International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The following presentation is only for quick reference. I would advise you to read the theoretical aspects of the respective topic and then use this presentation for your last minute revision. I hope it helps you..!!
Mayur D. Chauhan
Microorganisms are capable of growing on a wide range of substrates and can produce a remarkable spectrum of products. The relatively recent advent of in vitro genetic manipulation has extended the range of products that may be produced by microorganisms and has provided new methods for increasing the yields of existing ones. The commercial exploitation of the biochemical diversity of microorganisms has resulted in the development of the fermentation industry and the techniques of genetic manipulation have given this well-established industry the
opportunity to develop new processes and to improve existing ones. The term fermentation is derived from the Latin verb fervere, to boil, which describes the appearance of the action of yeast on extracts of fruit or malted grain during the production of alcoholic beverages. However, fermentation is interpreted differently by microbiologists and biochemists. To a microbiologist the word means any process for the production of a product by the mass culture of microorganisms. To a biochemist, however, the word means an energy-generating process in which organic compounds act as both electron donors and acceptors, that is, an anaerobic process where energy is produced without the participation of oxygen or other inorganic electron acceptors. In this chapter fermentation is used in its broader, microbiological context.
The following presentation is only for quick reference. I would advise you to read the theoretical aspects of the respective topic and then use this presentation for your last minute revision. I hope it helps you..!!
Mayur D. Chauhan
Microorganisms are capable of growing on a wide range of substrates and can produce a remarkable spectrum of products. The relatively recent advent of in vitro genetic manipulation has extended the range of products that may be produced by microorganisms and has provided new methods for increasing the yields of existing ones. The commercial exploitation of the biochemical diversity of microorganisms has resulted in the development of the fermentation industry and the techniques of genetic manipulation have given this well-established industry the
opportunity to develop new processes and to improve existing ones. The term fermentation is derived from the Latin verb fervere, to boil, which describes the appearance of the action of yeast on extracts of fruit or malted grain during the production of alcoholic beverages. However, fermentation is interpreted differently by microbiologists and biochemists. To a microbiologist the word means any process for the production of a product by the mass culture of microorganisms. To a biochemist, however, the word means an energy-generating process in which organic compounds act as both electron donors and acceptors, that is, an anaerobic process where energy is produced without the participation of oxygen or other inorganic electron acceptors. In this chapter fermentation is used in its broader, microbiological context.
The word Fermentation is derived from Latin word fervere which means to boil.
But the conventional definition of Fermentation is to break down of larger molecules into smaller and simple molecules using microorganisms.
In Biotechnology, Fermentation means any process by which microorganisms are grown in large quantities to produce any type of useful materials.
Fermentative metabolism and development of bioprocessing technology, processi...Ananya Sinha
This ppt includes, fermentation, the metabolism, the bioprocessor, it's technology, and the recombinant products. It connects all these topics together. The outline for plants and animals is nearly same
This presentation is about what exactly is penicillin and how it was discovered along with its industrial production process from fermentors until yield.
Upon the evolution brought about in the fermentation technology resulted out into various methodologies for optimization of the product yield by economical consumption of the substrates. Eventually, these ventures led for the development of technologies classified into as Submerged and Solid State technologies and the latter one being the concept of interest whose detailed view will be provided in the following presentation
The word Fermentation is derived from Latin word fervere which means to boil.
But the conventional definition of Fermentation is to break down of larger molecules into smaller and simple molecules using microorganisms.
In Biotechnology, Fermentation means any process by which microorganisms are grown in large quantities to produce any type of useful materials.
Fermentative metabolism and development of bioprocessing technology, processi...Ananya Sinha
This ppt includes, fermentation, the metabolism, the bioprocessor, it's technology, and the recombinant products. It connects all these topics together. The outline for plants and animals is nearly same
This presentation is about what exactly is penicillin and how it was discovered along with its industrial production process from fermentors until yield.
Upon the evolution brought about in the fermentation technology resulted out into various methodologies for optimization of the product yield by economical consumption of the substrates. Eventually, these ventures led for the development of technologies classified into as Submerged and Solid State technologies and the latter one being the concept of interest whose detailed view will be provided in the following presentation
“Isolation and Biochemical Characterization of Antibiotic Producing Microorga...IOSR Journals
The search for new antibiotics continues in a rather overlooked hunting ground. In the course of screening for new antibiotic-producing microorganisms, isolates showing antimicrobial activity were isolated from waste soil samples from various habitats in the Industrial Areas in Dheradun, Uttarakhand, India. Existing methods of screening for antibiotic producers together with some novel procedures were reviewed. Both modified agar-streak and agar-plug methods were used in the primary screens. The use of selective isolation media, with or without antibiotic incorporation and/or heat pretreatment, enhanced the development of certain actinomycete colonies on the isolation plates. Antibiotics have long been considered the “magic bullet” that would end infectious disease. Although they have improved the health of countless numbers of humans and animals, many antibiotics have also been losing their effectiveness since the beginning of the antibiotic era. Bacteria have adapted defenses against these antibiotics and continue to develop new resistances, even as we develop new antibiotics. In recent years, much attention has been given to the increase in antibiotic resistance. As more microbial species and strains become resistant, many diseases have become difficult to treat, a phenomenon frequently ascribed to both indiscriminate and inappropriate use of antibiotics in human medicine. However, the use of antibiotics and antimicrobials in raising food animals has also contributed significantly to the pool of antibiotic resistant organisms globally and antibiotic resistant bacteria are now found in large numbers in virtually every ecosystem on earth. Dual culture bioassays were used to screen seven selected Bacillus isolates for activity against four plant pathogenic fungi in vitro. All isolates were able to inhibit the pathogens to varying degrees. Two isolates, R29 and B81, were selected for further testing and characterization. Further bioassays were performed on five complex nutrient media which were adjusted to pH S.S and 7, and both incubated at 2SoC and 30°C" respectively. It was found that pH and media composition showed significant influences on the antifungal activities of the isolates tested, but that a SoC temperature difference in incubation temperature did not. Tryptone soy agar was found to give rise to the largest inhibition zones. Both isolates were tentatively identified using standard biochemical and morphological tests. Based on its phenotypic characteristics, R29 was identified as a strain of B. subtilis. B81 proved to be more difficult to assign to a specific group or species of Bacillus, though B. subtilis and B. licheniformis were considered to be the nearest candidates. Genomic DNA was extracted from both isolates and a portion of each of their 16s rDNA genes were amplified and sequenced for homology testing against the GeneBank database. Homology testing confirmed that both isolates were members of the genus Bacillus and most
Secondary metabolites used to treat infections caused by microbial pathogens. It can cause illness to humans and animals. This study was carried out to screen for potential antimicrobial producing microbes from soil samples collected from different area of Garhwal region in Uttarakhand, India. Dermatophytes are a major group of closely pathogenic fungi that infect skin, hair and nails in humans and animals. In the present study, a trial was done to find out a new antimicrobial agent producing bacteria from soil samples. Antifungal activity of each bacterial isolate against dermatophytic fungus was performed with dual culture and agar well diffusion methods using SDA medium. All the isolated bacterial colonies were observed for primary screening for their anti-dermatophytic activity against the pathogenic species of dermatophytes Trichophyton (MTCC-272), Epidermophyton, (MTCC-465), Microsporum (MTCC-964), Candida albicans, and A. niger were screened by well diffusion methods. Among the total 75 bacterial isolates, only 15 of them were capable of synthesizing antimicrobial metabolites in primary screening. Out of these fifteen isolated bacterial sp. only four Bacterial colonies were found to most potent that was obtained from agricultural region of Srinagar Garhwal, in Uttarakhand found to exhibit the highest antagonistic and anti-dermatophytic activity against most of the used pathogenic dermatophytes in the study. The Physiochemical and biochemical characters of the isolated bacterial species were matched with Bacillus and Pseudomonas sp. Then antifungal activity was measured in different pH and temperature range parameter. Thus, isolated strain was given the suggested name PA-4(a), PA-2(a), PA-2 (PK-1), and PA-1(E). This study indicates that microorganisms isolated from agriculture land of Garhwal region in Uttarakhand (India) soil could be an interesting source of antimicrobial bioactive compound.
Key-words- Secondary metabolites, Antibiotic, Soil Bacteria, Dermatophytes, Antagonistic activity
Bioactivity screening of Soil bacteria against human pathogenspharmaindexing
Microorganisms have a profound effect on medical science as they not only infect & cause disease but also produce metabolic products that can cure infections. Soil happens to be a source for a variety of microorganisms. Most of the bacteria, particularly actinomycetes produce biologically active secondary metabolites. Though there are a number of antibiotics available, there is a pressing need for the discovery of new source for antimicrobials against the pathogens due to the development of drug resistance of the pathogenic microorganisms. In addition to, new pathogenic strains are also developing and causing infection to human beings. Bioactive compounds are compounds that are produced by any living organism and are known to exhibit various biological activities both in-vitro & in-vivo. Bioactivity may be antimicrobial, antineoplastic, anticancerous, immunomodulation, antifertility & others. Soil bacteria were isolated by standard technique and by making use of selective media. The isolates were identified and subjected for preliminary screening to look for their ability to produce bioactive materials. A total of 96 strains were isolated from three different soil samples. 14 of them were found to have antibacterial activity against the human pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, E.coli, Klebsiella aerogenes, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aureginosa and Salmonella typhi by preliminary screening. Further the selected (3) bacteria were grown in the suitable culture media for the production of bioactive metabolites by using rotary shake flask. The active metabolites was isolated by solvent extraction and concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure. The antimicrobial screening of the active metabolites showed prominent effect against the clinical pathogens under the study.
Isolation and Screening of Soil Actinomycetes for Antimicrobial Activity OlakunleAjibola
Antimicrobial resistance in pathogens has greatly increased of late and now pose a serious public health problem globally. New antimicrobials are continuously needed to inhibit the growth of these resistant strains.
The aim of this study was to isolate and screen soil actinomycetes and evaluate their secondary metabolites for antimicrobial activities against selected pathogenic bacteria and fungi.
Anti-Microbial Activity of probiotic Lactobacilli and Optimization of Bacteri...ijsrd.com
The present study is about the anti-microbial activity of the bacteriocin producing lactobacilli and optimization of bacteriocin production. Bacteriocin was extracted by solvent extraction with chloroform and the antimicrobial activity was tested against 5 different pathogens by agar spotting method. Optimization of bacteriocin production was done for 4 different parameters such as pH, Temperature, Carbon source and Nitrogen source and the anti-microbial activity was tested against the following 5 different pathogens and the results were observed and diameter of the zone of inhibition was measured and tabulated. From the results of the study it was found that bacteriocin produced from lactobacilli has good antimicrobial activity.The present study is about the anti-microbial activity of the bacteriocin producing lactobacilli and optimization of bacteriocin production. Bacteriocin was extracted by solvent extraction with chloroform and the antimicrobial activity was tested against 5 different pathogens by agar spotting method. Optimization of bacteriocin production was done for 4 different parameters such as pH, Temperature, Carbon source and Nitrogen source and the anti-microbial activity was tested against the following 5 different pathogens and the results were observed and diameter of the zone of inhibition was measured and tabulated. From the results of the study it was found that bacteriocin produced from lactobacilli has good antimicrobial activity.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Optimization of Medium for the Production of Streptomycin By Streptomyces Griseus
1. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6718, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 670X
www.ijpsi.org Volume 3 Issue 11 ‖ November 2014 ‖ PP.01-08
www.ijpsi.org 1 | Page
Optimization of Medium for the Production of Streptomycin By
Streptomyces Griseus
Lekh Ram*
M.Sc. Biotechnology 2009-2011
Azyme Biosciences Pvt. Ltd. Bangalore, India.
Beehive College of Advance Studies, Dehradun, India.
ABSTRACT: The present investigation was made to find out the optimal media for the growth of the
Streptomyces griseus bacteria which is more useful for the production of Streptomycin. The soil sample was
collected from the Jayanagar 4th
block from Shalini park Bangalore. A specific media Starch Casine Agar (SCA)
was used for the isolation and culturing of the bacterial strain. Characterizations of these strains were also
studied by visual observation of colony, microscopic observation and biochemical tests identified the specific
bacteria namely Streptomyces griseus. Antimicrobial activity of isolated bacteria was performed against E.coli
bacteria. Estimation of Streptomycin sample was done with the help of HPLC. The isolated sample contained
80% of the Streptomycin per 100ml. Optimization of medium for the production of Streptomycin was done by on
the basis of pH, Time, Carbon Source, Nitrogen source. Streptomyces griseus showed maximum growth at pH
value of 9, incubation time of more than 72 hours, maximum growth in the medium having glycine as nitrogen
source, and maximum growth in the medium which contain rice bran as a carbon source.
KEYWORDS: Bacterial isolation, characterization, antimicrobial activity, estimation of streptomycin by
HPLC, Optimization of media.
I. INTRODUCTION
Antibiotics are the antimicrobial agents, which are produced by some micro-organisms to inhibit or to
kill many other micro-organisms including different bacteria, viruses and eukaryotic cells. It can be purified
from microbial fermentation and modified chemically or enzymatically. Antibiotics are secondary metabolites
and these secondary metabolites have also been termed “idiolites” (Walker, 1974). The best-known genus of
actinomycetes; Streptomycetes (Order Actinomycetales, Family Streptomycetaceae) are gram-positive,
filamentous bacteria that are ubiquitous in soil and produce the majority (>70%) of known antibiotics (Tanaka
and Omura, 1990). There is a large class of β-lactam antibiotics produced by bacteria, fungi and streptomyces.
They all possess unusual chemical linkage β-lactam core (Bayer et al. 1990). Sometime it shows the “selective
toxicity” which means that compound inhibits or kills the microorganism without having a similar effect on the
host organism (e.g., humans) (Robbers et al. 1996). Streptomycin belongs to a group of compounds, known as
antibiotics, which are produced by microorganisms and which possess the property of inhibiting the growth and
even of destroying other microorganisms. Antibiotics vary greatly in their chemical nature, mode of action upon
different organisms, and effect upon the animal body.
The selective action of antibiotics upon bacteria and other microorganisms is known as the antibiotic
spectrum. The majority of antibiotics and substances with diverse biological activity used in medicine are
produced by actinomycetes, however, other microorganisms, such as Myxobacteria, Pseudomonads, Nocardias,
Enterobacteria, Halobacteria, hyperthermophiles etc. are investigated for new biologically active metabolites
by Behal (2003). As soil bacteria can metabolize a variety of carbon source and their activity and regulation
substantially determine the nutritional status of the cell and therefore, influence antibiotic production (Bertram
et al. 2004) It has been established that penicillin production is characteristic of the Penicillium notatum and
Penicillium chrysogenum groups; the variation in potency of different strains is either quantitative or qualitative,
according to the type of penicillin produced. The production of streptomycin, however, is characteristic of only
a certain few strains of S. griseus (Waksman, Schatz, and Reynolds, 1946). This organism represents a distinctly
heterogeneous group, especially in regard to the production of antibiotics. Numerous attempts to isolate
streptomycin-producing strains of S. griseus from natural substrates have so far yielded, in addition to the two
original strains obtained in laboratory in 1943, namely, D-1 and 18-16 (Schatz, Bugie, and Waksman, 1944).
2. Optimization Of Medium For The Production…
www.ijpsi.org 2 | Page
II. MATERIAL AND METHODS
Collection of soil samples : The soil sample was collected from Shalini park, Jayanagar 4th
block Bangalore
from a depth of 1-15 inches from the top and sieved through a 2 mm sieve constituted the soil sample. The
sample was dispensed into bag and was brought to the laboratory.
Isolation of microorganisms : The saline soil solution was prepared by dissolving the 100mg of soil in 10ml
autoclaved saline water. Now take the 1 ml of saline soil sample from that and pour it into the petripalate. After
add the sterile media into petriplates. Wait for the solidification of the medium in petriplate. Allow it to incubate
for 24-48 hour in incubator for 37ºC.
Identification of the bacterial cultures: Identification of bacterial cultures was performed by gram staining
and by performing the biochemical test.
Production of Streptomycin: Production of Streptomycin was done by inoculating the bacterial cultures of S.
griseus on to the Starch Casine Broth for 24-48 hours.
Antimicrobial Actvity Testing of the Streptomycin: Take 1 ml. of the streptomycin culture from different
broths in the ependrop tubes. Centrifuge the ependrop tubes at 6000 rpm for 10 minutes. Take out the
supernatant. Pour the nutrient agar medium into the petriplates. Allow it to cool at room temperature. Spread the
E. coli and pseudomonas bacterial culture on to the surface of the medium. Make the wells in the medium of
plate and fill the wells with the supernatant. Incubate the plates for 48-72 hours.
Estimation of Streptomycin: Estimation of Streptomycin was done with the help of HPLC.
Preparation of Mobile Phase: Mobile phase is 75% HPLC grade Acetonitrite: 25%HPLC grade water. Mobile
phase prepared by using single cylinder measurement system.
Preparation of Sample: 1ml. of streptomycin sample is taken and diluted with 10 ml mobile phase.
Preparation of Standard: 10 mg of standard powder is taken and diluted with 25 ml of mobile phase.
Column Used: C18 is the column used.
Flow Rate: 1 ml/min.
Calculation: Sample Area÷Standard Area×Standard Amount÷Dilution×dilution÷Sample Amount×Mean of
Sample of Streptomycin.
Optimization of medium for the production of Streptomycin: Optimization medium was done on the basis of
pH, incubation time, carbon source, nitrogen source.
III. RESULTS
Isolation and Identification
Starch Casine Agar (SCA) media was employed for the isolation of bacterial colonies from the soil
sample. The Bacterial strains were isolated from soil sample collected from Shalini Park Jayanagar 4th
Block,
Bangalore. Serial dilution of the soil sample was done with saline double distilled water. Grayish whitish
colonies were grown on to the culture plates selected. Further morphological identification was done by gram
staining. Gram positive purple colour filamentous bacteria were seen under the microscope. Biochemical
identification of the isolate was performed (Shown in Fig.). The isolate was identified by morphological,
biochemical and physiological examination according to Bergey’s Manual of determinative bacteriology (1994).
The organism was described to genus Streptomyces and species griseus (Table).
3. Optimization Of Medium For The Production…
www.ijpsi.org 3 | Page
Fig. Showing the morphology of bacteria. Fig. showing the Methyl Red Testing.
Fig. showing Amylase production. Fig. Showing Glucose Fermentation.
Table: Biochemical testing of the isolated bacterial culture.
4. Optimization Of Medium For The Production…
www.ijpsi.org 4 | Page
Antimicrobial activity of Streptomycin: A clear zone was formed around the well of the medium.
Fig. Showing the antimicrobial activity of streptomycin.
Estimation of Streptomycin by HPLC:
5. Optimization Of Medium For The Production…
www.ijpsi.org 5 | Page
Calculation: 21.498÷24.720×1ml÷10ml×10ml÷1ml×10ml= 8.6966019 ml.
8.6966019 ml of Streptomycin sample was found in 10ml sample.
Optimization of medium: On the basis of pH:
Streptomycin showed the maximum growth at the pH value of 9.
pH O.D.
5.0 0.875
7.0 1.217
9.0 1.613
11.0 1.373
Fig. Showing the pH Optimization.
6. Optimization Of Medium For The Production…
www.ijpsi.org 6 | Page
On the basis of Incubation time: Streptomycin showed the maximum growth when the incubation time of the
culture is increases more than 72 hours.
INCUBATION TIME(HOURS) O.D.
24 0.875
48 0.997
72 1.167
116 1.256
Fig. Showing the Optimization on the basis of incubation time.
On the basis of Nitrogen source:
Streptomycin gave the maximum yield or growth when nitrogen source glycin and peptones are used.
NITROGEN SOURCE O.D.
PEPTONE 0.611
TRYPTONE 1.119
GLYCINE 1.509
Fig. Showing Optimization on the basis of Nitrogen source.
7. Optimization Of Medium For The Production…
www.ijpsi.org 7 | Page
On the basis of Carbon source:
Streptomycin gave the maximum growth when carbon source starch and rice bran are used.
CARBON SOURCE O.D.
MALTOSE 0.541
STARCH 1.046
SUCROSE 0.883
WHEAT BRAN 0.971
RICE BRAN 1.119
Fig. Showing Optimization on the basis of carbon source.
IV. CONCLUSION
Streptomycin was isolated from the soil sample. Various species of Streptomyces spices can be used
for the isolation of the streptomycin. In this project Streptomyces griseus species was used for the production of
streptomycin. The sample was collected from Jayanagar 4th
block Shalini Park. Starch casine medium is used for
the bacterial isolation which is the specific medium for Streptomyces griseus. Grayish or whitish colonies of the
bacteria were observed. Streptomyces griseus bacteria was Filamentous, purple colour gram positive
morphology of the bacteria is found. After performing biochemical test confirms the bacteria. In the next step is
the production of the bacteria. Antimicrobial activity of the bacteria is checked against the pseudomonas and E.
coli. Estimation of the streptomycin was done by the use of HPLC and the optimization of the medium was
done for the Streptomycin production. Optimization was done on the basis of pH, incubation time, nitrogen
source, and on the basis of carbon source. Different graphs of the optimization have been shown in this project
work explaining the effect of growth in under different components. This work is important for getting good
yield of Streptomycin from bacteria. In future more work is possible on it by increasing the yield of the
Streptomycin by genetically modifing the strain of bacteria.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Author is thankful to CEO of Azyme Bisciences Pvt. Ltd, Bangalore and HOD Dept. of Biotechnology, Beehive
College of Advance studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand for providing me opportunity to do this project work.
REFERENCES
[1] Bayer, D., W. Zhou, K. Holzhauer and K. Schuegar. 1990. Investigation cephalosporin C production in an airlift loop towel loop
reactor. Appl. Microbiol. Biotech. 30(1): 26-33.
[2] Behal, V. 2003. Alternative sources of biologically active substance. Folia. Microbiol (Paraha). 48(5): 563-571.
[3] Bertram, R., M. Schlicht, K. Mahr, H. Nothaft, M.H. Saier and F. Titgemeyer. 2002. Insilico and transcriptional analysis of
carbohydrate uptake systems of streptomyces coelicolor A3 (2). J. Bacteriol. 186(5): 1362-1373.
[4] Rubbers, J.E., M.K. Speedie and V.E. Tyler. 1996. Pharmacognosy and Pharmacobiotechnology. Williams and Wilkina Co. 219p.
[5] Selman A. Waksman Streptomycin: background, isolation, properties, and utilization Nobel Lecture, December 12, 1952.
8. Optimization Of Medium For The Production…
www.ijpsi.org 8 | Page
[6] Waksman, S. A., Schatz , A., AND Reynolds, D. M. 1946 Production of antibiotic substances by actinomycetes. N. Y. Acad. Sci.,
Conf. Antibiotics, Jan. 17-19.
[7] Schatz, A., Bugie, E., and Waksman, S. A. 1944 Streptomycin, a substance exhibiting antibiotic activity against gram-positive and
gram-negative bacteria. Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med., 55, 66-69.
[8] Tanaka, Y. and S. Omura. 1990. Metabolism and products of actinomycetes: an introduction. Actinomycetologica 4: 13-14.
[9] Walker, J.B. 1974. Biosynthesis of the monoguanidinated inositol moiety of bluensomycin, a possible evolutionary precursor of
Streptomycin. J. Biol. Chem. 249: 2397-2404.