This document discusses the classification and management of noncarious lesions, including abrasion, erosion, attrition, and abfraction. It describes the etiology, clinical presentation, and treatment considerations for each condition. For treatment, the goal is to modify the etiologic factors and restore defects when they compromise tooth structure or function. Class V cervical lesions are typically restored with composites or resin-modified glass ionomers, with detailed preparation and restoration techniques provided.
a detailed account of the principles of tooth preparation with main reference from Shillingburg
The presentation is available on request. Mail me at apurvathampi@gmail.com
After reading this chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Understand the microbial etiology of apical
periodontitis.
2. Describe the routes of entry of microorganisms to the
pulp and periradicular tissues.
3. Recognize the different types of endodontic infections
and the main microbial species involved in each one.
4. Understand the bacterial diversity within infected root
canals.
5. Describe the factors involved with symptomatic
endodontic infections.
6. Understand the ecology of the endodontic microbiota
and the features of the endodontic ecosystem.
7. Discuss the role of microorganisms in the outcome of
endodontic treatment.
8. Understand the development and implications of
extraradicular infections.
Iatrogenic Perforation- A guide to fixing the hole in your patient's toothTaseef Hasan Farook
An overview of the possible types of perforation that may occur during endodontic treatment with their management. This slide presentation covers multiple management possibilities of said perforation proposed by various clinicians from around the world which can aid the readers in their treatment plan for the repair of a tooth perforation
a detailed account of the principles of tooth preparation with main reference from Shillingburg
The presentation is available on request. Mail me at apurvathampi@gmail.com
After reading this chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Understand the microbial etiology of apical
periodontitis.
2. Describe the routes of entry of microorganisms to the
pulp and periradicular tissues.
3. Recognize the different types of endodontic infections
and the main microbial species involved in each one.
4. Understand the bacterial diversity within infected root
canals.
5. Describe the factors involved with symptomatic
endodontic infections.
6. Understand the ecology of the endodontic microbiota
and the features of the endodontic ecosystem.
7. Discuss the role of microorganisms in the outcome of
endodontic treatment.
8. Understand the development and implications of
extraradicular infections.
Iatrogenic Perforation- A guide to fixing the hole in your patient's toothTaseef Hasan Farook
An overview of the possible types of perforation that may occur during endodontic treatment with their management. This slide presentation covers multiple management possibilities of said perforation proposed by various clinicians from around the world which can aid the readers in their treatment plan for the repair of a tooth perforation
When appropriately utilised, vital bleaching can be a successful, predictable, minimally invasive and safe way to improve the overall aesthetics of an individual’s smile
Electronic apex locator by dr.imran m.shaikhImran Shaikh
. Knowledge of apical anatomy, prudent use of radiographs and the correct use of an electronic apex locator will assist practitioners to achieve predictable results.
explained with Limited matter moreover I have included all the images. if you go through a standard textbook and referred to this PPT it will help you so much I hope It helps you. ask me for the books details.
This short presentation discuss very important subject in endodontic field, which is the complications that most commonly occur during root canal treatment, like sodium hypochlorite accident and air emphysema and others. management of these complications is also discussed.
When appropriately utilised, vital bleaching can be a successful, predictable, minimally invasive and safe way to improve the overall aesthetics of an individual’s smile
Electronic apex locator by dr.imran m.shaikhImran Shaikh
. Knowledge of apical anatomy, prudent use of radiographs and the correct use of an electronic apex locator will assist practitioners to achieve predictable results.
explained with Limited matter moreover I have included all the images. if you go through a standard textbook and referred to this PPT it will help you so much I hope It helps you. ask me for the books details.
This short presentation discuss very important subject in endodontic field, which is the complications that most commonly occur during root canal treatment, like sodium hypochlorite accident and air emphysema and others. management of these complications is also discussed.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Intra & extra coronal restoration resistance form /certified fixed orthodont...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. The primary cause of tooth substance loss is
dental caries, however, there are certain other
noncarious conditions, which eventually result
in loss of tooth structure.
The cervical area, which is located in the
gingival one third of the facial and lingual
tooth surfaces, is an area that exhibits unique
clinical characteristics.
4. I. Abrasion
Definition- Abrasion is the abnormal tooth
surface loss resulting from direct forces of
friction between teeth and external objects or
from frictional forces between contacting
teeth components in the presence of an
abrasive medium.
5.
6. Etiology-
Abrasion may occur from:
1. Improper brushing habit
Factors influencing the role of tooth brushing in
abrasion are
i. Brushing technique
ii. Brushing force
iii. Bristle stiffness
iv. Time
v. Frequency
2. Habits such as holding a pipe stem between teeth.
3. Tobacco chewing
4. Vigorous use of toothpicks between adjacent teeth.
7. • Tooth brush abrasion is the most common
example and usually seen as a V-shaped notch
in the gingival portion of the facial aspect of a
tooth.
• The surface of the defect is usually smooth.
8. II. Erosion
Definition- Erosion is the wear or loss of tooth
surface by chemicomechanical action in the
continued presence of demineralizing agents
with low pH.
9.
10. Classification:
I. Intrinsic erosion
This is a form of erosion caused due to
endogeneous acids of gastric origin.
1. Recurrent vomiting
i. Eating disorders
a. Anorexia nervosa- Associated with extreme
dietary restriction and profound weight loss.
b. Bulimia nervosa- Associated with repeated
episodes of binge eating and self-induced
vomiting.
11. ii. Medical Conditions
a. Gastrointestinal disorders
. Peptic ulcer
. Hiatus hernia
. Intestinal obstruction
b. Metabolic and endocrine disorders
c. Neurological disorders
. Side effect of drugs
. Psychogenic vomiting syndrome
. Chronic alcoholism and binge drinking
. Pregnancy induced vomiting
12. 2. Regurgitation
GERD (Gastroesophageal reflux disease)
Regurgitation in this disease occurs without any
nausea or abdominal contractions. Erosion occurs
when the acid reflux passes into the pharynx and
comes into contact with the lingual surfaces of
the teeth.
3. Rumination
It is a syndrome consisting of repetitive effortless
regurgitation of undigested food within minutes
after a meal. This disorder is found in young
infants.
13. II. Extrinsic erosion
Associated with extrinsic factors, common
causes of this kind of erosion-
1. Occupational factors: Professional wine
tasters, Professional swimmers
2. Diet: Citrus fruit juices, acidic beverages,
carbonated beverages
3. Medicaments: Aspirin, ascorbic acid
(vitamin C)
14. • Regurgitation of stomach acid can cause this
condition on the palatal surfaces of maxillary
teeth (particularly anterior teeth)
• Extrinsic erosion commonly leads to the
dissolution of facial aspects of anterior and
buccal aspects of posterior teeth.
15. III. Attrition
Definition- Attrition is the mechanical wear of
the incisal or occlusal surface as a result of
functional or parafunctional movements of
the mandible (tooth-to-tooth contacts).
Attrition also includes proximal surface wear at
the contact area because of physiologic tooth
movement.
16.
17. Etiology:
If significant abnormal attrition is present, the
patient’s functional movements should be
evaluated, and inquiry needs to be made
about any habits creating this problem, such
as tooth grinding, or bruxism, usually resulting
from:
Stress
Airway issues
Sleep Apnea
18. • Sometimes, the enamel of the cusp tips (or
incisal edges) is worn off, resulting in cupped-
out areas because the exposed, softer dentin
wears faster than the surrounding enamel.
• These areas causes food retention or the
presence of peripheral, ragged, sharp enamel
edges.
19. IV. Abfraction
Definition: Strong eccentric occlusal force
resulting in microfractures at the cervical area
of the tooth causing wedge- shaped defects is
termed as abfraction.
20.
21. Etiology: Abfraction is caused due to tooth flexure in
patients with abnormal occlusal interactions.
Tooth flexure during abnormal occlusal interaction
Lateral or axial bending of the tooth
Tensile and compressive stresses generated in the
cervical region
Strain leading to microfractures in cervical enamel and
tooth loss
Notch shaped abfraction lesions
22. • These lesions are characterized by sharp notch
or wedge-shaped lesions
• The maximal abfractive stresses generated are
at the cervical area in the thinnest region of
enamel at the cementoenamel junction.
24. The primary goal of management should be to
halt or modify the etiology of the problem.
Considerations for restorative management of
noncarious lesions:
1. The defect is sufficiently deep to compromise
the structural integrity of the tooth.
2. Intolerable sensitivity exists and is unresponsive
to conservative desensitizing measures.
3. The area is affected by caries.
4. The defect contribute to a periodontal problem.
25. 5. The area is to be involved in the design of a
removable partial denture.
6. The depth of the defect is judged to be close
to the pulp
7. The defect is actively progressing
8. The patient desires esthetic improvements.
26. Class V cervical tooth preparations, by
definition, are located in the gingival one third
of the facial and lingual tooth surfaces.
Because of esthetic considerations,
composites are most frequently used for the
restoration of class V lesions in anterior and
premolar teeth.
The other alternative material used in certain
clinical conditions is employing a resin
modified GIC restoration.
27. Clinical Technique for Class V Direct
Composite Restorations
Initial Clinical Procedures:
- Shade selection
- Isolation
28. Clinical Considerations:
1. Enamel bevels are usually used on the
occlusal margins of the preparation, while at
the cervical margin, enamel bevels are
usually not recommended because of the
absence of enamel in this area.
2. Class V tooth preparations will vary slightly,
depending on the type and extension of the
defect being restored.
29. Class V Tooth Preparation for small or
moderate lesions or defects that do not
extend onto the root surface:
- The objective is to restore the lesion or defect
as conservatively as possible. These include
decalcified and hypoplastic areas located in
the cervical third of the teeth.
- The initial tooth preparation is accomplished
with a round diamond or carbide bur
eliminating the entire enamel lesion or defect.
The preparation is extended into dentin only
when the defect warrants such extension.
30. - The tooth preparation for a class V abrasion or
erosion area usually requires only roughening
of the internal walls with a diamond
instrument and beveling all enamel margins.
- If necessary, the root surface cavosurface
margins should be prepared to appx 90
degrees. Often, because of the inherent form
of root surface cavosurface margins is not
needed.
31.
32. Class V Tooth Preparation for large lesions or
defects that extend onto the root surface:
- The features of the preparation include a 90
degree cavosurface margin with uniform depth of
the axial line angles.
- Groove retention form usually is not necessary
but can be used if retention form is a concern.
- Conservative enamel bevel
- The large class V preparation initially exhibits 90
degree cavosurface margins (that subsequently
can be beveled when in enamel) and an axial wall
that is uniform in depth.
33. The axial depth into dentin is determined by
the extent of the defect. Many of these larger
preparations are combination of beveled
enamel margins and 90 degree root surface
cavosurface margins.
34. Tooth Preparation:
- To initiate the preparation, a tapered fissure
carbide bur (no. 271) or similarly shaped
diamond is used at high speed with air-water
spray. If interproximal or gingival access is limited,
an appropriately sized round bur or diamond may
be used.
- When a tapered fissure bur or diamond is used,
the handpiece is maneuvered to maintain the
bur’s long axis perpendicular to the external
surface of the tooth during preparation of the
outline form, which should result in 90 degree
cavosurface margins.
35. - All of the external preparation walls of a class
V tooth preparation are visible when viewed
from a facial position (outwardly divergent
walls)
- The bevel on the enamel margin is
accomplished with a flame-shaped or round
diamond instrument, resulting in an angle
approximately 45 degrees to the external
tooth surface, and prepared to a width of at
least 0.5mm depending on the preparation
size and esthetic considerations.
36. Restorative Technique:
- Acid etching and placement of the adhesive
- Insertion and light-activation of the composite
37. Clinical Technique for Glass Ionomer
Restorations
Indications:
1. Gl possess the favorable quality of releasing
fluoride when exposed to the oral environment.
These materials also have been shown to
‘recharge’ with fluoride when exposed to
fluoride from various sources.
Because of this potential anticariogenic quality,
glass ionomer may be the material of choice for
restoring root-surface caries in patients with
high caries activity and in whom esthetics is not
as critical.
38. 2. Cervical defects of abfraction or abrasion
origin (or any combination) also may be
indications for restoration with glass
ionomers, if esthetic demands are not critical.
3. Glass ionomers can be considerd as an
alternative to composite restoration if clinical
conditions that can affect the performance of
composite restorations are present. These
factors include-
i. Decreased salivary function
ii. Decreased patient motivation or ability for
home care
39. iii. Increased difficulty in adequately isolating
the operating area.
iv. Increased difficulty in performing the
operative procedure because of the patient’s
physical or medical problems
4. Because of their limited strength and wear
resistance, glass ionomers are indicated
generally for the restoration of low-stress
areas.
40. Tooth Preparation and Restoration:
- Same as previously described, except bevels
are rarely used.
- Most conventional glass ionomer systems
require mild dentin conditioning to remove
the smear layer, effecting improved adhesion
of the glass ionomer to dentin. To condition
dentin, a mild acid, such as 10% polyacrylic
acid, is applied to the preparation, according
to manufacturer’s instructions, followed by
rinsing and removal of excess water, leaving
dentin slightly moist.
41. - Glass ionomer material should be placed into
the preparation in slight excess and quickly
shaped with a instrument.
- If a conventional glass ionomer is used, a thin
coat of light- activated, resin based coating is
placed on the surface immediately after
placement to prevent dehydration and
cracking of the restoration during the initial
setting phase. Newer GI are more resistant to
dehydration and do not typically require this
step.
42. - When the material has set, the matrix, if used, is
removed, and the gross excess is shaved away
with a No. 12 surgical blade in a Bard-Parker
handle. Contouring and finishing should be
accomplished as much as possible with hand
instruments, while striving to preserve the
smooth surface that occurs on setting.
- Micron finishing diamonds used with a petroleum
lubricant to prevent desiccation are ideal for
contouring and finishing conventional GIs. Also,
flexible abrasive disks used with a lubricant can
be effective.
43. - A fine- grit aluminium oxide polishing paste
applied with a prophy cup is used to impart a
smooth surface.