
go by so quickly, I forget to ask the questions
I have. Any tips to help me remember them?
• Try writing down your questions ahead of
time. Then be sure to hand your questions to
the health care professional as soon as he/she
enters the room! If you’ve already left the
office, pick up the phone and call back. Don’t
let a moment of embarrassment keep you
from getting the important information you
need for your child.
Why is the doctor changing the dosage of my
103. What if my child is struggling in school?
• For children dealing with ADHD and school,
there can be additional challenges and
difficulties. Here are three steps you can take
to help your child.
• Step 1: Get a professional diagnosis in writing.
• Step 2: See below to learn about federal laws
that ensure students with disabilities receive
educational opportunities equal to those of
their peers.
• Step 3: Be patient. You may need to involve
your school, as well as teachers and
104. What accommodations may be available to my child in
school?
• If after weighing the benefits and risks of pursuing
learning accommodations for your child, you decide to
proceed, you have several options:
• Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act provides for
accommodations such as providing students with ADHD
clear and simple directions for homework and in-class
assignments, a quiet place to work, or access to a
computer in school for written work.
105. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) provides for an
individualized education program, also known as an IEP.
• is a written document with specific goals for the child based on their
current level of performance, and with a list of services that will be
granted as discussed by the parent and school.
What are some things to consider when seeking learning
accommodations for my child?
• Before pursuing special learning arrangements for your child, keep
these points in mind:
• Consider if your child with ADHD would be embarrassed when
accommodations are made in class. You may wish to keep any
agreements about changes between your child and his/her or her
teachers.
• Consider if your child with ADHD would be upset with
accommodations that may call them out from their peers. You may
want to avoid implementing major new strategies until absolutely
necessary.
106. How can I work with my child's school?
• Meet with teachers to share your concerns and
explore accommodation options
• Ask them for written assessment of your child
• Take an active role in educational plan
• FU each meeting with your child’s school
• Find a local support group
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118. ADHD associated disorders
• In 2⁄3. Learning disabilities in 30%. ADHD, is not a
learning disability but can significantly impact
academic performance
• Tourette syndrome more common in ADHD
• Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct
disorder (CD) in 50% and 20%. SS: stubbornness,
aggression, temper tantrums, deceitfulness, lying,
and stealing. 50% of those with hyperactivity and
ODD or CD develop antisocial personality
disorder in adulthood
119. • .[37] Brain imaging supports that conduct disorder
and ADHD are separate conditions.[38]
• Primary disorder of vigilance, which is
characterized by poor attention and concentration,
as well as difficulties staying awake. These children
tend to fidget, yawn and stretch and appear to be
hyperactive in order to remain alert and active.[36]
• Mood disorders (especially bipolar
disorder and major depressive disorder). Boys
diagnosed with the combined ADHD subtype are
more likely to have a mood disorder.[39] Adults with
ADHD sometimes also have bipolar disorder, which
requires careful assessment to accurately diagnose
Time-out: punishment for young children in which they are separated from others for a brief period
Stuttering is not symptomatic of ADHD. Inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity must be present to a degree that is maladaptive and inconsistent with the developmental level of the child
No single test for Dx ADHD; diagnosed with symptoms of ADHD on a regular basis for >6 mo
ADHD does cluster in families. Children with ADHD usually have at least one close relative with ADHD
Psychostimulant drugs are most widely prescribed for ADHD, though 2 types of antidepressant medications, TCA and bupropion have a positive effect on all 3 major components of ADHD
St. John's wort has no effect on ADHD. Improved symptoms in child ADHD with zinc along with traditional ADHD Rx. in children with ADHD aged 8-12 y, fish oil may improve mental skills. For instance, it may help improve a child's ability to organize activities.
ADHD may continue into adulthood. 5% school children have ADHD, its prevalence in adults is difficult to estimate: 1-5% of adults. ADHD in adults: difficulty following directions, difficulty with concentration, and trouble with organizing tasks or completing work within time limits
There are significant differences in access to mental-health services between children of different races, and consequently, there are differences in medication use. In particular, African-American children are much less likely than Caucasian children to receive psychotropic medications, including stimulants, for treatment of mental disorders
Although an increased risk of drug abuse and smoking is associated with ADHD, this/her risk appears due to the ADHD condition itself, rather than its treatment. In a study jointly funded by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) and the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), boys with ADHD who were treated with stimulants were significantly less likely to abuse drugs and alcohol when they got older. Caution is warranted, nonetheless, as the overall evidence suggests that people with ADHD (particularly untreated ADHD) are indeed at greater risk for later alcohol or substance abuse.
"Diversion" is the transfer of medication from the pt to another. Diversion is more likely with short-acting stimulant preparations. The most common reasons cited for use on non-prescribed stimulants were they "helped with studying," improved alertness, drug experimentation, and "getting high."
Research supports the clinical observation that as many as 50% of children with ADHD will have symptoms that persist into adulthood.
Teens with ADHD are two to four times more likely to have motor-vehicle accidents or have their licenses suspended than peers without such a diagnosis. Impulsivity and inattention again seem to be limited when at-risk teens consistently take their recommended medication
ADHD has many aliases: hyperkinesis, attention deficit disorder (ADD). This/her definition was created to underline the importance of the inattentiveness or attention deficit that is often but not always accompanied by hyperactivity. The revision to the term returned the emphasis back to the inclusion of hyperactivity within the diagnosis, with the official name of ADHD
Adult ADHD may have difficulty following directions, remembering information, concentrating, organizing tasks, or completing work within time limits. It can cause behavioral and relationship problems (multiple marriages and divorces), emotional problems (low self-esteem), social problems (lower socioeconomic status), and vocational problems (fewer occupational achievements)
pregnant women who smoke or drink may have an increased risk. women who smoke during pregnancy are more likely to have ADHD themselves. alcohol or drug abuse during pregnancy can reduce activity of the neurons that produce NTs. ADHD is higher in children who had a LBW or whose mothers had difficult pregnancies
Think Positively
While ADHD can certainly present unique and sometimes what can seem to be daunting challenges, being able to sincerely know and have confidence in your child's strengths can go a long way toward helping him or her be the very best person he or she can be. Many famous, accomplished, and indeed brilliant people of the past and present have ADHD. An outstanding example of learning to have a positive outlook about ADHD is demonstrated in the children's book and movie called, Percy Jackson and the Olympians: The Lightning Thief.
Another benefit to thinking positively about your child with ADHD is its infectious nature. It is much easier for the child's teacher, coaches, peers, and in fact, the child him- or herself to accept and harness strengths when the parent communicates and emphasizes those strengths. The challenge for parenting a child with ADHD is to be able to use the child's unique gifts and address his/her or her challenges to work toward achieving the child's fullest potential.
ADHD: is a condition that robs children of their ability to focus and pay attention. Kids are fidgety and easily distracted; makes it difficult to stay "on task," whether it's listening to a teacher or finishing a chore. 3% to 5% of kids have ADHD, but some experts believe that figure could be as high as 10%
Hyperactivity inability to sit still. may run and climb on things constantly, even when indoors. When they are seated, they tend to squirm, fidget, or bounce. Some are talkative and find it difficult to play quietly
Impulsiveness: cutting in line, interrupting others, or blurting out answers before a question. This makes it difficult for children to wait their turn or think before they act
Impact on Daily Life Without treatment, it can affect a child's development socially and academically. The inability to focus often leads to poor performance in school. Kids who interrupt or cut in line may have trouble making and keeping friends. These lead to low self-esteem and risky behaviors. ADHD also increases the risk of childhood depression and anxiety disorders
have less activity in areas of the brain that control attention. They may also have imbalances in brain chemicals called neurotransmitters. It's unclear what causes these irregularities, but ADHD runs in families, so many experts believe genetics play a role
Diagnosing: no lab tests. doctors rely on the patient's response to questions, the family's description of behavior problems, and a school assessment. With ADHD, a child must display some combination of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity for six months to a degree that is maladaptive and inconsistent with his or her age. Onset no later than age 7.
Medications Stimulants can help increase a child's attention span while controlling hyperactivity and impulsive behavior: work in 80% of patients, although they may have some troubling side effects. Non-stimulant medications are also options for some children
Counseling can help a child with ADHD learn to handle frustrations and build self-esteem. It can also provide parents with supportive strategies. A specific type of therapy, called social skills training, can help kids improve at taking turns and sharing. Studies show that long-term treatment with a combination of drugs and behavioral therapy is more effective than medication alone
Diets. The jury is still out on whether diet may improve ADHD symptoms. While studies on ADHD diets have produced mixed results, some health experts believe foods that are good for the brain could reduce symptoms of ADHD. High-protein foods, including eggs, meat, beans, and nuts, may improve concentration. It might also be helpful to replace simple carbs, like candy and white bread, with complex carbs, like pears and whole-grain bread. Talk to your pediatrician before making any dramatic changes to your child's diet.
ADHD and Junk Food
While many kids bounce off the walls after eating junk food, there is no evidence that sugar is a cause of ADHD. The role of food additives is less certain. Some parents believe preservatives and food colorings worsen the symptoms of ADHD, and the American Academy of Pediatrics says it's reasonable to avoid these substances
ADHD and Television
The link between television and ADHD is unclear, but the American Academy of Pediatrics suggests limiting young children's exposure. The group discourages TV viewing for kids under 2 and recommends no more than two hours a day for older kids. To help your child develop attention skills, encourage activities like games, blocks, puzzles, and reading.