Early astronomers discovered and described key facts about the shape and size of the Earth and the structure of the solar system:
- Aristotle discovered that the Earth is round in 350 BC based on observations of lunar eclipses and changes in stars viewed from different locations.
- Eratosthenes estimated the circumference of the Earth to be about 25,000 miles in 240 BC by comparing shadows cast at different locations.
- Ptolemy proposed the geocentric model in 140 AD to explain the apparent retrograde motion of planets based on their orbits around the Earth.
- Copernicus proposed the heliocentric model in 1543 AD, placing the Sun at the center of the solar system with planets in
The document discusses the history of models of the solar system. For thousands of years, the geocentric model placed Earth at the center. Ptolemy created an influential geocentric model in the 2nd century AD. In 1543, Copernicus published a heliocentric model placing the Sun at the center, though he was afraid to publish it while alive due to religious opposition. Galileo's observations of Jupiter's moons in 1609 provided further evidence supporting the heliocentric model.
This chapter discusses the scientific discoveries that revealed the Earth is not at the center of the universe, including Copernicus's argument that planets orbit the Sun. It describes how Kepler determined planetary orbits depend on Tycho Brahe's observations, and how Newton formulated the law of gravity to explain why planets remain in orbit. The scientific method is used to develop theories through observation, hypothesis, prediction, testing, modification and simplification.
The document discusses the Copernican Revolution and the birth of modern science. It describes how Copernicus proposed the heliocentric model with the Sun at the center, contradicting the geocentric Ptolemaic system. Later, Galileo provided evidence supporting heliocentric theory through his astronomical observations with a telescope. Kepler analyzed Tycho Brahe's precise observations of planetary motion and discovered his three laws of planetary motion, replacing circular orbits with ellipses and establishing relationships between orbital periods and distances from the Sun. Newton later explained Kepler's laws through his law of universal gravitation.
1. The document discusses the history of astronomy from ancient Greek ideas of a geocentric universe to Copernicus' heliocentric model.
2. Key figures discussed include Ptolemy, who developed the geocentric model that dominated for over 1000 years, and Copernicus, who proposed placing the Sun at the center.
3. Kepler later determined that planets orbit in ellipses rather than circles, establishing his three laws of planetary motion.
- Ptolemy placed the Earth at the center of the universe, with the Moon, Mercury, Venus, the Sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn circling the Earth. This geocentric model held sway for 1400 years.
- Copernicus proposed that the Sun, not the Earth, was the center of the Solar System in his book On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies. This heliocentric model made Copernicus the "father of modern astronomy."
- Kepler formulated his Three Laws of Planetary Motion using Brahe's precise observations. The first law states that the orbits of the planets are ellipses with the Sun at one focus.
1) The document provides a history of astronomy from ancient Babylonians to modern times, outlining major discoveries and theories.
2) Key figures discussed include Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton, who developed increasingly accurate models of the solar system and universe.
3) Milestones include Copernicus' heliocentric theory, Kepler's laws of planetary motion, Galileo's astronomical observations with telescopes, and Einstein's theories of relativity.
The document summarizes key facts about Earth and its moon:
1) Earth is unique in our solar system for having liquid water and a stable atmosphere that supports life. The moon is Earth's only natural satellite.
2) It is believed that the moon formed over 4 billion years ago when a Mars-sized planet collided with Earth, ejecting material that coalesced to form the moon.
3) The moon has different terrain types including dark volcanic lowlands called maria and bright, heavily cratered highlands. Humans first visited the moon in 1969 through the Apollo missions, with the last mission in 1972.
The document provides an overview of the early history of astronomy from ancient Greeks to modern times. It discusses that ancient Greeks held an Earth-centered view but Aristarchus proposed a Sun-centered model. Later, Ptolemy developed an Earth-centered model using epicycles to explain planetary motions. In the 1500s-1600s, Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo and Newton helped establish the modern heliocentric model through observations and laws of planetary motion and gravity.
The document discusses the history of models of the solar system. For thousands of years, the geocentric model placed Earth at the center. Ptolemy created an influential geocentric model in the 2nd century AD. In 1543, Copernicus published a heliocentric model placing the Sun at the center, though he was afraid to publish it while alive due to religious opposition. Galileo's observations of Jupiter's moons in 1609 provided further evidence supporting the heliocentric model.
This chapter discusses the scientific discoveries that revealed the Earth is not at the center of the universe, including Copernicus's argument that planets orbit the Sun. It describes how Kepler determined planetary orbits depend on Tycho Brahe's observations, and how Newton formulated the law of gravity to explain why planets remain in orbit. The scientific method is used to develop theories through observation, hypothesis, prediction, testing, modification and simplification.
The document discusses the Copernican Revolution and the birth of modern science. It describes how Copernicus proposed the heliocentric model with the Sun at the center, contradicting the geocentric Ptolemaic system. Later, Galileo provided evidence supporting heliocentric theory through his astronomical observations with a telescope. Kepler analyzed Tycho Brahe's precise observations of planetary motion and discovered his three laws of planetary motion, replacing circular orbits with ellipses and establishing relationships between orbital periods and distances from the Sun. Newton later explained Kepler's laws through his law of universal gravitation.
1. The document discusses the history of astronomy from ancient Greek ideas of a geocentric universe to Copernicus' heliocentric model.
2. Key figures discussed include Ptolemy, who developed the geocentric model that dominated for over 1000 years, and Copernicus, who proposed placing the Sun at the center.
3. Kepler later determined that planets orbit in ellipses rather than circles, establishing his three laws of planetary motion.
- Ptolemy placed the Earth at the center of the universe, with the Moon, Mercury, Venus, the Sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn circling the Earth. This geocentric model held sway for 1400 years.
- Copernicus proposed that the Sun, not the Earth, was the center of the Solar System in his book On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies. This heliocentric model made Copernicus the "father of modern astronomy."
- Kepler formulated his Three Laws of Planetary Motion using Brahe's precise observations. The first law states that the orbits of the planets are ellipses with the Sun at one focus.
1) The document provides a history of astronomy from ancient Babylonians to modern times, outlining major discoveries and theories.
2) Key figures discussed include Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton, who developed increasingly accurate models of the solar system and universe.
3) Milestones include Copernicus' heliocentric theory, Kepler's laws of planetary motion, Galileo's astronomical observations with telescopes, and Einstein's theories of relativity.
The document summarizes key facts about Earth and its moon:
1) Earth is unique in our solar system for having liquid water and a stable atmosphere that supports life. The moon is Earth's only natural satellite.
2) It is believed that the moon formed over 4 billion years ago when a Mars-sized planet collided with Earth, ejecting material that coalesced to form the moon.
3) The moon has different terrain types including dark volcanic lowlands called maria and bright, heavily cratered highlands. Humans first visited the moon in 1969 through the Apollo missions, with the last mission in 1972.
The document provides an overview of the early history of astronomy from ancient Greeks to modern times. It discusses that ancient Greeks held an Earth-centered view but Aristarchus proposed a Sun-centered model. Later, Ptolemy developed an Earth-centered model using epicycles to explain planetary motions. In the 1500s-1600s, Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo and Newton helped establish the modern heliocentric model through observations and laws of planetary motion and gravity.
The document discusses the origin and evolution of human species in the universe. It covers topics like the Ptolemaic and heliocentric models of the universe, the formation of the solar system, discoveries of exoplanets, the Milky Way galaxy, expansion of the universe according to Hubble's law, and the Big Bang theory for the origin of the universe approximately 13.7 billion years ago. The document provides information on these topics through questions, descriptions, images, and discussions of the scientific evidence supporting modern cosmological theories.
The document provides information about Pluto and other minor bodies in our solar system. It discusses Pluto's demotion to dwarf planet status in 2006, its physical characteristics such as size and orbit, and NASA's New Horizons mission to study Pluto up close. It also summarizes the discovery of asteroids in the region between Mars and Jupiter, including Ceres, and the Kuiper Belt of icy objects beyond Neptune's orbit that includes dwarf planets like Pluto.
Galileo Galilei was an Italian astronomer in the early 1600s who made several important scientific discoveries and innovations using a telescope. He observed craters on the moon, sunspots, and the phases of Venus. Most notably, he discovered four of Jupiter's largest moons, now called the Galilean moons. William Herschel was a German astronomer who discovered the planet Uranus in 1781 and several moons of Saturn and Uranus. Edmund Halley was an English astronomer who studied comet sightings from the 1500s and 1600s and correctly predicted the periodic return of what is now called Halley's Comet.
Canada has a long history of participation in space exploration dating back to 1839 with the establishment of the first magnetic observatory. Some key contributions include Marc Garneau being the first Canadian in space in 1984, Roberta Bondar being the first Canadian woman in space, and Chris Hadfield performing two spacewalks making him the first Canadian to float freely in space. Canada enjoys its role as a leader in space robotics and satellite communications due to inventions like the Canadarm robotic arm and scientific contributions in areas like life support systems and radiation dosimetry.
Aristotle believed motion was either natural or violent. Natural motion involved straight upward or downward movement, while violent motion resulted from a push or pull. Ptolemy altered Aristotle's model, placing Earth stationary at the center of the universe with planets orbiting in loops. Copernicus formulated a model with Earth and planets revolving around the Sun in circular orbits, contradicting the accepted model. Kepler discovered through Brahe's observations and his own that planets move in ellipses with the Sun at one focus.
This document provides a history of astronomy from ancient Greece to modern times. It describes how early Greek astronomers like Aristotle and Hipparchus made early observations of celestial objects but believed in a geocentric model where Earth is the center. Ptolemy later created an elaborate geocentric model, though Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo provided evidence supporting a heliocentric model through observations, Kepler's laws of planetary motion, and Galileo's discoveries with the telescope. Newton later unified physics and astronomy by formulating the law of universal gravitation. Einstein then revolutionized our understanding of motion, space, and time through his theory of relativity.
Astrology is considered unscientific by academics but remains popular. Richard Dawkins argued it should be seriously opposed. Early astrological studies failed to prove it scientifically due to oversimplifying its complexity. The presenter argues astrology works and aims to provide scientific credence. All sciences deal with phenomena beyond complete facts or understanding. Forces like gravity and magnetism were once invisible but astrological influences may operate through forces like the Earth's electromagnetic field. The zodiac maps planetary positions and the equinoxes/solstices mark astronomical transition points, like signs in astrology. Complex wave interference patterns could underlie astrological correlations.
Astronomy is the oldest of the natural sciences, dating back to antiquity, with its origins in the religious, mythological, cosmological, calendrical, and astrological beliefs and practices of pre-history: vestiges of these are still found in astrology, a discipline long interwoven with public and governmental astronomy, and not completely disentangled from it until a few centuries ago in the Western World (see astrology and astronomy). In some cultures, astronomical data was used for astrological prognostication.
Ancient astronomers were able to differentiate between stars and planets, as stars remain relatively fixed over the centuries while planets will move an appreciable amount during a comparatively short time.
This document discusses the Copernican Revolution and the transition from the geocentric to heliocentric models of the solar system. It describes the geocentric model proposed by Aristotle and Ptolemy, which placed Earth at the center. Problems with this model included its inability to explain retrograde motion of planets and phases of Venus. The document then introduces the heliocentric model proposed by Copernicus, which placed the Sun at the center. Key figures who contributed to the acceptance of the heliocentric model included Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler, and Galileo Galilei through their observations and scientific work.
The document discusses the nature of science and scientific theories. It provides three key hallmarks that distinguish science from non-science: 1) science seeks natural explanations for phenomena, 2) science progresses through creating and testing simple models of nature, and 3) scientific models must make testable predictions. The document also defines what constitutes a scientific theory, noting that a theory must explain a wide variety of observations with simple principles, be supported by compelling evidence, and withstand rigorous testing.
Chapter 1 of the History of Astronomy discusses prehistoric astronomy and early astronomical observations. It describes how early civilizations noticed the motions of the Sun, Moon, planets and stars and used them for timekeeping. It then discusses the development of models of the solar system from ancient Greek astronomers like Aristotle, Ptolemy and Copernicus to Renaissance scientists like Brahe, Kepler and Galileo. Key developments included determining the Earth and Moon's sizes, the heliocentric model of the solar system, and Kepler's laws of planetary motion. The growth of astrophysics in the 18th-19th centuries led to new discoveries and technologies.
1) Kepler's laws describe planetary orbits as ellipses with the Sun at one focus, with planets sweeping out equal areas in equal time intervals, and having orbital periods related to semimajor axes.
2) Newton's laws of motion and universal law of gravitation established that gravity keeps planets in orbit, with gravitational force proportional to product of masses and inverse to square of distance between objects.
3) Orbits in the solar system include planets following nearly circular orbits around the Sun, asteroids in the belt between Mars and Jupiter, and comets following highly eccentric orbits.
1. The document discusses the history of astronomy from ancient to modern times. It describes early astronomical observations and the development of models to explain celestial motions from prehistoric times through the Classical period.
2. During the Renaissance, improved observations and technology led to more accurate models. Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the solar system. Kepler described planetary motions with his laws, and Newton later explained Kepler's laws with his theory of universal gravitation.
3. Modern astronomy advanced with inventions like the telescope. Figures like Galileo, Tycho Brahe, and Hubble made important observational discoveries, and Einstein's theories revolutionized understanding of space and time.
The document traces the development of scientific understanding of the solar system from ancient times to the modern era. It describes early geocentric models proposed by Anaximander and Ptolemy that placed Earth at the center. Later thinkers such as Aristarchus, Copernicus, and Galileo proposed heliocentric models with the Sun at the center. Kepler determined orbits were elliptical rather than circular, and Newton explained planetary motion through universal gravity. Edwin Hubble's discovery of an expanding universe led to the development of the Big Bang theory.
Um belo ebook para você aprender tudo sobre os asteroides, aprender sobre possíveis ameaças de colisão com a Terra e como estão os planos de desviar um asteroide que possa colidir com o planeta.
The Voyager flights to Jupiter and Saturn were NASA missions launched in 1977 that took advantage of a rare planetary alignment to visit multiple outer planets using gravitational assists. Voyager 1 and 2 were each complex, long-lived spacecraft carrying instruments to study the planets, rings, moons, and environments. Voyager 1's encounter with Jupiter in 1979 revealed active volcanoes on Io and details of Jupiter's atmosphere, while both probes provided the first close images of Jupiter's moons."
This document provides an overview of the Copernican Revolution in astronomy from Ptolemy to Newton. It summarizes early geocentric models proposed by Aristotle and Ptolemy that placed Earth at the center. Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model that placed the Sun at the center. Kepler discovered that planets follow elliptical orbits with the Sun at one focus, and formulated his three laws of planetary motion. Galileo made important astronomical observations with his telescope that supported the Copernican model. Newton later described his laws of motion and gravity, unifying Kepler's laws with a physical mechanism.
The document provides an overview of astronomy concepts including:
1) Early astronomers like Ptolemy, Copernicus, and Galileo helped develop models of the solar system and universe, moving from a geocentric to heliocentric view.
2) The Big Bang theory and Nebular Hypothesis describe the origin and evolution of the universe from an initial singularity to the formation of galaxies, stars and planets.
3) Key concepts are defined including the structure of the universe, solar system bodies, planetary motion governed by Kepler's and Newton's laws, and factors that cause seasons on Earth.
The document discusses several key topics about the atmosphere:
1) The main gases in the atmosphere are nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor and carbon dioxide. Water vapor can range from 0-4% and carbon dioxide is under 1%.
2) Temperature measures molecular motion, while heat is the transfer of thermal energy. Temperature can be measured in Fahrenheit, Celsius or Kelvin.
3) Clouds form through convection when warm air rises and cools, orographic lifting when air rises over mountains, and when warm and cold air masses collide. Latent heat is released when water vapor condenses.
4) Clouds are classified by height as low, middle, or high, and by
The document discusses factors involved in estimating the number of technological civilizations that may exist among stars using the Drake Equation. It examines each variable in the equation - R* (rate of formation of suitable stars), fp (fraction with planets), ne (number of planets suitable for life), fl (fraction where life appears), fi (fraction where intelligent life emerges), fc (fraction emitting detectable signals), and L (length of time signals emitted). It provides estimates and considerations for each variable based on current astronomical and biological understandings.
The document discusses the origin and evolution of human species in the universe. It covers topics like the Ptolemaic and heliocentric models of the universe, the formation of the solar system, discoveries of exoplanets, the Milky Way galaxy, expansion of the universe according to Hubble's law, and the Big Bang theory for the origin of the universe approximately 13.7 billion years ago. The document provides information on these topics through questions, descriptions, images, and discussions of the scientific evidence supporting modern cosmological theories.
The document provides information about Pluto and other minor bodies in our solar system. It discusses Pluto's demotion to dwarf planet status in 2006, its physical characteristics such as size and orbit, and NASA's New Horizons mission to study Pluto up close. It also summarizes the discovery of asteroids in the region between Mars and Jupiter, including Ceres, and the Kuiper Belt of icy objects beyond Neptune's orbit that includes dwarf planets like Pluto.
Galileo Galilei was an Italian astronomer in the early 1600s who made several important scientific discoveries and innovations using a telescope. He observed craters on the moon, sunspots, and the phases of Venus. Most notably, he discovered four of Jupiter's largest moons, now called the Galilean moons. William Herschel was a German astronomer who discovered the planet Uranus in 1781 and several moons of Saturn and Uranus. Edmund Halley was an English astronomer who studied comet sightings from the 1500s and 1600s and correctly predicted the periodic return of what is now called Halley's Comet.
Canada has a long history of participation in space exploration dating back to 1839 with the establishment of the first magnetic observatory. Some key contributions include Marc Garneau being the first Canadian in space in 1984, Roberta Bondar being the first Canadian woman in space, and Chris Hadfield performing two spacewalks making him the first Canadian to float freely in space. Canada enjoys its role as a leader in space robotics and satellite communications due to inventions like the Canadarm robotic arm and scientific contributions in areas like life support systems and radiation dosimetry.
Aristotle believed motion was either natural or violent. Natural motion involved straight upward or downward movement, while violent motion resulted from a push or pull. Ptolemy altered Aristotle's model, placing Earth stationary at the center of the universe with planets orbiting in loops. Copernicus formulated a model with Earth and planets revolving around the Sun in circular orbits, contradicting the accepted model. Kepler discovered through Brahe's observations and his own that planets move in ellipses with the Sun at one focus.
This document provides a history of astronomy from ancient Greece to modern times. It describes how early Greek astronomers like Aristotle and Hipparchus made early observations of celestial objects but believed in a geocentric model where Earth is the center. Ptolemy later created an elaborate geocentric model, though Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo provided evidence supporting a heliocentric model through observations, Kepler's laws of planetary motion, and Galileo's discoveries with the telescope. Newton later unified physics and astronomy by formulating the law of universal gravitation. Einstein then revolutionized our understanding of motion, space, and time through his theory of relativity.
Astrology is considered unscientific by academics but remains popular. Richard Dawkins argued it should be seriously opposed. Early astrological studies failed to prove it scientifically due to oversimplifying its complexity. The presenter argues astrology works and aims to provide scientific credence. All sciences deal with phenomena beyond complete facts or understanding. Forces like gravity and magnetism were once invisible but astrological influences may operate through forces like the Earth's electromagnetic field. The zodiac maps planetary positions and the equinoxes/solstices mark astronomical transition points, like signs in astrology. Complex wave interference patterns could underlie astrological correlations.
Astronomy is the oldest of the natural sciences, dating back to antiquity, with its origins in the religious, mythological, cosmological, calendrical, and astrological beliefs and practices of pre-history: vestiges of these are still found in astrology, a discipline long interwoven with public and governmental astronomy, and not completely disentangled from it until a few centuries ago in the Western World (see astrology and astronomy). In some cultures, astronomical data was used for astrological prognostication.
Ancient astronomers were able to differentiate between stars and planets, as stars remain relatively fixed over the centuries while planets will move an appreciable amount during a comparatively short time.
This document discusses the Copernican Revolution and the transition from the geocentric to heliocentric models of the solar system. It describes the geocentric model proposed by Aristotle and Ptolemy, which placed Earth at the center. Problems with this model included its inability to explain retrograde motion of planets and phases of Venus. The document then introduces the heliocentric model proposed by Copernicus, which placed the Sun at the center. Key figures who contributed to the acceptance of the heliocentric model included Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler, and Galileo Galilei through their observations and scientific work.
The document discusses the nature of science and scientific theories. It provides three key hallmarks that distinguish science from non-science: 1) science seeks natural explanations for phenomena, 2) science progresses through creating and testing simple models of nature, and 3) scientific models must make testable predictions. The document also defines what constitutes a scientific theory, noting that a theory must explain a wide variety of observations with simple principles, be supported by compelling evidence, and withstand rigorous testing.
Chapter 1 of the History of Astronomy discusses prehistoric astronomy and early astronomical observations. It describes how early civilizations noticed the motions of the Sun, Moon, planets and stars and used them for timekeeping. It then discusses the development of models of the solar system from ancient Greek astronomers like Aristotle, Ptolemy and Copernicus to Renaissance scientists like Brahe, Kepler and Galileo. Key developments included determining the Earth and Moon's sizes, the heliocentric model of the solar system, and Kepler's laws of planetary motion. The growth of astrophysics in the 18th-19th centuries led to new discoveries and technologies.
1) Kepler's laws describe planetary orbits as ellipses with the Sun at one focus, with planets sweeping out equal areas in equal time intervals, and having orbital periods related to semimajor axes.
2) Newton's laws of motion and universal law of gravitation established that gravity keeps planets in orbit, with gravitational force proportional to product of masses and inverse to square of distance between objects.
3) Orbits in the solar system include planets following nearly circular orbits around the Sun, asteroids in the belt between Mars and Jupiter, and comets following highly eccentric orbits.
1. The document discusses the history of astronomy from ancient to modern times. It describes early astronomical observations and the development of models to explain celestial motions from prehistoric times through the Classical period.
2. During the Renaissance, improved observations and technology led to more accurate models. Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the solar system. Kepler described planetary motions with his laws, and Newton later explained Kepler's laws with his theory of universal gravitation.
3. Modern astronomy advanced with inventions like the telescope. Figures like Galileo, Tycho Brahe, and Hubble made important observational discoveries, and Einstein's theories revolutionized understanding of space and time.
The document traces the development of scientific understanding of the solar system from ancient times to the modern era. It describes early geocentric models proposed by Anaximander and Ptolemy that placed Earth at the center. Later thinkers such as Aristarchus, Copernicus, and Galileo proposed heliocentric models with the Sun at the center. Kepler determined orbits were elliptical rather than circular, and Newton explained planetary motion through universal gravity. Edwin Hubble's discovery of an expanding universe led to the development of the Big Bang theory.
Um belo ebook para você aprender tudo sobre os asteroides, aprender sobre possíveis ameaças de colisão com a Terra e como estão os planos de desviar um asteroide que possa colidir com o planeta.
The Voyager flights to Jupiter and Saturn were NASA missions launched in 1977 that took advantage of a rare planetary alignment to visit multiple outer planets using gravitational assists. Voyager 1 and 2 were each complex, long-lived spacecraft carrying instruments to study the planets, rings, moons, and environments. Voyager 1's encounter with Jupiter in 1979 revealed active volcanoes on Io and details of Jupiter's atmosphere, while both probes provided the first close images of Jupiter's moons."
This document provides an overview of the Copernican Revolution in astronomy from Ptolemy to Newton. It summarizes early geocentric models proposed by Aristotle and Ptolemy that placed Earth at the center. Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model that placed the Sun at the center. Kepler discovered that planets follow elliptical orbits with the Sun at one focus, and formulated his three laws of planetary motion. Galileo made important astronomical observations with his telescope that supported the Copernican model. Newton later described his laws of motion and gravity, unifying Kepler's laws with a physical mechanism.
The document provides an overview of astronomy concepts including:
1) Early astronomers like Ptolemy, Copernicus, and Galileo helped develop models of the solar system and universe, moving from a geocentric to heliocentric view.
2) The Big Bang theory and Nebular Hypothesis describe the origin and evolution of the universe from an initial singularity to the formation of galaxies, stars and planets.
3) Key concepts are defined including the structure of the universe, solar system bodies, planetary motion governed by Kepler's and Newton's laws, and factors that cause seasons on Earth.
The document discusses several key topics about the atmosphere:
1) The main gases in the atmosphere are nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor and carbon dioxide. Water vapor can range from 0-4% and carbon dioxide is under 1%.
2) Temperature measures molecular motion, while heat is the transfer of thermal energy. Temperature can be measured in Fahrenheit, Celsius or Kelvin.
3) Clouds form through convection when warm air rises and cools, orographic lifting when air rises over mountains, and when warm and cold air masses collide. Latent heat is released when water vapor condenses.
4) Clouds are classified by height as low, middle, or high, and by
The document discusses factors involved in estimating the number of technological civilizations that may exist among stars using the Drake Equation. It examines each variable in the equation - R* (rate of formation of suitable stars), fp (fraction with planets), ne (number of planets suitable for life), fl (fraction where life appears), fi (fraction where intelligent life emerges), fc (fraction emitting detectable signals), and L (length of time signals emitted). It provides estimates and considerations for each variable based on current astronomical and biological understandings.
The document discusses different methods for measuring distances to galaxies. The Cepheid variable method can be used for galaxies in our Local Group. The Tully-Fisher relation uses the correlation between luminosity and rotational velocity of spiral galaxies to estimate distances to more distant spirals. Galaxy clusters and superclusters like the Local Supercluster provide context on larger scales of structure in the universe.
Galaxies are organized into clusters and superclusters that are separated by immense voids, creating a vast foam-like structure known as the "cosmic web". The largest known structure is the Sloan Great Wall, which is nearly 1.5 billion light years in length. Dark matter seems to come in standard clumps of about 30 million solar masses and 300 parsecs across, with a temperature of about 10,000 K. The cosmological principle assumes the universe is uniform on large enough scales, both homogeneous meaning no preferred locations and isotropic meaning no preferred directions.
Active galaxies can be categorized into three main types: Seyfert galaxies, radio galaxies, and quasars. Seyfert galaxies are active spiral galaxies with non-stellar spectra. Radio galaxies are active elliptical galaxies that also have non-stellar spectra and are strong radio emitters. Quasars are the most luminous active galaxies known, far brighter than normal galaxies, with non-stellar spectra. Centaurus A is the closest active galaxy and provides a unique laboratory for studying these powerful objects, showing evidence of a past merger that fuels activity at its center.
There are three main classifications of galaxies: spiral, elliptical, and irregular. Spiral galaxies make up 75% of bright galaxies and are further divided into normal spirals and barred spirals, classified by the strength of their central bulge and tightness of spiral arms. Elliptical galaxies comprise 20% of bright galaxies and have a spherical structure without clear spiral arms. Irregular galaxies make up the remaining 5% and have a chaotic, non-uniform structure. The Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy over 100,000 light years wide that contains over 100 billion stars, including our sun which is located 28,000 light years from the galaxy's center.
The document discusses the discovery of the Milky Way galaxy. It describes how in the early 20th century, Shapley and Curtis debated whether spiral nebulae were inside or outside our galaxy. Hubble later proved with Cepheid variables that they were actually other galaxies. The Milky Way is now understood to be a barred spiral galaxy about 30,000 light years wide, with a bulge, disk containing spiral arms, and halo of globular clusters. It formed from a cloud of gas that contracted under gravity and began rotating to form the spiral structure seen today.
The document provides information about Earth's moon, Luna. It discusses Luna's interior structure, including its crust, mantle, and core. It also describes Luna's surface features such as impact craters, maria (large dark plains), and regolith (loose rock and soil). Additionally, it discusses Luna's origin from a giant impact event about 4.5 billion years ago and its surface ages, with the highlands being the oldest at 4.4 billion years. The document also summarizes the Earth-Moon system, particularly how the Moon causes Earth's tides and is tide-locked in its orbit.
1. The document discusses global warming and the greenhouse effect, explaining that greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide trap heat in the atmosphere and cause the planet to warm over time.
2. It then outlines some of the potential consequences of climate change, such as more severe weather, rising sea levels, health impacts, and ecosystem disruption.
3. Finally, it provides examples of how scientists use ice core data to study historical climate conditions and carbon dioxide levels, allowing them to better understand climate change.
The document summarizes key information about the geology of Venus. It states that Venus' surface is only about 500 million years old, as evidenced by impact craters, yet erosion rates are very low. Notable surface features include pancake-shaped volcanoes, coronae, and tectonic ridges and cracks. Venus has a slow 243-day rotation period that results in low wind speeds and erosion. Its atmosphere is extremely hot and dense.
The document discusses the geology and evolution of Earth. It describes Earth's interior structure with a core, mantle, and crust. It explains tectonic plates, geological features like impact craters, and extinction events from impacts and climate change. It also summarizes the composition and evolution of Earth's atmosphere from early outgassing to today, including the role of greenhouse gases and life in transforming the atmosphere.
The document summarizes key concepts about high mass stars and binary systems from sections 22.1, 22.2, and 23.5 of the textbook. It notes that high mass stars (>10 solar masses) end their lives as Type II supernovae, sometimes gamma-ray bursters. Binary systems produce novae, Type Ia supernovae, x-ray binaries, and x-ray bursters. All stars enrich the interstellar medium with heavier elements through their evolution and deaths. The goal is to answer fundamental questions about the universe and our origins.
The document discusses the birth of the universe through several key topics:
1) Olber's Paradox - The question of why the night sky is dark if the universe contains an infinite number of stars. Explanations include a finite age universe and the expansion of space stretching light wavelengths.
2) Hubble's Law - The observation that more distant galaxies are moving away faster, indicating an expanding universe.
3) The Big Bang Theory - Proposed to explain the expansion of the universe and supported by evidence like the cosmic microwave background radiation. It provides an explanation for how the universe began from an extremely dense and hot initial state.
The document summarizes key information about the atmospheres of Venus, Earth, and Mars:
- Venus has a dense, 96% carbon dioxide atmosphere with a surface pressure of 90 bars and average temperature of 850°F, caused by a runaway greenhouse effect. Its clouds are composed of sulfuric acid.
- Earth has an atmosphere composed primarily of nitrogen and oxygen with a pressure of 1 bar and average temperature of 59°F. It hosts water clouds.
- Mars has a thin, 95% carbon dioxide atmosphere with a surface pressure of 0.007 bars and average temperature of -67°F, caused by a runaway refrigerator effect that stripped it of gases over time. It can host clouds of
The climate of a region is determined by temperature and precipitation patterns over long periods of time. Key factors that influence climate include latitude, elevation, ocean currents, prevailing winds, and mountain ranges. Climate zones are generally divided into polar, temperate, and tropical zones based on average temperatures. Changes in Earth's climate over time are driven by natural factors like continental drift, variations in the planet's orbit and tilt, and greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere.
Typical stellar evolution proceeds through several stages:
1. Red Giant Branch: Stars expand and cool as hydrogen fuses to helium in a shell around the core.
2. Horizontal Giant Branch: A helium flash occurs, followed by helium fusing to carbon in the core while hydrogen fuses in a shell.
3. Asymptotic Giant Branch: Helium and hydrogen shells alternately fuse heavier elements, causing the star to further expand and cool before ejecting its outer layers as a planetary nebula.
This document discusses air pressure and moisture. It defines air pressure as the force of air pressing down on Earth's surface, which depends on air density. Factors that affect air pressure include temperature, water vapor, and elevation. As elevation increases, air becomes less dense and pressure decreases. Air pressure is measured using barometers like mercury or aneroid barometers. Relative humidity describes the amount of water vapor in air compared to the maximum it could hold at a given temperature, and is measured using a psychrometer. Higher relative humidity means slower evaporation.
This document summarizes the planets in our solar system. It divides the planets into two categories: the inner terrestrial planets of Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars, and the outer gas giants of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Key details are provided for each planet such as their composition, atmospheric conditions, rotation rates, and unique features like rings or volcanoes. Pluto is also briefly mentioned.
Thunderstorms form when there is moisture in the lower atmosphere, a mechanism to lift the moisture to condense and release latent heat, and an unstable atmosphere. They can produce hail, tornadoes, and wind speeds up to 160 km/hr. Lightning is a visible electrical discharge produced by thunderstorms. It forms through a process of charge separation within clouds and between the cloud and ground. Hurricanes are intense tropical storms that form over warm ocean waters and have heavy rains and winds over 74 mph. They consist of thunderstorms with a defined circulation and can cause flooding from storm surge.
The document summarizes theories about how our solar system formed from a collapsing cloud of gas and dust. It describes how:
1) Our solar system likely began from a giant interstellar cloud that collapsed under gravity and formed a rotating disk, with a dense center that became the Sun and a surrounding disk that formed the planets.
2) The solar nebula disk varied in temperature by distance from the Sun, allowing different elements to condense into planetary cores near and far from the Sun, forming the terrestrial and gas giant planets.
3) Asteroids and comets are remnants from solar system formation and provide clues about its early history through observations and analysis of their composition and orbits.
The Greeks knew the Earth was spherical through several lines of evidence:
- Pythagoras first proposed a spherical Earth around 500 BC.
- Anaxagoras observed circular shadows on the Moon during lunar eclipses, indicating the Earth was round.
- Aristotle made detailed arguments including that the North Star appears higher in the sky the farther north you travel, and ships disappear over the horizon progressively from bottom to top.
- Eratosthenes calculated the circumference of Earth by measuring the sun's angle at different locations, arriving at a value close to modern measurements.
Novel name: A brief time of history.
Writer name: Stephen Hawking
As from name, Stephen tries to explain brief history of time and he explains best. If you don't understand meaning of any word, then ask to us. I hope you like this novel.
Thanks.
1. Astronomy is one of the oldest sciences, with early observations made by cultures like Babylonians, Greeks, Egyptians, and Chinese.
2. Ancient structures like Stonehenge may have been used to track the sun's motion, especially solstices. Chinese astronomy also recorded supernovas.
3. Copernicus revolutionized astronomy by correctly proposing the heliocentric model where the Earth and planets orbit the Sun, rather than the geocentric Ptolemaic system, providing a simpler explanation for phenomena like retrograde motion.
2018 2019 geocentric theory model vs heliocentric theory model revisedaalleyne
The document compares the geocentric and heliocentric models of the solar system.
1) The geocentric model, proposed by Aristotle, placed Earth at the center with all other celestial bodies revolving around it. 2) Copernicus proposed the heliocentric model, which placed the Sun at the center with Earth and other planets orbiting around it. 3) Galileo provided evidence supporting the heliocentric model through astronomical observations with his telescope, though he was condemned by the Catholic Church for his findings.
powerpoint presentation model of the universe.pptxKIPAIZAGABAWA1
The document discusses early models of the universe from ancient Greek philosophers like Aristotle and Ptolemy who believed the Earth was at the center, to Copernicus who revived the heliocentric model placing the Sun at the center. It also covers Tycho Brahe who found errors in both the geocentric and Copernican models and gathered accurate observations over 20 years, paving the way for Kepler to discover his laws of planetary motion and establish an elliptical model of the universe.
The document discusses early models of the universe including the ideas that the Earth was flat and then spherical. It describes models from Greek philosophers like Aristotle who believed the Earth was at the center of the universe and surrounded by spheres carrying the planets and stars. Later models from Copernicus, Brahe and Kepler placed the Sun at the center with Earth and other planets orbiting around it, moving astronomy toward a heliocentric understanding of the solar system.
The document summarizes key developments in understanding planetary motion from Ptolemy to Kepler. It describes how Ptolemy created the geocentric model with epicycles to account for retrograde motion, how Galileo's telescope discoveries like Jupiter's moons supported Copernicus' heliocentric model, and how Kepler analyzed Tycho Brahe's precise observations to determine that planets orbit in ellipses with the Sun at one focus.
This document provides an overview of early Greek astronomy from Plato to Ptolemy. It discusses how Plato and Aristotle viewed the universe, with Plato believing in uniform circular motion and Aristotle recognizing lunar phases and arguing that the moon reflects sunlight. It then covers how later Greek astronomers like Hipparchus made important advances, including developing star catalogs and discovering precession. The document concludes with Claudius Ptolemy, who synthesized the knowledge in his influential book "The Almagest," establishing the geocentric Ptolemaic system as the standard model for over 15 centuries.
- Galileo Galilei was the first to use the telescope astronomically in 1609, observing sunspots on the Sun and features on the Moon like seas. His observations of Jupiter's moons provided evidence that bodies can orbit something other than Earth. His observations of Venus' phases provided evidence that Venus orbits the Sun.
- Kepler developed his three laws of planetary motion based on Brahe's astronomical measurements. His laws improved the Copernican model by showing planets orbit in ellipses rather than perfect circles.
Galileo Galilei's observations of Venus, Jupiter, and the Moon provided strong evidence supporting Copernicus' heliocentric model of the solar system. Galileo observed phases of Venus similar to Earth's Moon, proving that Venus orbits the Sun. He also discovered four moons orbiting Jupiter, showing that other celestial bodies can orbit something other than Earth.
- Galileo Galilei was the first to use the telescope astronomically in 1609, observing sunspots on the Sun and features on the Moon like seas. His observations of Jupiter's moons provided evidence that bodies can orbit something other than Earth. His observations of Venus' phases provided evidence that Venus orbits the Sun.
- Kepler developed his three laws of planetary motion based on Brahe's astronomical measurements. His laws improved the Copernican model by showing planets orbit in ellipses rather than perfect circles.
The document discusses the origin and evolution of models of the universe. It begins by describing early flat earth cosmologies from ancient civilizations like Egypt, India, and Mesopotamia. It then outlines the development of the spherical earth model in ancient Greece, including ideas proposed by Pythagoras, Plato, and calculations made by Eratosthenes to estimate the earth's circumference. The document also summarizes the geocentric model developed by the Greeks with the earth at the center, and revisions made by Aristotle and Ptolemy. Finally, it outlines the heliocentric model first proposed by Aristarchus, placing the sun at the center, and the further developments of this model by Copernicus.
1) The document discusses ancient Greek and early modern scientific models of cosmology and the solar system. It describes models proposed by thinkers like Aristotle, Ptolemy, Copernicus, Brahe, Galileo and Kepler.
2) Key events included Galileo's observations of Jupiter's moons and Venus' phases, which supported Copernicus' heliocentric model over the Ptolemaic geocentric one. Brahe made accurate observations without telescopes that challenged Aristotelian ideas.
3) Kepler developed his laws of planetary motion based on Brahe's observations, establishing elliptical orbits with the Sun at one focus and relationships between orbital periods and distances. This provided strong evidence for the Copernican model of a Sun-
The document summarizes key points from a lecture on the history and development of astronomy and science. It discusses how ancient cultures made early scientific observations of astronomical phenomena like the movements of the Sun, Moon and stars to develop calendars and track seasons. It then explains how ancient Greek scientists like Ptolemy developed early geocentric models of planetary motion and how Copernicus, Kepler and Galileo later established the heliocentric model through observations and mathematical laws. The document also discusses the scientific method and defines what constitutes a scientific theory. Finally, it distinguishes astronomy as a science from astrology, noting that scientific testing has found no validity to astrological claims.
Ancient cultures studied the sky and developed calendars based on observed cycles of celestial objects like the sun, moon, and stars. They noticed that the sun rises and sets daily, the moon's appearance changes monthly in a repeating cycle of phases, and stars return to the same positions annually. Over millennia, observations led to models of the universe, from geocentric ones placing Earth at the center, to the eventual acceptance of Copernicus' heliocentric model with the sun at the center.
physical science senior high school Q2 WEEK 1.pptxZayraAtrero2
1) Ancient civilizations believed the Earth was flat until the Greeks proposed it was spherical based on observations of lunar eclipses and the circular shadows cast on the Moon.
2) Early models of the universe placed Earth at the center, with Copernicus and others later advocating heliocentric models with the Sun at the center.
3) Galileo's observations with early telescopes, such as the moons of Jupiter and sunspots, provided evidence supporting heliocentric models and advancing astronomical understanding.
The document discusses the geocentric theory, which was the dominant model of the universe from ancient Greece until the 16th century. It states that under the geocentric theory, Earth is at the center of the universe and all other celestial bodies revolve around it. The theory was first proposed by ancient Greek philosophers like Aristotle and Ptolemy. It was later replaced by Copernicus' heliocentric theory, which placed the Sun at the center. The document provides details on the Ptolemaic system and key figures like Galileo who provided evidence supporting the heliocentric view.
The document discusses the geocentric theory, which was the dominant model of the universe from ancient Greece until the 16th century. It held that Earth is at the center of the universe, and all other celestial bodies revolve around it. Key aspects included that planets moved in circular orbits using epicycles and deferents, and the order of orbits. The theory was eventually replaced by the heliocentric model of Copernicus, Galileo and Kepler, which placed the Sun at the center.
Early Observers Astronomers ppt jshay v1.pptcarlmanaay
Ancient cultures studied the sky and developed early calendars and astronomy by observing cyclic patterns of celestial objects like the sun, moon, and stars. They used structures like Stonehenge and sites in Egypt to track solstices and help form early understandings of days, months and years. Over millennia, models evolved from geocentric views to the eventual heliocentric model established by Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo and Newton, through precise observations, mathematical laws, and the discovery of gravity.
Early Observers Astronomers ppt jshay v1.pptYaySandoval1
Ancient cultures studied the sky and developed early calendars and astronomy by observing cyclic patterns of celestial objects like the sun, moon, and stars. They used structures like Stonehenge and sites in Egypt to track solstices and help form early understandings of days, months and years. Over millennia, models evolved from geocentric views to the eventual heliocentric model established by Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo and Newton, through precise observations, mathematical laws, and the discovery of gravity.
The document discusses the distance ladder, which is an attempt to determine astronomical distances by using a series of methods that build on one another. Within the Solar System, distances are measured using radar ranging. Within the galaxy, distances are measured using stellar parallax, main sequence fitting, and properties of Cepheid variable stars. Further out in the universe, distances are measured using the Tully-Fisher relation, Type Ia supernovae, brightest cluster galaxies, and Hubble's law. The document aims to answer fundamental questions about what exists in the universe and how large it is.
The document discusses the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram, which plots stars' spectral classifications and luminosity classes to show overall trends of stellar properties. It notes that spectral class indicates a star's temperature from hot (OBA) to cool (KM), while luminosity class reflects size from supergiants to dwarfs. The distribution of stars in the diagram relates their masses and lifetimes, with high-mass blue main sequence stars having short lives versus low-mass red main sequence stars with long lives. The diagram aims to understand what types of stars exist.
The document discusses the solar interior and surface features. It explains that nuclear fusion in the core powers the sun, generating energy through the p-p chain reaction of converting hydrogen to helium. It also describes the solar neutrino problem, where fewer neutrinos are detected than models predict. The interior has different zones - the core, radiative zone, and convection zone. Surface features include sunspots, the 11-year sunspot cycle, prominences, and filaments.
The document provides information about outer solar system objects including Trans-Neptunian objects, Centaurs, Kuiper Belt objects, asteroids, comets, and dwarf planets. It discusses their classification, composition, formation processes, and what they reveal about the early solar system. Images show various outer solar system bodies like Pluto, Eris, asteroids, and comets, helping to illustrate their characteristics and relative sizes.
The document discusses asteroids and meteorites. Asteroids are remnants of planetary formation in the solar system. They are classified based on composition and location in relation to gravitational resonances with Jupiter. Ceres is the largest asteroid and is now classified as a dwarf planet. Meteorites provide information about early solar system conditions. They are classified based on composition as iron, stony, or stony-iron meteorites. Carbonaceous chondrites contain organic compounds and water, indicating the early solar system environment allowed these to form. Meteorites can also originate from the Moon or Mars.
The document discusses ring systems of the gas giant planets. It explains that ring systems are shaped by processes like the Roche limit and shepherding moons. It then provides details on the ring systems of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Saturn's rings are the most extensive and are composed primarily of ice particles. The rings of the other planets are thinner and less is known about their compositions. Over time, ring systems evolve and may be temporary structures unless replenished.
The document discusses the moons of the gas giants Jupiter and Saturn, focusing on Jupiter's large Galilean moons (Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto) and Saturn's moon Titan. It provides information about the surface conditions and geological features of these moons, including active volcanoes on Io, evidence that oceans may exist under the icy crusts of Europa and Ganymede, and liquid hydrocarbon seas on Titan. The document uses images from spacecraft like Galileo and Cassini to illustrate these characteristics and how they have been shaped by tidal interactions with the giant planets.
The document discusses the gas giant planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. It describes how the conditions in the early solar system led to their formation and composition primarily of hydrogen and helium. It explains what gives each planet its distinctive color through the composition of their clouds and atmospheres. Key details about the interiors, atmospheres, and cloud formations of each planet are provided.
The document summarizes the formation of the solar system based on the nebular hypothesis. It describes how:
1) A giant cloud of dust and gas gravitationally contracted to form a solar nebula.
2) Condensation occurred within the solar nebula, with different materials condensing at different temperatures.
3) Accretion and differentiation led to the formation of planetesimals and eventually planets, with terrestrial planets like Earth forming near the sun and gas giants like Jupiter forming farther out where temperatures allowed hydrogen and helium to condense.
The document discusses optical telescopes, including refracting vs reflecting designs, and different types of reflecting telescopes like Newtonian and Cassegrain. It asks why telescopes are made big, and answers that it is to gather more light and achieve higher angular resolution, allowing dimmer and more distant objects to be observed. Bigger telescopes have larger light collecting areas. The document also notes that telescope technology aims to detect objects normally too dim for human vision and discusses using space-based and adaptive optics to overcome limitations from the atmosphere.
The document discusses electromagnetic radiation and its properties. It notes that EM radiation can be described as both a wave and particle. As a wave, it travels at the speed of light and is characterized by its frequency and wavelength. As a particle, it consists of individual quanta called photons. The document also discusses how spectroscopy can provide information about astronomical objects by examining the EM radiation they emit.
The document discusses celestial coordinates and navigation using stars. It describes the celestial equator, celestial poles, ecliptic plane, right ascension and declination coordinates. It explains how measuring the altitude of celestial objects like the pole star can be used to determine latitude on Earth and navigate.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
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Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
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How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
A1 01 History and Concepts
1. Early Astronomers
§2-1, 3-6, 4-1, 4-2, 4-3, 4-5
• Earth: Shape and Size?
• Solar System: Geocentric or Heliocentric?
• Galileo Galilei
Astronomy is the branch of science concerned with the
nature of space, e.g. stars, planets, the universe.
In fact, th e Ea rt h is
a n Obl ate Sph eroid--
it b ul ge s sl igh tl y at
Q: Who first discovered that the Earth is round? When? th e eq uato r.
1
Monday, August 16, 2010
2. The Earth is Round
ways
a re t wo t h i s
On the Heavens
H e re e e ar
to sh o w t h n yo u By Aristotle
a
ro u n d . C o re? Written 350 B.C.E.
m
t hi n k o f
Translated by J. L. Stocks
• ...the interposition of the earth that makes the eclipse, the form
of this line will be caused by the form of the earth's surface,
which is therefore spherical.
• Again, our observations of the stars make it evident, not only
that the earth is circular, but also that it is a circle of no great
size. For quite a small change of position to south or north
causes a manifest alteration of the horizon. There is much
change, I mean, in the stars which are overhead, and the stars
seen are different, as one moves northward or southward.
http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/heavens.2.ii.html
2
Monday, August 16, 2010
3. Earth is 25,000 Miles Around
...Eratosthenes. About 240 B.C., as librarian of Alexandria's already unsurpassed library of
scrolls, he learned that Syene...stands almost exactly on the Tropic of Cancer. At noon the
reflection of the midsummer sun was there visible in the water of a deep well. This showed that
the sun was directly overhead and that its beams therefore pointed in a straight line toward the
middle of the earth. On the same day, measurement of the noon shadow cast by a pillar at
Alexandria shows that the sunbeam strikes the earth at an angle of 7.2°off the vertical. Sunbeams
travel in parallel, so we may account for the difference only by the curve of the
earth…. Eratosthenes thus knew that the angle between Alexandria … and Syene must be
7.2°, one fiftieth of the 360 degrees circle…. Syene lies nearly due south of Alexandria, and the
road between them therefor lies almost exactly on a great circle passing through the North
and the South
poles. Since it is
almost exactly
480 miles long,
the great circle
is 50 times 480
miles in length:
that is, the
circumference
of the earth is
about 24,000
miles.
http://library.thinkquest.org/25672/earth.htm http://www.juliantrubin.com/aboutfairs.html
Actual value: 24,900 miles at the equator. 3
Monday, August 16, 2010
4. “Wandering Stars”
West
East
West
East
http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/allaboutmars/nightsky/nightsky04/
Ancient astronomers noticed that five “stars” seemed to wander through the ecliptic--
they didn’t stay fixed in a constellation like most stars. (The greeks called them “asterai
planetai”.) In general, these “wandering stars” move west to east through the
constellations of the zodiac. Occasionally however, they reverse direction, and move
east to west; this is called retrograde motion. How to explain this behavior?
4
Monday, August 16, 2010
5. Geocentric Model
Claudius Ptolemaeus’s Almagest
in c. 140 A.D.
Because the planets seem to move
backward some of the time...their
observed motion cannot be
explained by single circles. Ptolemy
adopted a solution to this problem
that he attributes to Apollonius
(although earlier Greek writers,
such as Hipparchus, also used this
concept): Each planet moves on a
small circle, called an epicycle....
Although these complex motions
seem strange to those familiar with
modern astronomy, they succeed
in accounting for observed
motions.
http://www.answers.com/topic/
almagest?cat=technology
http://astro.unl.edu/classaction/loader.html?filename=animations/renaissance/
marsorbit.swf&movieid=marsorbit&width=825&height=550&version=6.0.0 0:30
5
Monday, August 16, 2010
6. Heliocentric Model
Nicolás Copérnic’s De
Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium
in 1543.
De Revolutionibus famously proposed
the heliocentric theory: the (now taken
for granted) proposition that the Earth
rotates around the Sun rather than vice
versa. During Copernicus’ lifetime,
orthodox opinion asserted the contrary
view – that the Earth was fixed,
unmoving at the centre of the
Universe. This “geo-centric” myth was
not easy to de-bunk: it was popularly
held to be true by common sense
perception supported by two millennia
of philosophical tradition....
http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/exhibns/month/apr2008.html
http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/allaboutmars/nightsky/nightsky04/
0:05
6
Monday, August 16, 2010
7. Galileo Discovers Four
Moons Around Jupiter
Galileo first observed the moons of Jupiter on January
7, 1610 through a homemade telescope. He originally
thought he saw three stars near Jupiter, strung out in a
line through the planet. The next evening, these stars
seemed to have moved the wrong way, which caught
his attention. Galileo continued to observe the stars
and Jupiter for the next week. On January 11, a fourth
star (which would later turn out to be Ganymede)
appeared. After a week, Galileo had observed that
the four stars never left the vicinity of Jupiter and
appeared to be carried along with the planet, and
that they changed their position with respect to
each other and Jupiter. Finally, Galileo determined
that what he was observing were not stars, but
planetary bodies that were in orbit around Jupiter.
This discovery provided evidence in support of the
Copernican system and showed that everything
did not revolve around the Earth.
http://www.telescope1609.com/
http://www.solarviews.com/eng/galdisc.htm
Galileo.htm
7
Monday, August 16, 2010
8. Galileo Discovers Four
Moons Around Jupiter
Galileo Galilei’s Sidereus Nuncius, March 1610.
http://www.solarviews.com/eng/galdisc.htm
8
Monday, August 16, 2010
9. Galileo: Phases of Venus
Possibly the most compelling
argument Galileo made in favor of
the Heliocentric Universe of
Copernicus was based on the
observations of Venus. Galileo
observed the phases of Venus
throughout the year. At times
Venus presented a small but
circular disk and at other times a
large crescent. Based on these
facts as illustrated in his drawings
in Sidereus Nuncius, Galileo
reasoned that Venus must
orbit the Sun; proof of the
Copernican Universe.
http://astronomy.fm/skylogs/skysafari/520/
http://www.telescope1609.com/Galileo.htm
Galileo---Father-of-Modern-Astronomy.html
9
Monday, August 16, 2010
10. Phases of Venus
According to Geocentric Model
http://astro.unl.edu/classaction/loader.html?filename=animations/renaissance/
ptolemaic.swf&movieid=ptolemaic&width=900&height=660&version=6.0.0
According to Heliocentric Model
http://astro.unl.edu/classaction/loader.html?filename=animations/renaissance/
venusphases.swf&movieid=venusphases&width=870&height=600&version=6.0.0
Since we do sometimes see Venus in a gibbous phase,
which model can be ruled out?
10
Monday, August 16, 2010
11. Elongation
the angle between the
planet and the sun
When are Mars, Jupiter,
and Saturn brightest?
What phase would they
be in?
When are Mercury and
Venus brightest?
(
What phase would they
be in?
http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/vt-2004/Background/Infol2/EIS-D3.html
11
Monday, August 16, 2010
12. Elongation
the angle between the
The maximum elongation of Venus is
about 47°. Venus is a remarkable planet at then sun
object in the night sky at its
brightest, 35 days before or after
inferior conjunction, when one third
of the visible surface is illuminated.
Under favourable conditions it is When are Mars, Jupiter,
even possible to see the crescent
shape of Venus with binoculars. and Saturn brightest?
What phase would they
be in?
When are Mercury and
Venus brightest?
(
What phase would they
be in?
http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/vt-2004/Background/Infol2/EIS-D3.html
12
Monday, August 16, 2010
13. Early Astronomers
§2-1, 3-6, 4-1, 4-2, 4-3, 4-5
• Earth: Shape and Size?
• Round--Aristotle, 350 BC
• About 12756.32 kilometers or 7926.41 miles--
Eratosthenes, about 240 BC
• Solar System and the Motion of the Planets, esp. Retrograde:
• Geocentric--Ptolemy, 140 AD
• Heliocentric--Copernicus, 1543 AD
• Galileo Galilei: Moons of Jupiter, Phases of Venus
13
Monday, August 16, 2010
14. AstroTeam Classwork
• Class Action Questions
• Give four ways to demonstrate that the Earth is
round.
All classwork due presently.
14
Monday, August 16, 2010
15. Freedman, Kaufmann, Robert Geller;
Universe, 9th ed.
• Ch 4: Online Quiz accessible from:
http://bcs.whfreeman.com/universe9e
must know: 1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 19, 20
can’t hurt: 4, 6, 7, 10, 17, 18
wish we could skip: 5
• Ch. 4, p. 92: 2, 3, 20 (name at least two observations).
Due at the beginning of the next class.
15
Monday, August 16, 2010
16. Physical Concepts
§1.2, 1.4, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7
• Some basic Astronomy terminology
• Kepler’s laws of planetary motion (1609)
• Newton’s three laws of motion, Newton’s universal
law of gravity (1687)
Astronomy is the branch of science concerned with
the nature of space, e.g. stars, planets, the universe.
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Monday, August 16, 2010
17. Astronomy Basics
• star • solar system
• planet • galaxy
• moon (or satellite) • universe
• asteroid • rotation (spin)
• comet • revolution (orbit)
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Monday, August 16, 2010
18. Kepler’s Laws of
Planetary Motion
1. The orbit of a planet about the Sun is an
ellipse with the Sun at one focus.
2. A line joining a planet and the Sun sweeps out
equal areas in equal intervals of time.
3. The squares of the periods of the planets are
proportional to the cubes of their semi-major
axes (i.e. orbital radiuses):
paraphrased from Johannes Kepler's
Astronomia Nova and Harmonices Mundi
published in 1609 and 1619.
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Monday, August 16, 2010
19. Kepler’s Laws of
Planetary Motion
http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect19/Sect19_2.html
http://astro.unl.edu/classaction/
animations/renaissance/kepler.html 3
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Monday, August 16, 2010
20. Newton’s Laws of Motion
1. An object at rest remains at rest, and an object in
motion remains in motion, unless acted upon by
on outside force. (aka: The Law of Inertia)
2. A force causes a mass to accelerate, aka F = ma
3. For every action, there is an equal and opposite
reaction.
paraphrased from Isaac Newton’s Philosophiæ
Naturalis Principia Mathematica published in 1687.
http://www.nasa.gov/audience/foreducators/
diypodcast/nl-video-index.html: 11,14;19,21;25 3
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Monday, August 16, 2010
21. Newton's law of
universal gravitation
F = Force
G = a constant: 6.67 x 10-11 m3/(kg•s2)
M’s = two masses
R = distance between the two masses
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Monday, August 16, 2010
22. Newton's law of
universal gravitation
http://www.glenbrook.k12.il.us/GBSSCI/PHYS/Class/circles/u6l3c.html
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Monday, August 16, 2010
23. Newton's law of
universal gravitation
http://www.glenbrook.k12.il.us/GBSSCI/PHYS/Class/circles/u6l3c.html
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Monday, August 16, 2010
24. Newton + Kepler
M
a
M = mass of central object
a = radius of orbit
p = period of orbit, i.e. how This equation is an
long it takes to orbit once approximation. It works
π = pi, 3.14 when the mass of the
orbiting object is much less
G = Gravitational constant, than the mass of the central
6.67 x 10-11 m3/(kg•s2) object.
http://www.glenbrook.k12.il.us/GBSSCI/PHYS/Class/circles/u6l3c.html
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Monday, August 16, 2010
25. Physical Concepts
§1.2, 1.4, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7
• Some basic Astronomy terminology
• rotation vs revolution
• solar system vs galaxy vs universe
• Kepler’s three laws of planetary motion (1609)
• Newton’s three laws of motion, Newton’s universal
law of gravity (1687)
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Monday, August 16, 2010
26. AstroTeam Classwork
• Class Action Questions
• The International Space Station orbits about
500 km above the surface of the earth. (The
Earth’s radius is 6378 km). How does the force
of gravity in the I.S.S. compare with that on the
ground?
All classwork due presently.
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Monday, August 16, 2010
27. Freedman, Kaufmann, Robert Geller;
Universe, 9th ed.
• Ch 2: Online Quiz accessible from:
http://bcs.whfreeman.com/universe9e
must know: 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 16, 17, 18, 20
can’t hurt: 1, 4, 13, 14, 15, 19
wish we could skip: 2
• Ch. 4, p. 92: 16 (yes, one of these questions is a trick question),
26 (no need to explain), 27 (No more than three sentences).
Due at the beginning of the next class.
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Monday, August 16, 2010