"Psychosis in Youth"
Portland, Maine; March 30, 2004
Psychiatry Grand Rounds at Maine Medical Center
*Learn clinical assessment of psychosis in youth
*Learn neurobiology of psychosis
*Learn course and prognosis of psychosis
*Learn treatment of psychosis in youth
Depression
Background
Pathophysiology
• The monoamine theory of depression is that it results from a central deficit in the monoamine neurotransmitters serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine.
• Other reported physiological features include ↑cortisol and a blunted TSH response.
• However, there is no widely accepted and definitively proven biological model of depression.
Epidemiology
• Time course: for most it is an episodic illness, but for other it follows a more chronic course.
• Incidence: 5% annual risk, 20% lifetime risk.
Presentation
DSM and NICE criteria
These are based on DSM-4, though DSM-5 does not significantly differ.
Major depressive disorder is ≥2 weeks of low mood and/or anhedonia, and at least 4 symptoms out of:
• ↓Energy or fatigue.
• ↓Concentration
• ↓Weight/appetite.
• Disturbed sleep, which commonly includes early waking. Diurnal pattern to symptoms also seen, with symptoms often worse in the morning.
• Slowing of thought and movements (psychomotor slowing) or agitation.
• Ideas of worthlessness or guilt.
• Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide.
• All but the last 2 are considered 'biological' symptoms.
Somatoform disorders
A disorder in which people have physical illnesses or complaints that cannot be fully explained by actual medical conditions
Dissociative disorders
A personality disorder marked by a disturbance in the integration of identity, memory, or consciousness.
Historically, both somatoform and dissociative disorders used to be categorized as hysterical neurosis
in psychoanalytic theory neurotic disorders result from underlying unconscious conflicts, anxiety that resulted from those conflicts and ego defense mechanisms
"schizophrenia" "split mind" but it refers to a disruption of the usual balance of emotions and thinking.
Schizophrenia is chronic and a severe brain disorder in which people interpret reality abnormally. Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and extremely disordered thinking and behavior .
Presentation based on Class 12 Chapter-4 Psychological Disorders. This ppt explains the first four major psychological disorders: Anxiety, OCD, PTSD, Somatic Disorders. This is based of CBSE and NCERT.
If you want more kindly mail or comment.
"Psychosis in Youth"
Portland, Maine; March 30, 2004
Psychiatry Grand Rounds at Maine Medical Center
*Learn clinical assessment of psychosis in youth
*Learn neurobiology of psychosis
*Learn course and prognosis of psychosis
*Learn treatment of psychosis in youth
Depression
Background
Pathophysiology
• The monoamine theory of depression is that it results from a central deficit in the monoamine neurotransmitters serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine.
• Other reported physiological features include ↑cortisol and a blunted TSH response.
• However, there is no widely accepted and definitively proven biological model of depression.
Epidemiology
• Time course: for most it is an episodic illness, but for other it follows a more chronic course.
• Incidence: 5% annual risk, 20% lifetime risk.
Presentation
DSM and NICE criteria
These are based on DSM-4, though DSM-5 does not significantly differ.
Major depressive disorder is ≥2 weeks of low mood and/or anhedonia, and at least 4 symptoms out of:
• ↓Energy or fatigue.
• ↓Concentration
• ↓Weight/appetite.
• Disturbed sleep, which commonly includes early waking. Diurnal pattern to symptoms also seen, with symptoms often worse in the morning.
• Slowing of thought and movements (psychomotor slowing) or agitation.
• Ideas of worthlessness or guilt.
• Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide.
• All but the last 2 are considered 'biological' symptoms.
Somatoform disorders
A disorder in which people have physical illnesses or complaints that cannot be fully explained by actual medical conditions
Dissociative disorders
A personality disorder marked by a disturbance in the integration of identity, memory, or consciousness.
Historically, both somatoform and dissociative disorders used to be categorized as hysterical neurosis
in psychoanalytic theory neurotic disorders result from underlying unconscious conflicts, anxiety that resulted from those conflicts and ego defense mechanisms
"schizophrenia" "split mind" but it refers to a disruption of the usual balance of emotions and thinking.
Schizophrenia is chronic and a severe brain disorder in which people interpret reality abnormally. Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and extremely disordered thinking and behavior .
Presentation based on Class 12 Chapter-4 Psychological Disorders. This ppt explains the first four major psychological disorders: Anxiety, OCD, PTSD, Somatic Disorders. This is based of CBSE and NCERT.
If you want more kindly mail or comment.
This is a project for a high school AP Psychology course. This is a fictionalized account of having a psychological ailment. For questions about this blog project or its content please email the teacher Chris Jocham: jocham@fultonschools.org
Transpersonal Framework for Understanding CodependenceSharon Ng
This is the ppt presentation that I presented in Los Angeles at the Evolution of Addiction Treatment conference in Dec. 2011. If you missed the presentation, these slides will introduce you to the elements of the framework that leads to healing, rather than simply recovery. I am also available for workshops or presentations on this topic. Contact me at sjoyng@gmail.com. Enjoy!
In case you missed the conference, this Handout is an excerpt from my book, "Body, Mind & Psyche" and explains the concept of personal mythologies and the steps to institute change in the myths that one lives by.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
17. Specific Phobias Some Less Common Phobias The number 13 Work Metals The color red Snow Cats Ailurophobia Chionophobia Erythrophobia Metallophobia Ponophobia Triskaidekaphobia
47. MRI scans show that a person with Schizophrenia (left) is more likely than a healthy person (right) to have enlarged ventricles.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55. People with APD were slow to develop classically conditioned responses to anger, pain, or shock. Such responses indicate normal anxiety.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
Editor's Notes
One set of biological theories focuses on abnormalities in the levels of particular neurotransmitters . According to one such view, people with panic disorder have an excess of norepinephrine or gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain. According to anxiety sensitivity theory , people with panic disorder tend to interpret cognitive and somatic manifestations of stress and anxiety in a catastrophic manner causing the individual to hyperventilate. If this increase in the rate of breathing fails to lower blood levels of carbon dioxide, the individual is thrown into a panic attack (Klein, 1993). Conditioned fear reactions : The individual associates certain bodily sensations with memories of the last panic attack, causing a full-blown panic attack to develop even before measurable biological changes have occurred.
The most effective antianxiety medications are benzodiazepines . Because these medications often lose their therapeutic efficacy and lead to physiological or psychological dependence, clinicians have sought alternatives, including antidepressants and serotonin reuptake inhibitors such as fluoxetine (Prozac). Relaxation training : The client learns to systematically alternate tensing and relaxing muscles all over the body. Panic control therapy (PCT) consists of cognitive restructuring, the development of an awareness of bodily cues associated with panic attacks and breathing retraining.
People who are diagnosed as having generalized anxiety disorder have a number of unrealistic worries that spread to various spheres of life. From a biological perspective, it is suggested that people with generalized anxiety disorder have a biological abnormality similar to that proposed to account for other anxiety disorders involving abnormalities of GABA, serotogenic, and nonadrenergenic systems. Treatment from this perspective emphasizes medication. The cognitive-behavioral approach to generalized anxiety disorder emphasizes the unrealistic nature of these worries and regards the disorder as a vicious cycle that feeds on itself. Cognitive-behavioral treatment approaches recommend breaking the negative cycle of worry by teaching individuals techniques that allow them to feel they control the worrying.
Everyone has fears about or unpleasant responses to certain objects, situations, or creatures. Such responses of discomfort or dislike, called aversions , are common and are not considered phobias. However, if a person’s response to one of these experiences is far out of proportion to the danger of threat posed by the stimulus, the person is considered to have a phobia.
Some phobias -- such as animal phobias, blood injury phobias, claustrophobia, and dental phobias -- can be traced back to childhood. The primary biological perspectives on specific phobias involve the notion that humans are essentially preprogrammed to fear certain situations or stimuli that could threaten our survival.
Systematic desensitization rests on the premise that an individual can best overcome maladaptive anxiety by approaching feared stimuli gradually, while in a relaxed state. In a behavioral technique called flooding , the client is totally immersed in the sensation of anxiety. In imaginal flooding , the client listens to someone read several vivid descriptions. In the graduated exposure method, clients initially confront situations that cause only minor anxiety and then gradually progress toward those that cause greater anxiety. In thought stopping , the individual learns to stop anxiety-provoking thoughts.
Unlike obsessions, which cause anxiety, compulsions are carried out in an effort to reduce anxiety or stress.
People with OCD are seen as having thoughts and actions that they literally cannot inhibit, as though the brain structures involved in this process are, in essence, “working overtime” to try to control them.
A traumatic experience is a disastrous or extremely painful event that has severe psychological and physiological effects. Aftereffects of the traumatic event can include flashbacks, nightmares, and intrusive thoughts that alternate with the individual's attempts to deny that the event ever took place.
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is appropriate when the symptoms persist for more than a month. The symptoms of PSTD seem to fall into two related clusters. The first, called “ intrusions and avoidance ,” includes intrusive thoughts, recurrent dreams, flashbacks, hyperactivity to cues of the trauma, and the avoidance of thoughts or reminders. The second cluster, “ hyperarousal and numbing ,” includes symptoms that involve detachment, a loss of interest in everyday activities, sleep disturbance, irritability, and a sense of foreshortened future.
It seems that even the structure of the brain can change as a result of trauma; for example, researchers have noted that women with PTSD who had been victimized in childhood show brain changed similar to those of combat veterans—namely, a reduction in the size of the hippocampus. According to classical behavioral approaches, it is assumed that the person with PTSD has acquired a conditioned fear to the stimuli that were present at the time of the trauma. In assessing the role of sociocultural factors in the determination of PSTD, investigators have been particularly interested in the ways that disadvantaged economic settings may set the stage for increased vulnerability.
People can experience a mood disorder in the form of extreme depression, excessive elation, or a combination of these emotional states. The primary characteristic of depressive disorders is dysphoria . Bipolar disorder alternates between dysphoria and euphoria .
People whose depressive episodes have melancholic features lose interest in most activities or find it difficult to react to events in their lives that would customarily bring pleasure. Episodes showing a seasonal pattern develop at about the same time each year, usually for about 2 months during the fall or winter, then return to normal functioning.
Bipolar disorder involves an intense and very disruptive experience of extreme elation, or euphoria , called a manic episode , which is characterized by abnormally heightened levels of thinking, behavior, and emotionality that cause significant impairment.
A mixed episode consists of symptoms of both a manic episode and a major depressive episode which alternate rapidly.
F irst discovered in animal research. Martin Seligman and colleagues found that when dogs were unable to escape electrical shocks, they simply gave up trying, even when escape was later possible. People who try without success become conditioned to failure and stop trying Attributions (explanations people make of what happens to them) play a cognitive role Internal attributions (“all my fault”). External attributions (outside circumstances). Internal attributions lead to globalization of negative experiences.
Overgeneralizing: Believing that if something is true in one case, it applies to any case that is even similar. Selective abstraction: The only events that the person takes seriously are those that represent bad things like failure. Excessive responsibility: Feeling responsible for all bad things that happen to them or others to whom they are close. Assuming temporal causality: Thinking that if something has been true in the past, it will always be true. Catastrophizing: Always thinking the worst and being certain that it will happen. Dichotomous thinking: Seeing everything as either one extreme or another, rather than as mixed or in between. Other cognitive distortions include assuming temporal causality (thinking if something has been true in the past, it will always be true), and making excessive self-references (seeing themselves as the center of everyone’s attention, and thinking they can all see when the individual makes mistakes).
Didactic work: The therapist explains the theory to the client and teaches the client depression results from faulty thinking. Then cognitive restructuring can being.
DSM-IV disorders associated with suicide include mood disorders, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders (especially panic disorder), borderline personality disorder, and co-occurring depression and alcohol dependence.
Dementia praecox: The term coined by Kraepelin to describe what is currently known as schizophrenia. According to Kraepelin, this condition involves a degeneration of the brain that begins at a young age and ultimately leads to a disintegration of the entire personality.
Positive symptoms are viewed as direct lead-ins to full expression of psychosis. Clinicians often find it difficult to diagnose negative symptoms, because most people at one time or another act in these ways, as when they are fatigued or depressed.
Delusions: Beliefs that are grossly out of touch with reality. Hallucinations: A false perception not corresponding to the objective stimuli present in the environment. Affective flattening: A symptom of schizophrenia in which an individual seems unresponsive and which is reflected in relatively motionless body language and facial reactions as well as minimal eye contact. Alogia: Speechlessness or a notable lack of spontaneity or responsiveness in conversation. Avolition: Lack of initiative and unwillingness to act. Affective flattening: A symptom of schizophrenia in which an individual seems unresponsive and which is reflected in relatively motionless body language and facial reactions as well as minimal eye contact. Anhedonia: A loss of interest in or ability to experience pleasure from activities that most people find appealing.
Theories accounting for the origin of schizophrenia have traditionally fallen into two categories: biological and psychological. Cortical atrophy: A wasting away of tissue in the cerebral cortex of the brain. Loss of brain volume is particularly pronounced in the front and temporal lobes as well as the relay centers in the thalamus. Reduced brain activation: Functional deficits have been found in brain centers involved in the pleasant sensations of smell. Other areas are being explored. The dopamine hypothesis attributes the psychotic symptoms to overactivity of dopamine neurons. Antipsychotic medications reduced the frequency of hallucinations and delusions by blocking dopamine receptors. Drugs biochemically related to dopamine (such as amphetamines) increase frequency of psychotic symptoms
Neuroleptics: antipsychotic medications; major tranquilizers: Lowest potency- Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) and Thioridazine (Mellaril). Middle level of potency- Trifluoperazine (Stelazine) and Thiothixine (Navane). Most potent - Haloperidol (Haldol) and Fluphenazine (Prolixin). Tardive dyskinesia:
Examples of extreme negation: Rigid posturing or resistance to instruction. Example of peculiar movement: Bizarre posture. Echolalia: Senseless repetition of words or phrases. Echopraxia: Repetition by imitation of another’s movements.
Onset tends to occur earlier in life and interferes with personality development.
This is the most common type of schizophrenia.
The individual may show symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, incoherence, or disorganized behavior, but does not meet the criteria for the paranoid (systematic bizarre delusions), catatonic (abnormalities of movement), or disorganized (disturbed or flat affect) types.
Splitting: Perceiving other people as being all good or all bad. Parasuicide: A suicidal gesture to get attention from loved ones, family, or professionals.
They want immediate gratification of their wishes and overreact to even minor provocations, usually in an exaggerated way, such as by weeping or fainting. Although their relationships are superficial, they assume them to be intimate and refer to acquaintances as “dear” friends.
Grandiosity: An exaggerated view of oneself as possessing special and extremely favorable personal qualities and abilities. Unrealistic, inflated sense of self-importance stemming from grave self-doubt. Common feature of other personality disorders, especially Histrionic and Borderline personality disorders
Treatment: Most promising is an approach geared toward helping them work on their styles of communication.
Convinced of their own inadequacies, they cannot make even the most trivial decisions on their own.