This document provides an introduction to computers, including definitions and explanations of key concepts. It describes what a computer is and its basic components, including input devices, a central processing unit, memory, output devices, and storage devices. It explains the basic functions of inputting, processing, outputting, and storing data. It also discusses different types of computers from microcomputers to mainframes and supercomputers.
Course Code: CS-301
Book: Introduction to Computing.
Chapter Number 1: Introduction to Computer Systems.
Degree: BS (SE, CS, BIO)
Contents:
This chapter will cover the following topics:
1.Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure
2. The Computer System
3. How Computers Represent Data
4. The CPU and Primary Storage
5. Microprocessors and Processing Power
6. Multiple Processors and Parallel Processing
7. Storage Input, and Output Technology
8. Secondary Storage Technology
9. Input and Output Devices
10. Categories of Computers and Computer Systems
11. Computer Software
Course Code: CS-301
Book: Introduction to Computing.
Chapter Number 1: Introduction to Computer Systems.
Degree: BS (SE, CS, BIO)
Contents:
This chapter will cover the following topics:
1.Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure
2. The Computer System
3. How Computers Represent Data
4. The CPU and Primary Storage
5. Microprocessors and Processing Power
6. Multiple Processors and Parallel Processing
7. Storage Input, and Output Technology
8. Secondary Storage Technology
9. Input and Output Devices
10. Categories of Computers and Computer Systems
11. Computer Software
Computer System and Its Components
- Motherboard
- CPU
- Difference GUI And CUI
Characteristics Of Computer
- Block diagram of computer
- Input unit
- Output unit
- Memory unit
TYPES OF COMPUTER MEMORY (RAM and ROM)
- Random Access Memory (RAM)
- Difference between DRAM and SRAM
- Read Only Memory (ROM)
OTHER TYPES OF MEMORY
- Cache memory
- Sequential Access Memory
- Random access memory
- Classification Of Memory
Control Unit
ALU
Input / Output function and characteristics
Memory – RAM ROM and other types of memory
Storage fundamentals – primary vs secondary data storage
This PowerPoint Presentation will help the students of Class - 9 to revise the concept that How a Computer works, What is the basic organization of a Computer and so on. It will help the students to clear their doubts and score good marks in examination
basic organization of computer
,
input unit
,
output unit
,
storage unit
,
arithmetic logic unit (alu)
,
computer codes
,
computer for organization
,
business communication
,
payroll system
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management information system
Building Block Diagram of Computer | Process of CPU | Input unit | Processing...Uttar Tamang ✔
This slide includes:
1. Building Block Diagram of Computer
2. Process of CPU
3. Input unit
3.1. Functions of Input unit
4. Processing Unit
4.1. Memory Unit,
4.2. Control Unit
4.3. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
5. Output Unit
Computer System and Its Components
- Motherboard
- CPU
- Difference GUI And CUI
Characteristics Of Computer
- Block diagram of computer
- Input unit
- Output unit
- Memory unit
TYPES OF COMPUTER MEMORY (RAM and ROM)
- Random Access Memory (RAM)
- Difference between DRAM and SRAM
- Read Only Memory (ROM)
OTHER TYPES OF MEMORY
- Cache memory
- Sequential Access Memory
- Random access memory
- Classification Of Memory
Control Unit
ALU
Input / Output function and characteristics
Memory – RAM ROM and other types of memory
Storage fundamentals – primary vs secondary data storage
This PowerPoint Presentation will help the students of Class - 9 to revise the concept that How a Computer works, What is the basic organization of a Computer and so on. It will help the students to clear their doubts and score good marks in examination
basic organization of computer
,
input unit
,
output unit
,
storage unit
,
arithmetic logic unit (alu)
,
computer codes
,
computer for organization
,
business communication
,
payroll system
,
management information system
Building Block Diagram of Computer | Process of CPU | Input unit | Processing...Uttar Tamang ✔
This slide includes:
1. Building Block Diagram of Computer
2. Process of CPU
3. Input unit
3.1. Functions of Input unit
4. Processing Unit
4.1. Memory Unit,
4.2. Control Unit
4.3. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
5. Output Unit
Computer basic knowledge from 0 to advance. Computer Knowledge is necessary for all, these notes can help you to build basic knowledge , history of computer, application of computer, etc.
This chapter will refresh your knowledge on the basics of how computers work, the different types of computers there are and their typical features. You will then learn about how computers are categorised and how ICT has made the workplace faster and more efficient.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
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harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
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Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
2. 2
What Is A Computer?
A computer is an electronic device, operating
under the control of instructions (software)
stored in its own memory unit, that can accept
data (input), manipulate data (process), and
produce information (output) from the
processing. Generally, the term is used to
describe a collection of devices that function
together as a system.
3. 3
Devices that comprise a computer system
Printer
(output)
Monitor
(output)
Speaker
(output)
Scanner
(input)
Mouse
(input)
Keyboard
(input)
System unit
(processor, memory…)
Storage devices
(CD-RW, Floppy,
Hard disk, zip,…)
4. 4
What Does A Computer Do?
Computers can perform four general
operations, which comprise the information
processing cycle.
Input
Process
Output
Storage
5. 5
What Do Computers Do?
Input, Process, Output, & Store
data
Input Process Output
Store Data
6. 6
Data and Information
All computer processing requires data, which is a collection of
raw facts, figures and symbols, such as numbers, words,
images, video and sound, given to the computer during the input
phase.
Computers manipulate data to create information. Information
is data that is organized, meaningful, and useful.
During the output Phase, the information that has been created
is put into some form, such as a printed report.
The information can also be put in computer storage for future
use.
7. 7
Why Is A Computer So Powerful?
The ability to perform the information
processing cycle with amazing speed.
Reliability (low failure rate).
Accuracy.
Ability to store huge amounts of data and
information.
Ability to communicate with other computers.
8. 8
How Does a Computer Know
what to do?
It must be given a detailed list of instructions,
called a compute program or software,
that tells it exactly what to do.
Before processing a specific job, the
computer program corresponding to that job
must be stored in memory.
Once the program is stored in memory the
compute can start the operation by executing
the program instructions one after the other.
9. 9
What Are The Primary
Components Of A Computer ?
Input devices.
Central Processing Unit
(containing the control
unit and the
arithmetic/logic unit).
Memory.
Output devices.
Storage devices.
10. 10
Uses of Computer
PC at Home
Common uses for the computer within the home
Computer games
Working from Home
Banking from Home
Connecting to the Web
11. 11
Uses of Computer
Office Applications
Stock Control
Stock control is ideal for automation and in many
companies it is now completely computerized. The
stock control system keeps track of the number of
items in stock and can automatically order
replacement items when required.
Accounts / Payroll
In most large organizations the accounts are
maintained by a computerized system. Due to the
repetitive nature of accounts a computer system is
ideally suited to this task and accuracy is
guaranteed.
12. 12
Uses of Computer
Automated Production Systems
Many car factories are almost completely automated and
the cars are assembled by computer-controlled robots. This
automation is becoming increasingly common throughout
industry.
Design Systems
Many products are designed using CAD (Computer Aided
Design) programs to produce exact specifications and
detailed drawings on the computer before producing
models of new products.
13. 13
Uses of Computer
Computers in Daily Life
Accounts
Games
Educational
On-line banking
Smart ID cards
Supermarkets
Working from home (Tele-working)
Internet
29. 29
Microcomputer
Can be classified into:
Desktop PCs
sits on desks, rarely moved, large and bulky.
Memory capacity, graphics capacity and
software availability vary from one computer to
another Used both for business and home
applications
30. 30
Microcomputer
Portable PCs
Can be moved easily from place to place
Weight may varies
Small PCs are popular known as laptop
Widely used by students, scientist, reporters,
etc
32. 32
Microcomputer
Advantages
Small size
Low cost
Portability
Low Computing Power
Commonly used for personal applications
Disadvantages
Low processing speed
33. 33
Uses of Microcomputer
Word Processing
Home entertainment
Home banking
Printing
Surfing the internet
etc
34. 34
Minicomputer
Medium sized computer
Also called the minis
e.g. IBM36, HP9000, etc
Computing power lies between
microcomputer and mainframe
computer
36. 36
MiniComputer
Characteristics
Bigger size than PCs
Expensive than PCs
Multi-User
Difficult to use
More computing power than PCs
Used by medium sized business organizations,
colleges, libraries and banks.
37. 37
Uses of Minicomputer
Control of Automated Teller Machine
(ATMs)
Payroll
Hospital patients registration
Inventory Control for supermarket
Insurance claims processing
Small bank accounting and customer
details tracking
39. 39
Mainframe
Known as enterprise
servers
Occupies entire rooms or
floors
Used for centralized
computing
Serve distributed users and
small servers in a computing
network
40. 40
Main Frame
Large, fast and expensive computer
Cost millions of dollar
e.g. IBM3091, ICL39, etc
Characteristics:
Bigger in size than minicomputers
Very expensive
Support a few hundred users simultaneously (Multi-Users)
Difficult to use
More computing power than minicomputers
Have to be kept in a special air-conditioned room
Used in big business organizations and government
departments
41. 41
Areas where mainframes are used
Airline reservation
Big banks with hundreds of branches located all over
the world
Big universities with thousands of enrollment
Natural gas and oil exploration companies
Space Vehicle control
Weather forecasting
Animated Cartoon
Some mainframes are designed to be extremely fast
and called super computers. It is used for space
launching, monitoring and controlling.
45. 45
Supercomputer
Fastest and expensive
Used by applications for
molecular chemistry, nuclear
research, weather reports,
and advanced physics
Consists of several computers
that work in parallel as a
single system
47. 47
Computer System
A computer system consists of three primary
units:
Input units – accept data
Processor unit – processes data by performing
comparisons and calculations
Output units – present the results
49. 49
Input Devices
Data are facts, numbers and characters that are
entered into the computer via keyboard.
Other types of input devices are mouse,
joystick, light pens, scanners, camera, etc.
51. 51
Processor Unit
Two main parts:
CPU – where the actual processing
takes place; and
Main memory – where data are
stored.
The contents of main memory can be
transferred to auxiliary storage devices
such as hard disks, floppy diskettes, zip
disks, compact disks, or USB flash disk.
52. 52
The microprocessor, the brains of the
computer. Referred to a CPU or
processor
Housed on a tiny silicon chip
Chip contains millions of switches and
pathways that help your computer make
important decisions.
Central Processing UnitCentral Processing Unit
53. 53
CPU knows which switches to turn
on and which to turn off because it
receives its instructions from
computer programs (software).
CPU has two primary sections:
Arithmetic/logic unit
Control unit
54. 54
Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU):Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU):
- Performs arithmetic computations and
logical operations; by combining these two
operations the ALU can execute complex
tasks.
- Arithmetic operations include addition,
subtractions, multiplication, and division.
- Logical operations involve
comparisons.
55. 55
Control UnitControl Unit: is the “boss” and
coordinates all of the CPU’s activities.
Uses programming instructions, it
controls the flow of information through
the processor by controlling what
happens inside the processor.
We communicate with the computer
through programming languages.
Examples: COBOL, C++,
HTML, Java Script or
VisualBasic.net
56. 56
MemoryMemory
Found on the motherboard
Short term
Random Access Memory (RAM)Random Access Memory (RAM)
Long term
Read Only Memory (ROM)Read Only Memory (ROM)
57. 57
Random Access Memory (RAM)Random Access Memory (RAM)
Memory on the motherboard that is short
term; where data, information, and
program instructions are stored
temporarily on a RAM chip or a set of RAM
chips. Known as the main memory.
This memory is considered volatile.
The computer can read from
and write to RAM.
58. 58
When the computer is turned off or if
there is loss of power, what ever is
stored in RAM disappears.
“Temporary Memory” – Short Term
59. 59
Read-Only Memory (ROM)Read-Only Memory (ROM)
Memory on the motherboard that is
long term; where the specific
instructions that are needed for the
computer to operate are stored.
This memory is nonvolatile and
your computer can only read from
a ROM chip.
60. 60
The instructions remain on the chip
regardless if the power is turned on
or off.
Most common is the BIOS ROM;
where the computer uses instructions
contained on this chip to boot or start
the system when you turn on your
computer.
“Permanent Memory” – Long
Term
61. 61
Output Unit
After the data has been
processed, the results are output
in the form of useful information.
Output units such as monitors
and printers make the result
accessible for use by people.
62. 62
Computer Output DevicesComputer Output Devices
MonitorMonitor: screen that
display information such
as text, numbers, and
pictures-softcopy.
PrinterPrinter: gives you
information from the
computer in printed form
– hardcopy.
SpeakersSpeakers: allow you
to hear voice,
music, and other
sounds from your
computer.
ModemModem: allows you
to use your
computer to
communicate with
other computers.
101. 101
Optical DiscsOptical Discs
Use laser technology to read and write data
on silver platters
Compact Disk (CD)Compact Disk (CD) can store 650MB to
800MB of information and data. CD-
ROM (Read Only Memory) can only
read data from a CD-ROM.
You can store data on a CD only if you
have a CD Burner and CD-R (writable)
or CD-RW (rewritable) CD.
102. 102
DVDDVD (Digital Versatile Disk)(Digital Versatile Disk) is the
size of a regular CD and can be
played in a regular in a DVD movie
player.
DVDDVD can store 4.8GB to 8.0GB of
information and data. DVD-ROM is
readable only (a movie DVD).
You can store data on a DVDDVD only if
you have a DVD BurnerDVD Burner and
DVD+R/DVD-R (writable)
or DVD-RW
(rewritable) DVD.
147. 147
• Software is a set of electronic instructions that tells
the computer how to do certain tasks. A set of
instructions is often called a program.
• When a computer is using a particular program, it is
said to be running or executing the program.
• The two most common types of programs are system
software and application software.
Bringing the Machine to Life –
What is Software?
149. 149
• System software exists primarily for the computer
itself, to help the computer perform specific
functions.
• One major type of system software is the operating
system (OS). All computers require an operating
system.
• The OS tells the computer how to interact with the
user and its own devices.
• Common operating systems include Windows, the
Macintosh OS, OS/2, and UNIX .
Bringing the Machine to Life –
System Software
150. 150
• Application Software consists of programs that tell a
computer how to produce information
• Application software tells the computer how to
accomplish tasks the user requires, such as creating
a document or editing a graphic image.
• Some important kinds of application software are:
Word processing programs Spreadsheet software
Database management Presentation programs
Graphics programs Networking software
Web design tools and browsers Internet applications
Communications programs Utilities
Entertainment and education Multimedia authoring
Bringing the Machine to Life - Applications
160. 160
Computer Software
Computer software is the key to
productive use of computers.
Software can be categorized into
two types:
Operating system software
Application software.
161. 161
Operating System Software
Operating system software tells the computer
how to perform the functions of loading,
storing and executing an application and how
to transfer data.
Today, many computers use an operating
system that has a graphical user interface
(GUI) that provides visual clues such as icon
symbols to help the user. Microsoft Windows
98 is a widely used graphical operating
system. DOS (Disk Operating System) is an
older but still widely used operating system
that is text-based.
162. 162
Application Software
Application Software consists of programs
that tell a computer how to produce
information. Some of the more commonly
used packages are:
Word processing
Electronic spreadsheet
Database
Presentation graphics
163. 163
Word Processing
Word Processing software is used to create and print
documents. A key advantage of word processing
software is that users easily can make changes in
documents.
164. 164
Electronic Spreadsheets
Electronic spreadsheet software allows the user to
add, subtract, and perform user-defined calculations
on rows and columns of numbers. These numbers
can be changed and the spreadsheet quickly
recalculates the new results.
165. 165
Database Software
Allows the user to enter, retrieve, and update data in
an organized and efficient manner, with flexible
inquiry and reporting capabilities.
166. 166
Presentation Graphics
Presentation graphic software allows the user to
create documents called slides to be used in making
the presentations. Using special projection devices,
the slides display as they appear on the computer
screen.