Acetylcholine (ACh):- is an organic chemical that functions in the brain
and body of many types of animals, including humans, as a
neurotransmitter—a chemical released by nerve cells to send signals
to other cells.Its name is derived from its chemical structure: it is an
ester of acetic acid and choline. Parts in the body that use or are
affected by acetylcholine are referred to as cholinergic.
Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter used at the neuromuscular
junction—in other words, it is the chemical that motor neurons of
the nervous system release in order to activate muscles.
.Acetylcholine is also used as a neurotransmitter in the autonomic
nervous system, both as an internal transmitter for the sympathetic
nervous system and as the final product released by the
parasympathetic nervous system.
Acetylcholine (ACh):- is an organic chemical that functions in the brain
and body of many types of animals, including humans, as a
neurotransmitter—a chemical released by nerve cells to send signals
to other cells.Its name is derived from its chemical structure: it is an
ester of acetic acid and choline. Parts in the body that use or are
affected by acetylcholine are referred to as cholinergic.
Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter used at the neuromuscular
junction—in other words, it is the chemical that motor neurons of
the nervous system release in order to activate muscles.
.Acetylcholine is also used as a neurotransmitter in the autonomic
nervous system, both as an internal transmitter for the sympathetic
nervous system and as the final product released by the
parasympathetic nervous system.
cholinergic receptors definetion and classifcation to 1-nicotinic and 2-muscarinic ...and their subtybes ..... then the sites and the mechanism ... and last the drugs effect
Neurohumoral transmission in CNS-
The term neurohumoral transmission designates the transfer of a nerve impulse from a presynaptic to a postsynaptic neuron by means of a humoral agent e.g. a biogenic amine, an amino acid or a peptide.
Acetylcholine -
Acetylcholine is an organic chemical that functions in the brain and body of many types of animals as a neurotransmitter—a chemical message released by nerve cells to send signals to other cells, such as neurons, muscle cells and gland cells.
Introduction to Physiological and pathological role of serotonin
Autocoids, Classification, synthesis ,Serotonergic receptors, Physiological actions, Pathophysiological role
Presented by
K.Firdous banu
Department of Pharmacology
Neurotransmission (Latin: transmission "passage, crossing" from transmitter "send, let through"), is the process by which signalling molecules called neurotransmitters are released by the axon terminal of a neuron and bind to and react with the receptors on the dendrites of another neuron
depression ,symptoms, mechanism of depression ,classification of antidepressants , tri cyclic anti depressants and its pharmacological actions ,acute poisoning and treatment
Neurohumoral transmission in CNS ,special emphasis on importance of various neurotransmitters like with GABA, Glutamate, Glycine, serotonin and dopamine
cholinergic receptors definetion and classifcation to 1-nicotinic and 2-muscarinic ...and their subtybes ..... then the sites and the mechanism ... and last the drugs effect
Neurohumoral transmission in CNS-
The term neurohumoral transmission designates the transfer of a nerve impulse from a presynaptic to a postsynaptic neuron by means of a humoral agent e.g. a biogenic amine, an amino acid or a peptide.
Acetylcholine -
Acetylcholine is an organic chemical that functions in the brain and body of many types of animals as a neurotransmitter—a chemical message released by nerve cells to send signals to other cells, such as neurons, muscle cells and gland cells.
Introduction to Physiological and pathological role of serotonin
Autocoids, Classification, synthesis ,Serotonergic receptors, Physiological actions, Pathophysiological role
Presented by
K.Firdous banu
Department of Pharmacology
Neurotransmission (Latin: transmission "passage, crossing" from transmitter "send, let through"), is the process by which signalling molecules called neurotransmitters are released by the axon terminal of a neuron and bind to and react with the receptors on the dendrites of another neuron
depression ,symptoms, mechanism of depression ,classification of antidepressants , tri cyclic anti depressants and its pharmacological actions ,acute poisoning and treatment
Neurohumoral transmission in CNS ,special emphasis on importance of various neurotransmitters like with GABA, Glutamate, Glycine, serotonin and dopamine
This is from GurunanakCollege of Pharmacy, Nagpur.
This Presentation is created by Sheikh Amaan.
This is under the Partisipative learning.
B.Pharm 4th Semester
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
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Triangles of Neck and Clinical Correlation by Dr. RIG.pptx
Acetylcholine
1. Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine
IUPAC name 2-Acetoxy-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium
Abbreviation ACh
Sources motor neurons, parasympathetic nervous system, brain
Targets skeletal muscles, brain, many other organs
Receptors nicotinic, muscarinic
Agonists nicotine, muscarine, cholinesterase inhibitors
Antagonists tubocurarine, atropine
Precursor choline, acetyl-CoA
Synthesizing enzyme choline acetyltransferase
Metabolizing enzyme acetylcholinesterase
2. Acetylcholine
• Acetylcholine is an organic chemical that
functions in the brain and body of many type of
animals, as a
• Neurotransmitter- a chemical released by nerve
cells to send signals to other cells.
• Also used as a neurotransmitter in the
autonomic nervous system.
• Its name is derived from its chemical structure: it
is ester acetic acid and choline.
3. Function Of Ach
• Acetylcholine has functions both in the peripheral
nervous system and CNS.
• In the peripheral nervous system, Ach activates
muscles, and is a major neurotransmitter in the
ANS.
• In the CNS, cholinergic projections from the basal
forebrain to the cerebral cortex and hippocampus
support the congnitive functions of those target
areas.
5. Synthesis
• Acetylcholine is synthesized from its two immediate precursors,
choline and acetyl coenzyme A
• The synthesis reaction is a single step catalyzed by the enzyme ChAT
Choline+Acetyl coenzyme A⇌Acetylcoline+Coenzyme A
• Choline present in tissues has two origins :
exogenous, in food( folic acid, vitamin B12) and
endogenous , by biosynthesis from glycine.
• Acetylcholinesterase (ACHE), Also known as AChE
OR acetylhydrolase , is the primary cholinesterase
in the body, it is an enzyme that catalyzes the
breakdown of acetylcholine and some other choline
esters that function as neurotransmitter.
6. Distribution Of Ach
Tissue distribution of acetylcholine is very broad ,it
is present:
• In the central nervous system: brain , spinal cord ,
nerve
• In the vegetative nervous system: in sympathetic
and parasympathetic ganglia and in
parasympathetic terminations.
• In presynaptic termination of neuromuscular
junctions.
7. Release OF Ach
• In presynaptic termination, acetylcholine is
contained in vesicles.
• Nervous impulse, i.e. action potential, induces
migration of vesicles towards the membrane and
releases of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft
• The stimulation of pre synaptic muscarinic
receptors inhibits acetylcholine release and ,
conversely, their inhibition increases it.
• Botulinum toxins is an inhibitor of the acetylcholine
releases.
8. Storage Of Acetylcholine
• After its synthesis, acetylcholine is packaged into
vesicles.
• Ach is transported from the cytoplasm into
individual vesicles by means of a carrier protein on
the vesicle membrane called vesicular Ach
transport (VACHT)
• VAchT is an antiporter that couples an influx of ACH
with an efflux of protein(H).
• Once packaged in a vesicles, acetylcholine is stored
at the nerve ending until an action potential arrives
and allows for its release into the synaptic cleft.
