The document provides definitions and information about narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. It discusses various types of narcotics including natural narcotics like opium, cannabis, and cocaine. It also covers semi-synthetic narcotics derived from natural drugs like heroin, as well as synthetic narcotics made wholly through chemical processes. Psychotropic substances are also defined and examples provided like methaqualone, amphetamines, and LSD. The effects and methods of analysis and extraction for key narcotics like opium, cannabis, cocaine are summarized.

1. Analysis of Narcotic
Drugs &
Psychotropic
Substances
By:
Raghu Khimani,
M.S. Forensic Pharmacy,
M. Pharm (Pharmaceutical Analysis)
PhD (R)
E: raghukhimani2007@gmail.com

2. Definitions:
 Drug: Drug is any substance intended for use as a medicine
for the alleviation of human and animal suffering from pain
or any disease, either alone or in the form of medical
preparation.
 A drug when taken into by a living organism, modifies one
or more of its function.
 Drug of Abuse: is any substance that, because of some
desirable effect, is used for some purpose other than that
intended.
OR
 Drug of Abuse: any substance the possession or supply of
which is restricted by law because of its potential harmful
effect on the user.
 Narcotic Drugs: These are drugs that have analgesic
effects, depress the CNS and tend to promote sleep.
 Psychotropic Substances: Drugs, which in therapeutic
doses, diminish awareness of sensory impulse, especially
pain, by the brain. (Mind Altering Drugs)

3.  NARCOTICS:
 The term “Narcotic” is derived from the Greek word
“Narcoticos”, which implies as state of lethargy or
sluggishness.
 Narcotic drugs are those substances which gives
relief from pain and induce sleep but socially not
acceptable.
 PSYCHOTROPICS:
 The Greek word “Psycho” means “soul” and “trope”
means “turning”.
 Any drug having peculiar affinity for (effect on) mind
(mind altering).

4. Natural Narcotics:
 Occurring in nature as plants like roots, barks, leaves,
flowers, fruits, seeds, resinous and milky exudations.
 Ex. Cannabis / Marijuana – Charas, Hashish Oil, Ganja,
Bhang – Cocaine, Opium
Semi synthetic Narcotics:
 Crude and raw natural drugs are processed and isolated
to active compounds by chemical process.
 Such man made drugs derived from natural drugs are
called semi synthetic drugs.
 Ex. Heroin, Brown sugar (Smack) etc.

5. Synthetic Narcotics:
 Drugs are wholly man-made
 Prepared from elements like Carbon, Hydrogen,
Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Sulphur etc.
 Prepared from simple primary chemicals
 Ex. Pethidine and psychotropic subs.
 Psychotropic Substances:
 Methaqualone /Mecloqualone /Mandrax
 Amphetamines /Methamphetamine
 Barbiturates and Derivatives
 Benzodiazepines
 Lysergide (LSD)

6. Classification of Narcotic Drugs and
Psychotropic Substances
Narcotic Drugs & Psychotropic Substances
Narcotic
Drugs.
Natural
Ex.
Opium,
Cannabis,
Cocaine, Ganja,
Bhang
Semi-
Synthetic
Ex. Heroin,
Brown Sugar
Psychotropic
Subs.
Synthetic
Ex. Methaqualone,
Aspirine, LSD, PCM,
Baribturates,
Benzodiazepines.

7. Opium (અફીણ – ઘેન લાવનારી દવા)
 Also known as paregoric, Dover’s powder
 Opium comes under Natural type of Narcotic drugs.
 The immediate precursor of heroin is morphine, and
morphine is obtained from opium.
 Opium is the dried milky, sticky white juice which is
obtained by cutting slits of the unripe seed pods of
Papaver Somniferum L., more commonly referred as the
opium poppy.
 This milky white juice darkens to a blackish brown color
thickens upon exposure to air.
 The principle use of prepared opium is for smoking.
 The Opium Poppy is obtained from the plant ‘Papaver
somniferum’.
 The word “Papaver” is a Greek word meaning “Poppy”,
“Somniferum” is from Latin and means to dream or
induce sleep.

8. Opium

9.  It also grows wild in many areas, but the largest quantities
come from three main areas of the world, the areas
known as Golden Triangle (Laos, Burma and Thailand),
the Golden Crescent (Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iran) and
Mexico.
 The plant grows to 2 to 5 feet in height and displays a
beautiful flower that ranges in color from white to purple
with the shades of red and orange being most common.
 Opium contains various organic and inorganic substances
like alkaloids, acids, protein, sugar and inorganic elements
etc..
 About 40 opium alkaloids have been known in the opium
out of which 5 are major.
 They are morphine, codeine, thebaine, papavarine and
narcotine (noscapine).

10. Fields of Opium

11. Flowers of Opium Poppy

12. POS DODA

13. Poppy Capsule

17. Poppy Capsule (Pos Doda)

18. Key Terms
 ALKALOID: Any organic agent isolated from plants
that contains nitrogen and reacts with an acid to
form a salt.
 ANALGESIC: A type of drug that alleviates pain
without loss of consciousness.
 OPIATE: Drug derived directly from opium and used
in its natural state, without chemical modification.
Opiates include morphine, codeine, thebaine,
narcotine, papaverine, etc..
 OPIOID: A drug, hormone, or other chemical
substance having sedative or narcotic effects similar
to those containing opium or its derivatives; a
natural brain opiate.

19.  Major Alkaloids found in Raw Opium:
Opium
Alkaloids
Alkaloid Content
Min % Avg. % Max %
Morphine 3.1 11.4 19.2
Codeine 0.7 3.5 6.6
Thebaine 0.2 3.1 10.6
Papaverine <0.1 3.2 9.0
Narcotine
(Noscapine)
1.4 8.1 15.8

21. Effects of components of Opium
 Narcotic Effect: (Phenanthrene Group +nt)
 Morphine
 Codeine
 Thebaine
 Analgesic Effect: (Iso-quinoline group +nt)
 Papaverine
 Narcotine (Noscapine)

22. Phenanthrene (C14H10)

23. Isoquinoline (C9H7N)

24. Structure of Opium

25. Analysis of Opium

26. Extraction of Morphine from Opium
Opium + NH4Cl
+ C2H5OH +
Ether
Stir for 4-5 hours
Filter by Filtrate
Cloth
Keep aside
Filtrate and
Proceed with
Residue
Add H2SO4 &
Charcoal for
Purification &
De-colorization
Reflux for ½
hour
Remove
Residue & Take
Filtrate & also
add NH4OH
Residue and ppt.
are formed.
Dry the ppt. of
Morphine to get White
Crystalline powder of
Morphine

28. Extraction of Heroin from Morphine
Acetylation
(CH3CO)2O
Refluxed for
5 hours with constant
temperature
(230° C),
Cool at room temp. +
Na2CO3
3
6
If at position 3, H = CH3 = Codeine
If at position 3 & 6, H = CH3 = Thebaine

29. CH3

30. Heroin

31. Mexican Heroin

32. Opiates
Opium
C17H19NO2

33. H

34. Effects of Opiates on Human Body
 Overdose:
 Euphoria (Jolly Mood)
 Dysphoria (Feeling
Unhappy)
 Drowsy > Coma
 Respiratory Depression
 Temperature
 Blood Pressure
 Pulmonary Edema
 Risk of Death
 Withdrawal Syndromes:
 Drug Seeking Behavior
 Restlessness
 Anxiety > Lacrimation
 Yawning
 Temperature
 Blood Pressure
 Nausea & Vomiting
 Sweating

37. Cannabis (Marijuana) (ગાાંજો)
 Also known as Grass Weed/ Dope
 Cannabis is the common name for the dried leaves and flowers
of the plant Cannabis sativa, a member of the Cannabaceae
family.
 There are more than 420 chemicals in Cannabis Plant.
 Cannabis is usually smoked in cigarettes ("joints") or water pipes
("bongs") mixed with tobacco.
 Cannabis can also be baked in cakes or biscuits.
 Hash and hash oil are derived from the resin of the cannabis
plant.
 Hash is a highly concentrated form of cannabis resin, and is
usually sold in small brown blocks.
 Hash oil is a sticky black liquid.
 Both hash and hash oil are stronger than cannabis.

38. Marijuana Plant

39. Cannabis Sativa Plant

40. Key Terms
 BHANG: The mildest form of cannabis used in India.
 CHARAS: Concentrated cannabis resin, similar to hashish.
 GANJA: A moderately potent form of Indian cannabis,
marked by a greater THC content than bhang.
 HASHISH: Concentrated cannabis resin, similar to charas.
 HASHISH OIL: The most potent form of cannabis resin,
extracted by chemical solvent.
 MARIJUANA: The dried leaves and flowers of female Cannabis
sativa plants.
 TETRAHYDROCANNABINOLS (THC): A group of cannabinoid
compounds thought to cause most of the psychoactive
reactions to marijuana use.

41. Bhang

42. Ganja

43. Ganja

44. Charas

45. Hashish Oil

46.  What does it do?
 Cannabis can make you feel happy and relaxed.
 It can increase your sense of taste, smell and hearing,
making you talk louder and laugh more than normal,
and increase your desire for food.
 The chemical in cannabis that produces the "high" is
called THC (tetrahydrocannabinol).
 The strength of cannabis depends on the level of THC.
 Effects can begin immediately, depending on the
strength and how much you take.
 If smoked the biggest effect is in the first 20 minutes
and can last for 1-2 hours.
 If eaten, the biggest effect occurs around 60 minutes
later and can last up to 4 hours.

48. Main Ingredients of Cannabis Sativa:
 There are main 3 ingredients of Cannabis Sativa:
1. Δ9-THC = Δ9-Tetra Hydro Cannabinol
2. CBN = Cannabinol
3. CBD = Cannabidiol

49. Cannabinoids

55. Extraction of Cannabis:
Plant Material
Extract with
organic solvent
Extract liquid
and remove
residue
Extracted Liquid
is concentrated
Thick brownish
black oil
(Hash oil)

56. Analysis of Cannabis:
 Presumptive Tests of Cannabis:
 Used to test for the presence of phenolic
cannibinoids.
 Involves a reaction between the cannbinioids and a
test reagent to form colored products.
1. Duquenois-Levine test
2. Corinth IV salt test
 Thin Layer Chromatography of Cannabis
 Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry of Cannabis

57. Effects of Cannabis on Human Body
 Overdose:
 Euphoria
 Anxiety
 Dreamy, Fantasy State
 Labile Mood (Fluctuation)
 Illusions /
 Hallucinations
 Blood Pressure
 Impaired Judgment
 Risk of Death
 Withdrawal Syndromes:
 Only after prolonged high
dose
 Anorexia
 Nausea
 Insomnia
 Anxiety
 Restlessness
 Irritability
 Depression

58. Cocaine (કોકેન – નશો ચઢાવતી દવા)
 Other names: Powder Cocaine, Crack Cocaine
 An odorless white crystalline powder usually found in the
form of a salt, such as cocaine hydrochloride.
 It is considered the purification product of coca paste, an
extract of the leaves of the coca bush (Erythroxylum coca or
Erythroxylum novogranatense), where it is found as a natural
alkaloid.
Coca Leaves and Cocaine
Hydrochloride powder Rocks of Crack Cocaine

59. COCA PLANT

60. Coca Flowers & Leaves

61. Key Terms
 ANAESTHETIC: An agent that causes loss of sensation.
 COCA PASTE: An impure free base made from coca
leaves. Coca paste is smoked and is highly addictive.
 CRACK COCAINE: A highly addictive free-base cocaine
that is smoked. Crack is made by combining powder
cocaine, sodium bicarbonate and water, then heated.
 POWDER COCAINE (COCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE): A
psychoactive substance derived from coca leaves.
Powder cocaine is either snorted into the nose or mixed
with water and injected into the veins. It is prepared by
dissolving alkaloid in HCl, forming a water soluble salt.
 FREE BASE: The form of cocaine that can be smoked.
There are three free-base forms of cocaine – coca paste,
crack and free base. All free base are highly addictive.

62. What does it do?
 Cocaine is a stimulant .
 It speeds up your body and mind so you feel more
energetic.
 It also acts as an anaesthetic that causes your nose and
gums to go numb.
 After taking cocaine you will feel “high”/good and have
more energy . This "peaks" in 10-20 minutes.
 Because the good feelings from cocaine lasts a very
short time, people often use it many times a day.
 If you are injecting the cocaine many times a day , this
can damage your veins.
 If you snort cocaine, it can cause damage inside your
nose.

63.  Causes numbness of the tongue.
 It is believed to be a potent anti-fatigue agent and also
reduces hunger.
 Causes mental effect.
 The after effect of cocaine: anxiety, restlessness,
feeling of paranoia and depression
 Causes dilation of the pupils of the eyes.
 Cocaine is believed to be aphrodisiac and increase
duration of the sexual act.

64. Cocaine: A Stimulant
Cocaine
hydrochloride, a fine
powder can be
snorted through the
Nasal passage.

65. Route of Administration
Powder Cocaine (Cocaine Hydrochloride)

66. Crack Cocaine
Where as, Coca Leaves are Chewed or Ingested.

67. Testing at Laboratory

68. Structure of Cocaine
Cocaine (methyl benzoyl ecgonine) C17H21NO4 , MW = 303.4

69. Extraction of Cocaine
Dry Powder of Coca Leaf + Lime Water (Ca(OH)2) + Kerosene
Aqueous Layer + Concentrated Lime Water
White ppt. (Coca Paste)
Aqueous Layer – Treated with NH4OH
1. Purify for 2-3 Days 2. Remove Kerosene Layer
Remove Aqueous Solution
1. Purify by adding Dil. H2SO4 2. Remove Morphine Sulphate ppt.

70. 1. Residue (ppt. of Alkaloid)
2. Aqueous Layer
Cocaine
Cocaine Hydrochloride
Add HCl
1. Filtration 2. Remove Aqueous Layer

71. Analysis of Cocaine
 Non-Instrumental Methods for
Detection of Cocaine:
 Check for Adulteration
 Crystalline Precipitates:
 Platinic chloride test
 Gold Chloride test
 Gold Bromide test
 Lead Iodide test
 Color/Spot tests:
 White spot plate
 Cobalt Thiocyanate test
 Scott test
 Logan test
 Odor test
 TLC
 GC-NPD (GC-Nitrogen Phosphorus
Detection)
 HPLC
 CZE (Capillary Zone
Electrophoresis)
 GC/MS
 MS/MS
 IR & FTIR

72. Effects of Cocaine on Human Body
 Overdose:
 Euphoria & Anxiety
 Increased Energy
 Excitation & Hyperactivity
 Hypersexuality
 Stereotypy
 Violent Behavior
 Blood Pressure
 Temperature
 Stroke
 Risk of Death
 Withdrawal Syndromes:
 Psychologic symptoms
 Behavioral symptoms
 Agitation
 Fatigue
 Depression
 Prolonged Sleep
 Intense Anxiety

73. Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
 Also known as Lysergide, LSD25, D- Lysergic Acid Diethyl
Amide, N,N – Diethyl – D – Lysergemide.
 It is the semi-synthetic Psychedelic drug of the Ergotine
family.
 It is the most potent drug and widely used of the
category of drugs known as hallucinogenics.
 Hallucinogenic drugs, also called psychedelics, distort
and confuse the senses, making people see, hear, feel,
smell, or taste things that are not really there.
 The word hallucinate comes from a Latin word meaning
“to wander in the mind.”
 Only 1 µg/lit. drug in our plasma/blood can give toxic
effect on our body.

74.  As little as 30 to 50 micrograms (millionths of a gram)
is required to produce effects that last six to 12 hours,
sometimes longer. The effects usually start about 30
to 90 minutes after taking the drug; a faster response
time may occur at higher doses.
 It is a non-addictive drug.
 LSD is sensitive to oxygen, Ultra-violet light &
chlorine.
 But its potency may last for year if it is stored away
from light & moisture at low temperature.
 In pure form, it is colorless, odorless & mild bitter
solid.
 It’s routes of administration are oral, IV, IM and
Ocular. It is also delivered usually on a substrate such
as absorbent blotter paper, a sugar cube or gelatin.

75. Structure of LSD:
N
C2H5
C2H5
Formula: C20H25N3O
Mol. Wt. : 323.43 g/mol
M.P. = 80 – 85° C (176 - 185° F)

76. Analysis of LSD:
1. Fluorescence Testing
 (U.V. light detection at 360 nm gives Blue fluorescence)
2. Chemical Testing
 Ehlrich’s reagent test
3. TLC of LSD
4. Confirmatory tests for presence of LSD:
 HPLC analysis
 GC analysis
 Microscopic FTIR spectroscopy

77. Effects of LSD on Human Body
 Overdose:
 Euphoria
 Tension
 Anxiety - Panic
 Illusions
 Paranoia
 Pupils dilated
 Blood Pressure
 Temperature
 Heart Rate
 Wakefulness
 Numbness

78. Medical Uses of LSD
 Psychotherapy
 Alcoholism
 Pain
 Cluster Headaches
 Spiritual (It can analyze intense spiritual
experiences)
 Enhance creativity.

79. Mandrax (એક જાતની માદક વનસ્પતત)
 Pronounced as “Mandrakes”
 It is a sedative drug.
 It is great CNS depressant.
 Combination of Methaqualone and Diphenhydramine.
 Alcohol potentiates its actions.
 The preparation of Methaqualone is simple.
 Hidden home made factories are engaged in the
manufacturing of this drug.
 Its another names are Quaalude, Ludes, White Pipe,
Buttons, MX, Gholfsticks, Doodies, Lizards, Press outs,
andquas, quacks, soaps, and sopes.
 South Africa is the largest abuser of Mandrax in the world.

81.  Mandrax = Methaqualone + Diphenhydramine

82. What does it do?
 Reduces heart rate
 Increases sexual arousal
 Paresthesia (numbness of the fingers and toes)
 Slurred speech
 Headaches
 Convulsions
 Death through cardiac or respiratory arrest.

83. Effects of Mandrax on Human Body
 Overdose:
 Red, gazed or puffy eyes
 Feel tired
 Go to Coma
 Depression
 Nausea
 Vomiting
 Stomach pains
 Withdrawal Syndromes:
 Sleeping problems
 Nervousness
 Anxiety
 Irritable feelings
 Headaches
 Restlessness
 Eating problems

84. Methaqualone
 Its another names are Mandrax, Mandies, Quaaludes, Ludes,
Sopors, Buttons, Disco Biscuits, Love Drug.
 It is an addictive, habit-forming synthetic drug that alters brain
function.
 It is a great CNS depressant.
 It is a white, crystalline, odorless substance with a bitter taste.
 The main ingredients in the manufacturing of Methaqualone
are N-acetylanthranilic acid and anthranilic acid.
 Methaqualone was originally prescribed for the treatment of
insomnia and anxiety disorders.
 It was also prescribed as “stress reducer”.
 But today there are no recognized therapeutic uses for
methaqualone.

85.  The drug is so physically and psychologically addictive,
that US DEA (US Drug Enforcement Administration) has
declared it as Schedule I drug.
 Schedule I drugs are substances that have a high
potential for abuse, have no current medical necessity
in the United States, and are considered unsafe for use
even under a physician’s supervision.
 Methaqualone is a banned substance internationally as
well and is not used as a therapeutic prescription drug
overseas.

86. Methaqualone
Formula: C16H14N2O
Mol. Wt. : 250.30 g/mol
M.P. = 113° C (235° F)

87. Mecloqualone = Methaqualone + Chlorine
 Its another names are Nubarene, Casfen.
 It is an analogue of Methaqualone.
 It is faster acting but shorter lasting than
methaqualone and so was used only as a sleeping
pill.
 It was not used as widely as methaqualone.
 It is also banned due to its abuse and overdose.

88. Mecloqualone

89. Key Terms
 Anxiety: A group of mental disorders or conditions
characterized in part by chronic feelings of fear,
excessive and obsessive worrying, restlessness, and
panic attacks.
 Aphrodisiac: A substance or drug that increases sexual
desire.
 Hypnotic: A drug that induces sleep by depressing the
central nervous system.

90. What does it do?
 Psychological addiction to methaqualone occurs quickly.
 Memory loss.
 Difficulties with work or school.
 Cognitive impairment or learning problems.
 It is CNS depressant.
 Lowers blood pressure level, breathing rate, pulse.
 Bring about a state of deep relaxation.
 Impairs sexual performance.
 Reduced heart rate & respiration
 Euphoria
 Drowsiness
 Paresthesia (numbness of fingers & toes)
 Photophobia (a symptom of excessive sensitivity to light).
 On long term, liver damage, numbness in the hands & feet

91. Effects on Human Body
 Overdose:
 Hypothermia
 Hypotension
 Respiratory depression
 Gangrene
 Skin abscess
 Clammy skin
 Dilated pupils
 Coma
 Death
 Withdrawal Syndromes:
 Anxiety
 Insomnia
 Muscle tremors
 Loss of appetite
 Irritability
 Feeling faint
 Seizures
 Hyperthermia
 Tachycardia
 Delirium

92. Barbiturates
 These are psychotropic substances.
 These are CNS depressants.
 These drugs depress or slow down the activity of nerves that
control emotions and bodily functions such as breathing.
 Barbiturates are prescribed as a sedative that calms the
patient or as a hypnotic that helps a person sleep.
 Other uses include epilepsy treatment and anesthesia before
surgery.
 Barbiturates are compounds derived from barbituric acid.
 These drugs are classified into four categories that are
defined by the amount of time that it takes for barbiturate to
produce results and how long those results last.

93. 1. Ultra short acting barbiturates:
- Act within 7 minutes
- Methohexital, thiamylal and thiopental
- Used for anesthesia before surgery
2. Short acting barbiturates:
- Take effect within 15-40 minutes and last upto 5-6 hours
- Prescribed for sedation or to help people sleep
- Amobarbital, pentobarbital, secobarbital, bubalbital,
butabarbital, talbutal, and aprobarbital
3. Intermediate acting barbiturates:
- Same as above
4. Long acting barbiturates:
- Take effect within approximately one to two hours.
- These effects last approximately 12 hours.
- Mephobarbital and phenobarbital

94. Barbiturates

95. Barbitone

96. Phenobarbitone

97. Analysis of Barbiturates
Presumptive Tests:
 Dille –Koppanyi Test for Barbiturates
TLC Analysis of Barbiturates
GC–MS Analysis of Barbiturates
Quantification of Barbiturates by HPLC

98. Effects on Human Body
 Overdose:
 Tiredness
 Confusion
 Irritability
 Fewer
 Drunk Behavior
 Slowed & Slurred speech
 Lower BP
 Risk of Death
 Ataxia
 Withdrawal Syndromes:
 Insomnia
 Anxiety
 Weakness
 Anorexia
 Hypotension
 Delirium
 Seizures
 Cardiovascular collapse
 Risk of Death

99. Benzodiazepines
 Benzodiazepines are still widely prescribed in the treatment
of anxiety disorders and other medical conditions.
 These drugs are classified as sedative-hypnotic agents, which
depress or slow down the body.
 Benzodiazepines are the first treatment choice for treatment
of depression and anxiety.
 Benzodiazepines are used to treat a wide range of psychiatric
and medical conditions.
 The top four—alprazolam, clonazepam, diazepam and
lorazepam—are consistently listed among the top 100 most
commonly prescribed medications.
 Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) has recently received a lot of
attention, especially on college campuses, where its use as a
“date rape” drug has placed it on the watch list of students
and police.

100.  Flunitrazepam is one of the drugs, along with MDMA
(ecstasy), used by teenagers and young adults as part
of the nightclub, bar, “rave,” or “trance” scene.
 Benzodiazepines are classified according to how long
their effects last and by their potency.
 The ultra-short acting benzodiazepines include
midazolam (Versed) and triazolam (Halcion); the short-
acting benzodiazepines include alprazolam (Xanax) and
lorazepam (Ativan); the long-acting include
chlordiazepoxide (Librium) and diazepam (Valium).
 High potency benzodiazepines include alprazolam,
lorazepam, triazolam, and clonazepam (Klonopin).
Low-potency benzodiazepines include
chlordiazepoxide, clorazepate (Tranxene), diazepam
and flurazepam (Dalmane).

101. Analysis of Benzodiazepines
Presumptive Tests:
 Zimmerman Test for Benzodiazepines
TLC Analysis of Benzodiazepines
GC–MS Analysis of Benzodiazepines
Quantification of Benzodiazepines by HPLC

102. Effects on Human Body
 Effects are as same as Barbiturates.

103. Schedules of controlled substances
(1) Schedule I.—
 The drug or other substance has a high potential for abuse.
 The drug or other substance has no currently accepted medical use in
treatment in the United States.
 There is a lack of accepted safety for use of the drug or other substance
under medical supervision.
 Eg. Acetylmethadol, Allylprodine, Alphamethadol, Benzethidine,
Furethidine, Phenadoxone, Trimeperidine, Codeine methylbromide,
Codeine-N-Oxide, Heroin, Morphine-N-Oxide, Lysergic acid diethylamide,
Marijuana, etc.

104. (2) Schedule II.—
 The drug or other substance has a high potential for abuse.
 The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use
in treatment in the United States or a currently accepted medical
use with severe restrictions.
 Abuse of the drug or other substances may lead to severe
psychological or physical dependence.
 E.g. Opium and opiate, and any salt, compound, derivative, or
preparation of opium or opiate, Opium poppy and poppy straw,
Diphenoxylate, Fentanyl, Levorphanol, Methadone, Pethidine.

105. (3) Schedule III.—
 The drug or other substance has a potential for abuse less
than the drugs or other substances in schedules I and II.
 The drug or other substance has a currently accepted
medical use in treatment in the United States.
 Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to
moderate or low physical dependence or high
psychological dependence.
 E.g. Amphetamine, its salts, optical isomers, and salts of its
optical isomers, Any substance (except an injectable liquid)
which contains any quantity of methamphetamine,
including its salts, isomers, and salts of isomers, Any
substance which contains any quantity of a derivative of
barbituric acid, or any salt of a derivative of barbituric acid,
Glutethimide, Lysergic acid, Lysergic acid amide,
Phencyclidine

106. (4) Schedule IV.—
 The drug or other substance has a low potential for abuse relative
to the drugs or other substances in schedule III.
 The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use
in treatment in the United States.
 Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to limited physical
dependence or psychological dependence relative to the drugs or
other substances in schedule III.
 E.g. Barbital, Chloral betaine, Chloral hydrate, Ethchlorvynol,
Ethinamate, Methohexital, Meprobamate, Methylphenobarbital,
Paraldehyde, Petrichloral, Phenobarbital

107. (5) Schedule V.—
 The drug or other substance has a low potential for abuse relative
to the drugs or other substances in schedule IV.
 The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use
in treatment in the United States.
 Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to limited physical
dependence or psychological dependence relative to the drugs or
other substances in schedule IV.
 E.g. (1) Not more than 200 milligrams of codeine per 100 milliliters
or per 100 grams.
 (2) Not more than 100 milligrams of dihydrocodeine per 100
milliliters or per 100 grams.
 (3) Not more than 100 milligrams of ethylmorphine per 100
milliliters or per 100 grams.
 (4) Not more than 2.5 milligrams of diphenoxylate and not less
than 25 micrograms of atropine sulfate per dosage unit.
 (5) Not more than 100 milligrams of opium per 100 milliliters or per
100 grams.