The document discusses acetylcholine synthesis and degradation. Acetylcholine is synthesized from choline and acetyl-CoA by the enzyme choline acetyltransferase. It is degraded by acetylcholinesterase into inactive metabolites choline and acetate. Acetylcholinesterase is abundant in the synaptic cleft and clears acetylcholine, which is essential for proper muscle function. Deficiency of acetylcholinesterase can cause paralysis.

1. Acetylcholine synthesis
• In the cholinergic neurons acetylcholine is
synthesized from choline and acetyl CoA.
This reaction is activated by choline acetyl
transfers

2. Acetylcholine degradation
• The enzyme Acetylcholinsetrase converts
acetylcholine into inactive metabolites choline and
acetate.
• Equation.
• The enzyme :
1. is abundant in the synaptic cleft.
2. Its role clearing free acetylcholine from synapse and
this essential for proper muscle function.
3. Deficiency causes paralysis.

4. Acetylcholine Synthesis and Degradation
+ cholineAcetyl-CoAPyruvate
PDH complex
(FAD, lipoamide, TPP)
Choline acetyltransferase
(CAT)
(inhibited by mercurials)
Acetylcholine
Acetylcholinesterase
(AChE)
(membrane associated; inhibited by
nerve agents, sarin) Acetate + choline
Reuptak
e or diet

6. Norepinephrine synthesis

8.
Neurotransmitter
Molecule
Derived
From
Site of Synthesis
Acetylcholine Choline CNS, parasympathetic nerves
Serotonin
5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)
Tryptophan CNS, chromaffin cells of the gut, enteric
cells
GABA Glutamate CNS
Histamine Histidine hypothalamus
Epinephrine
synthesis pathway
Tyrosine adrenal medulla, some CNS cells
Norpinephrine
synthesis pathway
Tyrosine CNS, sympathetic nerves
Dopamine
synthesis pathway
Tyrosine CNS
Nitric oxide, NO Arginine CNS, gastrointestinal tract
Summary:

9. Alzheimer disease
• Definition.
• Statistics.
• Causes.
• Stages.
• Types.
• Symptoms.
• Treatment.

10. Alzheimer disease
• Definition :
Alzheimer's disease is an organic mental
illness. that usually involves loss of
memory, changes in personality, and
decreasing ability to think rationally,
solve problems, and perform tasks
needed for daily life.

11. Causes
• The causes of Alzheimer's disease is not known.
1. Although, accumulation of the protein amyloid in the
brain is suspected to play a role.
2. progressive damage to brain cells .
3. subsequent loss of the chemicals that they
produce.known as neurotransmitters. One of these
neurotransmitters is acetylcholine,

12. Symptoms
There are 10 classic warning signs :
1. memory loss.
2. difficulty performing familiar tasks.
3. problems with language.
4. disorientation to time and place.
5. poor or decreased judgment.
6. problems with abstract thinking.
7. misplacing things.
8. changes in mood or behavior.
9. changes in personality.
10. and loss of initiative.

13. Stages
1. Pre-dementia
2. Early
3. Moderate
4. Advanced

14. Types
1. Early-onset .
2. Late-onset
Alzheimer's.
3. Familial
Alzheimer's
disease (FAD)

15. statistics
• Generally, it is diagnosed in people over
65 years of age, although the less-
prevalent early onset of Alzheimer’s can
occur much earlier.
• In 2006, there were 26.6 million sufferers
worldwide.
• Alzheimer’s is predicted to affect 1 in 85
people globally by 2050.

16. Treatment
1. medication based:
• cholinesterase inhibitors.
• partial glutamate antagonists.
2. non-medication based treatments:
• Music.
• Pet therapy.
• Art therapy.
• Religious activities.
• Aromatherapy.
• Storytelling.
.