District cooling can help mitigate challenges facing GCC countries in meeting escalating air conditioning demand. It reduces electricity consumption by 40% and creates a flatter demand curve. Thermal storage reduces required capacity and costs while district cooling is more environmentally friendly by increasing efficiency and lowering emissions. The industry has a long history worldwide and major projects exist across the Middle East, Asia, Europe, and North America. Governments can promote district cooling through various policies and outsourcing projects provides benefits like reduced costs and capacity needs.
This document provides a cash flow portfolio for the District Cooling Plant project in Rihan Heights. It includes sections on cash in data, cash out data, and cash flow. The cash in section details the planned value and timing of works and monthly invoices totalling $53,166,017 over the project period from July 2010 to May 2012. The cash out section similarly outlines planned expenditures totalling the same amount. Section 3 presents the resulting projected cash flow curve and liquidity for the project.
Dc summit jeddah 2010 george berbari presentationOliviaModisakeng
The document discusses the history and development of district cooling in the Middle East and Saudi Arabia. It notes that the first district cooling schemes were developed in the 1960s in Saudi Arabia, Lebanon and Kuwait. Key drivers for adopting district cooling in Saudi Arabia include rising electricity demand, availability of treated sewage water, large planned developments, and using district cooling to cool power plants. The prospects for future district cooling include over 800,000 tons of new capacity across various cities in the country. Challenges include a lack of land and electricity tariffs, but opportunities exist with peak pricing and thermal storage.
This document outlines a vision for the future development of district heating and cooling in Europe from 2020 to 2050. It envisions district heating and cooling networks providing an increasing share of Europe's energy needs and transitioning to lower carbon and fully carbon neutral solutions over time. By 2020, the vision forecasts district heating avoiding 9.3% of European CO2 emissions and district cooling providing additional 40-50 million tonnes of annual reductions. By 2030, 25% of district heating could come from renewable sources. By 2050, fully carbon neutral regional networks integrating multiple low carbon energy sources could be realized.
1) Cooling towers require careful design consideration of factors like approach, range, avoidance of recirculation, use of variable frequency drives for fan motors, cooling tower basin design, and obtaining high quality components.
2) Key components like the fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP) structure, fans, fan stacks, air inlet louvers, drift eliminators, and fill must meet specifications and standards to ensure proper performance and longevity of the cooling tower.
3) Cooling tower suppliers should provide documentation and certification to verify their components meet quality standards to deliver the required performance over the tower's lifetime.
The document provides information about a district cooling plant located on the rooftop of the Curve in Mutiara Damansara. The plant has a peak cooling capacity of 7,600 tons and can supply cooling to three customer buildings: The Curve, Cineleisure, and The Royale Bintang Hotel. It describes the facilities and systems used at the plant, including chillers, pumps, cooling towers, heat exchangers, and an ice storage tank. The document also summarizes the chilled water revenue from 2006 for each customer building.
The Co-Generation Plant at UConn generates all the power needed for campus using natural gas-powered turbines. It is more efficient than a conventional power plant, producing both electricity and steam for heating and cooling. The plant costs $80 million to build but saves $10 million per year in energy costs. It uses water reclamation facilities and produces steam with boilers and turbines, distributing it through an underground piping system to buildings across campus.
The document discusses district cooling in Kuwait and the GCC region. It summarizes that district cooling can provide significant benefits to Kuwait including reducing infrastructure costs, decreasing carbon emissions, and lowering power consumption compared to traditional air conditioning systems. Key benefits mentioned are reducing electric demand by over 1,200 MW and power consumption by over 2,700 GWh through implementation of district cooling with thermal energy storage in Kuwait. Several large existing district cooling projects and plants currently operating in Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Qatar, Oman, and Saudi Arabia are also summarized.
Chapter 6 : Smart District heating/cooling, Summer Course, AUST 2015Isam Shahrour
This chapter presents the district heating/cooling system and its main challenges. Then it presents the concept of the Smart District heating/cooling (sensors, data collection, data analysis,..). Finally, the Smart District heating is presented through the project SunRise “Large scale demonstrator of the Smart City”.
This document provides a cash flow portfolio for the District Cooling Plant project in Rihan Heights. It includes sections on cash in data, cash out data, and cash flow. The cash in section details the planned value and timing of works and monthly invoices totalling $53,166,017 over the project period from July 2010 to May 2012. The cash out section similarly outlines planned expenditures totalling the same amount. Section 3 presents the resulting projected cash flow curve and liquidity for the project.
Dc summit jeddah 2010 george berbari presentationOliviaModisakeng
The document discusses the history and development of district cooling in the Middle East and Saudi Arabia. It notes that the first district cooling schemes were developed in the 1960s in Saudi Arabia, Lebanon and Kuwait. Key drivers for adopting district cooling in Saudi Arabia include rising electricity demand, availability of treated sewage water, large planned developments, and using district cooling to cool power plants. The prospects for future district cooling include over 800,000 tons of new capacity across various cities in the country. Challenges include a lack of land and electricity tariffs, but opportunities exist with peak pricing and thermal storage.
This document outlines a vision for the future development of district heating and cooling in Europe from 2020 to 2050. It envisions district heating and cooling networks providing an increasing share of Europe's energy needs and transitioning to lower carbon and fully carbon neutral solutions over time. By 2020, the vision forecasts district heating avoiding 9.3% of European CO2 emissions and district cooling providing additional 40-50 million tonnes of annual reductions. By 2030, 25% of district heating could come from renewable sources. By 2050, fully carbon neutral regional networks integrating multiple low carbon energy sources could be realized.
1) Cooling towers require careful design consideration of factors like approach, range, avoidance of recirculation, use of variable frequency drives for fan motors, cooling tower basin design, and obtaining high quality components.
2) Key components like the fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP) structure, fans, fan stacks, air inlet louvers, drift eliminators, and fill must meet specifications and standards to ensure proper performance and longevity of the cooling tower.
3) Cooling tower suppliers should provide documentation and certification to verify their components meet quality standards to deliver the required performance over the tower's lifetime.
The document provides information about a district cooling plant located on the rooftop of the Curve in Mutiara Damansara. The plant has a peak cooling capacity of 7,600 tons and can supply cooling to three customer buildings: The Curve, Cineleisure, and The Royale Bintang Hotel. It describes the facilities and systems used at the plant, including chillers, pumps, cooling towers, heat exchangers, and an ice storage tank. The document also summarizes the chilled water revenue from 2006 for each customer building.
The Co-Generation Plant at UConn generates all the power needed for campus using natural gas-powered turbines. It is more efficient than a conventional power plant, producing both electricity and steam for heating and cooling. The plant costs $80 million to build but saves $10 million per year in energy costs. It uses water reclamation facilities and produces steam with boilers and turbines, distributing it through an underground piping system to buildings across campus.
The document discusses district cooling in Kuwait and the GCC region. It summarizes that district cooling can provide significant benefits to Kuwait including reducing infrastructure costs, decreasing carbon emissions, and lowering power consumption compared to traditional air conditioning systems. Key benefits mentioned are reducing electric demand by over 1,200 MW and power consumption by over 2,700 GWh through implementation of district cooling with thermal energy storage in Kuwait. Several large existing district cooling projects and plants currently operating in Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Qatar, Oman, and Saudi Arabia are also summarized.
Chapter 6 : Smart District heating/cooling, Summer Course, AUST 2015Isam Shahrour
This chapter presents the district heating/cooling system and its main challenges. Then it presents the concept of the Smart District heating/cooling (sensors, data collection, data analysis,..). Finally, the Smart District heating is presented through the project SunRise “Large scale demonstrator of the Smart City”.
District cooling involves providing cooling from a central plant to multiple buildings via pipes. It started in the 1930s. A case study on a residential area in Jaber Al-Ahmad City found that a district cooling system with thermal storage could provide yearly energy savings of 40% compared to conventional air cooling systems and reduce peak power usage by 50% on average. The district cooling plant would have a capacity of 41,670 tons and use 101.9 GWh of energy annually to serve over 1,600,000 square meters of buildings.
The document discusses field erected cooling towers, which are customized cooling towers designed for large industrial applications. It describes the different types of induced draft cooling towers based on their material of construction, including fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) towers. It emphasizes the importance of considering how the cooling towers will interact with their surrounding environment to prevent issues like recirculation, interference, and poor plume dispersion. Several case studies of large FRP cooling tower installations are presented.
This document provides guidelines for connecting new or renovated buildings to the centralized campus chilled water plants. Buildings can connect directly to the primary chilled water loop or indirectly via a plate and frame heat exchanger. For direct connections, the chilled water supply is 42°F with a 16°F delta T and the system pressure is set at 80 PSIG. Indirect connections are required if a building's static pressure exceeds this. Guidelines are provided for pumps, valves, meters, and other components as well as testing, balancing, and commissioning requirements to ensure building systems interface properly with the central plants.
District cooling involves providing cooling to multiple buildings from a central plant via pipes. It started in the 1930s and provides energy savings compared to individual building cooling systems. A case study examines a residential area in Kuwait, finding the district cooling plant would save 50% on peak power and 40% annually on energy versus individual air-cooled systems. An inner-city case study in Kuwait also finds savings on energy and costs over a 30-year period from a district cooling system serving office, commercial and residential buildings.
Amr Hussien Arafa is applying for a job opportunity. He has a B.Sc. in Electrical Power and Mechanics from Helwan University with good grades. His experience includes over 3 years working as an electrical designer in Egypt. His responsibilities have included shop drawings, single line diagrams, BOQs, substation design, and lighting calculations. He is proficient in AutoCAD and has skills in English, PLC programming, and lighting calculations software. He completed summer training programs in various industries and his faculty project involved designing electrical systems for a new hospital.
The document discusses the key components and operation of chilled water systems. It describes the main components as chillers, cooling towers, pumps, piping and air handling units. It then covers topics such as chiller types, flow calculations, recommended flow velocities, chiller efficiency ratings, expansion tanks, piping basics including materials and valves used, and testing and balancing (TAB) of the system.
Neah Power Systems provides a summary of their fuel cell technology and business. Their silicon-based direct methanol fuel cell technology offers higher power density, longer runtime, and lighter weight compared to lithium-ion batteries. They have successful prototypes, strategic partnerships, and government funding that position them for commercialization in the portable power markets of defense, consumer products, and industrial users. Their business model leverages silicon manufacturing infrastructure to produce low-cost fuel cells for recurring revenue from fuel cartridge sales.
Thermal storage, such as ice-making air conditioners, can help save the electric grid by shifting demand from peak daytime hours to overnight. As climate change increases demand for air conditioning, renewable sources like wind are intermittent and don't always match peak demand. Thermal storage allows excess wind power generated at night to be stored as ice and used to power air conditioning during the day, reducing strain on the grid. Many commercial buildings already use such systems successfully to lower costs and emissions. Widespread adoption of thermal storage could help integrate more renewable energy and avoid the need for new power plants.
Michigan Energy Forum - November 13, 2012AnnArborSPARK
This presentation is a combination of the presentations give by the following companies; Spider 9, Grid Logic, Advanced Battery Concepts, LLC, Power Electronic & Vehicle Electrifications, Blusine, inmatech, SkySpecs and XG Sciences. The presentations were given at the International Battery Show in Novi, Michigan on November 13th as a part of the Michigan Energy Forum Event Series.
Vizag Steel has implemented extensive water conservation and recycling measures to reduce water consumption. Total water recycling is over 155,494 cubic meters per hour with make-up water needs of only 3,750 cubic meters per hour. Various projects have been implemented since 2004 to reduce water usage, such as recycling blowdown water, installing ultra filters, repairing pipelines, and modifying cooling systems. These projects have resulted in annual water savings of over 4 million cubic meters and costs recovered in under 3 years. Vizag Steel's specific water consumption of 2.33 cubic meters per ton of liquid steel is lower than other major steel producers. Further schemes are planned to achieve zero discharge of water.
ONGC was established in 1956 to promote and develop India's petroleum resources. It produces crude oil and natural gas through operations across India. Key facilities include oil production plants and terminals that process crude oil, natural gas, and produced water extracted from wells. Sensors and transducers are important tools used at these facilities to detect parameters and convert signals for monitoring and automation of processes. Common sensors discussed include thermistors and resistance temperature detectors used to measure temperature.
Cold ironing, which provides ships with shoreside power so they can turn off engines at berth, is being adopted at ports to reduce emissions. It requires infrastructure upgrades at marine terminals and on ships. Analysis found that over the long-term, cold ironing is often more cost-effective than using onboard fuels, especially in California and the Pacific Northwest where electricity prices are lower. While capital costs are higher for cold ironing, fuel and potential future emission costs make it economically justified in many ports.
This project involved re-conceptualizing concentrated solar power and use it for producing hot water. The resulting huge volume of hot water would be geographically distributed through a piped "grid" modeled after a smart electric grid. This would result in more secure and consistent water supplies, but would most importantly reduce the high up-front costs of solar thermal, while simultaneously boosting its efficiency.
Sustaining the Environment Lower GWP Refrigerants & OptionsUNEP OzonAction
The document discusses options for reducing the greenhouse gas impact of refrigerants and air conditioning systems, including using lower global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants, developing systems with minimal refrigerant charges, reducing refrigerant leakage rates, and improving energy efficiency. It notes the industry challenges of balancing environmental goals with growing demand for cooling and outlines Danfoss' policy of enabling customers to achieve refrigerant goals while enhancing energy efficiency.
This document discusses the transition to renewable energy and a circular economy. It makes three key points:
1. Past energy transitions were driven by growth and electricity needs, while today's is driven by decarbonization and reducing fossil fuel dependence.
2. DNV GL's approach to advancing the circular economy involves identifying opportunities, assessing systems and products, developing improvements, and implementing changes. Checklists and workshops are used to screen ambitions and define follow-up projects.
3. Examples of potential circular economy projects are presented, including second-life batteries, electronic waste recycling, composite reuse/recycling, thin-film photovoltaics, polymer automotive cycles, and chemical sector byproduct reuse.
Low power VLSI design has become an important discipline due to increasing device densities, operating frequencies, and proliferation of portable electronics. Power dissipation, which was previously neglected, is now a primary design constraint. There are several sources of power dissipation in CMOS circuits, including switching power due to charging and discharging capacitances, short-circuit power during signal transitions, and leakage power from subthreshold and gate leakage currents. Designers have some control over power consumption by optimizing factors such as activity levels, clock frequency, supply voltage, transistor sizing and architecture.
This document discusses the growing global market for battery storage technologies to support renewable energy integration and grid-connected applications. It notes that battery storage capacity is projected to reach 240 GW globally by 2030. The document then analyzes barriers to widespread adoption, including initial cost, performance validation, safety, and accessing multiple revenue streams. It profiles different battery chemistries and their suitability for various applications. Analysis shows that PLMTM advanced lead-acid batteries and Tesla batteries can deliver multiple services at the lowest cost over 10 years. The document promotes PLMTM as a safe, proven technology that offers competitive cost and flexible configurations to support widespread deployment of energy storage.
Andreas Schierenbeck, President, Building Technologies, Siemens Inc.Michael Flynn
The document discusses trends driving the need for smart consumption solutions in cities and buildings. Megatrends like climate change, urbanization and globalization are posing challenges for cities. Buildings consume most of the world's energy and produce significant carbon emissions. Smart building technologies can reduce energy use by optimizing efficiency and shifting loads to better match supply and demand. This allows buildings to interact with the grid and reduce costs for both buildings and utilities.
District cooling involves providing cooling from a central plant to multiple buildings via pipes. It started in the 1930s. A case study on a residential area in Jaber Al-Ahmad City found that a district cooling system with thermal storage could provide yearly energy savings of 40% compared to conventional air cooling systems and reduce peak power usage by 50% on average. The district cooling plant would have a capacity of 41,670 tons and use 101.9 GWh of energy annually to serve over 1,600,000 square meters of buildings.
The document discusses field erected cooling towers, which are customized cooling towers designed for large industrial applications. It describes the different types of induced draft cooling towers based on their material of construction, including fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) towers. It emphasizes the importance of considering how the cooling towers will interact with their surrounding environment to prevent issues like recirculation, interference, and poor plume dispersion. Several case studies of large FRP cooling tower installations are presented.
This document provides guidelines for connecting new or renovated buildings to the centralized campus chilled water plants. Buildings can connect directly to the primary chilled water loop or indirectly via a plate and frame heat exchanger. For direct connections, the chilled water supply is 42°F with a 16°F delta T and the system pressure is set at 80 PSIG. Indirect connections are required if a building's static pressure exceeds this. Guidelines are provided for pumps, valves, meters, and other components as well as testing, balancing, and commissioning requirements to ensure building systems interface properly with the central plants.
District cooling involves providing cooling to multiple buildings from a central plant via pipes. It started in the 1930s and provides energy savings compared to individual building cooling systems. A case study examines a residential area in Kuwait, finding the district cooling plant would save 50% on peak power and 40% annually on energy versus individual air-cooled systems. An inner-city case study in Kuwait also finds savings on energy and costs over a 30-year period from a district cooling system serving office, commercial and residential buildings.
Amr Hussien Arafa is applying for a job opportunity. He has a B.Sc. in Electrical Power and Mechanics from Helwan University with good grades. His experience includes over 3 years working as an electrical designer in Egypt. His responsibilities have included shop drawings, single line diagrams, BOQs, substation design, and lighting calculations. He is proficient in AutoCAD and has skills in English, PLC programming, and lighting calculations software. He completed summer training programs in various industries and his faculty project involved designing electrical systems for a new hospital.
The document discusses the key components and operation of chilled water systems. It describes the main components as chillers, cooling towers, pumps, piping and air handling units. It then covers topics such as chiller types, flow calculations, recommended flow velocities, chiller efficiency ratings, expansion tanks, piping basics including materials and valves used, and testing and balancing (TAB) of the system.
Neah Power Systems provides a summary of their fuel cell technology and business. Their silicon-based direct methanol fuel cell technology offers higher power density, longer runtime, and lighter weight compared to lithium-ion batteries. They have successful prototypes, strategic partnerships, and government funding that position them for commercialization in the portable power markets of defense, consumer products, and industrial users. Their business model leverages silicon manufacturing infrastructure to produce low-cost fuel cells for recurring revenue from fuel cartridge sales.
Thermal storage, such as ice-making air conditioners, can help save the electric grid by shifting demand from peak daytime hours to overnight. As climate change increases demand for air conditioning, renewable sources like wind are intermittent and don't always match peak demand. Thermal storage allows excess wind power generated at night to be stored as ice and used to power air conditioning during the day, reducing strain on the grid. Many commercial buildings already use such systems successfully to lower costs and emissions. Widespread adoption of thermal storage could help integrate more renewable energy and avoid the need for new power plants.
Michigan Energy Forum - November 13, 2012AnnArborSPARK
This presentation is a combination of the presentations give by the following companies; Spider 9, Grid Logic, Advanced Battery Concepts, LLC, Power Electronic & Vehicle Electrifications, Blusine, inmatech, SkySpecs and XG Sciences. The presentations were given at the International Battery Show in Novi, Michigan on November 13th as a part of the Michigan Energy Forum Event Series.
Vizag Steel has implemented extensive water conservation and recycling measures to reduce water consumption. Total water recycling is over 155,494 cubic meters per hour with make-up water needs of only 3,750 cubic meters per hour. Various projects have been implemented since 2004 to reduce water usage, such as recycling blowdown water, installing ultra filters, repairing pipelines, and modifying cooling systems. These projects have resulted in annual water savings of over 4 million cubic meters and costs recovered in under 3 years. Vizag Steel's specific water consumption of 2.33 cubic meters per ton of liquid steel is lower than other major steel producers. Further schemes are planned to achieve zero discharge of water.
ONGC was established in 1956 to promote and develop India's petroleum resources. It produces crude oil and natural gas through operations across India. Key facilities include oil production plants and terminals that process crude oil, natural gas, and produced water extracted from wells. Sensors and transducers are important tools used at these facilities to detect parameters and convert signals for monitoring and automation of processes. Common sensors discussed include thermistors and resistance temperature detectors used to measure temperature.
Cold ironing, which provides ships with shoreside power so they can turn off engines at berth, is being adopted at ports to reduce emissions. It requires infrastructure upgrades at marine terminals and on ships. Analysis found that over the long-term, cold ironing is often more cost-effective than using onboard fuels, especially in California and the Pacific Northwest where electricity prices are lower. While capital costs are higher for cold ironing, fuel and potential future emission costs make it economically justified in many ports.
This project involved re-conceptualizing concentrated solar power and use it for producing hot water. The resulting huge volume of hot water would be geographically distributed through a piped "grid" modeled after a smart electric grid. This would result in more secure and consistent water supplies, but would most importantly reduce the high up-front costs of solar thermal, while simultaneously boosting its efficiency.
Sustaining the Environment Lower GWP Refrigerants & OptionsUNEP OzonAction
The document discusses options for reducing the greenhouse gas impact of refrigerants and air conditioning systems, including using lower global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants, developing systems with minimal refrigerant charges, reducing refrigerant leakage rates, and improving energy efficiency. It notes the industry challenges of balancing environmental goals with growing demand for cooling and outlines Danfoss' policy of enabling customers to achieve refrigerant goals while enhancing energy efficiency.
This document discusses the transition to renewable energy and a circular economy. It makes three key points:
1. Past energy transitions were driven by growth and electricity needs, while today's is driven by decarbonization and reducing fossil fuel dependence.
2. DNV GL's approach to advancing the circular economy involves identifying opportunities, assessing systems and products, developing improvements, and implementing changes. Checklists and workshops are used to screen ambitions and define follow-up projects.
3. Examples of potential circular economy projects are presented, including second-life batteries, electronic waste recycling, composite reuse/recycling, thin-film photovoltaics, polymer automotive cycles, and chemical sector byproduct reuse.
Low power VLSI design has become an important discipline due to increasing device densities, operating frequencies, and proliferation of portable electronics. Power dissipation, which was previously neglected, is now a primary design constraint. There are several sources of power dissipation in CMOS circuits, including switching power due to charging and discharging capacitances, short-circuit power during signal transitions, and leakage power from subthreshold and gate leakage currents. Designers have some control over power consumption by optimizing factors such as activity levels, clock frequency, supply voltage, transistor sizing and architecture.
This document discusses the growing global market for battery storage technologies to support renewable energy integration and grid-connected applications. It notes that battery storage capacity is projected to reach 240 GW globally by 2030. The document then analyzes barriers to widespread adoption, including initial cost, performance validation, safety, and accessing multiple revenue streams. It profiles different battery chemistries and their suitability for various applications. Analysis shows that PLMTM advanced lead-acid batteries and Tesla batteries can deliver multiple services at the lowest cost over 10 years. The document promotes PLMTM as a safe, proven technology that offers competitive cost and flexible configurations to support widespread deployment of energy storage.
Andreas Schierenbeck, President, Building Technologies, Siemens Inc.Michael Flynn
The document discusses trends driving the need for smart consumption solutions in cities and buildings. Megatrends like climate change, urbanization and globalization are posing challenges for cities. Buildings consume most of the world's energy and produce significant carbon emissions. Smart building technologies can reduce energy use by optimizing efficiency and shifting loads to better match supply and demand. This allows buildings to interact with the grid and reduce costs for both buildings and utilities.
The document discusses the importance of sustainability in major infrastructure projects. It notes that climate change, resource depletion, and health issues require new approaches that are more sustainable. Specifically, it calls for more sustainable energy, buildings, and transportation. The document also discusses challenges like designing infrastructure to account for climate change impacts, conducting economic and environmental modeling, and selecting sustainable materials. Overall, it argues that sustainability must be a central consideration in planning and developing future infrastructure projects.
LEAST-COST-&-RISK LIFECYCLE DELIVERED ENERGY SERVICESMichael P Totten
147-slide deck used in seminar at the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), Nov. 12, 2014, Energy Training Workshop. Whereas the IDB has skewed investment and financial support to South and Central American and Caribbean nations into large-scale hydrodams, and large-scale fossil fuel projects (power plants, pipelines), this presentation focuses on the superior least-cost-and-risk strategy based on end-use efficiency gains, onsite and distributed microgrids, powered with solar and wind power.
http://www.brewer-garrett.com
Ohio Energy Services Company, Brewer-Garrett, was represented at the Kentucky Energy Management Conference on Dec. 7, 2011. Energy Services Division Manager, Kelly Tisdale, presented "Strategies for Energy Efficiency and Conservation."
Modeling and Fluid Flow Analysis of Wavy Fin Based Automotive RadiatorIJERA Editor
In continuous technological development, an automotive industry has increased the demand for high efficiency engines. A high efficiency engines in not only based on its performance but also for better fuel economy and less emission rate. Radiator is one of the important parts of the internal combustion engine cooling system. The manufacturing cost of the radiator is 20 percent of the whole cost of the engine. So improving the performance and reducing cost of radiators are necessary research. For higher cooling capacity of radiator, addition of fins is one of the approaches to increase the cooling rate of the radiator. In addition, heat transfer fluids at air and fluid side such as water and ethylene glycol exhibit very low thermal conductivity. As a result there is a need for new and innovative heat transfer fluids, known as “Nano fluid” for improving heat transfer rate in an automotive radiator. Recently there have been considerable research findings highlighting superior heat transfer performances of nanofluids about 15-25% of heat transfer enhancement can be achieved by using types of nanofluids. With these specific characteristics, the size and weight of an automotive car radiator can be reduced without affecting its heat transfer performance. An automotive radiator (Wavy fin type) model is modeled on modeling software CATIA V5 and performance evaluation is done on pre-processing software ANSYS 14.0. The temperature and velocity distribution of coolant and air are analyzed by using Computational fluid dynamics environment software CFX. Results have shown that the rate of heat transfer is better when nano fluid (Si C + water) is used as coolant, than the conventional coolant.
The document discusses several environmental issues related to technology, including the growing problem of e-waste, toxic sites in Silicon Valley from earlier electronics manufacturing practices, ways to reduce energy consumption through color and materials selection, and alternative energy technologies like solar, wind, and fuel cells. It notes both the challenges and opportunities in developing more sustainable materials and energy solutions.
The document discusses the prospects of district cooling for residential sectors in Kuwait. It provides background on the current status of district cooling in Kuwait, noting some existing private district cooling projects. It then discusses the need to consider district cooling for new residential suburbs in Kuwait due to the large projected housing development and associated HVAC energy demands. The document reviews the general benefits of district cooling systems and considers the feasibility factors for implementing district cooling in residential areas with lower housing densities.
Yaqoub almatouq, ministry of social affair & laborSarah El Akkad
This document discusses district cooling as an environmentally strategic option. It notes that district cooling can help address challenges from ozone depletion and climate change by utilizing more environmentally-friendly refrigerants. District cooling provides benefits like improved energy efficiency from operating chillers at optimal conditions and utilizing renewable energy sources. However, implementation concerns must be addressed regarding the initial and operating costs, reliability, expandability, and ensuring fair pricing and provider selection for end users. The document was presented at the 2011 Kuwait District Cooling Summit by a refrigeration expert from Kuwait's National Ozone Unit.
This document outlines a presentation on legal and commercial issues related to district cooling projects, given by Tim Burbury at the Kuwait District Cooling Summit in January 2011. The presentation covers (1) different deal structures used for district cooling projects, (2) common commercial issues like water sources, demand guarantees, and construction phasing, and (3) legal issues regarding regulations, land rights, and bankability for financing district cooling projects. Key points discussed include different risk transfer models, stakeholder management, tariff structuring, modular plant capacity expansion, and interconnection challenges between central plants and distribution networks.
The document discusses international standards for pre-insulated piping systems used in district cooling networks. It provides an overview of Perma-Pipe, the largest supplier of pre-insulated piping systems in North America and the Middle East. It then discusses key components of pre-insulated piping systems including the HDPE casing, polyurethane foam insulation, corrosion protection, leak detection, and field joint sealing methods.
The document discusses district cooling in Kuwait and the challenges facing its development. It provides details about S&T Cool, a district cooling company operating in Abu Dhabi. It also discusses the potential size of S&T Cool's plant in Al Reem Island and gives an overview of district cooling in other Gulf countries. The challenges facing Kuwait include high power demand and subsidies. The document suggests ways to overcome these challenges, such as conducting studies, updating energy codes, introducing incentives, and carrying out a pilot project.
Individual metering of energy consumption provides benefits to building owners and tenants. BTU meters allow for more accurate measurement and billing of energy usage, which can lead to reduced consumption by 30% or more. Modern static BTU meters are more accurate than mechanical meters and require less maintenance. Automatic meter reading systems make it easy to remotely collect meter data with minimal manual reading required.
This document discusses sea water cooling towers. It provides an overview of why industries use sea water cooling systems, the typical infrastructure requirements like intake structures and piping, and the main types of cooling including once-through and evaporative cooling. It also describes advantages of circular cooling towers like lower costs and maintenance needs compared to mechanical draft towers. The case study of Jubail Industrial City in Saudi Arabia outlines the large-scale sea water cooling system used to provide cooling to multiple industrial plants.
1. The document discusses creating national will to achieve the national destiny and purpose set by GCC country leaders, including reducing energy demand and emissions.
2. It presents district cooling as a way to efficiently cool different building types and proposes various investment options for states, recommending public-private partnerships and third party investments.
3. A decision matrix compares investment alternatives based on economic and financial factors, concluding that a third party investment using a BOOT method is most suitable.
This document discusses why district cooling projects under a BOT/BOO structure may not be viable for private sector off-takers based on learnings from the Dhahran District Cooling Project. Key challenges for private developers include uncertain capacity planning and utilization, weak contractual frameworks, lack of utility guarantees, and high payment/credit risk from end users. These risks result in high costs of debt and equity that require very high tariffs to make projects financially viable. The Dhahran project succeeded due to support from the public sector off-taker which ensured long-term financing, adequate utility supply, a take-or-pay structure, and a strong contractual framework. The conclusion is that projects with private off-takers
EarthWise chilled water systems consume less energy, capital, and water through three main strategies: (1) using colder chilled water which reduces energy usage in chillers and chilled water pumps, (2) maintaining warmer cooling tower water which saves energy in condenser water pumps and cooling tower fans, and (3) implementing thermodynamic staging with series chillers which lowers compressor energy usage. These techniques were shown to save over 2.9 million gallons of water annually in a 10,000 ton chilled water system in Dubai.
Kuwait Pipe Industries & Oil Services Co. (K.S.C) and isoplus Austria have created a joint company called isoplus Middle East to produce and distribute pre-insulated piping systems. Isoplus Middle East offers a wide range of insulated steel pipes, fittings, and components to provide leak-tight piping networks with high quality thermal insulation and corrosion protection for various industrial applications. The company produces items at its new Kuwait facility and also distributes products from isoplus Group, a major European manufacturer of pre-insulated piping with over 5,500 km of pipes installed worldwide.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
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1. Challenges Facing District Cooling Industry
in the Arabian Gulf Countries
presented to:
Kuwait District Cooling Summit
25&26 January 2011
Abdulhamid Almansour
Saudi Tabreed
di b d
2. CONTENTS
I. Current Challenges Facing GCC Countries In Meeting A/C
Demand
II.
II How Can District Cooling Mitigates The Challenges
How Can District Cooling Mitigates The Challenges
III. Introduction To District Cooling
IV. Outsourcing Governmental A/C Projects
V. DC Provider responsibilities
4. I. Current Challenges Facing GCC countries in
meeting A/C demand
meeting A/C demand
Meeting escalated Electricity Peak demand
70% of power generated consumed in A/C
Summer/winter power fluctuation
Low electricity tariff
Low electricity tariff
Cooling Water shortage
Environmental concerns
Lack of A/C legislations
L k f A/C l i l ti
Poor management of existing systems
New civic structures expansions
Increasing local fuel demand
6. II. How Can District Cooling Mitigate The Challenges
District Cooling Optimization Benefits
40% less power demand
0% ess po e de a d
Creates a flatter demand curve
Diversity Factor.
Higher load factor
Smaller Distribution Network Infrastructure
Provides the opportunity to co‐ordinate and phase
start‐up
Help reduce long term capital costs and hence the cost
Help reduce long term capital costs and hence the cost
of generation.
7. II. How Can District Cooling Mitigate The Challenges
District Cooling Power optimization
2.2
1. 8
1. 7
0.95
9
D i st r i c t C ool i ng A i r c ool e d S pl i t Wi ndow
Comparison of Energy consumptions (KWH/TR)
p gy p ( / )
8. II. How Can District Cooling Mitigate The Challenges
Comparison Of Energy Consumptions
C i Of E C ti
DESCRIPTION STAND ALONE DISTRICT COOLING
Voltage
l LV MV
Use 2 KW/TR 1 KW/TR
Utilization 50% 120%
Connected Load 2 KW/ TR 0.95 KW/TR
Power Factor 0.8‐0.85 0.95
Peak Load Unshaved Shaved
Customers for Power Multiple Single
p y
Company
Equipment Used Commercial Industrial
15. III. Why is District Cooling Environmentally friendly?
District Cooling helps the environment by increasing energy
efficiency and reducing environmental emissions including air
pollution, the greenhouse gas (GHG) carbon dioxide (CO2) and
ozone‐destroying refrigerants.
Most Middle Eastern governments are parties to the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. With most
countries in the region having extremely high GHG emissions per
capita, this issue will become increasingly important for
government policy.
District Cooling can reduce annual CO2 emissions by about 1 ton
for every ton of district cooling refrigeration demand served.
16. III. Why is District Cooling Environmentally friendly?
Refrigerants
Varity of options available to replace CFC’s and HCFC’s
Most widely accepted replacement is a family of refrigerants
known as HFC’s (Hydro fluorocarbons),HFC‐134a
Regulated under the Kyoto Protocol which specifies reduction
targets for emission
17. IV. INTRODUCTION TO DISTRICT COOLING (D.C.)
Industry History
There are over 6,000 commercial district energy systems (heating
and/or cooling) operating in North America, including all
American military bases and some 2,000 universities and colleges
The district energy industry has grown in the USA, Europe and
Asia into a widely recognized, cost effective and environmentally
friendly method of providing heating or cooling
Japan has seen a four fold growth over the last decade Denmark
four‐fold decade,
fills nearly half of its heating requirements through district energy
systems, and the UK has highlighted district energy as part of its
strategy to reduce CFC emissions
Famous landmarks, with district‐cooling systems include the
Petronas Towers (Kuala Lumpur), the Pentagon (Washington) and
La Defence (P i )
L D f (Paris)
18. IV. INTRODUCTION TO DISTRICT COOLING (D.C.)
How District Cooling works
District Cooling is a utility which provides chilled water to
customers buildings boundary via a metered and
controlled process
The customer still has to do the internal building A/c work
which constitutes of internal distribution piping, air side
system & controls
28. IV. INTRODUCTION TO DISTRICT COOLING (D.C.)
District Cooling In The World
(Commercial District Cooling In USA)
(C i l Di t i t C li I USA)
1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s *
Hartford Minneapolis Trenton Indianapolis New Orleans
Pittsburgh
g Commerce City Dade County
y y Cleveland Montreal
Century City Nashville New Haven Trigen‐Chicago
i Chi Orlando
l d
San Antonio Brookline Nassau County Baltimore Detroit
Omaha Oklahoma City Windsor Las Vegas
Wauwatosa San Diego Houston Tampa
Los Angeles Tulsa
Los Angeles Tulsa Harrisburgg Sudbury y
Cincinnati Akron
Kansas City Phoenix
Toronto Portland
Miami Honolulu
Youngstown Markham
St. Paul Des Moines
UTT ‐ Chicago Austin
Atlantic City Wilmington
Denver
Boston * Includes systems
in development
31. IV. INTRODUCTION TO DISTRICT COOLING (D.C.)
Valuable Space Saving
p g
Without DC With DC
A Dubai Hotel Parking roof top Shangri-la Parking Roof Top
The view from the Suites & Rooms The view from Shangri-la’s Suites & Rooms
32. V. OUTSOURCING GOVERNMENTAL A/C PROJECTS
Governments Benefits
25% Reduction in Capacity Requirements
Reduced Capital Investment
15‐20% Savings in Annual Operating expenses
Reduced Depreciation & Replacement Cost
Reduced Depreciation & Replacement Cost
Higher reliability
Long Term Trouble Free Service
Less administrative tasks
New job opportunities for the nationals
33. V. OUTSOURCING GOVERNMENTAL A/C PROJECTS
How can Governments promote DC
developing Governments Tenders based on EPCO,PPP,BOO
developing Governments Tenders based on EPCO PPP BOO
Facilitation of Permits of piping network ,right of ways
Priorities in energy supply &rates (electricity ,fuel)
Developing A/C codes to stipulate efficiencies parameters
Project finance( lending )by Government financial institutions
Adopting electricity variable rates (day/night, ummer/winter)
Leasing Government lands whenever possible
Access to cooling water i.e. STP effluent ,Sea water and drainage
Access to cooling water i e STP effluent Sea water and drainage
Incentives to D.C. subscribers
34. V. DC PROVIDER RESPONSIBILITIES
Investment in Capital to build Plant and Infra‐structure
Manages the D i and C
M h Design d Construction of F ili i to meet
i f Facilities
customers requirements
Specialized Operators and Technicians to Monitor and
Maintain Equipment Ensuring 24 Hour Service
Back‐up System that Allows uninterrupted Routine Upkeep
and Repair
Assumes all risk
Illustrate a proven Track Record (20+ Operating Plants)
p ( p g )
35. V. DC PROVIDER RESPONSIBILITIES
Partnership approaches
A. Clients Invitation through: RFP/IFP
A Clients Invitation through: RFP/IFP
B. Form of agreements: BOO/BOOT/EPCO/Service agreement
C. Compensations: Connection fees/Capacity fees/Usage fees
D. Agreements Term: 20‐25 years in average
g y g