Abrasion ( Regressive Alterations of Teeth)
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Abrasion ( Regressive Alterations of Teeth) Reference books:- Shafer’s Textbook:- https://amzn.to/3eNCqRx Purkait textbook:- https://amzn.to/30AfTCq What is Abrasion? Causes of abrasion Treatment of abrasion Clinical features of Abrasion Definition of Abrasion:- Abrasion is the pathological wearing of dental tissues or dental restorations by friction with foreign substances independent of occlusion. Etiology and pathogenesis of Abrasion #abrasion #educational #education #oralpathology #regressivealterationofteeth
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ATTRITION OF TEETH (Regressive Alterations of Teeth)
Attrition is the wearing away of teeth due to tooth-to-tooth contact during chewing. It is a normal aging process that results in small facets or flattened areas forming on biting surfaces over time. Severe attrition can expose dentin and cause tooth sensitivity or fractures. It occurs more in men due to stronger biting forces and can be worsened by conditions like abnormal bite, premature tooth loss, grinding teeth (bruxism), or structural defects in enamel or dentin. Treatment focuses on correcting abnormal bites or habits and protecting weakened teeth with crowns if needed.
EROSION AND ABFRACTION
Dental erosion is the irreversible loss of tooth structure caused by chemical processes rather than bacteria. It occurs when teeth come into contact with acids from internal sources like reflux or vomiting, or external sources like acidic drinks. It results in cup-shaped lesions in enamel surrounded by raised dentin. Salivary flow rate, pH, and buffering capacity are related, with higher flow resulting in higher pH and buffering capacity to neutralize acids. Lower salivary flow and buffering from medications or diseases increase risk of erosion. Another form of tooth wear is abfraction, which causes wedge-shaped cervical lesions from flexing forces on teeth during biting.
Non carious cervical lesion
Non-carious cervical lesions are caused by a combination of erosion, abrasion, and abfraction and affect half the population. Erosion is chemical wear from acids like those in citrus fruits and drinks. Abrasion is mechanical wear, like from overly vigorous brushing. Abfraction is stress-related wear from forces like clenching. These lesions are diagnosed through history, examination, and radiographs. Treatment depends on the severity but may include desensitization, restorations using composites or glass ionomers, endodontics, or periodontal procedures.
Regressive alterations of teeth
This document discusses various dental conditions including attrition, abrasion, erosion, abfraction, fractures, enamel hypoplasia, and discoloration. It provides details on the causes, clinical features, and characteristics of each condition. Attrition is defined as wear from tooth-to-tooth contact, while abrasion is caused by direct friction from external objects. Erosion involves chemical dissolution of tooth structure from acids. Abfraction results from biomechanical forces causing flexure and fatigue away from the point of loading. Enamel hypoplasia occurs when enamel formation is disrupted, resulting in pits or grooves in the enamel surface.
Tooth attrition
Dental attrition is a type of tooth wear caused by tooth-to-tooth contact, resulting in loss of tooth tissue, usually starting at the incisal or occlusal surfaces. Tooth wear is a physiological process and is commonly seen as a normal part of aging.
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Discoloration
This document provides an overview of intrinsic and extrinsic tooth discoloration. It begins with an introduction discussing the importance of correctly diagnosing the cause of discoloration for treatment planning. It then covers color perception and how surrounding conditions can affect perceived tooth color.
The document goes on to classify discoloration based on location (intrinsic vs extrinsic vs internalized) and etiology (pre-eruptive vs post-eruptive causes). Intrinsic discoloration results from changes to dental hard tissues during development due to certain metabolic disorders or local injuries. Extrinsic discoloration occurs on tooth surfaces from external factors like metals, foods/drinks, or smoking. Internalized stains were previously extrinsic
Abnormalities of the pulp
The document summarizes various abnormalities and diseases that can affect the dental pulp and periapical tissues, including:
1) Pulp calcification, which involves mineralization within the pulp chamber or root canals and can occur as denticles, pulp stones, or diffuse linear calcifications.
2) Resorption of teeth, which can be physiological for deciduous teeth but pathological for permanent teeth.
3) Diseases of periapical tissues including periapical abscesses, granulomas, radicular cysts, phoenix abscesses, and condensing osteitis. These conditions are responses to dental infection and inflammation and can develop from other lesions if left untreated.
13.taurodontism
Taurodontism is a condition where the body of the tooth is enlarged at the expense of the root, resulting in an elongated tooth body and short roots. It is caused by a failure of the epithelial root sheath to invaginate properly during tooth development. Taurodontism can range from mild to severe and may affect deciduous or permanent molars either unilaterally or bilaterally. Radiographically, there is an extremely large pulp chamber that extends into the elongated tooth body and short, wide roots. Diagnosis is based on the characteristic rectangular tooth crown and large pulp chamber seen clinically or radiographically. No treatment is needed as taurodontism does not typically cause clinical problems.
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ATTRITION OF TEETH (Regressive Alterations of Teeth)
Attrition is the wearing away of teeth due to tooth-to-tooth contact during chewing. It is a normal aging process that results in small facets or flattened areas forming on biting surfaces over time. Severe attrition can expose dentin and cause tooth sensitivity or fractures. It occurs more in men due to stronger biting forces and can be worsened by conditions like abnormal bite, premature tooth loss, grinding teeth (bruxism), or structural defects in enamel or dentin. Treatment focuses on correcting abnormal bites or habits and protecting weakened teeth with crowns if needed.
EROSION AND ABFRACTION
Dental erosion is the irreversible loss of tooth structure caused by chemical processes rather than bacteria. It occurs when teeth come into contact with acids from internal sources like reflux or vomiting, or external sources like acidic drinks. It results in cup-shaped lesions in enamel surrounded by raised dentin. Salivary flow rate, pH, and buffering capacity are related, with higher flow resulting in higher pH and buffering capacity to neutralize acids. Lower salivary flow and buffering from medications or diseases increase risk of erosion. Another form of tooth wear is abfraction, which causes wedge-shaped cervical lesions from flexing forces on teeth during biting.
Non carious cervical lesion
Non-carious cervical lesions are caused by a combination of erosion, abrasion, and abfraction and affect half the population. Erosion is chemical wear from acids like those in citrus fruits and drinks. Abrasion is mechanical wear, like from overly vigorous brushing. Abfraction is stress-related wear from forces like clenching. These lesions are diagnosed through history, examination, and radiographs. Treatment depends on the severity but may include desensitization, restorations using composites or glass ionomers, endodontics, or periodontal procedures.
Regressive alterations of teeth
This document discusses various dental conditions including attrition, abrasion, erosion, abfraction, fractures, enamel hypoplasia, and discoloration. It provides details on the causes, clinical features, and characteristics of each condition. Attrition is defined as wear from tooth-to-tooth contact, while abrasion is caused by direct friction from external objects. Erosion involves chemical dissolution of tooth structure from acids. Abfraction results from biomechanical forces causing flexure and fatigue away from the point of loading. Enamel hypoplasia occurs when enamel formation is disrupted, resulting in pits or grooves in the enamel surface.
Tooth attrition
Dental attrition is a type of tooth wear caused by tooth-to-tooth contact, resulting in loss of tooth tissue, usually starting at the incisal or occlusal surfaces. Tooth wear is a physiological process and is commonly seen as a normal part of aging.
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Discoloration
This document provides an overview of intrinsic and extrinsic tooth discoloration. It begins with an introduction discussing the importance of correctly diagnosing the cause of discoloration for treatment planning. It then covers color perception and how surrounding conditions can affect perceived tooth color.
The document goes on to classify discoloration based on location (intrinsic vs extrinsic vs internalized) and etiology (pre-eruptive vs post-eruptive causes). Intrinsic discoloration results from changes to dental hard tissues during development due to certain metabolic disorders or local injuries. Extrinsic discoloration occurs on tooth surfaces from external factors like metals, foods/drinks, or smoking. Internalized stains were previously extrinsic
Abnormalities of the pulp
The document summarizes various abnormalities and diseases that can affect the dental pulp and periapical tissues, including:
1) Pulp calcification, which involves mineralization within the pulp chamber or root canals and can occur as denticles, pulp stones, or diffuse linear calcifications.
2) Resorption of teeth, which can be physiological for deciduous teeth but pathological for permanent teeth.
3) Diseases of periapical tissues including periapical abscesses, granulomas, radicular cysts, phoenix abscesses, and condensing osteitis. These conditions are responses to dental infection and inflammation and can develop from other lesions if left untreated.
13.taurodontism
Taurodontism is a condition where the body of the tooth is enlarged at the expense of the root, resulting in an elongated tooth body and short roots. It is caused by a failure of the epithelial root sheath to invaginate properly during tooth development. Taurodontism can range from mild to severe and may affect deciduous or permanent molars either unilaterally or bilaterally. Radiographically, there is an extremely large pulp chamber that extends into the elongated tooth body and short, wide roots. Diagnosis is based on the characteristic rectangular tooth crown and large pulp chamber seen clinically or radiographically. No treatment is needed as taurodontism does not typically cause clinical problems.
Dentinogenesis Imperfecta
Dentinogenesis imperfecta is a hereditary condition that affects the formation of dentin in both primary and permanent teeth. It is classified into two main types - dentinogenesis imperfecta type 1 and type 2. Type 1 is caused by mutations in the DSPP gene and affects only the teeth. Type 2 may be caused by mutations in two tightly linked genes and is characterized by multiple pulp exposures and shell-like teeth. Treatment aims to prevent wear of enamel and dentin through full coverage restorations.
Clinical features and histopathology of dental caries
This document provides an overview of the classification of dental caries based on various factors such as anatomical site, progression, extent of involvement, number of tooth surfaces affected, chronology, and whether caries was fully removed during treatment. It discusses 12 different classification systems for dental caries and provides details on types of caries such as pit and fissure, smooth surface, root surface, incipient, occult, and others based on these classification criteria. The document also covers the histopathology of caries in enamel and dentin.
Rotary instruments in operative dentistry
This document provides an overview of the history and development of rotary dental instruments. It discusses the evolution from early hand-rotated instruments to modern electric and air-driven devices. It also classifies rotary instruments according to design, speed, and cutting bur shape/size. Advantages of rotary instruments include reduced time/operator fatigue and improved precision compared to hand tools. Factors like speed, pressure, heat production, and vibration are also examined.
Radicular cyst
This document discusses radicular cysts, which are the most common inflammatory cysts in the oral cavity. Radicular cysts arise from epithelial residues in the periodontal ligament as a result of periapical periodontitis following pulp necrosis. They are usually asymptomatic but can cause swelling and bone resorption as they expand. The cyst forms from the proliferation of epithelial cell rests in the granulation tissue surrounding the apex of an infected tooth. Histologically, they are lined by stratified squamous epithelium and surrounded by fibrous connective tissue that may contain cholesterol crystals. Treatment involves root canal therapy or extraction with curettage of the cyst lining.
Dens evaginatus
Dens Evaginatus is a developmental anomaly resulting in the formation of an accessory cusp on a tooth. It most commonly occurs on the lingual surface of maxillary lateral incisors and occlusal surfaces of mandibular premolars. The presence of pulp tissue within the cusp distinguishes it from supplemental cusps. Genetic factors like autosomal dominant inheritance may play a role in its etiology. Clinically, malocclusion can cause traumatic force on the cusp leading to pulp exposure. Treatment involves root canal therapy if exposed, and reducing opposing tooth contact.
Hard Tooth Tissue Reduction
The document discusses 4 main causes of hard tooth tissue reduction: attrition from tooth contact during chewing, abrasion from external agents like toothbrushing, erosion from acidic foods/drinks, and abfraction from occlusal stresses that cause flexing and cracks in tooth structure away from the contact point. Each cause is defined and the clinical presentations are described, including locations commonly affected and distinguishing features like sharp edges for abrasions or wedge-shaped defects for abfraction. References are provided.
Physical and chemical injuries of oral cavity
Physical and chemical injuries of oral cavity, oral pathology. mercury poisoning , argyria, lead poisoning
Developmental disturbances of teeth
True generalized microdontia involves all teeth being smaller than normal and is seen in cases of pituitary dwarfism. Macrodontia refers to teeth being larger than normal. Geminated teeth arise from an attempt at division of a single tooth germ. Taurodontism is the enlargement of the tooth body and pulp chamber with displacement of the pulpal floor. Amelogenesis imperfecta represents hereditary defects of enamel formation. Dentinogenesis imperfecta affects dentin formation resulting in teeth that are gray to yellowish-brown.
Dental Stains
The document discusses dental stains, which can be extrinsic or intrinsic in nature. Extrinsic stains are located on the tooth surface and caused by external factors like plaque, foods/beverages, tobacco, and medications. Intrinsic stains are within the tooth structure due to conditions, materials, medications, and genetic/hereditary factors. Treatment depends on the specific cause and may include cleaning, bleaching, restorations, or consulting medical experts in case of underlying systemic issues. Maintaining good oral hygiene can help prevent extrinsic staining.
Amelogenesis Imperfecta
Amelogenesis imperfecta is a hereditary condition that affects the development of dental enamel. There are three main types - hypoplastic, hypocalcified, and hypomaturation. The enamel is either not fully formed, not properly mineralized, or does not mature correctly. Treatment depends on the specific type but can include preventative care with sealants, bonding, crowns, veneers, and in severe cases, full coverage restorations. Managing the condition over many years using various techniques can lead to excellent functional and aesthetic outcomes.
Pulp polyp ...Dr.Anubhuti
PULP POLYP
CHORNIC HYPERPLASTIC PULPITIS
PROLIFERATIVE PULPITIS
It’s a type of irreversible pulpitis
It is a pulpal inflammation due to an extensive carious exposure of young pulp.
Its characterized by the development of granulation tissue, covered by epithelium & resulting from long standing, low grade irritation.
Enamel hypoplasia ppt
This document provides an overview of enamel hypoplasia, including its definition, classification, etiology, clinical features, radiographic features, and management. Enamel hypoplasia is defined as an incomplete or defective formation of the enamel matrix of teeth. It can be hereditary or environmental in origin. Common causes include nutritional deficiencies, infections like syphilis, and dental fluorosis from excess fluoride intake. Clinical features range from mild pitting to severe absence of enamel. Treatment depends on severity and location, and may include desensitizing agents, composite restoration, crowns, or extractions for severely malformed teeth.
Matrix bands
Matrices are used in operative dentistry to support and give form to dental restorations during placement and hardening. The document discusses the importance of matrices, their functions and characteristics of a good matrix. It describes different types of matrices including metallic matrices like Tofflemire, automatrix and sectional matrices like Palodent. Techniques for proper matrix selection, adaptation and wedge placement are also covered.
Diseases of the Pulp
The document discusses diseases of the dental pulp. It begins with an introduction to the pulp, including its composition and role in tooth development. It then discusses the pathophysiology of pulpal disease, describing how noxious stimuli can lead to inflammation and necrosis by disrupting blood flow. Several classifications of pulpal diseases are presented, including those based on histopathology, clinical symptoms, and the World Health Organization framework. Etiological agents are explored, such as mechanical trauma, thermal or chemical insults, bacterial invasion, and idiopathic causes. Specific pulpal diseases like reversible and irreversible pulpitis are also mentioned.
clinical features of gingivitis
This document discusses the clinical features of gingivitis. It begins by defining gingivitis as inflammation of the gingiva and describes how plaque bacteria can damage gingival tissues. It then covers the different types of gingivitis based on duration and distribution. Key signs of gingivitis that are discussed include gingival bleeding, color changes, changes in consistency, size, surface texture, position and contour. Specific conditions like gingival recession are also explained in terms of definition, classification, etiology and clinical significance.
DENTIN BONDING AGENTS
The document discusses the history and development of dentin bonding agents over several generations from the 1970s to 2000s. It covers key topics such as the role of the smear layer, conditioning of dentin, components of bonding agents, and critical steps for clinical use. Dentin bonding agents have evolved from early attempts at chemical bonding to current multi-step and self-etching adhesives that provide both mechanical and chemical bonding via a hybrid layer between resin and dentin. Proper isolation, acid-etching, moisture control, and curing technique are important for achieving optimal bond strength.
Dentinogenesis Imperfecta
This document discusses several conditions related to abnormalities in dentin formation, including dentinogenesis imperfecta and dentin dysplasia. It describes the genetic basis, clinical and radiographic features, classifications, and histopathological characteristics of these inherited disorders. The key features include opalescent or discolored teeth, bulbous crowns, thin dentin, enlarged pulp chambers, shortened roots, and premature tooth loss. Classification systems include those proposed by Shields and Witkop. Treatment may involve extraction and dental prosthetics due to poor cosmetic outcomes and functional complications.
PERIODONTAL ABSCESS
This document provides an overview of abscesses of the periodontium, specifically focusing on periodontal abscesses. It defines a periodontal abscess and classifies them based on location, course, number, affected tissue, and cause. Periodontal abscesses are most prevalent in molar sites and those with pre-existing periodontal pockets. They can be caused by factors like untreated periodontitis, foreign bodies, or changes after periodontal procedures or antibiotics. The pathogenesis involves bacterial entry triggering an inflammatory response that leads to tissue destruction and pus formation.
Oral manifestation of syphilis
Not only the lesions in the body helps us to know about syphilis but also a minute nodule or lesion helps us to discover the syphilis. He who knows syphilis knows the medicine well. Earlier you found the disease the treatment and the prognosis will be good. Discover syphilis through your body's gateway.
Rationale of endodontic treatment
The document discusses focal infection and inflammation in the dental pulp. It describes how microorganisms from infected dental sites can spread through the bloodstream and lymphatic system, potentially causing infection elsewhere. When the pulp becomes inflamed in response to injury or infection, it undergoes degenerative or proliferative changes. The "FISH" study identified four zones of tissue reaction around an infected area: the zone of infection, contamination, irritation, and stimulation. Kronfeld's mountain pass theory applied this concept to explain the inflammatory response in the periapex as a defensive reaction analogous to a military mobilization.
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Black caries classification,dental abrasion, dental abfraction, dental trauma, enamel infraction and fracture, dental root fracture,
Non carious lesions of teeth
This document discusses various physiologic and pathologic processes that can affect teeth, including attrition, abrasion, erosion, abfraction, pulp calcification, tooth resorption, hypercementosis, and cementicles. It defines each term and describes the clinical and radiographic presentation of each condition. It also discusses the etiology, histopathology, and characteristics of different types of resorption and cementum abnormalities like hypercementosis and cementicles.
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Dentinogenesis Imperfecta
Dentinogenesis imperfecta is a hereditary condition that affects the formation of dentin in both primary and permanent teeth. It is classified into two main types - dentinogenesis imperfecta type 1 and type 2. Type 1 is caused by mutations in the DSPP gene and affects only the teeth. Type 2 may be caused by mutations in two tightly linked genes and is characterized by multiple pulp exposures and shell-like teeth. Treatment aims to prevent wear of enamel and dentin through full coverage restorations.
Clinical features and histopathology of dental caries
This document provides an overview of the classification of dental caries based on various factors such as anatomical site, progression, extent of involvement, number of tooth surfaces affected, chronology, and whether caries was fully removed during treatment. It discusses 12 different classification systems for dental caries and provides details on types of caries such as pit and fissure, smooth surface, root surface, incipient, occult, and others based on these classification criteria. The document also covers the histopathology of caries in enamel and dentin.
Rotary instruments in operative dentistry
This document provides an overview of the history and development of rotary dental instruments. It discusses the evolution from early hand-rotated instruments to modern electric and air-driven devices. It also classifies rotary instruments according to design, speed, and cutting bur shape/size. Advantages of rotary instruments include reduced time/operator fatigue and improved precision compared to hand tools. Factors like speed, pressure, heat production, and vibration are also examined.
Radicular cyst
This document discusses radicular cysts, which are the most common inflammatory cysts in the oral cavity. Radicular cysts arise from epithelial residues in the periodontal ligament as a result of periapical periodontitis following pulp necrosis. They are usually asymptomatic but can cause swelling and bone resorption as they expand. The cyst forms from the proliferation of epithelial cell rests in the granulation tissue surrounding the apex of an infected tooth. Histologically, they are lined by stratified squamous epithelium and surrounded by fibrous connective tissue that may contain cholesterol crystals. Treatment involves root canal therapy or extraction with curettage of the cyst lining.
Dens evaginatus
Dens Evaginatus is a developmental anomaly resulting in the formation of an accessory cusp on a tooth. It most commonly occurs on the lingual surface of maxillary lateral incisors and occlusal surfaces of mandibular premolars. The presence of pulp tissue within the cusp distinguishes it from supplemental cusps. Genetic factors like autosomal dominant inheritance may play a role in its etiology. Clinically, malocclusion can cause traumatic force on the cusp leading to pulp exposure. Treatment involves root canal therapy if exposed, and reducing opposing tooth contact.
Hard Tooth Tissue Reduction
The document discusses 4 main causes of hard tooth tissue reduction: attrition from tooth contact during chewing, abrasion from external agents like toothbrushing, erosion from acidic foods/drinks, and abfraction from occlusal stresses that cause flexing and cracks in tooth structure away from the contact point. Each cause is defined and the clinical presentations are described, including locations commonly affected and distinguishing features like sharp edges for abrasions or wedge-shaped defects for abfraction. References are provided.
Physical and chemical injuries of oral cavity
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Developmental disturbances of teeth
True generalized microdontia involves all teeth being smaller than normal and is seen in cases of pituitary dwarfism. Macrodontia refers to teeth being larger than normal. Geminated teeth arise from an attempt at division of a single tooth germ. Taurodontism is the enlargement of the tooth body and pulp chamber with displacement of the pulpal floor. Amelogenesis imperfecta represents hereditary defects of enamel formation. Dentinogenesis imperfecta affects dentin formation resulting in teeth that are gray to yellowish-brown.
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The document discusses dental stains, which can be extrinsic or intrinsic in nature. Extrinsic stains are located on the tooth surface and caused by external factors like plaque, foods/beverages, tobacco, and medications. Intrinsic stains are within the tooth structure due to conditions, materials, medications, and genetic/hereditary factors. Treatment depends on the specific cause and may include cleaning, bleaching, restorations, or consulting medical experts in case of underlying systemic issues. Maintaining good oral hygiene can help prevent extrinsic staining.
Amelogenesis Imperfecta
Amelogenesis imperfecta is a hereditary condition that affects the development of dental enamel. There are three main types - hypoplastic, hypocalcified, and hypomaturation. The enamel is either not fully formed, not properly mineralized, or does not mature correctly. Treatment depends on the specific type but can include preventative care with sealants, bonding, crowns, veneers, and in severe cases, full coverage restorations. Managing the condition over many years using various techniques can lead to excellent functional and aesthetic outcomes.
Pulp polyp ...Dr.Anubhuti
PULP POLYP
CHORNIC HYPERPLASTIC PULPITIS
PROLIFERATIVE PULPITIS
It’s a type of irreversible pulpitis
It is a pulpal inflammation due to an extensive carious exposure of young pulp.
Its characterized by the development of granulation tissue, covered by epithelium & resulting from long standing, low grade irritation.
Enamel hypoplasia ppt
This document provides an overview of enamel hypoplasia, including its definition, classification, etiology, clinical features, radiographic features, and management. Enamel hypoplasia is defined as an incomplete or defective formation of the enamel matrix of teeth. It can be hereditary or environmental in origin. Common causes include nutritional deficiencies, infections like syphilis, and dental fluorosis from excess fluoride intake. Clinical features range from mild pitting to severe absence of enamel. Treatment depends on severity and location, and may include desensitizing agents, composite restoration, crowns, or extractions for severely malformed teeth.
Matrix bands
Matrices are used in operative dentistry to support and give form to dental restorations during placement and hardening. The document discusses the importance of matrices, their functions and characteristics of a good matrix. It describes different types of matrices including metallic matrices like Tofflemire, automatrix and sectional matrices like Palodent. Techniques for proper matrix selection, adaptation and wedge placement are also covered.
Diseases of the Pulp
The document discusses diseases of the dental pulp. It begins with an introduction to the pulp, including its composition and role in tooth development. It then discusses the pathophysiology of pulpal disease, describing how noxious stimuli can lead to inflammation and necrosis by disrupting blood flow. Several classifications of pulpal diseases are presented, including those based on histopathology, clinical symptoms, and the World Health Organization framework. Etiological agents are explored, such as mechanical trauma, thermal or chemical insults, bacterial invasion, and idiopathic causes. Specific pulpal diseases like reversible and irreversible pulpitis are also mentioned.
clinical features of gingivitis
This document discusses the clinical features of gingivitis. It begins by defining gingivitis as inflammation of the gingiva and describes how plaque bacteria can damage gingival tissues. It then covers the different types of gingivitis based on duration and distribution. Key signs of gingivitis that are discussed include gingival bleeding, color changes, changes in consistency, size, surface texture, position and contour. Specific conditions like gingival recession are also explained in terms of definition, classification, etiology and clinical significance.
DENTIN BONDING AGENTS
The document discusses the history and development of dentin bonding agents over several generations from the 1970s to 2000s. It covers key topics such as the role of the smear layer, conditioning of dentin, components of bonding agents, and critical steps for clinical use. Dentin bonding agents have evolved from early attempts at chemical bonding to current multi-step and self-etching adhesives that provide both mechanical and chemical bonding via a hybrid layer between resin and dentin. Proper isolation, acid-etching, moisture control, and curing technique are important for achieving optimal bond strength.
Dentinogenesis Imperfecta
This document discusses several conditions related to abnormalities in dentin formation, including dentinogenesis imperfecta and dentin dysplasia. It describes the genetic basis, clinical and radiographic features, classifications, and histopathological characteristics of these inherited disorders. The key features include opalescent or discolored teeth, bulbous crowns, thin dentin, enlarged pulp chambers, shortened roots, and premature tooth loss. Classification systems include those proposed by Shields and Witkop. Treatment may involve extraction and dental prosthetics due to poor cosmetic outcomes and functional complications.
PERIODONTAL ABSCESS
This document provides an overview of abscesses of the periodontium, specifically focusing on periodontal abscesses. It defines a periodontal abscess and classifies them based on location, course, number, affected tissue, and cause. Periodontal abscesses are most prevalent in molar sites and those with pre-existing periodontal pockets. They can be caused by factors like untreated periodontitis, foreign bodies, or changes after periodontal procedures or antibiotics. The pathogenesis involves bacterial entry triggering an inflammatory response that leads to tissue destruction and pus formation.
Oral manifestation of syphilis
Not only the lesions in the body helps us to know about syphilis but also a minute nodule or lesion helps us to discover the syphilis. He who knows syphilis knows the medicine well. Earlier you found the disease the treatment and the prognosis will be good. Discover syphilis through your body's gateway.
Rationale of endodontic treatment
The document discusses focal infection and inflammation in the dental pulp. It describes how microorganisms from infected dental sites can spread through the bloodstream and lymphatic system, potentially causing infection elsewhere. When the pulp becomes inflamed in response to injury or infection, it undergoes degenerative or proliferative changes. The "FISH" study identified four zones of tissue reaction around an infected area: the zone of infection, contamination, irritation, and stimulation. Kronfeld's mountain pass theory applied this concept to explain the inflammatory response in the periapex as a defensive reaction analogous to a military mobilization.
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Non-carious lesions can be caused by various factors like attrition, abrasion, abfraction, erosion, and developmental defects. They are managed through treatments like restoration, controlling parafunctional habits, and addressing underlying causes. Localized enamel hypoplasia can result in pits and defects from interruptions during enamel formation, while hypocalcification makes enamel softer and more stainable. Management involves restoration, bleaching, or preventing further demineralization.
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The document discusses local and dental causes of malocclusion. It identifies abnormalities in tooth number, form, position and exfoliation/eruption as potential factors. Specific issues mentioned include supernumeraries, hypodontia, fusion, gemination, macrodontia, microdontia, dilaceration, transposition, early loss or prolonged retention of primary teeth, impaction and primary failure of eruption. Other factors discussed are frenums, habits like tongue thrusting and digit sucking, trauma, cleft lip and palate, pathologic lesions, third molars, late growth and late lower anterior crowding. The document emphasizes that local causes are generally visible and can be diagnosed early, allowing for interceptive
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Abrasion ( Regressive Alterations of Teeth)
- 1. R E G R E S S I V E ALTERATIONS OF TEETH (PART 2) A b r a s i o n
- 2. Abrasion is the pathological wearing of dental ti ssue or dental restorations by friction with forei gn substances independent of occlusion. ABRASION:-
- 4. Usually occurs on the exposed root surfaces of teeth. Robinson stated that the most common cause of Abrasion of root surface is the use of an abrasive dentifrices.
- 7. #Causes of Abrasion :- Toothbrush abrasion Habitual Abrasion Occupational Abrasion Abrasion by prosthetic appliances Ritual Abrasion
- 8. 1)TOOTHBRUSH ABRASION :- - faulty toothbrush technique Mostly occurs when the tooth brushing is done in horizontal direction. - If excessive force is applied on the teeth during brushing -When abrasive dentifrices is used
- 10. 2)HABITUAL ABRASION:- -Excessive Habitual chewing of betel nut, tobacco and pan, etc. Causes Abrasion of teeth. Habitual pipe smokers may develop Abrasion on the incisal edge of upper n lower anterior teeth due to continuous biting on the pipe stem. --Chronic habitual bitting of pencils, Bobby pins (HAIR GRIPS) n threads, etc. Often cause Abrasion. - Improper n habitual use of tooth prick or dental floss, etc. Can cause abrasions on the proximal surface of teeth.
- 13. 3) Occupational Abrasion:- - Develops when object or instruments are habitually held between the teeth by professionals during work Like - hairpins Carpenters often keep small tools or nails between their teeth when they are at work n this type of practice cause abrasion of teeth. Similar type of Abrasion can also seen in tailors and smokers
- 15. 4)Abrasion by prosthetic appliances :- - Faulty clasp design in removable partial denture (RPD) Prosthesis may also cause abrasion of tooth.
- 16. 5) Ritual Abrasion :- Ritual Abrasion are uncommon nowadays and mainly confined in Africa.
- 17. #CLINICAL FEATURES OF ABRASIONS:- - In Abrasion of tooth, the type and severity of surface wear will depend upon the duration and the type of faulty habit adopted by the person. - Clinical manifestation differ in different types of habit.
- 19. - The Abrasion produces a 'V' shaped or wedge shaped horizontal conical notch on the buccal surface of teeth. The notch will have sharp angles and highly polished dentin surface. - Toothbrush abrasions commonly occurs on the cervical areas of labial or buccal surfaces of teeth.
- 21. - Canine and premolar being the more prominent teeth are often more severely affected by abrasion. - Teeth on the left side are more affected in the right handed person (vice versa). - Maxillary arch are more affected than the Mandibular arch.
- 22. - In cervical Abrasion, lessions are more often wide than deep. - Tooth Abrasion also cause gingival recession. - In pipe smokers, abrasions develop on the incisal surface of upper and lower anterior teeth.
- 23. - Abrasion caused by habitual holding of nails or needles or other small tools by the tailors or shoe makers or Carpenters etc. Often produce a small, deep, well polished 'ditch' on incisal edge of teeth - Faulty use of tooth pick or dentalfloss cause loss of dentin and cementum, specially of the root surfaces on the proximal walls of tooth. - Severe Abrasion may cause opening of dentinal tubules and patient may experience sensitivity in the affected teeth due to hot and cold substances.
- 25. - secondary or reactionary dentin usually forms on the pulpul surface to protect the teeth from pulp exposure. - If left untreated,the lesion may deepen further and it may eventually expose the dental pulp with subsequent of pulpits and other associated manifestations.
- 26. Treatment:- - Avoidance of abnormal brushing habits prevents abrasions, however in already developed cases restorative treatment helps to keep the tooth surface intact and also it prevents further tooth wear.
- 27. T H A N K Y O U