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Academic freedom
- 1. Discussant: Amalia D.Aquino Educ 501 Dr . Rodolfo E. Acosta
- 2. WHAT IS ACADEMIC FREEDOM? Topursue knowledge wherever it may lead, without undue or unreasonable interference Freedom granted to academic institutions to determine professional standards for the academy. Freedom of teachers and students to teach, study, and pursue knowledge and research without unreasonable interference or restriction from law, institutional regulations, or public pressure. Freedom granted to faculty to research and teach according to their interests.
- 3. PURPOSE OF ACADEMICFREEDOM 1. Freedom of inquiry by students and faculty members is essential to the mission of the academy; it is essential for the advance of science and therefore it is important for the whole society. 2. Scholarship cannot flourish in an atmosphere of suspicion and distrust. Teachers and students must always remain free to inquire, to study and to evaluate. 3. Guarantee academics as a bastion of free speech and thought, independent of the politics and public sentiments of the day. 4. Academic freedom is intended to ensure that professors are free to perform sensible research and voice reasonable views
- 4. Protects a facultymember’s authority to assign grades to grades to students, so long as the grades are not capricious or unjustly punitive. Give both students and faculty the right to study and do research on the topics they choose and to draw what conclusion they find consistent to their research Establishing a faculty member’s right to remain true to his or her pedagogical philosophy and intellectual commitments Both faculty and students can make comparison and contrast between subject taught in a course and any field of human knowledge or period of history Gives both students and faculty the right to express their views. Both faculty members and students can engage in intellectual debate without fear of censorship or retaliation. Political, religious, philosophical beliefs of politicians, administrator, and members of the ;public cannot be imposed on students or faculty. Gives faculty members and students the right to seek redress or request a hearing if they believe their rights have been violated. What it does?
- 5. What It Doesn’t Do? Academic freedomdoes not mean a faculty member can harass, threaten, intimidate, ridicule, or impose his or her views on students.Students academic freedom does not deny faculty members the right to require students to master course material and the fundamentals of the disciplines that faculty teach. Neither academic freedom nor tenure protects an incompetent teacher from losing his or her job. Thus, it does not grant an unqualified of lifetime employment.
- 6. HISTORY Established as self-governin organizations,protected by royal charters and papa bull free to established their ow standards for admission an graduation and to appoint their own faculties.
- 7. 1 Broke the monopolyover higher education with the founding of Protestant Universities. Increased competition led to renewed focus progress on scholarly rather than emphasis on religious doctrine. Lehrfreiheit (freedom to teach ) Lernfreiheit (freedom to learn ) 1811
- 8. TROFIM LYSENKO Trofim Denisovich (1898–1976) SovietBiologist and Agronomist • Lysenkoism Lysenkoism, or Lysenko-Michurinism was the centralized political control exercised over genetics and agriculture by Trofim Lysenko and his followers. Lysenko was the virtual dictator of biology in the Soviet Union from the 1930s through the early 1960s. He was Director of the Institute of Genetics of the Academy of Sciences of the United StatesS.R. from 1940 to 1965. His biological theories came to be officially adopted and mandated throughout the Soviet Union despite their virtually total rejection elsewhere. He attacked Mendelian genetics and advocated a revised form of Lamarckism, the doctrine of the inheritance of acquired characteristics. Lysenko was the director of the Soviet Union's Lenin All- Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Lysenkoism began in the late 1920s and formally ended in 1964.
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- 10. Socrates (470-399 BC)was put to death for corrupting the youth of Athens with his ideas
- 12. Controversial case ofUniversity of the Philippines at Diliman Sociology Professor Sarah Raymundo who was not granted tenure due to an appeal by the minority dissenting vote within the faculty of the Sociology Department
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- 14. Students for AcademicFreedom (SAF) Founded in 2001 by David Horowitz to protect students from a percieved liberal bias in U.S. Colleges and Universities Intended to offset the liberal bias in the nation’s colleges and universities, evening the playing field for the expression of the full spectrum of ideas.
- 15. Charles William Eliot Presidentof Harvard University 1869-1909 • Academic Freedom in United States • “spontaneous diversity of choice” • in which undergraduates selected most of their own courses. Choice, in turn, stimulated an open-ended curriculum. This elective system constituted a radical break with the time-honored academic practice of specifying a student’s courses according to the year of college. • The Harvard experiment soon spread nationwide and changed what it meant to be “educated.” By 1894, Eliot himself had concluded that the new system was “the most generally useful piece of work which this university has ever executed.”
- 16. In the U.S. Studentsacademic freedom is legitimately regulated by the faculty’s freedom to determine which viewpoints are supported by scholarly standards, peer view, and established norms in their disciplines.
- 17. “ The professorin the classroom should encourage free discussion, inquiry and expression. Student performance should be evaluated solely on academic basis, not on opinions or conduct in matters unrelated to academic standards.”
- 18. - Pertinent toclassroom discussion and subject matter. - Not expressed in a disruptive manner or - Silent - Passive - Non- disruptive
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- 21. “ Teachers areentitled to freedom in the classroom in discussing their subjects, but they should be careful not to introduced into their teaching controversial matter that has no relation to their subject. Limitation of academic freedom because of religious or other aims of the institution should be clearly stated in writing at the time of the appointment” (AAUP)
- 22. In United States AcademicFreedom is derived from the guarantee of free speech under the first Amendment; the constitutions of other countries typically grant a separate right to free learning, teaching and research. 1940 Academic Freedom & Tenure “ Teachers are entitled to freedom in the classroom in discussing their subjects”
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- 24. The curriculumbelongs to the institution, not the faculty. The institution can demand certain standards of teaching and evaluate the faculty against those standards. The admission process belongs to the institution, not the faculty.
- 25. For Colleges andUniversities • English University concept. The freedom to appoint faculty, set standards and admit students. The Supreme Court of the United States “ Four essential freedoms” Who may teach? What may be taught? How it should be taught? Who may be admitted to study?
- 26. Academic Freedom hastwo main principles: • “that academics, both inside and outside the classroom, have unrestricted liberty to question and test received wisdom and to put forward controversial and unpopular opinions, whether or not these are deemed offensive” • That academic institutions have no right to curb the exercise of this freedom by member of their staff, or to use it as grounds for disciplinary action or dismissal.
- 27. Applies to allGovernment Institutions including public universities. Does not apply to private institutions including religious institutions. It involves more than speech rights. It includes the right determine what is taught in the classroom. Protected by institutional rules and regulations, letters of appointment, faculty, handbooks, collective bargaining agreements and academic custom.