The document summarizes key information about the geology of Venus. It states that Venus' surface is only about 500 million years old, as evidenced by impact craters, yet erosion rates are very low. Notable surface features include pancake-shaped volcanoes, coronae, and tectonic ridges and cracks. Venus has a slow 243-day rotation period that results in low wind speeds and erosion. Its atmosphere is extremely hot and dense.
Planetesimal ejection describes how leftover debris from the formation of the planets was captured as moons or ended up in the asteroid belt, Kuiper belt, or Oort cloud. Asteroids and meteoroids are small rocky or metallic objects found primarily in the inner solar system, with asteroids larger than 100 meters and meteoroids smaller. They orbit near the plane of the solar system in regions like the asteroid belt. When these objects enter the Earth's atmosphere, they appear as meteors and some survive impact as meteorites. Larger impacts are rarer but can cause global effects like the extinction of dinosaurs.
The document provides information about Earth's moon, Luna. It discusses Luna's interior structure, including its crust, mantle, and core. It also describes Luna's surface features such as impact craters, maria (large dark plains), and regolith (loose rock and soil). Additionally, it discusses Luna's origin from a giant impact event about 4.5 billion years ago and its surface ages, with the highlands being the oldest at 4.4 billion years. The document also summarizes the Earth-Moon system, particularly how the Moon causes Earth's tides and is tide-locked in its orbit.
There are several hypotheses for how the Solar System formed. The nebular hypothesis proposes that the Solar System originated from a large cloud of gas and dust that collapsed due to gravity, forming a disk with the Sun at the center and planets forming in the disk. The protoplanet hypothesis, which is currently favored, incorporates aspects of the nebular hypothesis and proposes that planets formed from the accretion of protoplanets in the primordial disk. An earlier encounter hypothesis suggested that a passing star stripped material from the young Sun via tidal forces, forming the planets, but this did not provide enough angular momentum to explain the current Solar System configuration.
A solar system refers to a star and all the objects that travel in orbit around it. Our solar system consists of the sun - our star - eight planets and their natural satellites (such as our moon); dwarf planets; asteroids and comets. Our solar system is located in an outward spiral of the Milky Way galaxy.
5CS's Fun SPACE FACTS presentation was created by Grade 5CS students using Microsoft PowerPoint and Slideshare to share interesting space facts researched on Wolfram Alpha. The presentation includes facts about astronaut training using underwater simulations of microgravity, the lack of sound in space, characteristics of different types of stars, and details about NASA and space junk. Bibliographies are provided for sources of both information and images used in the slides.
The Solar System consists of the Sun and objects bound to it by gravity, including 8 planets. The 4 inner terrestrial planets - Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars - are primarily rocky. The 4 outer gas giants - Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune - are massive and gaseous. Between Mars and Jupiter is the asteroid belt. Comets originate from the Kuiper belt beyond Neptune and have highly elliptical orbits. Each planet has unique characteristics such as atmospheric composition, rotation period, and presence of moons and rings.
Solar System Education Presentation Template
If you want to buy this presentation template, please visit http://madlis.com
Good design gets out of the way of the content you are sharing. It helps your audience focus on the content itself instead of the design.
But, it's no secret that most people dislike giving presentations. The dread of public speaking consistently ranks among the greatest fears in public surveys.
This presentation slides can help you reduce the anxiety involved with giving a presentation. Well-designed slides not only build your own confidence, they make your key points clearer to the audience.
Solar System Education Presentation Template
If you want to buy this presentation template, please visit http://madlis.com
Good design gets out of the way of the content you are sharing. It helps your audience focus on the content itself instead of the design.
But, it's no secret that most people dislike giving presentations. The dread of public speaking consistently ranks among the greatest fears in public surveys.
This presentation slides can help you reduce the anxiety involved with giving a presentation. Well-designed slides not only build your own confidence, they make your key points clearer to the audience.
Planetesimal ejection describes how leftover debris from the formation of the planets was captured as moons or ended up in the asteroid belt, Kuiper belt, or Oort cloud. Asteroids and meteoroids are small rocky or metallic objects found primarily in the inner solar system, with asteroids larger than 100 meters and meteoroids smaller. They orbit near the plane of the solar system in regions like the asteroid belt. When these objects enter the Earth's atmosphere, they appear as meteors and some survive impact as meteorites. Larger impacts are rarer but can cause global effects like the extinction of dinosaurs.
The document provides information about Earth's moon, Luna. It discusses Luna's interior structure, including its crust, mantle, and core. It also describes Luna's surface features such as impact craters, maria (large dark plains), and regolith (loose rock and soil). Additionally, it discusses Luna's origin from a giant impact event about 4.5 billion years ago and its surface ages, with the highlands being the oldest at 4.4 billion years. The document also summarizes the Earth-Moon system, particularly how the Moon causes Earth's tides and is tide-locked in its orbit.
There are several hypotheses for how the Solar System formed. The nebular hypothesis proposes that the Solar System originated from a large cloud of gas and dust that collapsed due to gravity, forming a disk with the Sun at the center and planets forming in the disk. The protoplanet hypothesis, which is currently favored, incorporates aspects of the nebular hypothesis and proposes that planets formed from the accretion of protoplanets in the primordial disk. An earlier encounter hypothesis suggested that a passing star stripped material from the young Sun via tidal forces, forming the planets, but this did not provide enough angular momentum to explain the current Solar System configuration.
A solar system refers to a star and all the objects that travel in orbit around it. Our solar system consists of the sun - our star - eight planets and their natural satellites (such as our moon); dwarf planets; asteroids and comets. Our solar system is located in an outward spiral of the Milky Way galaxy.
5CS's Fun SPACE FACTS presentation was created by Grade 5CS students using Microsoft PowerPoint and Slideshare to share interesting space facts researched on Wolfram Alpha. The presentation includes facts about astronaut training using underwater simulations of microgravity, the lack of sound in space, characteristics of different types of stars, and details about NASA and space junk. Bibliographies are provided for sources of both information and images used in the slides.
The Solar System consists of the Sun and objects bound to it by gravity, including 8 planets. The 4 inner terrestrial planets - Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars - are primarily rocky. The 4 outer gas giants - Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune - are massive and gaseous. Between Mars and Jupiter is the asteroid belt. Comets originate from the Kuiper belt beyond Neptune and have highly elliptical orbits. Each planet has unique characteristics such as atmospheric composition, rotation period, and presence of moons and rings.
Solar System Education Presentation Template
If you want to buy this presentation template, please visit http://madlis.com
Good design gets out of the way of the content you are sharing. It helps your audience focus on the content itself instead of the design.
But, it's no secret that most people dislike giving presentations. The dread of public speaking consistently ranks among the greatest fears in public surveys.
This presentation slides can help you reduce the anxiety involved with giving a presentation. Well-designed slides not only build your own confidence, they make your key points clearer to the audience.
Solar System Education Presentation Template
If you want to buy this presentation template, please visit http://madlis.com
Good design gets out of the way of the content you are sharing. It helps your audience focus on the content itself instead of the design.
But, it's no secret that most people dislike giving presentations. The dread of public speaking consistently ranks among the greatest fears in public surveys.
This presentation slides can help you reduce the anxiety involved with giving a presentation. Well-designed slides not only build your own confidence, they make your key points clearer to the audience.
Presentasi Sistem Tata SuryaㅡSolar System ExplanationIka
The solar system formed over 4.6 billion years ago from a dense cloud of gas and dust that collapsed under its own gravity. As the central mass condensed to form the sun, the surrounding matter began to clump together through collisions to create the planets. The planets follow elliptical orbits around the sun, trapped by its strong gravitational pull along with other celestial bodies like asteroids, comets and moons. Our solar system resides within the Milky Way galaxy.
1) The Solar System consists of the Sun and objects that orbit it, including 9 planets.
2) The planets follow elliptical orbits around the Sun due to the balance between gravitational pull and inertia.
3) There are several theories for how the Solar System formed, with the most widely accepted being the Nebular Hypothesis where a large cloud collapsed and spun to form a disk that condensed into planets.
This document is a Mars atlas published by the Space Applications Centre of ISRO that contains images and information about Mars from the Mars Orbiter Mission. It includes an overview of the solar system and Mars, details about the Mars Orbiter Mission spacecraft and its objectives. It then shows global views of Mars captured by the mission and categorized images of different geological features on Mars like impact craters, volcanic features, and tectonic landforms. The atlas also contains temperature maps of Mars from the mission's instruments and discusses ongoing analysis of Mars' atmosphere and surface.
Compare and Contrast Earth and Mars- 1st Formative TaskTatik R Sumarahati
Our Solar System contains the Sun and objects that orbit it, including 8 planets. The inner planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. The outer planets are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Many planets have natural satellites (moons). The Sun is at the center and is made mostly of hydrogen and helium. The planets range greatly in size and composition. Smaller objects like asteroids, meteoroids, and comets also orbit the Sun.
Fomalhaut B is the first planet imaged outside our solar system, orbiting the star Fomalhaut 25 light-years away. Estimated to be no more than three times Jupiter's mass, it orbits 17 billion kilometers from Fomalhaut with an orbital period of 872 years. The discovery provides insight into the formation of new planetary systems and a chance to study the development of a system much younger than our own.
Here are the answers to your questions:
1. It is important to study the solar system to understand how it was formed and evolved over time. Studying other planets and objects in the solar system helps us learn more about the Earth and the conditions required to support life. It also helps increase our knowledge about the universe.
2. The Earth is unique in that it is the only known planet capable of supporting life. It has liquid water on its surface and an atmosphere that allows life to thrive. The Earth also has active geological processes like plate tectonics and a protective magnetic field.
3. Common characteristics of Terrestrial planets include their small, rocky composition. They also orbit close to their star. Jovian
This document provides an overview of our solar system, including summaries of each planet from Mercury to Pluto as well as asteroids, comets, and other celestial bodies. Key details include Mercury being the smallest planet with no moons or rings, Venus being very bright and visible to the naked eye, Earth and its moon having different surface features due to geological processes, Mars being named after the Roman god of war due to its reddish color, Jupiter being the largest planet with over 60 moons, Saturn being known as the ringed planet with over 31 moons, Uranus sitting on its side with poles sticking out, Neptune occasionally being the eighth planet when Pluto crosses its orbit, and Pluto once potentially being one
This document provides information about the Solar System for third graders. It includes definitions of key terms like orbit, star, and axis. It lists the order of the planets and provides 3 sentences each about Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. Additional details are given about the Sun, Moon, and some recommended websites and videos for further learning.
This document discusses three types of tectonic plate boundaries: divergent boundaries where plates move apart and new crust is formed, convergent boundaries where plates collide and subduct or cause mountain building, and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other along transform faults. It also provides science trivia about the moon and its formation, features, and exploration by astronauts. Finally, it lists nine superstitious beliefs from different cultures around the world about the causes of solar and lunar eclipses.
Mercury is the smallest planet in the solar system and orbits closest to the Sun. It has long days but a short year, and its surface is heavily cratered. Venus is similar in size to Earth but has a dense, toxic atmosphere that causes a runaway greenhouse effect, making it the hottest planet despite being farther from the Sun than Mercury. Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only known place where life exists. It has liquid water and an atmosphere suitable for life. Mars is a cold, desert world with seasons and polar ice caps that shows evidence it was once warmer and wetter in the past.
The document provides information about the components of our solar system, including the sun, terrestrial planets, asteroid belt, jovian planets, Kuiper belt, and Oort cloud. It describes each of the terrestrial planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars) as well as their characteristics such as composition, density, atmosphere, size, moons, rotation, and temperature. It also describes the gas giant planets Jupiter and Saturn and ice giants Uranus and Neptune, including their moons. The sun is identified as being at the center of the solar system and providing energy for life on Earth through photosynthesis.
The Solar System formed approximately 4.6 billion years ago from the collapse of a giant molecular cloud. It consists mainly of the Sun and eight planets that orbit it. The four inner terrestrial planets are composed of rock and metal, while the four outer gas giants are substantially larger and composed of hydrogen, helium, and ices. Other objects in the Solar System include dwarf planets, moons, asteroids, and comets. The Sun contains over 99% of the mass in the entire system.
this power point presentation contain all the description about milky way galaxy & solar system with picture & sound...
by just clicking F11 this PPT will start...
What is Solar system? FORMATION OF SOLAR SYSTEM. SOLAR SYSTEM: StructureUday Kumar Shil
The document summarizes the structure and components of the solar system. It describes:
1. The solar system formed from a large rotating cloud of gas and dust called the solar nebula approximately 4.6 billion years ago. As it contracted, the nebula flattened into a disk and kilometer-sized protoplanets began to form.
2. The solar system consists of the Sun and celestial objects bound to it by gravity, including eight planets composed of rock/metal or gas/hydrogen that orbit in nearly circular paths within the ecliptic plane.
3. Most planets have their own moons, and the gas giants have rings composed of tiny particles orbiting them. The solar system can be divided into
The document provides information about the solar system and its components. It begins with definitions and descriptions of the solar system and what constitutes a planet. It then provides detailed descriptions of Mercury and Venus, the first two planets from the Sun. For each planet, it describes their physical characteristics such as size, composition, atmosphere, rotation, and orbit around the Sun. It also discusses past and current missions that have explored these planets, such as MESSENGER and Magellan, and some of their key findings.
Formations of the solar system final- Sophiewhitmers
Stars form from clouds of dust and gas that collapse under their own gravity. As the cloud collapses, a hot protostar forms at the center. Nearby clouds may break into blobs, explaining why most stars exist in pairs or groups. Planets form from disks of dust and gas that surround young stars. As the disk spins, dust clumps stick together, growing into planetesimals that eventually collide and merge into planets. Moons can form alongside planets from leftover material, be captured asteroids, or form from debris after a large impact. Eventually the sun will run out of hydrogen fuel and expand into a red giant, likely consuming the inner planets before collapsing into a white dwarf.
- Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune all have ring systems, though Saturn's are the largest and brightest.
- Saturn's rings are composed of numerous tiny particles orbiting in thin, flat disks around the planet's equator. Gaps in the rings are caused by interactions with small moonlets.
- The jovian planets likely acquired their ring particles from collisions with asteroids and comet fragments in their early histories. Tidal forces from nearby moons help maintain the rings by grinding larger objects into fine dust.
the slides about the solar system and beyond. to assist the grade seven and eight with better understandin of the planets and the sun, and how are they scintificaly linked.
Um belo ebook para você aprender tudo sobre os asteroides, aprender sobre possíveis ameaças de colisão com a Terra e como estão os planos de desviar um asteroide que possa colidir com o planeta.
1. Our solar system consists of the Sun and objects that orbit it, including 8 planets of which Earth is third from the Sun.
2. The Sun formed from a giant cloud of gas and dust and makes up 98% of the mass in the solar system. It is able to hold onto planets and other objects due to its strong gravity.
3. The inner planets Mercury and Venus have no moons and extreme temperatures due to their proximity to the Sun and lack of atmosphere, while Earth has one moon and conditions suitable for life.
2- When we think about cratering- we usually think of big rocks fallin.docxStephenSR9Ramplingv
2. When we think about cratering, we usually think of big rocks falling onto a planet, but even tiny pebbles can make craters. Near the footprint in the above picture, you can see many small "pock-marks." These marks are the craters made by microscopic particles that hit the surface moving at speeds of several kilometers per second. Marks like these cannot be found on the Earth's surface. Why not? List two different reasons. 3. Craters accumulate over time. This means that the number of craters you see gives a rough idea of the age of the surface. Using this method, sort the surfaces of Venus, Earth, Mercury, Mars and the Moon by age from oldest surface via crater counting to youngest. 4. How can you reconcile these vastly different ages of surfaces with the idea that all the planets formed at the same time? Part 2: Volcanism Around the Solar System Volcanism can be very important in shaping the surface features of a planet. Venus has a large number of unique volcanic features. On Earth, when volcanoes erupt, the molten lava within them can travel great distances before it cools. However, on Venus, molten lava does not travel very far before it cools. Compare these examples of shield volcanoes on Venus and on Earth. 5. Volcanoes on Venus and Earth look different. Compare and contrast the pancake volcanoes with the shield. Give at least two examples. 6. What might cause those differences between the two planets?
.
The document discusses asteroids and meteorites. Asteroids are remnants of planetary formation in the solar system. They are classified based on composition and location in relation to gravitational resonances with Jupiter. Ceres is the largest asteroid and is now classified as a dwarf planet. Meteorites provide information about early solar system conditions. They are classified based on composition as iron, stony, or stony-iron meteorites. Carbonaceous chondrites contain organic compounds and water, indicating the early solar system environment allowed these to form. Meteorites can also originate from the Moon or Mars.
Presentasi Sistem Tata SuryaㅡSolar System ExplanationIka
The solar system formed over 4.6 billion years ago from a dense cloud of gas and dust that collapsed under its own gravity. As the central mass condensed to form the sun, the surrounding matter began to clump together through collisions to create the planets. The planets follow elliptical orbits around the sun, trapped by its strong gravitational pull along with other celestial bodies like asteroids, comets and moons. Our solar system resides within the Milky Way galaxy.
1) The Solar System consists of the Sun and objects that orbit it, including 9 planets.
2) The planets follow elliptical orbits around the Sun due to the balance between gravitational pull and inertia.
3) There are several theories for how the Solar System formed, with the most widely accepted being the Nebular Hypothesis where a large cloud collapsed and spun to form a disk that condensed into planets.
This document is a Mars atlas published by the Space Applications Centre of ISRO that contains images and information about Mars from the Mars Orbiter Mission. It includes an overview of the solar system and Mars, details about the Mars Orbiter Mission spacecraft and its objectives. It then shows global views of Mars captured by the mission and categorized images of different geological features on Mars like impact craters, volcanic features, and tectonic landforms. The atlas also contains temperature maps of Mars from the mission's instruments and discusses ongoing analysis of Mars' atmosphere and surface.
Compare and Contrast Earth and Mars- 1st Formative TaskTatik R Sumarahati
Our Solar System contains the Sun and objects that orbit it, including 8 planets. The inner planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. The outer planets are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Many planets have natural satellites (moons). The Sun is at the center and is made mostly of hydrogen and helium. The planets range greatly in size and composition. Smaller objects like asteroids, meteoroids, and comets also orbit the Sun.
Fomalhaut B is the first planet imaged outside our solar system, orbiting the star Fomalhaut 25 light-years away. Estimated to be no more than three times Jupiter's mass, it orbits 17 billion kilometers from Fomalhaut with an orbital period of 872 years. The discovery provides insight into the formation of new planetary systems and a chance to study the development of a system much younger than our own.
Here are the answers to your questions:
1. It is important to study the solar system to understand how it was formed and evolved over time. Studying other planets and objects in the solar system helps us learn more about the Earth and the conditions required to support life. It also helps increase our knowledge about the universe.
2. The Earth is unique in that it is the only known planet capable of supporting life. It has liquid water on its surface and an atmosphere that allows life to thrive. The Earth also has active geological processes like plate tectonics and a protective magnetic field.
3. Common characteristics of Terrestrial planets include their small, rocky composition. They also orbit close to their star. Jovian
This document provides an overview of our solar system, including summaries of each planet from Mercury to Pluto as well as asteroids, comets, and other celestial bodies. Key details include Mercury being the smallest planet with no moons or rings, Venus being very bright and visible to the naked eye, Earth and its moon having different surface features due to geological processes, Mars being named after the Roman god of war due to its reddish color, Jupiter being the largest planet with over 60 moons, Saturn being known as the ringed planet with over 31 moons, Uranus sitting on its side with poles sticking out, Neptune occasionally being the eighth planet when Pluto crosses its orbit, and Pluto once potentially being one
This document provides information about the Solar System for third graders. It includes definitions of key terms like orbit, star, and axis. It lists the order of the planets and provides 3 sentences each about Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. Additional details are given about the Sun, Moon, and some recommended websites and videos for further learning.
This document discusses three types of tectonic plate boundaries: divergent boundaries where plates move apart and new crust is formed, convergent boundaries where plates collide and subduct or cause mountain building, and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other along transform faults. It also provides science trivia about the moon and its formation, features, and exploration by astronauts. Finally, it lists nine superstitious beliefs from different cultures around the world about the causes of solar and lunar eclipses.
Mercury is the smallest planet in the solar system and orbits closest to the Sun. It has long days but a short year, and its surface is heavily cratered. Venus is similar in size to Earth but has a dense, toxic atmosphere that causes a runaway greenhouse effect, making it the hottest planet despite being farther from the Sun than Mercury. Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only known place where life exists. It has liquid water and an atmosphere suitable for life. Mars is a cold, desert world with seasons and polar ice caps that shows evidence it was once warmer and wetter in the past.
The document provides information about the components of our solar system, including the sun, terrestrial planets, asteroid belt, jovian planets, Kuiper belt, and Oort cloud. It describes each of the terrestrial planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars) as well as their characteristics such as composition, density, atmosphere, size, moons, rotation, and temperature. It also describes the gas giant planets Jupiter and Saturn and ice giants Uranus and Neptune, including their moons. The sun is identified as being at the center of the solar system and providing energy for life on Earth through photosynthesis.
The Solar System formed approximately 4.6 billion years ago from the collapse of a giant molecular cloud. It consists mainly of the Sun and eight planets that orbit it. The four inner terrestrial planets are composed of rock and metal, while the four outer gas giants are substantially larger and composed of hydrogen, helium, and ices. Other objects in the Solar System include dwarf planets, moons, asteroids, and comets. The Sun contains over 99% of the mass in the entire system.
this power point presentation contain all the description about milky way galaxy & solar system with picture & sound...
by just clicking F11 this PPT will start...
What is Solar system? FORMATION OF SOLAR SYSTEM. SOLAR SYSTEM: StructureUday Kumar Shil
The document summarizes the structure and components of the solar system. It describes:
1. The solar system formed from a large rotating cloud of gas and dust called the solar nebula approximately 4.6 billion years ago. As it contracted, the nebula flattened into a disk and kilometer-sized protoplanets began to form.
2. The solar system consists of the Sun and celestial objects bound to it by gravity, including eight planets composed of rock/metal or gas/hydrogen that orbit in nearly circular paths within the ecliptic plane.
3. Most planets have their own moons, and the gas giants have rings composed of tiny particles orbiting them. The solar system can be divided into
The document provides information about the solar system and its components. It begins with definitions and descriptions of the solar system and what constitutes a planet. It then provides detailed descriptions of Mercury and Venus, the first two planets from the Sun. For each planet, it describes their physical characteristics such as size, composition, atmosphere, rotation, and orbit around the Sun. It also discusses past and current missions that have explored these planets, such as MESSENGER and Magellan, and some of their key findings.
Formations of the solar system final- Sophiewhitmers
Stars form from clouds of dust and gas that collapse under their own gravity. As the cloud collapses, a hot protostar forms at the center. Nearby clouds may break into blobs, explaining why most stars exist in pairs or groups. Planets form from disks of dust and gas that surround young stars. As the disk spins, dust clumps stick together, growing into planetesimals that eventually collide and merge into planets. Moons can form alongside planets from leftover material, be captured asteroids, or form from debris after a large impact. Eventually the sun will run out of hydrogen fuel and expand into a red giant, likely consuming the inner planets before collapsing into a white dwarf.
- Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune all have ring systems, though Saturn's are the largest and brightest.
- Saturn's rings are composed of numerous tiny particles orbiting in thin, flat disks around the planet's equator. Gaps in the rings are caused by interactions with small moonlets.
- The jovian planets likely acquired their ring particles from collisions with asteroids and comet fragments in their early histories. Tidal forces from nearby moons help maintain the rings by grinding larger objects into fine dust.
the slides about the solar system and beyond. to assist the grade seven and eight with better understandin of the planets and the sun, and how are they scintificaly linked.
Um belo ebook para você aprender tudo sobre os asteroides, aprender sobre possíveis ameaças de colisão com a Terra e como estão os planos de desviar um asteroide que possa colidir com o planeta.
1. Our solar system consists of the Sun and objects that orbit it, including 8 planets of which Earth is third from the Sun.
2. The Sun formed from a giant cloud of gas and dust and makes up 98% of the mass in the solar system. It is able to hold onto planets and other objects due to its strong gravity.
3. The inner planets Mercury and Venus have no moons and extreme temperatures due to their proximity to the Sun and lack of atmosphere, while Earth has one moon and conditions suitable for life.
2- When we think about cratering- we usually think of big rocks fallin.docxStephenSR9Ramplingv
2. When we think about cratering, we usually think of big rocks falling onto a planet, but even tiny pebbles can make craters. Near the footprint in the above picture, you can see many small "pock-marks." These marks are the craters made by microscopic particles that hit the surface moving at speeds of several kilometers per second. Marks like these cannot be found on the Earth's surface. Why not? List two different reasons. 3. Craters accumulate over time. This means that the number of craters you see gives a rough idea of the age of the surface. Using this method, sort the surfaces of Venus, Earth, Mercury, Mars and the Moon by age from oldest surface via crater counting to youngest. 4. How can you reconcile these vastly different ages of surfaces with the idea that all the planets formed at the same time? Part 2: Volcanism Around the Solar System Volcanism can be very important in shaping the surface features of a planet. Venus has a large number of unique volcanic features. On Earth, when volcanoes erupt, the molten lava within them can travel great distances before it cools. However, on Venus, molten lava does not travel very far before it cools. Compare these examples of shield volcanoes on Venus and on Earth. 5. Volcanoes on Venus and Earth look different. Compare and contrast the pancake volcanoes with the shield. Give at least two examples. 6. What might cause those differences between the two planets?
.
The document discusses asteroids and meteorites. Asteroids are remnants of planetary formation in the solar system. They are classified based on composition and location in relation to gravitational resonances with Jupiter. Ceres is the largest asteroid and is now classified as a dwarf planet. Meteorites provide information about early solar system conditions. They are classified based on composition as iron, stony, or stony-iron meteorites. Carbonaceous chondrites contain organic compounds and water, indicating the early solar system environment allowed these to form. Meteorites can also originate from the Moon or Mars.
In our solar system, the differences between planets and other objects mostly occur because of their formation at the birth of our solar system. Although it is very difficult to tell, most scientists believe that our solar system formed from a small chunk of an interstellar gas cloud. If true, the composition of the gas cloud would have caused the composition of our sun as well as that of other objects in our solar system. Once the sun formed, that influenced the formation of the planets. Since it was much warmer closer to the sun, only denser, metallic elements were able to condense. This warmer region is now home to the terrestrial planets, which include Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars.
Final Project ( Journey to Space) - Basel Ahmed - 8a (2).pptxIsmailOmran4
This document provides an overview of planets in our solar system as part of a student's school project about a journey to Mars. It includes facts about Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars and astronomical phenomena like black holes. Charts are presented calculating orbital periods, gravity, diameters and statistical measures of moons for each planet. The student aims to discover more about Mars by taking photos and collecting scientific information during their imaginary voyage.
This document provides information about comets, meteors, asteroids, and the moon. It defines each celestial object and describes their composition and origins. It notes that a large comet impact would likely only injure humans, while a large meteor could endanger humanity or damage Earth's orbit. The largest known asteroid impact 65 million years ago likely caused the extinction of dinosaurs. It also describes the moon's phases and how eclipses occur.
The document describes the planet KF-15, where thousands lived happily until it was discovered that the planet was getting closer to its star Gobata and in danger of being destroyed. Zaid, the creator of all objects on the planet using his mind, realized there was no way to save everyone and sent his creations and knowledge in a video message as the planet was destroyed when the star imploded.
This document discusses comets, meteors, asteroids, and the moon. It provides details on their composition, sizes, orbits, and the potential effects of large impacts. A large comet impact would likely only injure humans, while the largest meteor ever could endanger humanity. The largest known asteroid impact 65 million years ago caused the extinction of dinosaurs. A second moon would result in bigger tides and more frequent solar eclipses.
The document discusses celestial coordinates and navigation using stars. It describes the celestial equator, celestial poles, ecliptic plane, right ascension and declination coordinates. It explains how measuring the altitude of celestial objects like the pole star can be used to determine latitude on Earth and navigate.
The document discusses asteroids, comets, and Pluto. It explains that asteroids formed from leftover material from planet formation and are found mainly in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter due to Jupiter's gravitational influence. Comets formed beyond the frost line and have icy compositions; their tails form when they near the Sun and ice sublimates. Most comets originate from the Kuiper Belt and Oort Cloud. Pluto has properties matching Kuiper Belt objects. An impact likely caused the mass extinction that killed the dinosaurs. While impacts pose a real threat, the likelihood of a major impact within our lifetimes is low. Other planets can affect Earth's impact rates through their gravitational influence on small solar system bodies.
This document is a webquest assignment on the solar system for a 6th grade class. It contains links to multiple websites for students to explore and answer questions about the planets, asteroids, comets, meteors, and satellites. Key points covered include the order and characteristics of the planets, temperatures on different planets, sizes of planets compared to Earth, what asteroids, comets and meteors are made of, and the definition and examples of artificial satellites. The assignment aims to help students learn about different objects in our solar system through interactive online exploration.
Article by Ken Kremer
he Mars 2020 Perseverance mission is NASA’s next mission to Mars as well as
being the most complex and scientifically advanced robotic mission sent to
the Red Planet.
The $2.4 Billion Mars Perseverance rover is a flagship mission dedicated to the
search for signs of life beyond Earth, as part of NASA’s Mars Exploration Program,
a long-term effort of robotic exploration of the Red Planet.
The Perseverance Mars 2020 mission will search for signs of ancient microbial life,
characterize Mars’ climate and geology, collect carefully selected samples for
future return to Earth, and pave the way for human exploration of the Red Planet
as soon as the 2030s.
Perseverance will also ferry a separate technology experiment to the surface of
Mars — a helicopter named Ingenuity, the first aircraft to fly in a controlled way
on another planet.
Launch is now targeted for a launch opportunity in the July/August timeframe
when Earth and Mars are aligned in good positions relative to each other for
landing on Mars.
The car-sized Perseverance Mars 2020 rover is targeted for liftoff on NET 30 July
2020 aboard a United Launch Alliance (ULA) Atlas V 541 rocket from Space
Launch Complex 41 on Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida.
The approximately month-long launch window for the Mars 2020 Perseverance
rover mission currently extends until August 15.
The document summarizes key facts about the Moon learned from Apollo missions between 1969-1972. It describes the Moon's density and lack of an atmosphere. Craters are common due to meteorite impacts, while erosion has erased most craters on Earth. Craters form when meteoroids compress surface material, some of which is ejected to form crater rims. The Moon also features highlands and dark maria (plural of mare) formed by ancient lava flows. The lunar surface is covered by a regolith layer composed of debris from meteorite bombardment.
The document discusses the differences between volcanoes, tectonics, erosion, and landforms on Mars compared to Earth, noting that Mars experiences much slower rates of change than Earth due to not having active plate tectonics. Evidence is presented that Mars once had liquid water on its surface and a molten core, but that it has changed more slowly over time than Earth without plate tectonics driving processes like volcanism and mountain building.
comets and asteroidssssssssssssssssspptxMikeeMercado3
This document provides information about comets, asteroids, and meteors. It defines each term, describes their characteristics and locations in the solar system. Comets are icy bodies that develop tails as they near the sun, while asteroids are rocky fragments left over from the solar system's formation. Meteoroids enter the earth's atmosphere and become meteors, with larger ones surviving as meteorites. The document also includes a quiz to test comprehension.
The document provides information about the solar system and universe, including:
1. It describes the lifecycles of stars from nebulae to red giants, white dwarfs, neutron stars, and black holes.
2. It explains that the Sun is powered by nuclear fusion, fusing hydrogen into helium, and will eventually expand into a red giant and shed its outer layers.
3. It discusses theories about the origin and fate of the universe, including the Big Bang theory and steady state theory, and notes evidence like the cosmic microwave background radiation.
The document is a chapter from an astronomy textbook. It contains 13 multiple choice questions about topics relating to the solar system, including the differences between terrestrial and Jovian planets, asteroids, comets, meteor showers, and theories of the origin of the solar system. It also briefly discusses techniques for detecting exoplanets and why Earth-sized exoplanets have not yet been detected.
The document discusses facts about the Earth and Moon. It begins by providing basic information about the spherical shape and orbital motion of the Earth, and its rotation on its axis that causes the day-night cycle. It then discusses details about the Moon, including that it is Earth's only natural satellite, its composition of rock and craters, and how its phases are caused by the varying angles of illumination by the Sun as the Moon orbits Earth. The document uses various links and videos to illustrate and explain these concepts to students.
The document discusses facts about the Earth and the Moon. It begins by providing basic information about the spherical shape and rotation of the Earth, and states that the Earth's rotation causes the sun and moon to appear to move through the sky. It then provides more details about the Earth, such as that it takes 365 days to orbit the sun and is mostly covered in water. Facts about the Moon are also given, including that its name is the Moon, it has different regions like maria, and its phases are caused by its revolution around the Earth.
The document discusses facts about the Earth and Moon. It begins by providing basic information about the spherical shape and orbital motion of the Earth, and its rotation on its axis that causes the day-night cycle. It then discusses details about the Moon, including that it is Earth's only natural satellite, its composition of rock and craters, and how its phases are caused by the varying angles of illumination by the Sun as the Moon orbits Earth. The document uses various links and videos to help explain these concepts to students in an engaging way.
The document summarizes key information about the atmospheres of Venus, Earth, and Mars:
- Venus has a dense, 96% carbon dioxide atmosphere with a surface pressure of 90 bars and average temperature of 850°F, caused by a runaway greenhouse effect. Its clouds are composed of sulfuric acid.
- Earth has an atmosphere composed primarily of nitrogen and oxygen with a pressure of 1 bar and average temperature of 59°F. It hosts water clouds.
- Mars has a thin, 95% carbon dioxide atmosphere with a surface pressure of 0.007 bars and average temperature of -67°F, caused by a runaway refrigerator effect that stripped it of gases over time. It can host clouds of
The document discusses the geology and evolution of Earth. It describes Earth's interior structure with a core, mantle, and crust. It explains tectonic plates, geological features like impact craters, and extinction events from impacts and climate change. It also summarizes the composition and evolution of Earth's atmosphere from early outgassing to today, including the role of greenhouse gases and life in transforming the atmosphere.
Early astronomers discovered and described key facts about the shape and size of the Earth and the structure of the solar system:
- Aristotle discovered that the Earth is round in 350 BC based on observations of lunar eclipses and changes in stars viewed from different locations.
- Eratosthenes estimated the circumference of the Earth to be about 25,000 miles in 240 BC by comparing shadows cast at different locations.
- Ptolemy proposed the geocentric model in 140 AD to explain the apparent retrograde motion of planets based on their orbits around the Earth.
- Copernicus proposed the heliocentric model in 1543 AD, placing the Sun at the center of the solar system with planets in
The document discusses factors involved in estimating the number of technological civilizations that may exist among stars using the Drake Equation. It examines each variable in the equation - R* (rate of formation of suitable stars), fp (fraction with planets), ne (number of planets suitable for life), fl (fraction where life appears), fi (fraction where intelligent life emerges), fc (fraction emitting detectable signals), and L (length of time signals emitted). It provides estimates and considerations for each variable based on current astronomical and biological understandings.
The document discusses the birth of the universe through several key topics:
1) Olber's Paradox - The question of why the night sky is dark if the universe contains an infinite number of stars. Explanations include a finite age universe and the expansion of space stretching light wavelengths.
2) Hubble's Law - The observation that more distant galaxies are moving away faster, indicating an expanding universe.
3) The Big Bang Theory - Proposed to explain the expansion of the universe and supported by evidence like the cosmic microwave background radiation. It provides an explanation for how the universe began from an extremely dense and hot initial state.
Galaxies are organized into clusters and superclusters that are separated by immense voids, creating a vast foam-like structure known as the "cosmic web". The largest known structure is the Sloan Great Wall, which is nearly 1.5 billion light years in length. Dark matter seems to come in standard clumps of about 30 million solar masses and 300 parsecs across, with a temperature of about 10,000 K. The cosmological principle assumes the universe is uniform on large enough scales, both homogeneous meaning no preferred locations and isotropic meaning no preferred directions.
Active galaxies can be categorized into three main types: Seyfert galaxies, radio galaxies, and quasars. Seyfert galaxies are active spiral galaxies with non-stellar spectra. Radio galaxies are active elliptical galaxies that also have non-stellar spectra and are strong radio emitters. Quasars are the most luminous active galaxies known, far brighter than normal galaxies, with non-stellar spectra. Centaurus A is the closest active galaxy and provides a unique laboratory for studying these powerful objects, showing evidence of a past merger that fuels activity at its center.
The document discusses different methods for measuring distances to galaxies. The Cepheid variable method can be used for galaxies in our Local Group. The Tully-Fisher relation uses the correlation between luminosity and rotational velocity of spiral galaxies to estimate distances to more distant spirals. Galaxy clusters and superclusters like the Local Supercluster provide context on larger scales of structure in the universe.
The document discusses the discovery of the Milky Way galaxy. It describes how in the early 20th century, Shapley and Curtis debated whether spiral nebulae were inside or outside our galaxy. Hubble later proved with Cepheid variables that they were actually other galaxies. The Milky Way is now understood to be a barred spiral galaxy about 30,000 light years wide, with a bulge, disk containing spiral arms, and halo of globular clusters. It formed from a cloud of gas that contracted under gravity and began rotating to form the spiral structure seen today.
The document summarizes key concepts about high mass stars and binary systems from sections 22.1, 22.2, and 23.5 of the textbook. It notes that high mass stars (>10 solar masses) end their lives as Type II supernovae, sometimes gamma-ray bursters. Binary systems produce novae, Type Ia supernovae, x-ray binaries, and x-ray bursters. All stars enrich the interstellar medium with heavier elements through their evolution and deaths. The goal is to answer fundamental questions about the universe and our origins.
Typical stellar evolution proceeds through several stages:
1. Red Giant Branch: Stars expand and cool as hydrogen fuses to helium in a shell around the core.
2. Horizontal Giant Branch: A helium flash occurs, followed by helium fusing to carbon in the core while hydrogen fuses in a shell.
3. Asymptotic Giant Branch: Helium and hydrogen shells alternately fuse heavier elements, causing the star to further expand and cool before ejecting its outer layers as a planetary nebula.
The document discusses the distance ladder, which is an attempt to determine astronomical distances by using a series of methods that build on one another. Within the Solar System, distances are measured using radar ranging. Within the galaxy, distances are measured using stellar parallax, main sequence fitting, and properties of Cepheid variable stars. Further out in the universe, distances are measured using the Tully-Fisher relation, Type Ia supernovae, brightest cluster galaxies, and Hubble's law. The document aims to answer fundamental questions about what exists in the universe and how large it is.
The document discusses the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram, which plots stars' spectral classifications and luminosity classes to show overall trends of stellar properties. It notes that spectral class indicates a star's temperature from hot (OBA) to cool (KM), while luminosity class reflects size from supergiants to dwarfs. The distribution of stars in the diagram relates their masses and lifetimes, with high-mass blue main sequence stars having short lives versus low-mass red main sequence stars with long lives. The diagram aims to understand what types of stars exist.
The document discusses the solar interior and surface features. It explains that nuclear fusion in the core powers the sun, generating energy through the p-p chain reaction of converting hydrogen to helium. It also describes the solar neutrino problem, where fewer neutrinos are detected than models predict. The interior has different zones - the core, radiative zone, and convection zone. Surface features include sunspots, the 11-year sunspot cycle, prominences, and filaments.
The document provides information about outer solar system objects including Trans-Neptunian objects, Centaurs, Kuiper Belt objects, asteroids, comets, and dwarf planets. It discusses their classification, composition, formation processes, and what they reveal about the early solar system. Images show various outer solar system bodies like Pluto, Eris, asteroids, and comets, helping to illustrate their characteristics and relative sizes.
The document discusses ring systems of the gas giant planets. It explains that ring systems are shaped by processes like the Roche limit and shepherding moons. It then provides details on the ring systems of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Saturn's rings are the most extensive and are composed primarily of ice particles. The rings of the other planets are thinner and less is known about their compositions. Over time, ring systems evolve and may be temporary structures unless replenished.
The document discusses the moons of the gas giants Jupiter and Saturn, focusing on Jupiter's large Galilean moons (Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto) and Saturn's moon Titan. It provides information about the surface conditions and geological features of these moons, including active volcanoes on Io, evidence that oceans may exist under the icy crusts of Europa and Ganymede, and liquid hydrocarbon seas on Titan. The document uses images from spacecraft like Galileo and Cassini to illustrate these characteristics and how they have been shaped by tidal interactions with the giant planets.
The document discusses the gas giant planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. It describes how the conditions in the early solar system led to their formation and composition primarily of hydrogen and helium. It explains what gives each planet its distinctive color through the composition of their clouds and atmospheres. Key details about the interiors, atmospheres, and cloud formations of each planet are provided.
The document summarizes the formation of the solar system based on the nebular hypothesis. It describes how:
1) A giant cloud of dust and gas gravitationally contracted to form a solar nebula.
2) Condensation occurred within the solar nebula, with different materials condensing at different temperatures.
3) Accretion and differentiation led to the formation of planetesimals and eventually planets, with terrestrial planets like Earth forming near the sun and gas giants like Jupiter forming farther out where temperatures allowed hydrogen and helium to condense.
The document discusses optical telescopes, including refracting vs reflecting designs, and different types of reflecting telescopes like Newtonian and Cassegrain. It asks why telescopes are made big, and answers that it is to gather more light and achieve higher angular resolution, allowing dimmer and more distant objects to be observed. Bigger telescopes have larger light collecting areas. The document also notes that telescope technology aims to detect objects normally too dim for human vision and discusses using space-based and adaptive optics to overcome limitations from the atmosphere.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
1. Geology of Venus
LACC §9.1, 9.2, 9.4
• Know Venus’s interior and evolution
• Know Venus’s surface features and age
• Understand Venus’s day
An attempt to answer the “big question”: what is out
there? Are we alone?
Tuesday, March 9, 2010 1
2. Terrestrial Planets: Interiors
http://www.star.le.ac.uk/edu/Solar_System.shtml
Earth and Moon to Scale
(which amounts to 30.1 Earth diameters)
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solar/moonscale.html#c2
Tuesday, March 9, 2010 2
3. Terrestrial Planets: Orbits
The size of the
orbits of each planet
are to scale,
although the size of
the planets
themselves are
much too large.
http://www.schoolsobservatory.org.uk/astro/solsys/inner.shtml
Tuesday, March 9, 2010 3
4. Terrestrial Planets:
Surface Gravity
If you weigh 100 pounds on Earth...
(These worlds are not to scale.)
http://www.exploratorium.edu/ronh/weight/
Tuesday, March 9, 2010 4
5. Terrestrial Planets:
The Sun in the Sky
The sun is about 0.5° across as it appears from Eath
1.4° 0.7° 0.5° 0.35°
6.7x brighter 1.9x brighter* 1.0x brighter 0.4x brighter
(These worlds are not to scale.)
* But you can’t see the sun through the clouds
Tuesday, March 9, 2010 5
6. Venus
http://www.astrosurf.com/nunes/explor/explor_m10.htm
Tuesday, March 9, 2010 6
7. Venus: Surface Features
Impact craters indicate a surface age of 500
million years (15% as old as lunar maria and
between the age of Earth’s younger ocean
sea-floor and older continents); yet erosion
rates are very low.
Volcanoes on Venus are about as common as
on Earth, but Venus has “pancake” volcanoes
in addition to shield, volcanoes. Coronae
(circular bulges) are more common on Venus.
Tectonic activity does occur on Venus: ridges,
cracks, mountains, the coronae; but no plate
tectonics.
Tuesday, March 9, 2010 7
9. Venus: Corona
http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA00202.jpg
Tuesday, March 9, 2010 9
10. Venus: Oddities
Venus rotates backwards and slowly. A solar day on
Venus is 117 days, and the sun rises in the west and
sets in the east, not that you would ever see the sun
through the dense clouds.
Venus’s slow rotation (sidereal day: 243 days (longer
than its year: 225 days!)) results in low wind
velocities and low erosion rates on the surface.
Tuesday, March 9, 2010 10
11. Geology of Venus
LACC §9.1, 9.2, 9.4
• Know Venus’s interior (volcanically inactive?) and
evolution (resurfaced about 0.5 billion years ago)
• Know Venus’s surface features (coronae, pancake
lave domes, impact craters) and age (0.5 billion
years)
• Understand Venus’s day (orbits backwards--CW
when most planets are CCW, solar day is 117 days
(its sidereal day: 243 days, is longer than its year:
225 days)
An attempt to answer the “big question”: what is out
there? Are we alone?
Tuesday, March 9, 2010 11
12. LACC HW: Franknoi, Morrison, and Wolff,
Voyages Through the Universe, 3rd ed.
• Ch. 9, pp. 219-220: 10.
Due at the beginning of the next class period.
Be thinking about the Solar System Project.
Tuesday, March 9, 2010 12
13. Geology of Mars
LACC §9.1, 9.2, 9.4
• Know Mars’s interior and evolution
• Know Mars’s surface features and age
• Know Phobos and Deimos, Mars’s moons
An attempt to answer the “big question”: what is out
there? Are we alone?
Tuesday, March 9, 2010 13
14. Mars
http://rosetta.jpl.nasa.gov/dsp_images.cfm?buttonSel=gallery&buttonSelL2=images&category=mars
Tuesday, March 9, 2010 14
15. Mars: Surface Features
Impact craters indicate a surface age of 3 - 4
billion years (same as lunar maria) for the
Martian lowlands.
Olympus Mons, the largest volcano in the
solar system, maybe be intermittently active.
Tectonic activity does occur, but not as much
evidence for it as Earth or Venus.
Polar caps of H2O and CO2 ice.
Channels and gullies indicate liquid water
flowed, but over 3 billion years ago.
Wind erosion occurs.
Tuesday, March 9, 2010 15
16. Mars: Tharsis Bulge
http://www.britannica.com/eb/art/print?id=70956
Tuesday, March 9, 2010 16
17. Mars: Olympus Mons
http://www.nasm.edu/ceps/etp/mars/surface/canyons.html
Tuesday, March 9, 2010 17
18. Mars: Oddities
In a way, Mars is so much like the Earth, it’s odd:
• Mars’s day is only 42 min. longer than Earth’s
• Mars’s axial tilt is 25°; Earths is 23.5°.
• Mars’s diameter is about 0.53 Earth diameters,
which means Mars’s total surface area is about
the same as Earth’s land surface area.
Mars has two moons: Phobos and Deimos.
Mars had liquid water at some point in its past,
and may have had life.
Tuesday, March 9, 2010 18
19. Mars: Phobos and Deimos
• 28 x 23 x 20 km • 12 x 10 x 6 km
• 7h 39m 27s synod. • 30h 21m 16s synod.
• 5h 36m West to East • 66h East to West
http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap061203.html http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap951003.html
Tuesday, March 9, 2010 19
20. Mars: Phobos and Deimos
• Average Distance from Mars: 9,378 km (Phobos),
23,459 km (Deimos)
• Orbital Period: 7h 39m (Phobos), 30h 18m (Deimos)
• Eccentricity of Orbit: 0.015 (Phobos), 0.0005
(Deimos)
• Rotation Period: 7h 39m (Phobos), 30h 18m (Deimos),
i.e. both moons are tide locked to Mars
• Density: 2 gm/cm3 (Phobos), 1.7 gm/cm3 (Deimos)
• Atmosphere: n/a
• Surface Temperature:
25°F Max, -170°F Min (Phobos)
http://www.solarspace.co.uk/Mars/phobosdeimos.php
Tuesday, March 9, 2010 20
21. Mars: “Months”
Since Mars rotates a bit faster than the revolution period of Deimos, we would indeed see it rise in
the east, but it would then appear to move across the Martian sky at a very slow pace. In fact, it
would take about 33 hours to reach that point directly overhead (or very nearly so). It would then
take yet another 33 hours to descend the sky before we would see it finally set in the west.
And then, we would have to wait another 66 hours before it again reappears above the eastern
horizon.
In contrast, Phobos, takes only 7 hours and 39 minutes to rotate around Mars. So it has the
distinction of being the only natural satellite in the solar system revolving about its planet in a time
shorter than the planetary "day," running three laps around Mars each day.
As seen from the Martian equator, Phobos appears to move far more rapidly than the sluggish
Deimos. In fact, just 2 hours and 48 minutes after Phobos has risen, it is already overhead. And after
another 2 hours and 48 minutes it is setting; an astronaut on Mars could witness it rising twice
during a single Martian night.
And since Phobos west-to-east motion is much faster than Mars rotation period, it would appear to
rise in the west and set in the east.
Furthermore, about every 10 hours and 18 minutes, Phobos appears to rapidly race closely past
Deimos as they trek in opposite directions. Phobos, in fact, probably even appears to briefly eclipse
Deimos for some parts of Mars on each pass.
Try picturing this: during the 66-hours that Deimos moves ponderously in the sky toward the west,
Phobos appears to whiz rapidly in the opposite direction more than six times!
http://www.space.com/spacewatch/mars_moons_040116.html
Tuesday, March 9, 2010 21
22. Mars: Moon Phases
Phobos goes through its entire cycle of phases in the short time it takes to go
once around Mars.
If, for example, it were rising in the west just as the Sun were setting, it would be
at its "New" phase. A little over four hours later, it will already have moved well
past the overhead point to a position roughly halfway up in the east and would
appear "Full." When it sets in the east about an hour and half later, it will have
waned to its Last Quarter phase.
As for Deimos, because the Sun appears to move across the sky more than twice
as fast, this moon would appear to go through a full set of phases more than twice
during the 66 hours that it is continuously above the horizon.
Unfortunately, because of the very small size of both satellites, we should not
expect to see the same kind of sight that we're accustomed to seeing with our
own Moon. Deimos, for example, would appear only about 1/19 the apparent
width of our Moon. It would shine at its very best when at its "Full" phase, but
because of its very small size it would probably look more like an oversized
version of Venus to the unaided eye.
http://www.space.com/spacewatch/mars_moons_040116.html
Tuesday, March 9, 2010 22
23. Mars: Phobos and Deimos
http://www.nasaimages.org/luna/servlet/detail/nasaNAS~4~4~11828~113853:The-Night-Sky-on-Mars
Tuesday, March 9, 2010 23
24. Mars: Phobos and Deimos
Apparent size of the Moon as seen from Earth: 0.5°
Apparent size of the Phobos as seen from Mars: 0.18°
Apparent size of Sun as seen from Earth: 0.5°
Apparent size of Sun as seen from Mars: 0.35°
Apparent size of Earth as seen from the moon: 1.9°
Apparent size of Mars as seen from Phobos: 42°
http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/phobos.html
Tuesday, March 9, 2010 24
25. Mars: Terraformed Mars
from Phobos
Book cover by Hardy for Carl Sagan's 'Pale Blue Dot'.
We see Mars at an advanced stage of terraforming
with the Tharsis volcanoes, a flooded Mariner Valley
and the Boreal Ocean.
http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~mfogg/gallery.htm
Tuesday, March 9, 2010 25
26. Geology of Mars
LACC §9.1, 9.2, 9.4
• Know Mars’s interior (volcanically inactive?) and
evolution (some meteorites came from Mars, water
once flowed on surface)
• Know Mars’s surface features (poles of H2O and CO2
ice, Valles Marineris, Tharsis Bulge, Olympus Mons--
largest volcano) and age (3 to 4 billion years)
• Know Phobos (larger, orbits in less than a day) and
Deimos (small, takes 66 hours to cross the sky),
Mars’s moons (captured asteroids)
An attempt to answer the “big question”: what is out
there? Are we alone?
Tuesday, March 9, 2010 26
27. LACC HW: Franknoi, Morrison, and Wolff,
Voyages Through the Universe, 3rd ed.
• Ch. 9, pp. 219-220: 15.
• Ch 9: Tutorial Quiz accessible from:
www.brookscole.com/cgi-brookscole/course_products_bc.pl?
http://
fid=M20b&product_isbn_issn=9780495017899&discipline_number=19
Must Know: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18
Important: 1, 12, 19, 20
Due at the beginning of the next class period.
Be thinking about the Solar System Project.
Tuesday, March 9, 2010 27