An activity-exercise pattern refers to a person's routine of exercise, daily activities, leisure, and recreation. It includes activities of daily living that require energy expenditure as well as the type, quality, and quantity of exercise a person engages in. Exercise is defined as planned, structured, repetitive bodily movement done to improve or maintain physical fitness. There are different types of exercise classified by muscle contraction and energy source, including isotonic, isometric, aerobic, and anaerobic exercise. Regular exercise provides benefits to many body systems such as the musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, respiratory, and nervous systems. Factors like physiological changes, development, behaviors, and environment can affect a person's oxygenation.

1. Activity and ExerciseActivity and Exercise
PatternPattern
ByBy
Muhammad BaqarMuhammad Baqar
RN, BScNRN, BScN

2. An activity –exercise pattern:An activity –exercise pattern:
Refers to a person's routine ofRefers to a person's routine of
exercise, activity, leisure, andexercise, activity, leisure, and
recreation: it includesrecreation: it includes
Activities of daily living (ADLs)Activities of daily living (ADLs) thatthat
require energy expenditure such asrequire energy expenditure such as
hygiene, cooking, shopping, eating,hygiene, cooking, shopping, eating,
working, and home maintenance,working, and home maintenance,
andand
The type, quality, and quantity ofThe type, quality, and quantity of
exerciseexercise, including sports., including sports.

3. ExerciseExercise
Physical activityPhysical activity is "bodily movementis "bodily movement
produced by skeletal muscles thatproduced by skeletal muscles that
requires energy expenditure andrequires energy expenditure and
produces pro­gressive health benefits."produces pro­gressive health benefits."
Exercise isExercise is "a type of physical activity"a type of physical activity
defined as a planned, structured, anddefined as a planned, structured, and
repetitive bodily movement done torepetitive bodily movement done to
improve or maintain one or moreimprove or maintain one or more
components of physical fitness."components of physical fitness."
Activity toleranceActivity tolerance is the type andis the type and
amount of exercise or daily livingamount of exercise or daily living
activities an individual is able to performactivities an individual is able to perform
without experiencing adverse effectswithout experiencing adverse effects..

4. Type of exercise:Type of exercise:
Exercise involves the active contractionExercise involves the active contraction
and relaxation of muscles.and relaxation of muscles.
Exercise can be classified according to theExercise can be classified according to the
type of muscle contractiontype of muscle contraction
((isotonic, isometric, or isokinetic)isotonic, isometric, or isokinetic)
and according to theand according to the source of energysource of energy
(aerobic or anaerobic).(aerobic or anaerobic).

5. Isotonic exercises:Isotonic exercises:
Muscle shortens to produce contractionMuscle shortens to produce contraction
and active movement .e.g. running,and active movement .e.g. running,
walking, swimming, cycling)walking, swimming, cycling)
* Advantages:* Advantages:
1- Increase muscle tone, mass,1- Increase muscle tone, mass,
strength.strength.
2- Maintain joint flexibility and2- Maintain joint flexibility and
circulation.circulation.

7. Isometric exercises:Isometric exercises:
There is muscle contraction withoutThere is muscle contraction without
moving the jointmoving the joint
* useful for strengthening abdominal,* useful for strengthening abdominal,
gluteal musclesgluteal muscles
* No change in muscle length* No change in muscle length
* No joint movement* No joint movement
* Maintaining strength in immobilized* Maintaining strength in immobilized
musclemuscle

10. Isokinetic (resistive) exercises:Isokinetic (resistive) exercises:
It involves muscle contraction or tensionIt involves muscle contraction or tension
against resistance, can be either isotonicagainst resistance, can be either isotonic
and isometric.and isometric.
 These exercises are used in physicalThese exercises are used in physical
conditioning & are often done to build upconditioning & are often done to build up
certain muscle groups.certain muscle groups.

13. Aerobic exercise:Aerobic exercise:
is activity during which the amount ofis activity during which the amount of
oxygen taken in the body is greater thanoxygen taken in the body is greater than
that used to perform the activity.that used to perform the activity.
These exercises use the large groups ofThese exercises use the large groups of
muscle, are performed continuously, andmuscle, are performed continuously, and
are rhythmic in nature. For exampleare rhythmic in nature. For example
walking, running, dancing, aerobicwalking, running, dancing, aerobic
exercise improve cardiovascularexercise improve cardiovascular
conditioning and physical fitness.conditioning and physical fitness.

16. Anaerobic exercise:Anaerobic exercise:
involves activity in which the musclesinvolves activity in which the muscles
cannot draw out enough oxygen from thecannot draw out enough oxygen from the
bloodstream.bloodstream.
And anaerobic pathways are used toAnd anaerobic pathways are used to
provide additional energy for the shortprovide additional energy for the short
time. this type of exercise is used intime. this type of exercise is used in
endurance training for athletes.endurance training for athletes.

18. Benefits of exercise on bodyBenefits of exercise on body
systemsystem
Musculoskeletal System:Musculoskeletal System:
* Increase and maintain muscle tone, size, shape* Increase and maintain muscle tone, size, shape
* Increase joint mobility, flexibility, and range of* Increase joint mobility, flexibility, and range of
motion.motion.
* Maintain bone density & strength.* Maintain bone density & strength.
Cardiovascular System:Cardiovascular System:
**Improve cardiovascular function, by increasing cardiacImprove cardiovascular function, by increasing cardiac
output and strength of heart muscle contraction.output and strength of heart muscle contraction.

19. Benefits of exercise on bodyBenefits of exercise on body
systemsystem
Respiratory System:Respiratory System:
*Improves gas exchange by increasing the ventilation*Improves gas exchange by increasing the ventilation
& oxygenation.& oxygenation.
GI tract System:GI tract System:
*Improve appetite, digestion and elimination.*Improve appetite, digestion and elimination.
Metabolic System:Metabolic System:
*Increase metabolic rate, thus increase the production*Increase metabolic rate, thus increase the production
of body heat and calorie use.of body heat and calorie use.

20. Benefits of exercise on bodyBenefits of exercise on body
systemsystem
Urinary System:Urinary System:
*Improve excretion of body waste through the*Improve excretion of body waste through the
kidneys.kidneys.
Psycho- neurologic System:Psycho- neurologic System:
* Enhance sense of well-being and help to relieve* Enhance sense of well-being and help to relieve
stress.stress.
* Improves the quality of sleep.* Improves the quality of sleep.
* Improve self concept and self esteem by* Improve self concept and self esteem by
decreasing depression.decreasing depression.
Intigumentary System:Intigumentary System:
* Maintain skin integrity* Maintain skin integrity

21. RespirationRespiration

22. The Respiratory SystemThe Respiratory System

23. Respiration IncludesRespiration Includes
Pulmonary ventilationPulmonary ventilation
* Air moves in and out of lungsAir moves in and out of lungs
* Continuous replacement of gases in alveoli (air sacs)Continuous replacement of gases in alveoli (air sacs)
External respirationExternal respiration
* Gas exchange between blood and air at alveoliGas exchange between blood and air at alveoli
* O2 (oxygen) in air diffuses into bloodO2 (oxygen) in air diffuses into blood
* CO2 (carbon dioxide) in blood diffuses into airCO2 (carbon dioxide) in blood diffuses into air
Transport of respiratory gasesTransport of respiratory gases
* Between the lungs and the cells of the bodyBetween the lungs and the cells of the body
* Performed by the cardiovascular systemPerformed by the cardiovascular system
* Blood is the transporting fluidBlood is the transporting fluid
Internal respirationInternal respiration
* Gas exchange in capillaries between blood and tissue cellsGas exchange in capillaries between blood and tissue cells
* O2 in blood diffuses into tissuesO2 in blood diffuses into tissues
* CO2 waste in tissues diffuses into bloodCO2 waste in tissues diffuses into blood

24. Factors that can affectFactors that can affect
oxygenationoxygenation
Physiological
Developmental
Behavioral
Environmental

25. Physiological FactorsPhysiological Factors
Decreased Oxygen- carrying capacityDecreased Oxygen- carrying capacity
Deceased Inspired Oxygen ConcentrationDeceased Inspired Oxygen Concentration
HypovolaemiaHypovolaemia
Increased Metabolic RateIncreased Metabolic Rate
PregnancyPregnancy
ObesityObesity
TraumaTrauma
Central Nervous System AlterationCentral Nervous System Alteration

26. Developmental FactorsDevelopmental Factors
Premature InfantsPremature Infants
Infants and ToddlersInfants and Toddlers
School- Age Children and AdolescentsSchool- Age Children and Adolescents
Young and Middle Aged AdultsYoung and Middle Aged Adults
Older AdultsOlder Adults

27. Behavioral Factors( lifestyle)Behavioral Factors( lifestyle)
NutritionNutrition
ExerciseExercise
Cigarette SmokingCigarette Smoking
Substance AbuseSubstance Abuse

28. Environmental FactorsEnvironmental Factors
Stress and AnxietyStress and Anxiety

29. Nursing Diagnosis comes under the category ofNursing Diagnosis comes under the category of
OxygenationOxygenation
Ineffective Airway ClearanceIneffective Airway Clearance
Impaired Gas ExchangeImpaired Gas Exchange
Ineffective Breathing PatternIneffective Breathing Pattern

30. Mobility and ImmobilityMobility and Immobility
MobilityMobility refers to the ability to engage inrefers to the ability to engage in
activity, and free movement which includesactivity, and free movement which includes
walking, running, sitting, standing, lifting,walking, running, sitting, standing, lifting,
pushing, pulling and performing daily livingpushing, pulling and performing daily living
activitiesactivities
ImmobilityImmobility refers to the inability to moverefers to the inability to move
about freely.about freely.

31. Focus Assessment CriteriaFocus Assessment Criteria
(Subjective data)(Subjective data)
WeaknessWeakness
FatigueFatigue
DsypneaDsypnea
Lack of sleep or restLack of sleep or rest
Lack of incentiveLack of incentive
Disinclination to participate in activatesDisinclination to participate in activates
Lack of confidence in ability to perform activityLack of confidence in ability to perform activity
Fear of injury or aggravating disease as a result ofFear of injury or aggravating disease as a result of
participating in activityparticipating in activity
Difficulty performing activities of daily livingDifficulty performing activities of daily living
because of decreased energy or a lack of strengthbecause of decreased energy or a lack of strength
Pain that interferes with performance of activatesPain that interferes with performance of activates

32. Objective DataObjective Data
Asses for defining characteristicsAsses for defining characteristics
Asses strength and balance; evaluateAsses strength and balance; evaluate
person’s ability to:person’s ability to:
Reposition self in a bedReposition self in a bed
Assume and maintain sitting positionAssume and maintain sitting position
Rise to standingRise to standing
Asses response of activity:Asses response of activity:
Take vital signsTake vital signs
Pulse ( rate, rhythm, quality) Respiration,Pulse ( rate, rhythm, quality) Respiration,
( rate, depth,) Blood Pressure( rate, depth,) Blood Pressure
Asses for the presence of :Asses for the presence of :
Cyanosis, confusion and vertigoCyanosis, confusion and vertigo

33. Nursing DiagnosesNursing Diagnoses
Activity IntoleranceActivity Intolerance
Impaired Physical MobilityImpaired Physical Mobility
Self-Care DeficitsSelf-Care Deficits
Altered Health MaintenanceAltered Health Maintenance
Risks for FallsRisks for Falls

34. ReferencesReferences
Crisp ,Jackie, Potter & Perry's (2003),Crisp ,Jackie, Potter & Perry's (2003),
Fundamentals of Nursing: (Australian ed).Fundamentals of Nursing: (Australian ed).
Mosby.Mosby.
Carpentio, J, L.(2002), Nursing Diagnosis:Carpentio, J, L.(2002), Nursing Diagnosis:
Application to Clinical Practice (9Application to Clinical Practice (9thth
ed).ed).
Lippioncott.Lippioncott.
Kozier, Barbara, et al. (2004) Assessing,Kozier, Barbara, et al. (2004) Assessing,
Fundamentals of Nursing: concepts,Fundamentals of Nursing: concepts,
process and practice, 2nd ed .process and practice, 2nd ed .

35. THANKS FOR THETHANKS FOR THE
ATTENTIONATTENTION