Actinomyces. lecture slides
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Actinomycetes are a group of gram-positive bacteria that form branching filaments and resemble fungi. They include the genera Actinomyces, Norcardia, and Streptomyces. Actinomyces are anaerobic bacteria that are part of normal oral and gut flora and can cause actinomycosis, a chronic suppurative infection. Nocardia are partially acid-fast aerobic bacteria that can cause nocardiosis, an opportunistic infection seen in immunocompromised individuals that often involves the lungs and can disseminate to the brain. Streptomyces are important in soil decomposition and are the main source of antibiotics produced industrially such as tetracyclines
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2. Nocardiosis is caused by aerobic, weakly acid-fast Nocardia bacteria found in soil. It can cause pulmonary or disseminated infections. Diagnosis involves identifying filamentous bacteria in samples. Cotrimoxazole
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Actinomycosis is a bacterial infection caused by Actinomyces species. It is characterized by abscess formation and draining sinus tracts that discharge yellow sulfur granules. There are three main clinical syndromes: cervicofacial actinomycosis involving the head and neck region is most common, thoracic actinomycosis affects the lungs, and abdominal/pelvic actinomycosis involves the gastrointestinal tract. Diagnosis involves microscopic identification of sulfur granules or culture of Actinomyces from infected tissues. Prolonged treatment with high-dose penicillin is usually effective. Maintaining good oral and dental hygiene can help prevent infection.
Lecture 16- Medical Mycology- Actinomycetes.ppt
Actinomycosis is most commonly caused by Actinomyces israelii, which infects humans and animals. It occurs when the endogenous A. israelii in the mouth establishes infection in traumatized tissue, usually from a dental procedure. Abscesses form that are not confined to just the jaw and may spread. Nocardiosis is caused by soil organisms Nocardia brasiliensis and N. asteroides, which can be found endogenously in healthy people. It primarily presents as a pulmonary infection. Streptomycetes usually cause mycetoma, subcutaneous infections that can penetrate deeper and invade bone. Material sent to the lab for diagnosis depends on presentation but includes pus
non conventional pathogens.ppt
This document discusses several non-conventional pathogens including mycoplasmas, chlamydia, spirochetes, and legionella. It provides detailed information on mycoplasmas including their morphology, biological features, culture characteristics, and associated diseases. Chlamydia traits and the diseases it causes like nongonococcal urethritis are described. Finally, it examines spirochetes that cause diseases like syphilis, relapsing fever, and Lyme disease providing information on their transmission, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment.
Actinomycetes and Nocardia
This document discusses Actinomyces and Nocardia bacteria. It notes that Actinomyces are anaerobic, Gram-positive bacteria that normally inhabit the mouth and can cause actinomycosis infection, appearing as yellow sulfur granules. Nocardia are aerobic, weakly acid-fast bacteria typically found in soil that can cause cutaneous or systemic nocardiosis through contaminated wounds. While both can cause chronic infections, Actinomyces are treated with penicillin and Nocardia require longer courses of antibiotics like sulfonamides or cotrimoxazole.
Pneumonia
Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung parenchyma that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or non-infectious factors. It can be classified anatomically as lobar, bronchopneumonia, or interstitial pneumonia depending on the area of lung involvement. Common causes of infectious pneumonia include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and various viruses. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray and culture of sputum or other specimens. Treatment is usually with antibiotics chosen based on suspected cause and severity of illness.
Pneumonia
Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung parenchyma that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or other pathogens. It is commonly classified anatomically based on the location of lung involvement or etiologically based on the causative agent. Common causes of infectious pneumonia include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and various influenza viruses. Diagnosis involves chest X-ray and culture of sputum or other respiratory samples. Treatment depends on the identified cause but generally involves antibiotics for bacterial pneumonia.
Anthrax ..
1) Anthrax is caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. It can cause serious illness in humans and animals.
2) There are three main types of anthrax disease in humans - cutaneous, inhalation, and gastrointestinal. Cutaneous anthrax is the most common, usually occurring after exposure to infected animals or contaminated products.
3) Anthrax bacteria produce toxins that are major virulence factors. The anthrax toxins are composed of three proteins that combine to cause tissue damage and edema.
4) Diagnosis involves lab tests of samples from lesions, blood, or sputum to identify B. anthracis. Treatment involves antibiotics such as
Streptococcus
Streptococcus is a diverse genus of gram-positive bacteria that includes both commensal and pathogenic species. S. pyogenes is an important human pathogen causing pyogenic infections like pharyngitis and impetigo. It produces toxins and enzymes that contribute to its virulence. S. agalactiae can cause neonatal meningitis and infections in pregnant and immunocompromised individuals. S. pneumoniae is a leading cause of pneumonia, otitis media, and meningitis in all ages through production of a polysaccharide capsule and other virulence factors.
Gram Negative Cocci.pptx
This document discusses Neisseria meningitidis, the bacteria that causes meningococcal disease. It describes the classification of N. meningitidis as a gram-negative coccus belonging to the family Neisseriaceae. Key points include:
- N. meningitidis has a polysaccharide capsule that enhances virulence and is the target of vaccines. It exists as 13 serogroups that are designated by letters.
- The bacteria is usually carried harmlessly in the throat but can invade the bloodstream and meninges. Symptoms range from mild febrile illness to life-threatening meningococcemia.
- Diagnosis involves identifying the bacteria from cultures of blood
Microbiology
The document discusses various topics related to disease transmission and infection control including:
1. Different types of microorganisms that can cause disease such as bacteria, viruses, fungi.
2. Methods of sterilization and ways to prevent the spread of infections like isolation and standard precautions.
3. The body's defense mechanisms against pathogens including physical barriers, inflammation, and the immune response.
Diagnosis for tuberculosis(1).ppt2003
This document summarizes various methods for diagnosing tuberculosis (TB) including:
1. Radiographic examination of the chest to identify features of primary or reactivated TB.
2. Laboratory tests like smear microscopy, culture and nucleic acid amplification to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis from respiratory or other specimens.
3. Immunological tests like tuberculin skin test, interferon-gamma release assays and serological tests to detect TB infection.
2nd term lecture,_,vib,_helico,tb,_spiro,rick[1]
The document discusses various bacteria including Haemophilus influenzae, which causes diseases like pneumonia but is difficult to diagnose; it also covers Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the symptoms and treatment of tuberculosis; additionally, it summarizes different types of spirochetes, rickettsiae, and how they are transmitted and can cause diseases.
Neisseria by Dr. Rakesh Prasad Sah
This document provides information on the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis. It discusses their classification, characteristics, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. Key points include:
- They are Gram-negative diplococci within the family Neisseriaceae. N. meningitidis is encapsulated while N. gonorrhoeae is not.
- N. meningitidis is a common cause of bacterial meningitis while N. gonorrhoeae causes the sexually transmitted infection gonorrhea.
- Diagnosis involves culture, antigen detection and PCR. Treatment for gonorrhea is typically ceftriaxone or ciprofloxacin along
Clostridium
This document provides information on various Clostridium bacteria including C. septicum, C. novyi, C. histolyticum, and C. tetani. It describes their morphological characteristics, toxins produced, diseases caused such as gas gangrene, and laboratory methods for diagnosis. Gas gangrene is defined as a rapidly spreading muscle tissue death caused by clostridial bacteria. Treatment involves surgery to remove damaged tissues, antibiotics such as metronidazole, and immunization to prevent further infection.
Opportunistic Mycosis.pdf
Opportunistic Mycosis are: caused by fungi that cannot infect healthy humans but can
cause serious often fatal mycoses in people whose resistance has been lowered (immunocompromised patients).
Many fungi previously considered non- pathogenic are
now recognized as etiological agents of the
opportunistic fungal infections.
The laboratory must identify and report completely
the presence of all fungi recovered from
immunocompromised patient, since every organism is
a potential pathogen
The highly susceptible groups for opportunistic fungal
infection are
- AIDs patients,
-Leukemic patients,
-individuals on chemotherapy for treatment of cancer,
-alcoholics. The commonest causes of opportunistic mycosis are:
-Candidiasis
- Aspergillosis
- Zygomycosis
-Cryptococosis
-Pneumocystis carn
Candidiasis is a relatively common human infection that can
take form of;
superficial,
mucocutanous or
systemic disease.
Principally it is caused by the three species of the genus candida,
namely,
C.albicans,
C.tropicalis and
C.krusei
Superficial and mucocutaneous candidiasis
It is superficial infections of skin and mucous membranes
Through, oral and vaginal candidiasis
- Oesophageal candidiasis
-Skin lesions of folds, groin, axilla, and interdigital areas
- Napkin eruptions in infants
- Paranychial candidiaiasis
Invasive:
Candidemia: initial stage can be transient if phagocytic
system is intact.
Disseminated or hematogenous candidiasis if phagocytic
system is compromised.
Multi organs can be involved with infection: kidney,
prosthetic heart valves, brain, eye, meninges.
Mortality: 30-40%
Predisposing factors
Diabetes
Immunosupperession
T-cell immunodeficiency disorders
Acquired- immunodeficiency syndrome, (AIDS)
Leukaemias, Lymphomas
Steroid treatments
Broad spectrum antibiotics
Laboratory diagnosis
Superficial or mucocutaneous candidiasis is diagnosed by
finding the fungus in tissue scraping and culture
Systemic candidiasis is difficult to diagnose.
Definitive diagnosis is made by the histopathologic
demonstration of the invasion of tissue by the yeast.
Specimens from surface lesions, mouth, vaginal, sputum,
exudates etc are examined using different methods.
Direct examination
a) KOH
Exposed lesions can usually be easily diagnosed by
clinical appearance together with finding typical budding
yeast cells and pseudohyphae and /or true hyphea in lesion
scrapings treated with KOH.
b) Gram-stain
Gram stain smears show large gram-positive budding yeast cells
with pseudohyphea.
Germ tube test
Candida albicans can be presumptively identified based
on the production of a germ tube
Principle
When incubated with serum at 370C for 1 to 3 hours,
C.albicans will form a germ tube.
Procedure
1. Pipette 0.5 ml of serum into a test tube
2. Inoculate the tube with a small amount of the
organism to be
tested.
Opportunistic infections in HIV
A short class presentation I gave in college detailing some opportunistic pathogens which attempt infection in HIV along with commonly used drugs for treatment.
References available in slides.
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Dna forensic
DNA contains genetic information that codes for proteins. It is found in the nucleus of cells in structures called chromosomes. DNA differs between individuals at certain locations called loci. Forensic DNA analysis involves extracting DNA from evidence samples, amplifying regions of interest using PCR, separating the amplified DNA, and comparing it to reference samples. If DNA matches between an evidence sample and suspect, statistics are presented on the estimated frequency of that DNA profile in a population. Mitochondrial DNA analysis can be used for degraded samples and examines DNA sequence rather than length.
Sero and phage typing bls 206
This document discusses various methods for identifying and characterizing prokaryotes, including phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. Identification using phenotypic characteristics involves microscopic analysis, staining techniques like Gram stain, culture characteristics on selective media, and biochemical tests of metabolic differences. Genotypic identification uses techniques like nucleic acid probes, PCR, sequencing ribosomal RNA genes. Characterizing strain differences can be done through biochemical and serological typing, genomic typing methods like PFGE and ribotyping, phage typing, and antibiograms.
Selected gram positives bls 206
Mycobacterium are acid-fast, slow growing bacteria that can cause tuberculosis. They are classified based on growth rate and pigmentation. M. tuberculosis causes tuberculosis in humans and is identified through acid-fast staining, culturing, and biochemical testing. Bacillus species are spore-forming bacteria that include B. anthracis, which causes anthrax, and B. cereus, which can cause food poisoning. Clostridium are also spore-forming bacteria that can be divided into groups based on spore location and gelatin hydrolysis.
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Pathogenic anaerobe gram positive bls 206
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Lecture 2 diagnostic molecular microbiology bls
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Antimicrobial susceptibility test and assay bls 206
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Antimicrobial agents and mechanisms of action 2
The document discusses antibiotic resistance mechanisms in bacteria. It describes several key mechanisms:
1. Production of enzymes that inactivate antibiotics through destruction or modification. This includes beta-lactamases that break down beta-lactam antibiotics.
2. Decreased permeability of the cell membrane, preventing antibiotic penetration.
3. Active efflux of antibiotics from the bacterial cell via efflux pumps.
4. Modification of antibiotic target sites, such as altered penicillin-binding proteins or modifications to ribosomes.
Resistance can arise through mutation or acquisition of resistance genes via horizontal gene transfer. Multiple resistance mechanisms can provide high-level or multidrug resistance.
Antibiotics lecture may 2010
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Bls 107 general microbiology
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Bacteriophage 1
This document discusses bacteriophages and their biology. It describes that bacteriophages can have either a lytic or lysogenic life cycle. It focuses on T-even bacteriophages that infect E. coli, describing their complex structure including a head and tail. The document explains the process of phage infection including adsorption of the phage to host receptors and separation of the phage nucleic acid from its protein coat upon entry into the host cell.
Bacterial toxins
This document discusses bacterial toxins, including endotoxins and exotoxins. It notes that endotoxins are lipopolysaccharides associated with the cell walls of gram-negative bacteria, while exotoxins are proteins released by pathogenic bacteria. The document provides detailed information on the structure and characteristics of endotoxins and exotoxins, how they contribute to virulence, and their roles in disease.
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Actinomyces. lecture slides
- 1. Actinomycetes Prof M.I.N. Matee Department of Microbiology and Immunology School of Medicine MUCHS Tuesday, November 8, 2005
- 4. Motility From left to right: + – +
- 5. Actinomyces
- 6. C diptheriae : Gram stain
- 7. GRAM POSITIVE CELL ENVELOPE Cytoplasm Lipoteichoic acid Peptidoglycan-teichoic acid Cytoplasmic membrane Degradative enzyme
- 11. Actinomycosis - sulfur granule
- 15. Anaerobic jar Figure 6.5