Acromegaly
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Acromegaly is a rare endocrine disorder caused by excessive production of growth hormone by the pituitary gland in adults, usually resulting from a benign pituitary tumor. Symptoms include enlarged extremities, coarse facial features, joint problems, and other changes. It occurs in about 40-70 cases per million population, usually appearing during the third decade of life. The primary causes are pituitary adenomas, which account for over 95% of cases. Diagnosis involves MRI or CT scans of the pituitary gland and tests to evaluate hormone levels. Treatment focuses on reducing hormone excess through surgery, medication, or radiation therapy.
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Acromegaly-pathogenesis
Growth hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary and is essential for linear growth. It acts through somatomedins like Somatomedin-C, which are produced in the liver and bone. The hypothalamus stimulates growth hormone secretion through growth hormone releasing hormone and inhibits it through somatostatin. Other neurotransmitters like dopamine can also influence growth hormone levels. Acromegaly results from excess growth hormone secretion in adults after growth plate fusion and is usually caused by a pituitary adenoma. These adenomas can be microadenomas under 10mm or macroadenomas over 10mm, which may produce hormone excess and mass effects. Acromegaly causes characteristic physical changes and symptoms.
Gigantism
When too much growth hormone is secreted that augments the growth of muscle, bones, and connective tissue in childhood or adolescence before the end of puberty, the condition is called Gigantism.
Acromegaly
Acromegaly is a disorder caused by excess growth hormone in adults. It results in enlarged features, joints, organs and soft tissue. Symptoms include headaches, fatigue, joint pain and sweating. It is typically caused by a non-cancerous tumor on the pituitary gland. Diagnosis involves blood tests to check growth hormone and IGF-1 levels, as well as imaging tests to locate tumors. Treatment options include surgery to remove tumors, medication to reduce hormone levels, and radiation therapy. Early treatment can help prevent complications.
Acromegaly & gigantism
Acromegaly and gigantism are chronic metabolic disorders caused by excessive growth hormone levels. Acromegaly occurs in adulthood after bone growth plates have closed, causing tissue enlargement. Gigantism occurs in childhood before plate closure, resulting in abnormally large growth. Both are usually due to noncancerous pituitary tumors that overproduce growth hormone, leading to increased insulin-like growth factor levels and symptoms like enlarged hands, feet and head. Diagnosis involves blood tests and imaging to identify the source of excess growth hormone. Treatment focuses on surgery, radiation or medications to reduce hormone levels and stop further growth.
Acromegaly.ppt
Acromegaly is a chronic disease caused by excessive growth hormone production, usually from a pituitary tumor, leading to enlarged hands, feet, and lower face. Gigantism is similar but occurs in childhood, resulting in excessive growth and height over 7 feet. Panhypopituitarism is decreased secretion of pituitary hormones, causing dwarfism in children and Simmond's disease in adults, characterized by multiple hormone deficiencies.
Acromegaly
Acromegaly is a hormonal disorder that develops when your pituitary gland produces too much growth hormone during adulthood
Acromegaly
This document provides information about acromegaly, a rare disorder caused by excess growth hormone in adults. It discusses the typical causes, signs and symptoms, and effects on organ systems. Pituitary adenomas that secrete growth hormone are responsible for over 95% of cases. Clinical features depend on when excess growth hormone begins, causing either gigantism in children or acromegaly in adults, characterized by enlarged extremities and soft tissues. Complications can include joint and cardiovascular problems, diabetes, and sleep apnea. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent morbidity.
Hyperthyroidism
Hyperthyroidism refers to excessive thyroid hormone production. Graves' disease is the most common cause. Symptoms include tremors, weight loss, palpitations, heat intolerance and eye changes. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing low TSH and high free T4 levels. Treatments include antithyroid drugs, radioactive iodine ablation, or surgery. Untreated hyperthyroidism can lead to thyroid storm, weight loss, osteoporosis, heart and eye complications. Follow-up care after treatment is needed to monitor for hypothyroidism or recurrence.
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Acromegaly-pathogenesis
Growth hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary and is essential for linear growth. It acts through somatomedins like Somatomedin-C, which are produced in the liver and bone. The hypothalamus stimulates growth hormone secretion through growth hormone releasing hormone and inhibits it through somatostatin. Other neurotransmitters like dopamine can also influence growth hormone levels. Acromegaly results from excess growth hormone secretion in adults after growth plate fusion and is usually caused by a pituitary adenoma. These adenomas can be microadenomas under 10mm or macroadenomas over 10mm, which may produce hormone excess and mass effects. Acromegaly causes characteristic physical changes and symptoms.
Gigantism
When too much growth hormone is secreted that augments the growth of muscle, bones, and connective tissue in childhood or adolescence before the end of puberty, the condition is called Gigantism.
Acromegaly
Acromegaly is a disorder caused by excess growth hormone in adults. It results in enlarged features, joints, organs and soft tissue. Symptoms include headaches, fatigue, joint pain and sweating. It is typically caused by a non-cancerous tumor on the pituitary gland. Diagnosis involves blood tests to check growth hormone and IGF-1 levels, as well as imaging tests to locate tumors. Treatment options include surgery to remove tumors, medication to reduce hormone levels, and radiation therapy. Early treatment can help prevent complications.
Acromegaly & gigantism
Acromegaly and gigantism are chronic metabolic disorders caused by excessive growth hormone levels. Acromegaly occurs in adulthood after bone growth plates have closed, causing tissue enlargement. Gigantism occurs in childhood before plate closure, resulting in abnormally large growth. Both are usually due to noncancerous pituitary tumors that overproduce growth hormone, leading to increased insulin-like growth factor levels and symptoms like enlarged hands, feet and head. Diagnosis involves blood tests and imaging to identify the source of excess growth hormone. Treatment focuses on surgery, radiation or medications to reduce hormone levels and stop further growth.
Acromegaly.ppt
Acromegaly is a chronic disease caused by excessive growth hormone production, usually from a pituitary tumor, leading to enlarged hands, feet, and lower face. Gigantism is similar but occurs in childhood, resulting in excessive growth and height over 7 feet. Panhypopituitarism is decreased secretion of pituitary hormones, causing dwarfism in children and Simmond's disease in adults, characterized by multiple hormone deficiencies.
Acromegaly
Acromegaly is a hormonal disorder that develops when your pituitary gland produces too much growth hormone during adulthood
Acromegaly
This document provides information about acromegaly, a rare disorder caused by excess growth hormone in adults. It discusses the typical causes, signs and symptoms, and effects on organ systems. Pituitary adenomas that secrete growth hormone are responsible for over 95% of cases. Clinical features depend on when excess growth hormone begins, causing either gigantism in children or acromegaly in adults, characterized by enlarged extremities and soft tissues. Complications can include joint and cardiovascular problems, diabetes, and sleep apnea. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent morbidity.
Hyperthyroidism
Hyperthyroidism refers to excessive thyroid hormone production. Graves' disease is the most common cause. Symptoms include tremors, weight loss, palpitations, heat intolerance and eye changes. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing low TSH and high free T4 levels. Treatments include antithyroid drugs, radioactive iodine ablation, or surgery. Untreated hyperthyroidism can lead to thyroid storm, weight loss, osteoporosis, heart and eye complications. Follow-up care after treatment is needed to monitor for hypothyroidism or recurrence.
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- Causes of alopecia include autoimmune disorders, genetic predisposition, medical conditions, medications, radiation/chemotherapy, malnutrition or vitamin/mineral deficiencies.
- Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, and may include trichometric analysis, fungal cultures, biopsies, or blood tests to check for underlying causes or nutrient deficiencies.
Acromegaly
Acromegaly is caused by excessive growth hormone production leading to soft tissue and bone overgrowth. Diagnosis involves elevated IGF-1 levels and an oral glucose tolerance test to assess GH suppression. Treatment options include transphenoidal hypophysectomy, somatostatin analogues, dopamine agonists, and GH receptor antagonists. Long-term outcomes depend on achieving GH and IGF-1 control through appropriate treatment and monitoring via biochemical testing and MRI imaging.
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Gigantism is a rare condition caused by excessive growth hormone production, usually from a noncancerous pituitary tumor, resulting in abnormal growth and size in children. Symptoms include increased height and size of body parts like hands and feet. Diagnosis involves blood tests to measure growth hormone levels and MRI scans to detect pituitary tumors. Treatment aims to stop growth hormone overproduction and may include surgery to remove tumors, medication to shrink tumors or block hormone effects, and gamma knife radiosurgery for tumors not accessible by traditional surgery.
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Dermatomyositis
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Dermatomyositis Dr. Saad Raheem Abed
Dermatomyositis is a rare inflammatory myopathy with characteristic skin manifestations and muscular weakness.
Polymyositis is a similar disease without skin lesions.
Amyopathic dermatomyositis: typical cutaneous manifestation of DM without clinical and/or laboratory findings of muscle involvement for at least 6 months after the onset of skin rash.
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X-linked recessive ichthyosis,
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Graves’ disease (An autoimmune Disease)
Graves' disease is an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the thyroid gland, causing it to produce too much thyroxine. Some common symptoms include anxiety, eye irritation, increased sweating, and weight loss. The disease is triggered by antibodies that stimulate thyroid cells to overproduce hormones. Treatments include antithyroid medications, radioactive iodine, or surgery to destroy the thyroid gland, followed by thyroid hormone replacement medication. Eye problems related to Graves' disease may also require additional treatments.
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acromegaly
1. Investigation and management of acromegaly involves assessing GH and IGF-1 levels through tests like the glucose tolerance test and MRI of the pituitary to detect adenomas. Surgery is the first-line treatment but other options include radiotherapy, somatostatin analogues, dopamine agonists, and GH antagonists to normalize GH and IGF-1 levels.
2. Complications of acromegaly include increased risk of heart disease, diabetes, arthritis, sleep apnea, and colon polyps. The goal of management is to reduce GH levels to below 5 mU/L to minimize these risks.
3. Treatment approaches include trans-sphenoidal pituitary surgery, followed by radiotherapy
Acromegal
1) Acromegaly is caused by excess growth hormone production, usually from a pituitary tumor. The goals of treatment are to control symptoms, suppress hormone levels, decrease tumor size, and preserve normal pituitary function.
2) Surgical removal of the tumor via transsphenoidal surgery often results in remission, with higher rates for microadenomas versus macroadenomas. Pre-operative factors like tumor size and invasiveness affect outcomes.
3) Medical therapies like somatostatin analogs and GH receptor antagonists can help control hormone levels and symptoms in cases where surgery is not effective or possible. These medications provide alternatives or adjuncts to surgery in treating acromegaly.
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Alopecia
Alopecia refers to hair loss on the scalp or other areas. There are several forms including alopecia areata (patchy hair loss), totalis (total scalp hair loss), and universalis (total body hair loss). Androgenetic alopecia is a hereditary pattern of hair thinning. Scarring alopecias permanently damage hair follicles. While hair loss may be temporary, treatments aim to prevent further loss by addressing underlying causes or using drugs like minoxidil, finasteride, or corticosteroids. Wigs are also an option for cosmetic reasons.
Alopecia
- Alopecia refers to hair loss and there are several types including alopecia areata (patchy hair loss), alopecia totalis (complete hair loss of the scalp), and alopecia universalis (complete hair loss of the body).
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Acromegaly
Acromegaly is caused by excessive growth hormone production leading to soft tissue and bone overgrowth. Diagnosis involves elevated IGF-1 levels and an oral glucose tolerance test to assess GH suppression. Treatment options include transphenoidal hypophysectomy, somatostatin analogues, dopamine agonists, and GH receptor antagonists. Long-term outcomes depend on achieving GH and IGF-1 control through appropriate treatment and monitoring via biochemical testing and MRI imaging.
Urticaria (Hives) : causes, symptoms and treatments
Urticaria is a skin problem triggered by reaction to food, medicine or allergic to any other thing. Urticaria leads to red, itchy, and swollen skin. This disease is also known as Hives. Hives formed due to allergy, changes size rapidly and often move around, in different parts of the body.
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Gigantism is a rare condition caused by excessive growth hormone production, usually from a noncancerous pituitary tumor, resulting in abnormal growth and size in children. Symptoms include increased height and size of body parts like hands and feet. Diagnosis involves blood tests to measure growth hormone levels and MRI scans to detect pituitary tumors. Treatment aims to stop growth hormone overproduction and may include surgery to remove tumors, medication to shrink tumors or block hormone effects, and gamma knife radiosurgery for tumors not accessible by traditional surgery.
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Hypopituitarism is an uncommon health condition where the pituitary gland does not produce hormones or fails to do so in sufficient amounts. The pituitary is an important endocrine gland, located at the bottom of the brain, responsible for secretion of hormones that influence almost every body part. To know more visit here: www.lazoi.com
Diabetic coma
The document discusses different types of diabetic comas including hypoglycemic coma, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state, and lactic acidosis. It provides diagnostic criteria for each condition including specific ranges for blood pH, serum bicarbonate, ketones, glucose, osmolality, and anion gap. Diabetic ketoacidosis is associated with severe insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia over 250 mg/dL while hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state involves hyperglycemia over 600 mg/dL without acidosis. Lactic acidosis presents with severe acidosis, elevated lactate, and absent ketones.
Dermatomyositis
Dermatomyositis is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the skin and muscles that is characterized by an autoimmune pathogenesis. It commonly presents with characteristic rashes like Gottron's papules and heliotrope rash as well as proximal muscle weakness. Dermatomyositis can also involve internal organs like the lungs, esophagus and heart. Diagnosis involves assessing clinical features, muscle enzymes, electromyography, muscle/skin biopsies and identifying myositis-specific antibodies. Prognosis depends on the severity and organ involvement, with risks of residual weakness, contractures and death from respiratory or cardiac complications.
Dermatomyositis
Dermatomyositis (DM) is an inflammatory myopathy characterized by a distinctive rash that often precedes progressive symmetric muscle weakness. The rash may involve areas of the face, eyelids, knuckles, shoulders, and back. Muscle biopsy is required to confirm diagnosis and shows inflammation around blood vessels in the muscle tissue. Treatment involves immunosuppressive drugs like glucocorticoids to improve muscle strength and function. Prognosis is generally good with most patients improving on therapy, though relapses can occur.
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Hyperparathyroidism is a condition caused by excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone by the parathyroid glands, leading to high calcium levels and low phosphate levels in the blood. It causes symptoms like nausea, vomiting, fatigue, muscle weakness, and renal stones. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, and monitoring calcium and phosphate levels in the blood. Treatment options include medications to manage calcium levels, and surgery to remove the parathyroid tumor for more severe cases.
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Dermatomyositis is a rare inflammatory myopathy with characteristic skin manifestations and muscular weakness.
Polymyositis is a similar disease without skin lesions.
Amyopathic dermatomyositis: typical cutaneous manifestation of DM without clinical and/or laboratory findings of muscle involvement for at least 6 months after the onset of skin rash.
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They are a heterogenous group of inherited disorders of epidermal differentiation featuring excessive scaling, Ichthyosis vulgaris,
X-linked recessive ichthyosis,
Lamellar ichthyosis,
Non-bullous ichthyosiform erythroderma,
Bullous ichthyosiform erythroderma,
Ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens,
Harlequin ichthyosis
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Addison's disease is a rare disorder of the adrenal glands that affects the production of cortisol and aldosterone hormones. It is characterized by progressive anemia, low blood pressure, great weakness, and bronze skin discoloration. Common causes include an autoimmune response, infection of the adrenal glands, or inadequate hormone secretion. Left untreated, it can lead to death. Symptoms include fatigue, weakness, pain, nausea, and hyperpigmentation. Diagnosis involves testing cortisol and aldosterone levels along with monitoring electrolytes. Treatment consists of medications to replace hormones and educate patients on managing stress and monitoring for crises. Nursing focuses on monitoring blood pressure, glucose, electrolytes, and signs of
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Graves' disease is an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the thyroid gland, causing it to produce too much thyroxine. Some common symptoms include anxiety, eye irritation, increased sweating, and weight loss. The disease is triggered by antibodies that stimulate thyroid cells to overproduce hormones. Treatments include antithyroid medications, radioactive iodine, or surgery to destroy the thyroid gland, followed by thyroid hormone replacement medication. Eye problems related to Graves' disease may also require additional treatments.
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The document summarizes connective tissue diseases and rheumatoid arthritis. It discusses that connective tissue diseases include common disorders like rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis as well as rare conditions like systemic lupus erythematosus. Diagnostic studies for connective tissue diseases include blood tests, x-rays, and biopsies. Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the synovial joints and can lead to joint deformity and damage. Management of rheumatoid arthritis involves pharmacological therapies like NSAIDs and DMARDs as well as nonpharmacological treatments like physical therapy.
Thyrotoxicosis
Thyrotoxicosis, or hyperthyroidism, is caused by excessive thyroid hormones. It can be primary, resulting from conditions like Graves' disease, or secondary, from a toxic multinodular goiter or toxic adenoma. Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder caused by antibodies that stimulate the thyroid. Symptoms include hypermetabolism, nervousness, and eye changes. Diagnosis involves thyroid function tests, ultrasound, and radioactive iodine uptake. Treatment options are antithyroid medications, radioactive iodine therapy, or surgery. Complications can include thyroid storm, which is a medical emergency requiring aggressive treatment.
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Pityriasis rosea is a mild inflammatory skin condition characterized by salmon-colored patches that are initially discrete but may become confluent. It begins with a single large "herald patch" followed by smaller oval patches covered with dry scaling skin. The rash typically resolves spontaneously over 3-8 weeks. It occurs most often in people ages 15-40 in the spring and autumn, and affects more women than men. While itchy, pityriasis rosea is usually not serious and resolves on its own without treatment.
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acromegaly
1. Investigation and management of acromegaly involves assessing GH and IGF-1 levels through tests like the glucose tolerance test and MRI of the pituitary to detect adenomas. Surgery is the first-line treatment but other options include radiotherapy, somatostatin analogues, dopamine agonists, and GH antagonists to normalize GH and IGF-1 levels.
2. Complications of acromegaly include increased risk of heart disease, diabetes, arthritis, sleep apnea, and colon polyps. The goal of management is to reduce GH levels to below 5 mU/L to minimize these risks.
3. Treatment approaches include trans-sphenoidal pituitary surgery, followed by radiotherapy
Acromegal
1) Acromegaly is caused by excess growth hormone production, usually from a pituitary tumor. The goals of treatment are to control symptoms, suppress hormone levels, decrease tumor size, and preserve normal pituitary function.
2) Surgical removal of the tumor via transsphenoidal surgery often results in remission, with higher rates for microadenomas versus macroadenomas. Pre-operative factors like tumor size and invasiveness affect outcomes.
3) Medical therapies like somatostatin analogs and GH receptor antagonists can help control hormone levels and symptoms in cases where surgery is not effective or possible. These medications provide alternatives or adjuncts to surgery in treating acromegaly.
Gigantism
Gigantism is caused by an excess of growth hormone, usually from a noncancerous tumor on the pituitary gland. Symptoms include above average height, delayed puberty, vision problems, headaches, and large hands and feet. Diagnosis involves CT/MRI scans and blood tests showing high growth hormone and IGF-1 levels. Treatment options include medications, radiation therapy, and surgery to remove the tumor.
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pituitary gland
The pituitary gland, also known as the hypophysis, is a small pea-sized gland located at the base of the brain. It has two lobes - the anterior and posterior lobes. The anterior lobe regulates growth, metabolism, stress responses, reproduction and lactation by producing hormones that stimulate other glands. The posterior lobe helps control water balance in the body. The pituitary gland is often called the "master gland" as it controls many other glands.
Hypothyroidism
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The document discusses the anatomy, physiology, and pathologies of the pituitary gland. It begins by describing the normal anatomy of the pituitary, including its location and that it is divided into anterior and posterior lobes. It then discusses the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary and various pituitary tumors and masses that can occur, such as prolactinomas, Cushing's disease, and acromegaly. It provides details on evaluating pituitary tumors, treatment options which include surgery, medication, and radiation, and management of specific tumor types.
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This document discusses pituitary adenomas, benign tumors of the pituitary gland. It covers the anatomy and hormones of the pituitary gland. Pituitary adenomas can be secreting or non-secreting, and cause various clinical effects depending on the hormone secreted including visual field defects. Diagnosis involves endocrine and imaging evaluations. Treatment depends on the size and type of tumor, and may include medication, surgery, and radiation therapy. Long term monitoring of patients is important after treatment.
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There are over 300 causes of dwarfism, with the most common being a spontaneous mutation of the FGFR3 gene. The two main types of skeletal dysplasia that cause dwarfism are short trunk with average limbs, and average trunk with shorter limbs and larger head. People with dwarfism can lead normal, healthy lives through treatments like surgery, nutrition plans, physical therapy and hormone injections depending on the type of dwarfism. The likelihood of having a child with dwarfism depends on factors like the parents' height and whether one or both parents carry a dwarfism gene.
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Addison's disease is a rare condition caused by insufficient production of hormones by the adrenal glands. It results in a decrease in glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. Symptoms include chronic fatigue, weight loss, and hyperpigmentation. While current treatment replaces the missing hormones, research aims to regenerate damaged adrenal cortex cells through stem cell stimulation in order to cure the disease.
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Addison's disease is a chronic condition that results from damage to the adrenal cortex, causing deficiencies in cortisol, aldosterone, androgens, and estrogens. It is rare, affecting about 1 in 100,000 people. Symptoms include fatigue, weakness, low blood pressure, and hyperpigmentation. Treatment involves replacing cortisol and mineralocorticoids. Nurses monitor for electrolyte imbalances, hypoglycemia, and educate patients on managing stress and recognizing adrenal crises.
Dwarfism
Dwarfism is defined as an adult height of 4 feet 10 inches or under due to an underlying medical condition. It is caused by genetic mutations or disorders that affect bone growth and development. The most common type of dwarfism is achondroplasia which causes disproportionate short stature with normal trunk and short limbs. Other types include diastrophic dysplasia and spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia. While height cannot be increased, treatment focuses on managing related health issues through surgery or hormone therapy.
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Pituitary disorders can be caused by too much or too little of hormones produced by the pituitary gland. Hypopituitarism is a rare disorder where the pituitary fails to secrete hormones affecting many body functions. Pituitary disorders include dwarfism caused by growth hormone deficiency, gigantism caused by excess growth hormone in children, and acromegaly caused by excess growth hormone in adults. Other disorders discussed include diabetes insipidus, a disorder of antidiuretic hormone deficiency or resistance leading to excessive thirst and urination, and SIADH, a disorder of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion causing hyponatremia. Management involves hormone replacement, surgery, radiation, or drugs depending on the specific disorder.
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Acromegaly
- 2. WHAT IS ACROMEGALY? Greek Roots ACRO: Extremity MEGAL: Enlargement To know what acromegaly is you must first have an understanding of the Endocrine System because Acromegaly is an endocrine disorder. As you see from the roots of this word is has to do with GH (Growth Hormone) which is produce by the pituitary gland.
- 3. EPIDEMIOLOGY • Even though this seems like a wide world occurrence, it isn’t. It is 40-70 cases per million population. It is a very rare and somewhat complex disease.The usually occurrence within a lifespan is the third decade of life.The signs and symptoms show up around 5-15 years of age. It could complicate and cause early death if not handled correctly.It usually doesn’t complicate the latter years of life.
- 4. CAUSES OF ARCOMEGALY • Acromegaly is the hyper-production of GH by pituitary gland.There are sevaral common causes of Acromegaly but over 95% of all cases are cause by a pituitary ardenoma.This is a tumor on the pituitary gland. Another cause of this disease is caused by something outside of the pituitary gland but it is very rare.
- 5. SIGN & SYMPTOMS • Tall stature • Mild to moderate obesity (common) • Macrocephaly (may precede linear growth) • Headaches • Visual changes • Hypopituitarism • Soft tissue hypertrophy • Exaggerated growth of the hands and feet, with thick fingers and toes • Coarse facial features Frontal bossing Prognathism Hyperhidrosis Osteoarthritis (a late feature of IGF-I excess) Peripheral neuropathies (eg, carpel tunnel syndrome) Cardiovascular disease Benign tumors Endocrinopathies
- 6. SIGNS & SYMPTOMS (CONT’D) Doughy-feeling skin over the face and extremities Thick and hard nails Deepening of creases on the forehead and nasolabial folds Noticeably large pores Thick and edematous eyelids Enlargement of the lower lip and nose (the nose takes on a triangular configuration) Wide spacing of the teeth and prognathism Hyperpigmentation (40% of patients) Acanthosis nigricans (a small percentage of patients) Excessive eccrine and apocrine sweating Breast tissue becoming atrophic; galactorrhea High blood pressure Mitral valvular regurgitation Mild hirsutism (in women)
- 7. DIAGNOSES & TREATMENTS Diagnoses Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): To image pituitary adenomas Computed tomography (CT) scanning:To evaluate the patient for pancreatic, adrenal, and ovarian tumors secreting GH/GHRH; use chest CT scans to evaluate for bronchogenic carcinoma secreting GH/GHRH Radiography:To demonstrate skeletal manifestations of GH/IGF-I excess Treatments There is no single treatment.Treatment revolves around reducing the negative effects as well as changing the excess of the GH. One way may be transsphenoidal surgery. This is where the surgery goes through your nose to remove the tumor sometimes the surgeon may not be able to get it all and this could cause constant elevated levels of GH