Introduction
Objectives
Nature, Meaning, and Need of Activity Method
Individual Project
Group Projects
Research Projects
Activity/Exercise
Self Assessment Questions
References
Instructional Technology is the theory and practice of design, development, utilization, management, and evaluation of processes and resources for learning.
Introduction
Objectives
Need of Lesson Planning
Approaches to Lesson Planning
Course and Unit Planning
Daily and Weekly Planning
Steps in Lesson Planning
The Lesson Plan Format
Self-Assessment Questions
References
Instructional Technology is the theory and practice of design, development, utilization, management, and evaluation of processes and resources for learning.
Introduction
Objectives
Need of Lesson Planning
Approaches to Lesson Planning
Course and Unit Planning
Daily and Weekly Planning
Steps in Lesson Planning
The Lesson Plan Format
Self-Assessment Questions
References
This model guides teachers to go to the depth of the content. And helps students to attain new concepts. So the model has a great attribute on teaching -learning process.
curriculum : meaning and concept, principles of curriculum, curriculum construction and curriculum organisation, bases of curriculum, types of curriculum, method of organisation of curriculum ppt
Introduction
Objectives
Nature, Meaning, and Need of Activity Method
Individual Project
Group Projects
Research Projects
Activity/Exercise
Self Assessment Questions
References
This model guides teachers to go to the depth of the content. And helps students to attain new concepts. So the model has a great attribute on teaching -learning process.
curriculum : meaning and concept, principles of curriculum, curriculum construction and curriculum organisation, bases of curriculum, types of curriculum, method of organisation of curriculum ppt
Introduction
Objectives
Nature, Meaning, and Need of Activity Method
Individual Project
Group Projects
Research Projects
Activity/Exercise
Self Assessment Questions
References
Project based learning approach a real expereinceRajeev Ranjan
“Project Based Learning; a Real Learning Experience” ” is an integrated learning approach. A project is meaningful if it fulfils two criteria. First, students must perceive it as personally meaningful, as a task that matters and that they want to do well. Second, a meaningful project fulfils an educational purpose. Well-designed and well-implemented PBL------------ -----------------
1. From lower class to till college level all the students are doing Project method. By this PPt they can understand the procedure, steps, criteria for doing projects, merits & demerits
Introduction
Objectives
Classroom Discussion
Planning the Discussion
Organizing the Discussion
Practicing in Asking Questions
Practicing in Answering Questions
Assessing the Discussion
Rules for Discussion
Advantages and Disadvantages of Discussion Method
Guidelines for Maximum Utilization
Exercise
Self Assessment Questions
References-
Introduction
Objectives
Definitions of Teaching
The concept of Effective Teaching
Role of Teacher for Conducive Learning Environment
Characteristics of an Effective Teacher
The Concepts of Teaching Methodologies, Strategies, and Techniques
Exercise
Self Assessment Questions
References
Introduction
Objectives
The Teaching Tools
Selecting the Audio-Visual Material
Planning to Use the Material
Preparing for the Audio-Visual Activities
Kinds of Audio-Visual Materials
Activities
Exercise
Self Assessment Questions
Suggested Readings
References
Web References-
Introduction
Objectives
Teaching Skills
Set Induction
Presentation
Identifying Learning Difficulties of Students
Preparing Lessons According to the Individual Needs
Students’ Evaluation
Self Assessment Questions
Suggested Readings
References
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
1. Unit – 5
Activity Method
Presented By:
DR. DANIYAL MUSHTAQ
merri786@hotmail.com
2. Activity
A thing that a person or a group does or has done
lively action or movement.
3. Activity
An activity is something you do, or just the state of
doing. You might plan some indoor activities for a rainy day,
or you might just rely on watching your gerbils' activity in
their cage. Usually, when you use an article like an or the in
front of activity, you are referring to a specific event.
4. Activity
An activity is a flow of experiences which offer a
young person the possibility to acquire knowledge,
skills and attitudes corresponding to one or more
educational objectives.
5. Activity method
Activity method is a technique adopted by a teacher to emphasize
his or her method of teaching through activity in which the
students participate rigorously and bring about efficient learning
experiences. It is a child-centered approach.
6. Cont.
So activity method means any learning that is carried out
with a purpose in a social environment, involving physical
and mental action, stimulating for active action or expression.
7. Historical background
Activity based learning started sometime in 1944 around World War
II .
David Horsburgh is considered as the pioneer of ABL.
He opened a school called Neel Bagh in Kolar.
School has diverse curriculum, which included music, carpentry,
sewing, gardening along with school subjects.
TLMs were systematically planned with different learning activities.
8. Importance
It enhances creative aspect of experience.
It gives reality for learning.
Uses all available resources.
Provides varied experiences to the students to facilitate the acquisition of
knowledge, experience, skills and values.
Builds the students self confidence and develops understanding through
work in his/her group.
9. Cont.
Develops interest, enriches vocabulary and provides stimulus for reading.
Develops a healthy relationship among students and between students and
teachers.
An activity is said to be the language of the child. A child who lacks in verbal
expression can express his ideas through activities.
Most of the subjects can be taught through this method.
This also provides an opportunity to develop good social relationships.
10. Types of Activities
Activities can be of three types:
1. Exploratory – Knowledge getting
2. Constructive – Experience getting
3. Expressional – Presentation
11. Taking in view these three types of activities, some of the
activities are suggested as under:
1. Local survey and excursions.
2. Debates, discussions, dialogues and symposiums.
3. Hobbies
4. Dramatization
5. Clubs and societies
12. Cont.
6. Projects
7. Competitions
8. Re-creational and cultural programmes
9. Social Service squads
10. Students-self Government
11. Camping
12. Writing of community books in games etc.
13. Characteristics of an effective activity
• Active involvement
• Confronting misconception
• Multiple representation
• Iteration
• Appropriate use of teaching
14. Examples of Classroom Activities
Furthermore, in the classroom, students work primarily in group and
learning and knowledge are interactive and dynamic. There is a great
focus and emphasis on social and communication skills, as well as
collaboration and exchange of ideas. This is contrary to the traditional
classroom in which students work primarily alone, learning is
achieved through repetition, and the subjects are strictly adhered to
and guided by a text book.
Some activities encouraged in the classroom:
15. Cont.
Experimentation: Students individually perform an experiment and then come
together as a class to discuss the results.
Research Project: Students research a topic and can present their findings to the class.
Field Trips: This allows students to put the concepts and ideas discussed in class
in a real-world context.
Films: These provide visual context and thus bring another sense into learning
experience.
Classroom Discussions: This technique is used in all of the methods described above.
It is one of the most important distinctions of student centered teaching methods.
Activity method is more applicable in computer assisted teaching and
online learning.
16. How to organize an activity
Decide instructional goal.
Understand the learners’ cognitive level
Consider the nature of the subject.
Know the time available and availability of resources
for achieving the instructional goals.
Design suitable activity and implement that in the class.
Provide link between previous knowledge and activity.
Guide the students during activity work and follow up it to bring required
changes for better use .
17.
18. Different types of activities
• Dramatization
• Quizzes
• Role pay
• Educational games
• Brainstorming
• Debates, etc.
19. An example
Topic: Fraction Exploration
Objective
To understand various fractions and their comparison.
Material Required
A set of 8 circular sheets of equal size which is divided into 1,2,3,4,6,8,12
and 16 equal parts respectively
20. Benefits of Activity Based Learning Approach
The learners are actively involved as the environment is democratic.
The activities are interactive and student-centered.
The teacher facilitates a process of learning in which students are
encouraged to be responsible and autonomous.
Children learn on their own pace.
Provision of more time for self-directed learning and teacher directed
learning is reduced considerably.
21. Cont.
Group learning, mutual learning and self learning are promoted.
Teachers teaching time is judiciously distributed among children. Only
needy children are addressed by teachers.
Children participation in every step is ensured in the process of
learning.
Evaluation is inbuilt in the system it is done without the child knowing
it.
22. Sense of event boosts child’s confidence and morale.
Attractive cards and activity create interest among children.
Scope for child’s development in creative and communicative skills.
Children will have a feel of security as they sit in rounds in the
groups.
Children are allowed to move in the classroom as they choose their
activity.
Moreover the distance between teacher and the child is largely
reduced and the teacher acts as a facilitator rather than teacher.
23. Limitations of Activity Method
Careful consideration of emotionalized controls may be overlooked during
classroom activities.
Apparently some teachers forget that all classroom activities
contribute directly or indirectly to the formation of attitudes, favorable or
unfavorable.
Some classroom activities become contradictory with values of and culture of the
students.
This method is time consuming and does not cover the course/subject matter
timely.
24. Cont.
Our teachers are over burden. So they feel difficulty to plan relevant
and appropriate activities all the time.
Our classes are overcrowded so there is problem to arrange, organize
and manage classroom activities properly.
Lack of professional training of teachers affects to plan and process the
innovative classroom activities such as computer based activities.
Lack of physical, financial and instructional facilities become hurdles in
the application of activity method.
25. INDIVIDUAL PROJECT
The individual project is by far the most important single piece of work in
activity method. It provides the opportunity for individual or student to
demonstrate independence and originality, to plan and organize a project for
prescribed period, and to put in to practice some of the techniques to be
taught. During individual project student can show his/her individuality and
inspiration in this project. Overall an individual project is an economically
indivisible series of works fulfilling a precise technical function and with
clearly identifiable aims. An individual project may include one or more sub-
projects. An individual project generally addresses a single activity or issue
of economic, environmental or social need within any one of the priority
sectors of any program.
26. Steps Involved in Individual Project
Following steps are focused during individual project:
1. Project Outline
2. Preliminary Assessment
3. Application / Implementation
4. Appraisal
5. Decision
27. Cont.
Project Outline:- Keeping in view the purpose of given task or activity
student will prepare project outline. This outline comprises on propose
targets, resources, methodology and time schedule.
Preliminary Assessment:- Before execution of project student will assess
the requirements of task or activity which are prerequisite, for it. For
example to analyze the physical, human and financial resources which are
required for the fulfillment of given task.
Application/Implementation:- On this stage project will be implemented
or executed practically for the accomplishment of given task or assigned
activity.
28. Appraisal:- At this stage student will organize the appraisal of project
through which it will be analyzed to what extent given task or
assigned activity has been achieved.
Decision:- Finally the success or failure of the task or activity will be
determined.
In all steps teacher’s role will be a guide and facilitator to assist the
student regarding the accomplishment of project.
29. GROUP PROJECTS
Learning and working in groups involves shared and learned values,
resources and ways of doing things. Effective groups learn to succeed
by combining these factors. Your group, and each individual within it
will only be as effective as they are willing to respect differences
within the group. The aim of group work is to produce better (more
effective, more detailed, more comprehensive) presentations reports.
This achieved through the combined talents of group members,
contributing knowledge and ideas.
30. Group Projects for School
In fact, it’s better if it’s not. It’s a good idea to talk about how the
work is going, and if anyone needs help. What if you’re not the
leader? Important roles to play during a meeting include:
The starter makes suggestions and offers ideas.
The asker asks members to share information or ideas on a topic.
The peacemaker looks at opposing views and finds something useful
in each of them, helping people work out differences.
31. More on Group Projects
Interaction with the Group is based upon mutual respect and
encouragement.
Often creativity is vague.
Ideas are important to the success of the project, not personalities.
A group’s strength lies in its ability to develop ideas individuals bring.
Conflict can be an extension of Creativity
The group should be aware of this eventuality. Resolution on conflict
balances the end goals with mutual respect. In other a group project is
a cooperative, rather than a competitive, learning experience.
32. The two major objectives of a group project are:
• What is learned: factual material as well as the process
• What is produced: written paper, presentation, and/or media project
33. Role of instructors/teachers/professors
Out comes depend on the clarity of the objective (s) given by teachers.
The group’s challenge is to interpret these objectives, and then determine
how to meet them.
Group work is only as effective as teachers or instructors manage and
guide the process.
Group projects promote the cooperative and collaborative attitude among
the students.
Students must be aware of, and should be prepared for this group process.
Cooperative group projects should be structured so that no individual can
coast on the efforts of his/her team-mates.
34. RESEARCH PROJECTS
Generally, a research is a quest for knowledge through experimentation,
investigation and thorough search. It is aimed at discovery and
interpretation of new knowledge or at resolving debatable existing
knowledge. There are systematic procedures and methods for
explorations, targeted at obtaining new knowledge. The starting point of
a research is to think of a good idea. Your research is good as your idea.
35. Typically, a research project revolves around following three questions.
(i) What do you plan to accomplish?
(ii) Why do you want to do it?
(iii) How are you going to do it?
36. Types & Kinds of Research Projects
Research projects can be broadly categorized into the following types:
a) Academic Research Projects
– Social research project
– Scientific research project
b) Commercial Research Projects
– Sales Project
– Grant Project
– Business Project
– Funding Project
– Marketing Research Project
37. Basic Steps in the research process
Selection of the problem
Statement of the problem
Identification of data
Selection or Development of Tools
Selection of the Sample
Collection of Data
Analysis and Interpretation of Data
Writing of the Research Report