Actuators and sensors are important devices used in many systems. Actuators convert energy into motion and are used to control mechanisms. Common types of actuators include servo motors, solenoids, linear actuators, and shape memory alloys. Sensors detect physical properties and convert them to signals that can be measured and analyzed. Examples are ultrasonic sensors, temperature/humidity sensors, accelerometers, infrared sensors, and gas sensors. Both actuators and sensors play key roles in applications ranging from robotics to manufacturing.

1. ACTUATOR AND SENSOR
ENGR. JOHN DENNIS ZAPANTA ESPIRITU

2. ACTUATOR
• Actuators are an essential part of many
systems and machines. They are used to
control a wide variety of devices, from
valves and pumps to robots and
vehicles. Actuators are becoming
increasingly sophisticated, and they are
playing an increasingly important role in
the development of new technologies.

3. ACTUATOR
• An actuator is a device that converts
energy into motion. It is used to
control a mechanism or system.
Actuators are used in a wide variety
of applications, including robotics,
automation, and manufacturing.

4. ACTUATORS:
• Servo Motor
• DC Motor
• Stepper Motor
• Solenoid
• Relay Module
• Piezo Buzzer
• Linear Actuator
• Pneumatic Cylinder
• Electromagnetic Lock
• Vibration Motor
• Gear Motor
• Brushless Motor
• Continuous Rotation
Servo
• Linear Servo
• Shape Memory Alloy
Actuator
• Hydraulic Actuator
• Thermal Actuator
• Magnetic Actuator
• Voice Coil Actuator
• Rack and Pinion
Actuator

5. SERVO MOTOR
• is a type of actuator that uses feedback to
control its position. It consists of a motor, a
sensor, and a controller. The motor converts
electrical energy into mechanical energy, the
sensor measures the position of the motor
shaft, and the controller compares the
measured position to the desired position
and sends a signal to the motor to adjust its
speed or torque until the desired position is
reached.

6. SOLENOID VALVE
• solenoid valve is an electromechanical
device that uses a solenoid to control the
flow of fluid through a valve. The
solenoid is a coil of wire that creates a
magnetic field when an electric current is
passed through it. The magnetic field
moves a plunger, which opens or closes
the valve.

7. SOLENOID VALVE

8. RELAY MODULE
• Relay module is a circuit board that
contains one or more relays. Relays are
electromechanical devices that can be
used to control a high-power load, such
as a motor or a solenoid, using a low-
power signal.

9. LINEAR ACTUATOR
• linear actuator is a device that converts
energy into linear motion. It is used to
move objects along a straight line. Linear
actuators are used in a wide variety of
applications

10. LINEAR ACTUATOR
• https://www.youtube.com/shorts/YD0
e_HFjhdQ

11. ELECTROMAGNETIC LOCK
• is a type of lock that uses an electromagnet
to hold a door or gate closed. It consists of
an electromagnet, an armature, and a
spring. The electromagnet is a coil of wire
that creates a magnetic field when current
flows through it. The armature is a metal
plate that is attracted to the electromagnet.
The spring is used to keep the armature in
place when the electromagnet is not
energized

12. BRUSHLESS MOTOR
• brushless motor is an electric motor that does
not have brushes. Instead, it uses electronic
commutation to control the flow of current to
the motor's windings. This makes brushless
motors more efficient and reliable than
brushed motors.

13. SHAPE MEMORY ALLOY ACTUATOR
• A shape memory alloy actuator (SMA
actuator) is a type of actuator that uses the
shape memory effect of shape memory alloys
to generate motion. Shape memory alloys are
materials that can return to their original
shape after being deformed.

14. HYDRAULIC ACTUATOR
• hydraulic actuator is a type of actuator that uses
pressurized fluid to generate motion. It consists of a
cylinder, a piston, and a piston rod. The cylinder is a
closed chamber that contains the pressurized fluid.
The piston is a movable disk that divides the
cylinder into two chambers. The piston rod is
attached to the piston and extends out of the
cylinder.

15. SENSOR
• Sensor is a device or instrument that detects and
measures physical properties or changes in the
environment and converts them into signals that
can be interpreted, displayed, recorded, or used for
further analysis. Sensors are used in a wide range of
applications across various fields, including
engineering, physics, chemistry, biology,
environmental monitoring, healthcare, automotive
technology, and more.

16. SENSOR
• Ultrasonic Distance Sensor
(HC-SR04)
• Light Dependent Resistor
(LDR)
• Temperature and Humidity
Sensor (DHT11/DHT22)
• Accelerometer
• Gyroscope
• Magnetometer
• Infrared (IR) Sensor
• Gas Sensor (MQ-2/MQ-
5/MQ-7)
• Sound Sensor (Microphone)
• Pressure Sensor
(BMP180/BMP280)
• Flex Sensor
• Force Sensor
• Tilt Sensor
• Hall Effect Sensor
• Capacitive Touch Sensor
• Proximity Sensor
(Inductive/Capacitive)
• Heart Rate Sensor (Pulse
Sensor)
• Soil Moisture Sensor
• pH Sensor
• RFID Reader

17. ULTRASONIC DISTANCE SENSOR (HC-SR04)
The HC-SR04 is an ultrasonic distance sensor that
uses sonar to measure the distance to an object. It is
a popular sensor for robotics and other projects that
require non-contact distance measurement.
The HC-SR04 has a range of 2 centimeters to 400
centimeters, and an accuracy of about 3 millimeters. It is also
relatively inexpensive and easy to use.

18. LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR (LDR)
light dependent resistor (LDR), also known as a
photoresistor, is a resistor whose resistance decreases
with increasing illumination. LDRs are made of
semiconductor materials such as cadmium sulfide (CdS)
or cadmium selenide (CdSe). When light shines on the
LDR, the photons of light excite the electrons in the
semiconductor material, causing them to move from the
valence band to the conduction band. This increases the
number of free electrons in the material, which
decreases its resistance.

19. TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY SENSOR
(DHT11/DHT22)
• Temperature and humidity sensor (DHT11/DHT22). It is a small,
inexpensive sensor that can be used to measure the temperature and
humidity of the surrounding air.
• The DHT11 and DHT22 sensors are both based on the same principle.
They have a capacitive humidity sensor and a thermistor to measure
the temperature. The humidity sensor uses two electrodes with a
moisture-holding substrate between them. As the humidity changes,
the conductivity of the substrate changes, or the resistance between
these electrodes changes. The thermistor changes resistance with
temperature.

20. ACCELEROMETER
• Accelerometer is a sensor that measures acceleration. It can be used
to measure the vibration of a structure, the tilt of a device, or the
movement of a person. Accelerometers are used in a variety of
applications, including:
• Vehicle safety systems: Accelerometers are used to detect sudden
deceleration, which can be a sign of a collision.
• Industrial machinery: Accelerometers are used to monitor the
vibration of machinery and to detect potential problems.
• Consumer electronics: Accelerometers are used in smartphones,
tablets, and wearable devices to detect movement and orientation.
• Medical devices: Accelerometers are used in heart rate monitors and
other medical devices to track movement.

21. GYROSCOPE SENSOR
• Gyroscope sensor is a device that measures angular velocity. It is a
type of motion sensor that is used in a variety of applications,
including smartphones, drones, and self-driving cars.
• Gyroscope sensors work by using a spinning wheel or disc to measure
the rate of rotation. The spinning wheel is mounted on a gimbal,
which allows it to rotate freely in any direction. As the wheel rotates,
it generates an electric current that is proportional to the rate of
rotation. This current is then amplified and used to calculate the
angular velocity.

22. MAGNETOMETER
• Magnetometer is a device that measures the magnetic field strength
and direction. It is a type of sensor that is used in a variety of
applications, including navigation, robotics, and seismology.
• Magnetometers work by detecting the magnetic field lines that
surround a magnet. The magnetic field lines are invisible, but they
can be detected by a magnetometer. The magnetometer measures
the strength and direction of the magnetic field lines by detecting the
force that they exert on a magnet.

23. INFRARED (IR) SENSOR
• An infrared (IR) sensor is a device that detects infrared radiation. Infrared radiation
is a type of electromagnetic radiation that is invisible to the human eye. IR sensors
are used in a variety of applications, including:
• Remote controls: IR sensors are used in remote controls to detect the infrared
signals that are emitted by the remote control.
• Motion detectors: IR sensors are used in motion detectors to detect the movement
of people or objects.
• Proximity sensors: IR sensors are used in proximity sensors to detect the presence
of objects.
• Temperature sensors: IR sensors can be used to measure the temperature of
objects by detecting the infrared radiation that is emitted by the objects.
• Cameras: IR sensors can be used in cameras to see in the dark by detecting the
infrared radiation that is emitted by objects.

24. GAS SENSOR (MQ-2/MQ-5/MQ-7)
• The MQ-2, MQ-5, and MQ-7 are gas sensors that are commonly used to detect
flammable gases, smoke, and carbon monoxide, respectively. They are all metal
oxide semiconductor (MOS) sensors, which means that they work by changing
their electrical resistance in response to the presence of a gas.
• The MQ-2 is the most sensitive of the three sensors and can be used to detect a
wide range of flammable gases, including methane, propane, and butane. The MQ-
5 is less sensitive than the MQ-2, but it is more specific to smoke. The MQ-7 is the
least sensitive of the three sensors, but it is the most specific to carbon monoxide.
• All three sensors require a heater to operate. The heater vaporizes the gas so that
it can react with the sensor's surface. The change in resistance is then measured by
an Arduino or other microcontroller.

25. GAS SENSOR (MQ-2/MQ-5/MQ-7)
• It is a device that converts sound waves into electrical signals. The sound waves
vibrate a diaphragm, which is a thin piece of material. The vibrations are then
converted into an electrical signal by a transducer.There are many different sound
sensors available, but some of the most popular ones for Arduino include:
• KY-038 Sound Sensor: This is a small, inexpensive sensor that can be used to
detect sound. It has an analog output that can be read by Arduino.
• LM393 Sound Sensor: This is a more sensitive sensor that can be used to
detect louder sounds. It has a digital output that can be read by Arduino.
• Grove Sound Sensor: This is a sensor that is specifically designed for use with
the Arduino Grove system. It is easy to use and has a built-in potentiometer for
adjusting the sensitivity.

26. PRESSURE SENSOR (BMP180/BMP280)
• The BMP180 and BMP280 are both pressure sensors that
can be used with Arduino. They are both based on the
same piezoresistive sensor technology, but the BMP280
has some advantages over the BMP180, such as:
• Higher accuracy
• Lower power consumption
• Support for I2C and SPI communication
• The BMP180 and BMP280 can be used to measure
atmospheric pressure, which can be used to determine
altitude, weather conditions, and other applications.

27. PRESSURE SENSOR (BMP180/BMP280)
• The BMP180 and BMP280 are both pressure sensors that
can be used with Arduino. They are both based on the
same piezoresistive sensor technology, but the BMP280
has some advantages over the BMP180, such as:
• Higher accuracy
• Lower power consumption
• Support for I2C and SPI communication
• The BMP180 and BMP280 can be used to measure
atmospheric pressure, which can be used to determine
altitude, weather conditions, and other applications.

28. PROXIMITY SENSOR (INDUCTIVE/CAPACITIVE)
• A proximity sensor is a sensor that detects the presence of an object
without physical contact. There are two main types of proximity sensors:
inductive and capacitive.
• Inductive proximity sensors: Inductive proximity sensors work by detecting the change in
the magnetic field when an object approaches. The sensor has a coil that generates a
magnetic field. When an object approaches the sensor, the magnetic field is distorted,
which is detected by the sensor.
• Capacitive proximity sensors: Capacitive proximity sensors work by detecting the change in
capacitance when an object approaches. The sensor has two plates that are separated by a
small gap. When an object approaches the sensor, the capacitance between the plates
changes, which is detected by the sensor.

29. HEART RATE SENSOR (PULSE SENSOR)
• A heart rate sensor (pulse sensor) is a sensor that measures the human
heart rate. It is a type of photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor, which
means that it works by detecting the change in light absorption of blood
as it flows through the body.
• The heart rate sensor is a small, lightweight device that can be attached
to the fingertip or earlobe. It has two LEDs, one red and one infrared,
and a photodetector. The LEDs emit light, and the photodetector
measures the amount of light that is reflected back.

30. SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR
• A soil moisture sensor is a device that measures the amount of water in
soil. It is a type of capacitance sensor, which means that it works by
measuring the change in capacitance between two electrodes as the soil
moisture changes.
• The soil moisture sensor has two electrodes that are inserted into the
soil. The electrodes are separated by a small gap. The capacitance
between the electrodes is affected by the amount of water in the soil.
When the soil is dry, the capacitance is low. When the soil is wet, the
capacitance is high.
• The soil moisture sensor output is a voltage signal that is proportional to
the soil moisture. The output voltage can be measured by an Arduino or
other microcontroller.

31. PH SENSOR
•
pH sensor is a device that measures the acidity or alkalinity of a
solution. It is a type of ion-selective electrode (ISE) sensor, which means
that it works by measuring the change in electrical potential between
two electrodes as the pH of the solution changes.
• pH sensors are used in a variety of applications, including:
• Water quality monitoring:
• Agriculture:
• Research:

32. RFID READER
• RFID reader is a device that reads and writes data stored on
RFID tags. RFID tags are small, passive devices that contain a
microchip and an antenna. The microchip stores data, such as
a unique identification number, and the antenna allows the
tag to communicate with the reader.
• RFID readers work by emitting a radio frequency (RF) signal.
The RF signal is picked up by the antenna on the tag, and the
microchip in the tag sends back a response signal. The reader
then decodes the response signal to read the data stored on
the tag.