The document discusses international standards for pre-insulated piping systems used in district cooling networks. It provides an overview of Perma-Pipe, the largest supplier of pre-insulated piping systems in North America and the Middle East. It then discusses key components of pre-insulated piping systems including the HDPE casing, polyurethane foam insulation, corrosion protection, leak detection, and field joint sealing methods.
Do you think how big companies like google, facebook , adobe, ...etc, are store millians of data and also how they secure all those data. Please watch to know all these actual reality.
Tropical hardwood tree investments deliver fantastic returns as well as being eco-friendly, tax efficient, ethical and sustainable.
Find out how a £15,000 investment can grow into £193,000 in 18 years...
An EMM cloud-based solution that allows IT departments to set up, monitor, and manage devices remotely, easily and efficiently protecting them from viruses, malware, and intrusion.
Types of attic insulation used in hot and cold climateslee shin
though the attic insulations remain with the single purpose of keeping the temperature moderate indoor, the type of attic insulation varies depending on the climatic condition. the slides here shows some of the attic insulation installation type in hot and cold region
Do you think how big companies like google, facebook , adobe, ...etc, are store millians of data and also how they secure all those data. Please watch to know all these actual reality.
Tropical hardwood tree investments deliver fantastic returns as well as being eco-friendly, tax efficient, ethical and sustainable.
Find out how a £15,000 investment can grow into £193,000 in 18 years...
An EMM cloud-based solution that allows IT departments to set up, monitor, and manage devices remotely, easily and efficiently protecting them from viruses, malware, and intrusion.
Types of attic insulation used in hot and cold climateslee shin
though the attic insulations remain with the single purpose of keeping the temperature moderate indoor, the type of attic insulation varies depending on the climatic condition. the slides here shows some of the attic insulation installation type in hot and cold region
Melemine Coated Door 18mm thick particle board as core Edges sealed with 2mm thick REHAU PVC, High quality German DECORATOR and Spain LAMIGRAF impregnated decor paper HPL Coated Door 18mm thick particle board as coreEdges sealed with 2mm thick REHAU PVCThe decorative sheet thickness is 0.6~0.8mm Lacquered Door18/21/25mm thick MDF as core High gloss and matt lacquer is PU lacquer Flash lacquer is PU lacquer with shiny powders Front face or both faces lacquered PVC Foil Coated Door18/21/25mm thick MDF as core Front face coated with PVC, back face coated with white melamine High quality PVC foil, mainly supplied by Renolit and Riken PP Foil Coated Door21/25mm thick MDF as core Both faces coated with PPFine wood grain, affordable and often used as the alternative of solid wood.Acrylic(PWMA) Coated Door 18mm thick particle board as core Front face coated with colored 1mm thick painted acrylic Back face laminated with ABS decor paper Edges sealed with same-color acrylic. Check all style kitchens.
Catálogo de productos de la compañía INFRACA.
INFRACA es una compañía líder a nivel mundial en la fabricación y comercialización de puertas industriales frigoríficas, rápidas, de salas blancas o de usos específicos. Con más de 30 años de experiencia, la compañía ha experimentado importantes crecimientos en los últimos años que han llevado a la compañía a liderar el mercado español y posicionarse como un actor de referencia a nivel internacional.
La clave del éxito de INFRACA ha sido la apuesta desde sus inicios por la innovación permanente para satisfacer las necesidades de los instaladores, ampliando y mejorando constantemente su gama de productos y obteniendo nuevas patentes.
Learn how to deliver software like Pivotal and Google.
In this one-day program, Pivotal and Google share how we deliver software applications. By demonstrating the capabilities of a cloud-native software organization, we’ll share the promises Pivotal Cloud Foundry can help you keep when combined with industry-leading services and infrastructure using Google Cloud Platform (GCP).
We built Pivotal Cloud Foundry so you can deliver software with increased velocity and reduced risk. Together we will share how to make the principles of Google’s Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) achievable on Pivotal Cloud Foundry. Google and Pivotal collaborated to make Pivotal Cloud Foundry a reliable place for your applications to live.
The day will open with an introduction to Pivotal, Google, and our shared partner ecosystem. Pivotal will share how culture and technology combine to reinforce each other. We will go hands-on to show you how easy it is to develop applications with Spring Boot, integrate with Google Cloud services, and use Concourse to automate shipping applications to Pivotal Cloud Foundry.
In the afternoon, we’ll show you how Pivotal Cloud Foundry operators can empower development teams by enabling GCP integrations in their Pivotal Cloud Foundry environment. We’ll then focus on the developer experience of integrating applications with GCP’s powerful services.
Questions? Please email us at cloudnativeroadshow@pivotal.io.
Many businesses are looking at ways to cut costs with security guards. Instead, replacing them with CCTV cameras and Transmission devices also known as Off Site Remote Monitoring. The cameras send a signal to a Central Monitoring Station who then take the necessary action. We have a Learn CCTV training Course specifically designed with Off Site Remote monitoring in mind.
Technical Bulletin 0714 Elastomeric insulation versus polyisocyanurate in low...Dyplast Products
PURPOSE
Several of Dyplast’s prior Technical Bulletins have provided in-depth comparisons of various insulants, including polyisocyanurate (polyiso or PIR), polyurethane (PUR), phenolic, polystyrene (expanded EPS and extruded XPS), cellular glass, and fiberglass - - as well as less-than-comprehensive comparisons with elastomeric and aerogel. Now with somewhat more information becoming available from elastomeric manufacturers and the aggressive marketing from elastomeric suppliers for colder applications it is appropriate to dedicate a Technical Bulletin to elastomeric insulants as compared to polyisocyanurate - - and to a much lesser extent phenolic, and cellular glass.
Technical Bulletin 0714 Elastomeric insulation versus polyisocyanurate in low...Joe Hughes
PURPOSE
Several of Dyplast’s prior Technical Bulletins have provided in-depth comparisons of various insulants, including polyisocyanurate (polyiso or PIR), polyurethane (PUR), phenolic, polystyrene (expanded EPS and extruded XPS), cellular glass, and fiberglass - - as well as less-than-comprehensive comparisons with elastomeric and aerogel. Now with somewhat more information becoming available from elastomeric manufacturers and the aggressive marketing from elastomeric suppliers for colder applications it is appropriate to dedicate a Technical Bulletin to elastomeric insulants as compared to polyisocyanurate - - and to a much lesser extent phenolic, and cellular glass.
Subsea And Deepwater Flow Assurance Insulation Challenges And New Developmen...Shiwei William Guan
As offshore pipeline installation in deepwater and ultra deepwater applications increases, technical requirements for subsea flow assurance insulation will continue along the following directions: longer tie-back, lower U value, deeper water depth, and higher operating temperatures. The challenges to the pipeline industry are to improve the conventional systems or to develop new insulation materials/technologies to address the new requirements, and to establish meaningful testing standards and capability to validate the performance of these improved/new insulation systems. The presentation will discuss these challenges and new developments.
To save energy seal ducts. New code requirements will test ducts for air leakage. Find out the best way to seal your HVAC system whether it's a retrofit or a new system.
Technical Bulletin 1128A Mechanical Insulation In Typical Refrigeration Appli...Joe Hughes
As operating temperatures of mechanical equipment and piping systems drop, increased diligence must be exercised to optimize the insulation system’s performance and mitigate risks of future deterioration. When specifying and installing an insulation system for pipes or equipment operating at refrigerant temperatures (e.g. -70°F to 32°F) cutting corners or rationalizing compromises is imprudent since the operating costs and risks far outweigh any reduced capital costs; and it is important to note that the best systems are typically not the most expensive systems.
Melemine Coated Door 18mm thick particle board as core Edges sealed with 2mm thick REHAU PVC, High quality German DECORATOR and Spain LAMIGRAF impregnated decor paper HPL Coated Door 18mm thick particle board as coreEdges sealed with 2mm thick REHAU PVCThe decorative sheet thickness is 0.6~0.8mm Lacquered Door18/21/25mm thick MDF as core High gloss and matt lacquer is PU lacquer Flash lacquer is PU lacquer with shiny powders Front face or both faces lacquered PVC Foil Coated Door18/21/25mm thick MDF as core Front face coated with PVC, back face coated with white melamine High quality PVC foil, mainly supplied by Renolit and Riken PP Foil Coated Door21/25mm thick MDF as core Both faces coated with PPFine wood grain, affordable and often used as the alternative of solid wood.Acrylic(PWMA) Coated Door 18mm thick particle board as core Front face coated with colored 1mm thick painted acrylic Back face laminated with ABS decor paper Edges sealed with same-color acrylic. Check all style kitchens.
Catálogo de productos de la compañía INFRACA.
INFRACA es una compañía líder a nivel mundial en la fabricación y comercialización de puertas industriales frigoríficas, rápidas, de salas blancas o de usos específicos. Con más de 30 años de experiencia, la compañía ha experimentado importantes crecimientos en los últimos años que han llevado a la compañía a liderar el mercado español y posicionarse como un actor de referencia a nivel internacional.
La clave del éxito de INFRACA ha sido la apuesta desde sus inicios por la innovación permanente para satisfacer las necesidades de los instaladores, ampliando y mejorando constantemente su gama de productos y obteniendo nuevas patentes.
Learn how to deliver software like Pivotal and Google.
In this one-day program, Pivotal and Google share how we deliver software applications. By demonstrating the capabilities of a cloud-native software organization, we’ll share the promises Pivotal Cloud Foundry can help you keep when combined with industry-leading services and infrastructure using Google Cloud Platform (GCP).
We built Pivotal Cloud Foundry so you can deliver software with increased velocity and reduced risk. Together we will share how to make the principles of Google’s Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) achievable on Pivotal Cloud Foundry. Google and Pivotal collaborated to make Pivotal Cloud Foundry a reliable place for your applications to live.
The day will open with an introduction to Pivotal, Google, and our shared partner ecosystem. Pivotal will share how culture and technology combine to reinforce each other. We will go hands-on to show you how easy it is to develop applications with Spring Boot, integrate with Google Cloud services, and use Concourse to automate shipping applications to Pivotal Cloud Foundry.
In the afternoon, we’ll show you how Pivotal Cloud Foundry operators can empower development teams by enabling GCP integrations in their Pivotal Cloud Foundry environment. We’ll then focus on the developer experience of integrating applications with GCP’s powerful services.
Questions? Please email us at cloudnativeroadshow@pivotal.io.
Many businesses are looking at ways to cut costs with security guards. Instead, replacing them with CCTV cameras and Transmission devices also known as Off Site Remote Monitoring. The cameras send a signal to a Central Monitoring Station who then take the necessary action. We have a Learn CCTV training Course specifically designed with Off Site Remote monitoring in mind.
Technical Bulletin 0714 Elastomeric insulation versus polyisocyanurate in low...Dyplast Products
PURPOSE
Several of Dyplast’s prior Technical Bulletins have provided in-depth comparisons of various insulants, including polyisocyanurate (polyiso or PIR), polyurethane (PUR), phenolic, polystyrene (expanded EPS and extruded XPS), cellular glass, and fiberglass - - as well as less-than-comprehensive comparisons with elastomeric and aerogel. Now with somewhat more information becoming available from elastomeric manufacturers and the aggressive marketing from elastomeric suppliers for colder applications it is appropriate to dedicate a Technical Bulletin to elastomeric insulants as compared to polyisocyanurate - - and to a much lesser extent phenolic, and cellular glass.
Technical Bulletin 0714 Elastomeric insulation versus polyisocyanurate in low...Joe Hughes
PURPOSE
Several of Dyplast’s prior Technical Bulletins have provided in-depth comparisons of various insulants, including polyisocyanurate (polyiso or PIR), polyurethane (PUR), phenolic, polystyrene (expanded EPS and extruded XPS), cellular glass, and fiberglass - - as well as less-than-comprehensive comparisons with elastomeric and aerogel. Now with somewhat more information becoming available from elastomeric manufacturers and the aggressive marketing from elastomeric suppliers for colder applications it is appropriate to dedicate a Technical Bulletin to elastomeric insulants as compared to polyisocyanurate - - and to a much lesser extent phenolic, and cellular glass.
Subsea And Deepwater Flow Assurance Insulation Challenges And New Developmen...Shiwei William Guan
As offshore pipeline installation in deepwater and ultra deepwater applications increases, technical requirements for subsea flow assurance insulation will continue along the following directions: longer tie-back, lower U value, deeper water depth, and higher operating temperatures. The challenges to the pipeline industry are to improve the conventional systems or to develop new insulation materials/technologies to address the new requirements, and to establish meaningful testing standards and capability to validate the performance of these improved/new insulation systems. The presentation will discuss these challenges and new developments.
To save energy seal ducts. New code requirements will test ducts for air leakage. Find out the best way to seal your HVAC system whether it's a retrofit or a new system.
Technical Bulletin 1128A Mechanical Insulation In Typical Refrigeration Appli...Joe Hughes
As operating temperatures of mechanical equipment and piping systems drop, increased diligence must be exercised to optimize the insulation system’s performance and mitigate risks of future deterioration. When specifying and installing an insulation system for pipes or equipment operating at refrigerant temperatures (e.g. -70°F to 32°F) cutting corners or rationalizing compromises is imprudent since the operating costs and risks far outweigh any reduced capital costs; and it is important to note that the best systems are typically not the most expensive systems.
This presentation will briefly touch on the basics of fabric expansion joints; however, is mainly focused on the various designs, material details, and applications. Learn how fabric expansion joints are engineered and fabricated for various applications and the many factors that influence those designs. View the abundance of materials used, including Fluoroplastic and Fluoroelastomer, and their respective capabilities. Take a journey through a Fossil Fired Power Plant and see exactly where fabric expansion joints are required.
Only for Knowledge purpose, doesn't contains any confidential data's.
Content:
1. What is Duct & Duct design
> Typical illustration of duct work
2.
Ducting Materials
> Galvanized steel
> Aluminium (Al)
> Polyurethane and phenolic insulation
panels (pre insulated air ducts)
> Fiberglass duct board (preinsulated
non metallic ductwork)
> Flexible ducting
> Fabric ducting
> PVC low
profile ducting
> Waterproofing
3. Components of Duct System
> Vibration isolators
> Take
offs
> Stack boots and heads
> Volume control dampers
> Smoke and fire dampers
> Turning vanes
> Plenums
> Terminal units
> Air terminals & Louvers
> Duct joints
4. Air leakage in duct
> Why duct leak test required
> Where Does Duct Leakage Occurs
> Methods to test Duct Leakage
5. Duct sealing
> Duct sealing methods
Duct tape,
Water based sealant, Mastic resin
based sealant, Metallic tapes
6. Duct maintenance
> Methods
Contact vacuuming, Air
sweeping, Power brushing, Sealing of
air leak.
2. About Perma-Pipe Design principles of buried district cooling systems International Standards Dissecting a Pre-insulated Pipe Casing End-Seals Insulation Carbon Steel Carrier Pipes Corrosion Protection Leak Detection Systems Field Joint Systems Conclusions Contents
3. Perma-Pipe established in 1961 Ricwil established in 1910 Division of MFRI, Inc. NASDAQ traded company $ 200 + million / year revenues Perma-Pipe Global manufacturer & engineering company providing piping systems & solutions $100+ million / year revenues District Heating & Cooling, Environmental, Industrial, and Oil & Gas Markets Largest supplier of pre-fabricated / pre-insulated piping systems in North America & the Middle East Installations all over the world About Perma-Pipe
4. Perma-Pipe Credentials Holds the Chairman position on the ASTM Task Group responsible for developing standardsfor pre-insulated piping standard for district heating & cooling. First member ofInternational District Energy Association (IDEA). Member since 1921. Products Certified to EN 253standards. Been supplying to the Middle East since 1975. Supplier of the worlds longest pre-insulated pipeline – 590 km from Rjaastan to Gujarat Products successfully in service for over 40 years!
11. 2” – 72” service pipe diameters Any service pipe material Any insulation thickness Different types of insulation Any HDPE casing thickness With/without leak detection cables With/without end-seals HDPE Molded fitting Covers Extrusion welded fitting Covers Custom and standard spool fabrication Heat-tracing System Fabrication Blasting & anti-corrosion coating Manufacturing Capabilities
13. Contraction/expansion of service pipe Friction between casing and soil Virtual anchors/restrained systems Pipe movement Hoop stress of pipe Stress analysis
14. When axial force from service pipe is less than the accumulated friction the pipe will be fully restrained. SYSTEM LAY OUT PRINCIPLES: Cold installation Pre-heated/pre-stressed systems Compensated systems
15. Expansion/contraction of pipe Expansion/contraction absorbed by elbows or expansion loops Expansion cushions Compensators/contraction joints Cushions at branches Anchors
17. Hoop stress from internal pressure Example: 10 bar system, 30” pipe, sch std Restrained stress Example: Operating temperature 5˚C, installation temperature 35˚C ΔT = 30˚C Accumulated stress
18. Bonding between pipe-foam-jacket Backfilling materials Pipe movement at branches Hoop stress is not the dominating stress factor Complex systems Fatigue of pipe Stress analysis is “a must” Design and verifications
20. International Standards European Standards Background Positives Quality Assurance Standardized System Negatives Based on all-case scenario Written for district heating NOT district cooling Based on cold & harsh European environment Limits innovation Over designed and adds unnecessary cost, especially for chilled water systems Thicker than required HDPE casing
21. North American Standards Background ASTM Standard for insulated pipe is under final development Negatives Allows all service pipes. Some service pipes are not as adequate for the application as steel pipe Positives Various pipe materials Designs are uniquely engineered to each project for innovative solutions Holds the insulated piping manufacturer responsible for the recommended solutions HDPE casing thickness engineered for project specific requirements International Standards
22. Peeling back the layers of a Pre-Insulated Pipe - Understanding the HDPE Casing
23. The outer casing has 2 main functions: Mechanical Protection During material handling at the plant and on-site During freight & transportation Vapor Barrier Preventing water ingress during installation due to trench flooding Isolating underground water during operation Significantly reduces diffusion of the blowing agent gas from the PU cell structure Understanding the Function of the HDPE Casing
24. Why does EN 253 require thicker than required HDPE casing? Foaming is exothermic – heat deforms the casing EN standards written based on process limitations of the injection system Thin casing damaged during storage & transportation especially for larger diameters piping Politically difficult to change, even with new technology
25. HDPE Casing – How thick is thick enough? Soda Ash Project in Colorado 12” pipe, 50 mm insulation - 150 km Less than 2mm jacket thickness Barmer to Salaya cross-country Pipeline (BSPL) Rajasthan to Gujarat, India 24” pipe , 90 mm insulation - 590 km Various rugged terrain including desert, marsh-land and forest Followed EN 253 quality standard but with 5 mm HDPE casing Typical jacket thickness for Western Canadian Oil & Gas market is 1.5 mm Supplied thousands of kilometers of thin wall jacket
26. Point Load Test Steel Rod (Penetrator) : 12.0mm MTS Machine Speed : 5.1mm/min Ambient Temperature : 24 C Relative Humidity : 52.9% Average Density of foam : 50 kg/m3 HDPE Jacket thickness specimens tested: 3mm & 4 mm Measured Peak Loads: 1516 – 1979 N
32. HDPE End-Seal – A Water Spread Limiting System Seamless HDPE Wind-Down End Seal Moisture contained to field joint or to one length of pipe
33. End Seal Certification Test Pressure Vessel Gauge Reading Test pressure is 11 PSI (76 KPa). Removing Test Specimen From Pressurized Testing Chamber
34. End Seal Certification Test CONCLUSION: No evidence of water . Ingression test establishing the functionality of a seamless end-seal.
35. Peeling back the layers of a Pre-Insulated Pipe - Understanding the Bonding Layer
36. Bonding is required to design the system as “strain based” with virtual anchors (buried pipes). Load transfer from pipe to insulation to jacket. Pipe, insulation and jacket move together as a unit. No water transfer longitudinal to the pipe. Why is Bonding Important?
37.
38.
39. Comparison of Injection vs. Spray Applied PU Foam Injected PU foam May have voids Not concentric Jacket may not bond to insulation Inconsistent density Inconsistent compressive strength Inconsistent thermal conductivity Predetermined thickness increments Higher cost Difficult inspection / lower quality Sprayed PU foam No insulation voids Fully concentric Jacket fully bonded to the insulation Consistent density Consistent compressive strength Consistent thermal conductivity Precise thickness Lower cost Easy inspection / higher quality
40. Understanding Polyurethane - Density Selecting the right density is important to strike the best possible cost-effectiveness ratio. The higher the density, the higher the thermal conductivity. The higher the density the higher the compressive strength. The higher the density, the higher the cost! Current EN 253 does not specify density.
41. Understanding Polyurethane – Thermal Conductivity (K Value) The k value is the most important parameter in determining the efficiency of the insulated piping system. This is what you pay for! The thermal conductivity of insulation materials decreases as the temperature falls. Temperature increases on the other hand result in a minimal increase in thermal conductivity. Aged k value is what should be considered in the design of an insulated piping system. It is important to note that all polyurethane insulations will age. The difference is the duration over which the insulation will age.
42. Thermal Conductivity vs. Density 0.24 0.20 0.16 0.12 Thermal Conductivity (BTU-in/hr-ft2-oF) 0 2 4 6 8 10 Density (lbs/ft3)
43. Understanding Polyurethane - Compressive Strength This parameter is the second most important consideration for designing insulated piping systems. PERCEPTION: The HDPE Jacket provides the loading properties of the system. FACT: Compressive Strength of the foam provides the loading characteristics of the system. Soil loading determines the required compressive strength.
45. Understanding Polyurethane - Closed Cell Content This parameter determines the water absorption characteristics of the polyurethane foam. Every step and effort must be taken to keep water out of the system. Wet insulation is no insulation. Water is the dielectric for corrosion The higher the closed cell content the slower the gas diffuses out of the foam and hence slower the aging. Note: Even though not listed in the revision changes this parameter was removed from latest version of EN 253. Previous EN 253 standards specified the requirement as 88%.
46. Polyurethane Foam – Blowing Agents K Factor The insulation properties of rigid polyurethane foam are determined by blowing agents. Thermal conductivity of foam made with various blowing agents.
47. Average Thermal Conductivity vs. Temperature HCFC 141b & HFC 245fa have much lower thermal conductivity than Cyclopentane (Data provided by Association of Home Appliances Manufacturers, AHAM, USA)
48. Average Aged Foam Thermal Conductivity Foam with HFC-245fa and R141b have lower K-Factors after aging than Cyclopentane.
49. Understanding Blowing Agents – Water Blown Foam (CO2) CO2 blown foam provides the worst thermal conductivity as compared to other blowing agents. CO2 has very small molecules that will diffuse into the air or into the cell walls and be replaced by Nitrogen molecules. The process of aging is hence the fastest in the case of CO2 blown foam.
50. Peeling back the layers of a Pre-Insulated Pipe - Anti-Corrosion Epoxy Coating
51. Insulation is a very good anti-corrosion coating because of its excellent electrical insulation value However, when wet, insulation no longer acts as a corrosion protection layer If leak from outside the water will be very corrosive Surface Preparation – Blasting to SA 2 ½, Epoxy Coating Case Study: Princess Noura University Heavy rains in Riyadh earlier this year Trenches flooded Water entered hundreds of joints during construction Corrosion Protection
52. Peeling back the layers of a Pre-Insulated Pipe - Understanding Carbon Steel Pipes
53.
54. ID Corrosion: The water must be treated (non corrosive quality)Durable and ideal for higher pressure applications Welded construction - No risk of field joint leaks Relatively inexpensive Contractors are familiar with the welding and layout techniques Field joint weld quality can be verified with a variety of NDE methods (x-ray, ultrasonic, magnetic particle)
55. Pipe Thickness Considerations Water Quality Water quality used in the Middle East is not the same as what is used in Europe Water is mostly made from desalinated seawater so level of chlorides may be higher Longer Delivery Times Much lower availability of BS and EN standard pipes as compared to ASTM standard pipes – manufactured by fewer mills. Thin walled pipe is not carried by Middle East pipe stockists Corrosion Annual corrosion rate for steel must be calculated. Depends on O2 content Pipe Handling Thin wall pipe is lighter and hence may be easier to handle Thin wall pipe is much easier to damage during storage, transportation and handling
58. Fabrication Fabrication done in-house by trained, tested and certified welders MIG/TIG/SAW/GTAW/GMAW/FCAW/Plasma Cutting/Victaulic Grooving All required testing facilities on site Ultrasonic Testing (UT) Radiography Testing (RT/X-Ray) Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) Die Penetrant Testing(PT)
64. Why use a Leak Detection System? Is it required can leaks be detected in other ways? To avoid corrosion? To avoid excessive loss of water? To avoid increased heat loss/gain?
65. Resistance (Nordic system) TDR /Capacitance system (Time Domain Reflectometry) Mechanical wires Pressure drop Heat sensitive camera (thermo graphic camera) Visual monitoring Leak Detection Principles
66. Important Features in Leak Detection Systems Ease of installation Ease of operation Connection to BMS Accuracy in locating leaks Monitor leaks Finding multiple leaks False alarms Price
67. Working Principles Nordic system Measuring resistance between 2 copper wires Electrons will travel through liquid and resistance will drop Works only in conductive liquids TDR system Send energy pulses in cables reading the reflections of energy Drop in energy reflection will show leak Will work with all liquids
68. Leak Detection Comparison Nordic system Will detect only one leak Sensitive to moisture Prone to give false alarms Difficult to find leaks (in-accurate) One wet joint will render the system useless. TDR Can detect multiple leaks Less sensitive to moisture but will sense water No false alarms Easy to find leaks Very accurate indications of where the leak is Mapping technology available
69. Time Domain ReflectometryPAL-AT TDR is a cable measuring technology related to sonar and radar. By sending energy pulses down the center conductor of a coaxial cable and measuring the reflected energy a map can be stored of the cable and monitored for change. When change occurs the type of alarm and its location is displayed on the panel.
79. Where does Perm-Alert differ from other systems? Mapping of reflection Multiple leaks can be found and monitored Reduced risk of false alarm Will give leak and location of leak immediately Set point follows the actual TDR response not as a fixed value More sensitive than other TDR systems Software will show location of leak on BMS
80. Palcom SoftwarePAL-AT and LiquidWatch Palcom allows remote control of up to 254 panels with the ability to review TDR traces, review the history of each unit and to pull down a CAD drawing for each system for location of leaks, breaks, shorts or probe activations.
82. Application method Tubular Wrap around Sealent method Mastic/hot melt sealed Welded Material type Cross linked Non cross linked Field Joint Systems
83. Wrap Around Heat Shrink Sleeves Wrap Around Shrink Sleeves Can Be Installed After Welding Polyolyfin sheet, irradiated, stretched and mastic/hotmelt is then applied for sealing Applied by wrapping around the insulated joint and returning the sleeve to its original dimensions by the application of heat utilized from a torch Features Can be supplied as double sealed Does not require special tools/machinery Easy to inspect Easy to repair Does not require extensive training –easy to apply
84. Heat Shrink Casings Tubular sleeves are manufactured from a polyethylene material to the proper diameter and thickness The sleeve is then irradiated using gamma rays to create an “elastic memory”. After irradiation the sleeve is heated to its softening point, expanded and cooled down in the expander. Sealants are applied to the ends of the joint (or the sealant are supplied in form of strips) The joints can also be produced without irradiation, this will however make the sleeve very sensitive to heat and direct sunlight as it will start to shrink before the joint is applied.
85. Electro fusion welded sleeves are made of non cross linked polyethylene. The joint can be either shrinkable or non shrinkable The heat shrinkable joint is placed over the field joint area, heat is applied to shrink the sleeve and the ends are fused to the HDPE casing using electrical welding wires. The non shrinkable sleeve will have a longitudinal opening so it can be wrapped around the joint. The sleeve will be fitted tightly using straps and then fused to the HDPE casing using electrical welding wires, or extrusion welded. Electro-fusion Welded Sleeves
86. Factors Causing Failure of Electro-Fusion Joining Process Factors of human errors cleaning, clamping, cooling time, operation of welding equipment, gap between fitting and pipe Factors of equipment errors equipment performance variation, degradation of equipment, frequency of electricity, input voltage, excessive length of electric cable, capacity of portable power generator in field, loose connectors for fitting, contamination of connectors Note: Weld controlled by a computer with temperature sensor, in warmer climates the sensor is not accurate and will stop the welding process before the joint is completed leaving parts of the joint un welded. Factors of environment temperature, rain, dust Factors of installation bending
87. Factors Causing Failure by Electro-Fusion Joining Process Sometimes difficult to achieve a circumferential fit Alignment issues on site
88. Installation issues apply to all types of field joints Heat shrink sleeves are easier to install and hence have fewer problems during application Heat shrink sleeves have a much longer track record in the region than other alternatives Electro-fusion joints can be difficult to install, especially if too thick Field Joints - Summary
90. Conclusions Standards are useful as a quality assurance guidelines but specification should be written based on project requirements Spray insulation is far superior to the injection technique The K Factor is what you buy! End seals and leak detection are very cost-effective insurance policies