lecture note on active learning strategy in general education for new curriculum

1. Training organized by Jenela Woreda
education office
Training on Teaching Methods (Active learning)
For school teachers
November 2021

2. GROUND RULES OF THE TRAINING
• 1.Mobile
• 2.Time
• 3.Participation
• 4. Be professional
• 5. Fun(ice Break)
• 6. Feel free and group
Application M-1 and 2
1=Collaborative Rule Setting
2=Ideas Generating

3. This is a
refreshment
training and
opportunity to
share our
experience.

4. Why training ..…
Justification:
Learning is a lifelong process.
to perform our responsibilities effectively and
efficiently throughout our professional life
We teachers must remain up-to-date,
(knowledge, skill and attitudes)
to maintain and develop our competencies
(knowledge, skills and attitudes)

5. The Concept of Teaching
• What is teaching?
• What is Learning?
• What are the Factors that
Affect Teaching and Learning?
M-6=Think-pair-share A=Think Independently, B=Share
To Your Friends
Application M=9 and10 Pair discussion, Brainstorming

6. Analogies…
 Teaching is like fishing…
You use different lures for different fish
You use different methods for different learners.
 Teaching is like beautiful music…
Where, instructional methods are the instruments
When played alone they make sound…
When played together in tune, rhythm, and feeling, they
become amazing music!
M=7 Associating

7. Teaching is defined as:
• "… any form of interpersonal influence
aimed at changing the ways in which other
persons can or will behave" (Gagne :1963)
• ".... an interactive process, primarily
involving classroom talk, which takes place
between teacher and pupils & occurs
during certain definable activities"( Amidon
& Hunter :1967)
Application M=8
Lecture

8. Con`t
•………….there is no one
outstanding definition
that explicates the
concept teaching.
Application M=8
Lecture

9. Common attributes of teaching;
• An activity or action. Taken by teacher
and student
• A process. It involves a series of
actions and decisions of the teacher.
• An interpersonal activity and/or
process.
• Intentional. There is some purpose.
Application M=8
Lecture

10. Different scholars defined learning differently.
• Morgan and his associates
(1981) , Wiles and Bondi (1998)
defined learning as a relatively
permanent change in behavior
that occurs as a result of
experience and practice.

11. The main characteristics of learning include:
1. Learning is growth…..through experience.
2. Learning is adjustment…..to new situations.
3. Learning is organizing experience.
4. Learning is goal oriented.
5. Learning is intelligent/needs techniques/.
6. Learning is active.
7. Learning's both individual and social.
8. Learning is the product of nature and nurture.

12. Factors that Affect Teaching and Learning
1. The nature of the subject to be taught; If the subject to
be taught has difficult content areas which demand
prerequisite knowledge, skills, exposure,
2. The school facilities
3. The learners’ negative attitudes, misconception, lack of
interests, earlier experience, low level of maturity, lack
of incentives/reinforcements, dislike to school in
general and hostility to a particular teacher;
4. Teachers’ failure to present subject matter contents to
the level of students, to use appropriate instructional
materials and to involve students in the process,
5. The time allocated for the practice
6. the sequence of materials and wrong organization

13. Activity
• What is a “Method”?
• Write the Principles of
Teaching?
Exchange your writing and
comment each other
Application M=11 and 12
Peer assessment
Peer feedback

14. Teaching Methods Matters...
14

15. What is a “Method”?
 a procedure or process for attaining an objective:
1. a systematic procedure, technique, or mode of
inquiry employed by or proper to a particular
discipline or art
2. a systematic plan followed in presenting material
for instruction
3. a way, technique, or process of or for doing
something
Teaching methods can best be defined as ways by
which a lesson is delivered using techniques for
maximizing learners understanding.

16. The Main Principles of Teaching
1. The principle of defining the objectives of the lesson
2. Linking/ connecting school learning activities to social life
3. Planning lessons in line with the curriculum
4. Verbalization in instruction
5. Making instruction clear by using different media
6. The principle of seeking economy of effort
7. Recognizing individual differences in teaching
8. Uniting instruction with scientific findings and procedures
9. Integrating learning experiences in different subject areas
10. facilitation role of the teacher
11. Making lessons understandable
12. The principle that knowledge is acquired but not inherited

17. METHODS
1. Direct versus indirect instructional
methods.
2. Teacher-Centered versus student-
centered methods.
3. Conventional versus non -
conventional methods
4. Traditional versus modern methods

18. Teacher-Centered
• teacher dominates the
classroom activities by making
students passive listeners.
• student-teacher relationship
are autocratic type. Example
unmodified lecture methods
• the objectives of teaching are
taken as “filling in the minds of
the learner with knowledge”
• Is assumed to be Teachers
known- all and source of
knowledge; Motivates learning
through warning of failure and
punishment;
Student-centered
• emphasis to involving
students in their own
learning by doing
thing. involve the
students actively and
develop skills and
values in addition to
the acquisition of
knowledge.

19. Teacher Centered Methods Student Centered Methods
Content based Objective based
Source of knowledge-Teacher Source of knowledge-Teacher & student
One way Two way
Teacher does most of the tasks
(students are passive)
Students do most of the tasks (students
are active)
Classroom is silent Classroom is vibrant
Assessment is more of formal Assessment is more of informal (formative)
Formal relationship between
students & teachers
Relaxed relationship between students &
teachers
Knowledge is separated from the
learner
Knowledge is result of interaction between
the learner and the world around him or her.
The learner uses lower order
thinking skills
The learner uses higher order thinking
skills
Knowledge is transferred Knowledge is communicated
Uses mostly traditional approaches Uses mostly modern approaches (ALMs)

20. 1. What is the concept of active
learning methods
2. What is the importance of
making learning active?
Application M=14
Generating ideas

21. Active learning
• Active learning is a model of instruction that focuses the
responsibility of learning on learners.
• Students must do more than just listen: They must read,
write, discuss, or be engaged in solving problems.
• It relates to the three learning domains referred to as
knowledge, skills and attitudes (Bloom, 1956).
• Active Learning is an effort to make learning authentic
(Carson 1995).
• Active learning refers to the level of engagement by the
student in the instructional process (Fern.et. al. 1993).
21

22. What is Active Learning?
students solve problems, answer questions, formulate
questions of their own, discuss, explain, debate, or
brainstorm during class
Active Learning
Problem-Based
Learning
Cooperative
Learning
Learn By Doing
Inquiry-based
learning

23. Teacher is the facilitator of
learning than the conveyor of
information

24. Active
Learning
Conceptual
Clicker
Questions
Deeper
Understanding
Formative
Assessment
Higher
Bloom's
Levels
Make a concept map of active learning

25. Less emphasis on transmitting
information
Greater emphasis on developing skills
Involves higher order thinking
Greater emphasis on exploration of
students’ attitudes and values.

26. Why ALM
Over 2400 years ago, Confucius declared:
“What I hear, I forget.
What I see, I remember.
What I do, I understand.”
Silberman (1996) modified .
“What I hear, I forget.
What I hear and see, I remember a little.
What I hear, see, and ask questions about or discuss
with someone else, I begin to understand.
What I hear, see, discuss, and do, I acquire knowledge
and skill.
What I teach to another, I master.”

27. “What children can do
together today they can do
alone tomorrow.”
Vygotsk
Experience + Reflection =
Learning

28. Active Learning
28
Source: National Teaching Laboratory Institute
• .

30. Why active learning?
30
1. Addresses different student learning style
2. Allows students collaboration
3. Builds self-esteem through conversations with
other students
4. Increase student participation
5. Increase student engagement
6. Increase student retention
7. More student ownership in course
8. Higher level thinking

31. 31
• “the most effective method of teaching?
• Students teaching other students.”
McKeachie, Pintrich, Lin, & Smith,
1986

32. Activity
• Write the common methods
of teaching?
Application M=13
Spider diagram
M=14 observation

33. Con`t
• No one methods is
best/right for all students,
objectives, teachers,
contents and conditions.

34. COMMON METHODS OF TEACHING
1. The lecture method
2. The questioning-answering method
3. The demonstration method,
4. The project method
5. The discussion method
6. The problem –solving /discovery/method
7. The role play method
8. The field trip method
9. The independent study method
10.The team teaching method
11.The case study method
12.The individualized instruction

35. Active Learning Strategies
35
• Group projects
• Role playing
• Research
• Table quizzes
• Crosswords
• Word-search
• Mind-maps
• Think-Pair-Share
• Paired Reading
• Drill and Review
Pairs
• Turn-to-your-
neighbour
summaries
• Four-step review
• Matching exercises
• Whip-around
• Graphic Organisers

36. ACTIVITY
• What factors would you take in to
consideration in selecting teaching
methods to your subject? (list not less
than three factors)
• List the major challenges in the
application of ALM
Application M=15
Listing

37. What Factors do we consider when selecting an
instructional method?
The intended specific outcome or purpose
/objective of the lesson
Size of group/number of student
Learners’ preference for learning/motivation and
interest
The content sometimes dictates the method
Required preparation/skill and ability of the
teacher

38. The Merits of modern methods of teaching
• Involves students in the actual activities and
makes them learn from their own practice;
• Motivates students when performed well;
• Links theory and practice and fosters creative
thinking;
• Different views and opinions are forwarded.
• Develop their skills of listening and speaking:
• It allows students a chance to develop their ideas.
• Students develop their communication skills,
attitude and intellectual abilities.

39. The demerits of traditional methods of teaching
• It is less effective in stimulating students’
interests;
• It is sometimes a boring approach for it doesn’t
combine mental and physical activities;
• It gives no real social experience
• skill learning is so minimal;
• It doesn’t encourage students’ activities
• It doesn’t promote creativity

41. building the base
for development