The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Flood disaster in pakistan and its impact on agriculture growth a reviewMehro6
The document summarizes the impacts of flooding in Pakistan from 2010 to 2014 on agricultural growth. Major floods occurred each year during this period, affecting large areas of crops and damaging infrastructure. The worst impacts were seen in 2010 and 2014, which saw over 1 million acres of crops damaged each year. In total from 2010 to 2014, floods killed over 5,000 people and caused $19 billion in economic losses. The floods disproportionately impacted agricultural regions and farmers, undermining agricultural production and Pakistan's economy.
The Civil Aviation, Climate Change Reduction and Legal Aspects of Forest Fire...IOSRJAC
This article describes general review such as introduction and historical background; legal ground such as Indonesian Constitution of 1945, Act Number 6 Year 1994, Act Number 23 Year 1997, Act Number 17 Year 2004, Act Number 25 Year 2004, Act Number 1 Year 2009, Act Number 32 Year 2009 and Presidential Regulation Number 46 Year 2008; action to be taken to reduce climate change in the international as well as national level such as membership of UNFCCC, commits to support ICAO’s recommendation, environmental measure project (EMP), cooperation with IATA and other agencies, discussion with Switzerland related to climate change, such as the policy approach to climate change, socialization and coordination of a national action plan, eco-friendly airport, alternative fuel for aircraft operation , sustainable air transport and aviation alternative fuels, the emission trading scheme; establishment of national committee on climate change , aviation biofuels and renewable energy at the airport; and two kinds of legal aspect such as liability regime and responsibility regime related to dispute arrangement to achieve sustainability development.
Residents’ Perception of Ecotourism Impact in Ekiti State: A Case Study of Ik...BRNSS Publication Hub
The document discusses a case study on residents' perceptions of ecotourism impacts in Ikogosi Warm Spring, Ekiti State, Nigeria. A survey was conducted with 150 residents to understand their views. Most residents agreed that the government and non-native tourism staff benefited most from ecotourism development. While some positive sociocultural impacts were seen, benefits were perceived as small and slow. Most residents recognized ecotourism's role in environmental protection but some felt it restricted local access to natural resources. Unequal benefit distribution influenced residents' mixed perceptions of ecotourism.
The document discusses a study on the effectiveness of drought mitigation strategies in Bikita District, Zimbabwe. The study used questionnaires, interviews, observations and focus groups to assess the strategies used by households. The main strategies identified were food aid, food for work, sale of livestock, remittances, and irrigation. Food aid and food for work were found to be the most effective, while remittances, irrigation and drought-resistant crops were the least effective. Most households reported not benefiting from the strategies. The document recommends improving irrigation infrastructure, incorporating local knowledge, increasing access to agricultural inputs, and providing more technical assistance to farmers.
Foundations of migration from the disaster consequences coastal area of bangl...Alexander Decker
1. The document examines migration patterns from coastal areas of Bangladesh due to natural disasters caused by climate change.
2. It analyzes survey responses from 49 people in Subaarna char Upazilla, finding that riverbank erosion and cyclones strongly influence migration, while floods, tornadoes, and droughts have less impact.
3. Climate change is projected to increase the frequency and severity of natural hazards in Bangladesh, potentially displacing millions through events like sea level rise, flooding, and coastal inundation, making migration a key adaptation strategy.
Participatory Earthpuake Vulnerability Assessment: A Case Study on Motijhorna...Kazi Mahfuzur Rahman
Abstract:
This paper aims to assess the earthquake vulnerability of Matijhorna Slum in Chittagong City. Like any other slum, it is a densely populated area with high room density. Chittagong is a hilly region & sometimes earthquake has occurred here though their intensity is not very high. If a large earthquake occurs it will bring immeasurable sufferings especially to the study area as it is vulnerable for landslide occurrence also. The area is not well developed & most of the people are poor to build their living structures strong enough which may resist earthquake occurrence. The vulnerability is assessed using participatory approach as it is the best way to make realize the community how vulnerable they are. Different types of risk factors such as Ground Factor, Secondary Hazards, Demographic Factor, Emergency Preparedness and Structural Factors are considered. Different types of PRA tools and modified PRA tools are used in the study to assess the vulnerability of Earthquake.
Climate change is negatively impacting fishing in coastal Tanzania. Rising ocean temperatures are causing many fish species to move to deeper waters or cooler regions, while also introducing new species with unpredictable effects. These shifting conditions are making it difficult for fishermen in Tanzania to catch fish, threatening their livelihoods and food security. Fisheries provide over 177,000 direct jobs and millions more indirect jobs in Tanzania, but climate change is reducing fish catches and contributing to economic losses. While Tanzania contributes little to global warming, it lacks the resources to effectively adapt its fishing communities to the effects of climate change.
Overpopulation in India has led to several environmental problems. It is the root cause of issues like food shortage, water scarcity, increased pollution, and deforestation. The high population growth is attributed to factors such as declining death rates, poverty, illiteracy and lack of family planning programs. Measures to control overpopulation include increasing female education, employment opportunities, and implementing policies like the two-child norm along with better access to contraceptives. Addressing the root causes of overpopulation can help curb its effects and promote sustainable development.
Flood disaster in pakistan and its impact on agriculture growth a reviewMehro6
The document summarizes the impacts of flooding in Pakistan from 2010 to 2014 on agricultural growth. Major floods occurred each year during this period, affecting large areas of crops and damaging infrastructure. The worst impacts were seen in 2010 and 2014, which saw over 1 million acres of crops damaged each year. In total from 2010 to 2014, floods killed over 5,000 people and caused $19 billion in economic losses. The floods disproportionately impacted agricultural regions and farmers, undermining agricultural production and Pakistan's economy.
The Civil Aviation, Climate Change Reduction and Legal Aspects of Forest Fire...IOSRJAC
This article describes general review such as introduction and historical background; legal ground such as Indonesian Constitution of 1945, Act Number 6 Year 1994, Act Number 23 Year 1997, Act Number 17 Year 2004, Act Number 25 Year 2004, Act Number 1 Year 2009, Act Number 32 Year 2009 and Presidential Regulation Number 46 Year 2008; action to be taken to reduce climate change in the international as well as national level such as membership of UNFCCC, commits to support ICAO’s recommendation, environmental measure project (EMP), cooperation with IATA and other agencies, discussion with Switzerland related to climate change, such as the policy approach to climate change, socialization and coordination of a national action plan, eco-friendly airport, alternative fuel for aircraft operation , sustainable air transport and aviation alternative fuels, the emission trading scheme; establishment of national committee on climate change , aviation biofuels and renewable energy at the airport; and two kinds of legal aspect such as liability regime and responsibility regime related to dispute arrangement to achieve sustainability development.
Residents’ Perception of Ecotourism Impact in Ekiti State: A Case Study of Ik...BRNSS Publication Hub
The document discusses a case study on residents' perceptions of ecotourism impacts in Ikogosi Warm Spring, Ekiti State, Nigeria. A survey was conducted with 150 residents to understand their views. Most residents agreed that the government and non-native tourism staff benefited most from ecotourism development. While some positive sociocultural impacts were seen, benefits were perceived as small and slow. Most residents recognized ecotourism's role in environmental protection but some felt it restricted local access to natural resources. Unequal benefit distribution influenced residents' mixed perceptions of ecotourism.
The document discusses a study on the effectiveness of drought mitigation strategies in Bikita District, Zimbabwe. The study used questionnaires, interviews, observations and focus groups to assess the strategies used by households. The main strategies identified were food aid, food for work, sale of livestock, remittances, and irrigation. Food aid and food for work were found to be the most effective, while remittances, irrigation and drought-resistant crops were the least effective. Most households reported not benefiting from the strategies. The document recommends improving irrigation infrastructure, incorporating local knowledge, increasing access to agricultural inputs, and providing more technical assistance to farmers.
Foundations of migration from the disaster consequences coastal area of bangl...Alexander Decker
1. The document examines migration patterns from coastal areas of Bangladesh due to natural disasters caused by climate change.
2. It analyzes survey responses from 49 people in Subaarna char Upazilla, finding that riverbank erosion and cyclones strongly influence migration, while floods, tornadoes, and droughts have less impact.
3. Climate change is projected to increase the frequency and severity of natural hazards in Bangladesh, potentially displacing millions through events like sea level rise, flooding, and coastal inundation, making migration a key adaptation strategy.
Participatory Earthpuake Vulnerability Assessment: A Case Study on Motijhorna...Kazi Mahfuzur Rahman
Abstract:
This paper aims to assess the earthquake vulnerability of Matijhorna Slum in Chittagong City. Like any other slum, it is a densely populated area with high room density. Chittagong is a hilly region & sometimes earthquake has occurred here though their intensity is not very high. If a large earthquake occurs it will bring immeasurable sufferings especially to the study area as it is vulnerable for landslide occurrence also. The area is not well developed & most of the people are poor to build their living structures strong enough which may resist earthquake occurrence. The vulnerability is assessed using participatory approach as it is the best way to make realize the community how vulnerable they are. Different types of risk factors such as Ground Factor, Secondary Hazards, Demographic Factor, Emergency Preparedness and Structural Factors are considered. Different types of PRA tools and modified PRA tools are used in the study to assess the vulnerability of Earthquake.
Climate change is negatively impacting fishing in coastal Tanzania. Rising ocean temperatures are causing many fish species to move to deeper waters or cooler regions, while also introducing new species with unpredictable effects. These shifting conditions are making it difficult for fishermen in Tanzania to catch fish, threatening their livelihoods and food security. Fisheries provide over 177,000 direct jobs and millions more indirect jobs in Tanzania, but climate change is reducing fish catches and contributing to economic losses. While Tanzania contributes little to global warming, it lacks the resources to effectively adapt its fishing communities to the effects of climate change.
Overpopulation in India has led to several environmental problems. It is the root cause of issues like food shortage, water scarcity, increased pollution, and deforestation. The high population growth is attributed to factors such as declining death rates, poverty, illiteracy and lack of family planning programs. Measures to control overpopulation include increasing female education, employment opportunities, and implementing policies like the two-child norm along with better access to contraceptives. Addressing the root causes of overpopulation can help curb its effects and promote sustainable development.
Climate Change and Climate-Induced Disasters in Odisha, Eastern India: Impact...inventionjournals
There is no doubt that climate change and climate induced-disasters pose a significant challenge to poverty reduction, health and development in many developing countries, including India. Odisha’s geographic location on the east coast of India and its climatic condition have meant that the state has historically been highly prone to climate change and multiple hazards, mainly cyclones, droughts and floods. Its fluctuating weather conditions suggest that Odisha is stumbling under climatic chaos. The state has been declared disaster-affected for 95 years of the last 105 years: floods have occurred for 50 years, droughts for 32 years and cyclones have struck the state for 11 years. After independence less importance has been given to the state as well as the development strategies of the state have tended to overlook the climate change, health, poverty related issues. The findings of the study highlight that there is a scarcity of research which can focus on different climatic induced calamity issues. Strong political will, strengthen infrastructures, public private partnership and community involvement and better planning can go beyond risk management to look at actions that address climate change and deliver benefits for growth and development. There is an urgent need to focus on the climate change, disasters and their vulnerability, and adaptation and coping mechanisms among the people in the state. The study recommends for future research and policy advocacy for better solutions and development strategies in the state.
Environmental accounting as a means of promoting sustainableAlexander Decker
This document discusses environmental accounting as a means to promote sustainable forestry operations in Osun State, Nigeria. It begins by providing background on sustainable development, environmental accounting, and forestry operations. It notes that while forestry provides economic benefits, uncontrolled extraction could lead to depletion. The study examines trends in timber extraction versus tree planting in Osun State. Results show tree planting is declining as tree felling increases, impacting earnings and intergenerational equity. The document concludes current practices are not sustainable and remediation costs have not been adequate to support livelihoods and sustainability. It analyzes secondary data from 2001-2010 to test the hypothesis that environmental accountability will positively influence sustaining forestry resources and outputs.
Natural disasters vulnerability assessment of gondia district, maharashtra, i...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study that assessed natural disaster vulnerability in Gondia District, Maharashtra, India using digital terrain modeling (DTM) and GIS techniques. The study focused on the Ghat-Tembhani-Chipia area, which experiences annual flooding. DTM and contour maps were generated from elevation data to analyze the topography. The maps identified areas vulnerable to flooding due to natural obstructions in rivers, inward depressions in land, and high water flow at river confluences. Addressing these issues could help minimize flooding impacts on lives and property in the region.
Population and natural resources conditions , Population and environment issues, Global warming and climate change ,
Demographic factors are evoked by several countries in connection with their environmental problems: Relation among population , Resources and Environment, South Asian countries mention that population policy as general means to alleviate environmental problems:
Effects of non wood forest products on rural household inAlexander Decker
This study examined the effects of non-wood forest products (NWFPs) on rural households in Surulere Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria. Key findings include:
- Majority of respondents were between 30-59 years old, married, had 6-15 years experience collecting NWFPs, and low levels of education. Household sizes were typically 1-5 people.
- The most common NWFPs available were bush meat, herbs, snails, and wild honey.
- NWFPs had favorable effects on households including eating quality food, having cash income, joining organizations, and discovering new marketing channels.
- Most common NWFP-based economic activities were collecting and marketing NW
Migration, remittances and livelihood systems of farm households in enugu sta...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the effects of remittances on the livelihoods of farm households in Enugu State, Nigeria. The study found that households whose heads were middle-aged and less educated were more likely to have family members migrate. Remittances were mostly received from male children through hand delivery or banks. Remittances ranged from 1,000-10,000 Naira and were used mostly for family consumption and agricultural production. Regression analysis showed that the age and education level of household heads, as well as household size, significantly influenced migration rates of family members.
Soil erosion which is now one of the impacts of climate change due to increased precipitation events across the globe needs adaptations for adjusting to the actual and expected change in its occurrence more than mechanical/engineering measures for the management of the phenomenon. The objective of this paper is to conduct an in-depth review of adaptation strategies to soil erosion. The research made a review of academic/journal articles, internet materials, news articles, conference papers, books and publicly available materials on adaptations to soil erosion. From the review, most authors have a unity of opinion on adaptive strategies to soil erosion, including the use of mulching, cover cropping, reduced tillage, contour bonds, tree planting, wood logs and ploughing across the slope as they have been found to increase soil yield and reduce soil loss as well as its accompanying adverse impacts. Recommendations of the study includes: (1) enhancement of the existing adaptive measures; (2) a shift from rain-fed agriculture to dry season farming; (3) training the affected people on adopting the adaptive measures which are currently ignored in most communities; and (4) encouragement of the participation of land holders through grants in soil erosion management based on the adaptive techniques.
An assessment of waste management activities of Borno State environmental pro...Premier Publishers
The rapid population growth, and rise in community living standards has been a major contributor to generation rate of municipal solid waste. Managing it has been a major challenge worldwide. This study examines the waste management activities of Borno State Environmental Protection Agency (BOSEPA). The study utilizes simple descriptive statistics including tables, frequencies and percentages for data analyses. The results indicated that most waste generated is from domestic activities with 69%. Majority of the respondents constituting 45% pointed garbage as the type of waste generated and the results also indicated that majority of the respondents are using plastic containers representing about 43%, while 42% of the respondents disposed waste openly. With respect to the expectation of BOSEPA, 48% admitted that regular collection of refuse is not carried out by BOSEPA as expected. The study concludes that the metropolis is lacking waste collection points, collection containers and the respondents hardly see BOSEPA staff in the available collection points for refuse collection.
Zewde alemayehu tilahun a review on vulnerability of climate change on liveli...zewde alemayehu
This document reviews the vulnerability of climate change on livelihood systems in Ethiopia. It discusses how Ethiopia's agricultural dependent economy and low adaptive capacity make it highly vulnerable to climate impacts like drought and flooding. The document examines how climate change is affecting temperatures, rainfall patterns, and agricultural production in Ethiopia. It also analyzes the different factors that contribute to Ethiopia's vulnerability, such as heavy reliance on rain-fed agriculture and underdeveloped water resources. Key vulnerable sectors are identified as agriculture, water resources, and human health. Smallholder farmers and pastoralists are the most vulnerable groups.
Climate change is threatening Nepal's natural resources, livelihoods, and development. Nepal is highly vulnerable to climate impacts like changing precipitation patterns, glacial melt, floods, landslides, and droughts. Average temperatures in Nepal have been rising, rainfall is becoming more variable, and extreme weather events are becoming more frequent and intense. Key vulnerable sectors include water resources, agriculture, ecosystems, and communities in poverty. Urgent national measures are needed to address current and future climate vulnerabilities and their effects on water availability, natural disasters, and livelihoods in order to promote sustainable development.
Ecological-edaphic and Socio-economic drivers of on-farm tree farming enterpr...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The biophysical-edaphic and socioeconomic factors do equally influence the on-farm tree farming in the smallholder farming systems. Naturally, neither of the factors do act in isolation, but they are interrelated. The study was carried out in Nsangi sub-county, Wakiso District, 2018. Using the stratified random sampling method based on landholding sizes, a sample of size of sixty households were selected and interviewed. The objectives of the study were to examine the influence of the bio-physical, edaphic and socio-cultural-economic factors onto the performance of the on-farm tree farming enterprise, and to evaluate the farmer's participation in on-farm tree farming activities. The results showed that both ecological-edaphic and socio-cultural-economic factors influence the performance of the tree volume, tree species diversity and tree stand density/ha. There is a negative correlation between size of landholding and farmer's interaction with the on-farm tree farming enterprises. Judging from the results of this study, there is a need for a policy review aimed at devising appropriate socio-cultural-economic and ecological-edaphic practices that promote on-farm tree farming programmes.
The document discusses landslides in Bhutan. It argues that while landslides are naturally occurring phenomena in the Eastern Himalayas due to geological instability, human activities have exacerbated the frequency and intensity of landslides in Bhutan. The civil society's growth and deforestation for agriculture, grazing, and infrastructure development have contributed to increased landslides. Additionally, the despotic monarchy has failed to adequately address landslides through information gathering, mapping of risks, and management. Regional development has been uneven, with eastern and southern regions facing increased impacts of landslides due to lack of support from the state.
Tourism can have significant environmental, economic, and socio-cultural impacts on destinations. Environmentally, tourism can place pressure on local resources, habitats, and wildlife through pollution, depletion of natural resources, and inappropriate development. It can negatively impact environments through water and energy overuse, increased waste and pollution, and loss of natural areas. However, tourism can also enhance environmental protection with greater awareness and conservation efforts. Economically, while tourism generates income and jobs, it can also lead to seasonal work, price increases, and infrastructure costs for local communities. Socio-culturally, mass tourism risks eroding local cultural traditions, values, and ways of life as destinations become more tourist-oriented. However, cultural tourism aims
Landslide Hazard Management of Darjeeling Hill A Critical Need For Inhabited.inventionjournals
ABSTRACT: Landslides are the most widespread natural disaster in Darjeeling Himalaya which increases its spatial extent day after day. For several natural causes and strong human impact on highly fragile and sensitive hill ecological landscape in form of deforestation, constructions the natural stability are accelerated out. Natural factors like rainstorms, earthquake can trigger landslides. During landslide the materials like soil, rock, vegetation, and existing construction may move very rapidly within a second where as some may take longer time to develop. The result is livelihood security lost, socio-economic condition of people destroys and a huge amount of revenue spent with untold suffer of victims after landslide occurrences. Thus it is required to identify the landslide vulnerable area in advance. To mitigate landslide hazard effectively new methodologies are required to develop. Besides structural measure some recent measure and non structural measure are also essential for better management of landslide prone hilly terrain of Darjeeling district. In the light of the prime objective of the paper is landslide hazard management of Darjeeling hill - a critical need for inhabited the present study evaluating how to minimise the landslide occurrences and its impact.
This study finds that there is strong support for community level approaches to forest management. Securing community forest tenure through clarifying land claims and integrating local land tenure into spatial planning is a key step to achieving sustainable forest management.
The role of Integrated Conservation-Development Projects (ICDPs) in sustainab...Siang Yang
The document discusses the role of Integrated Conservation-Development Projects (ICDPs) in sustainable environmental management. It summarizes that past environmental measures failed because they did not link wildlife protection to local welfare. ICDPs aimed to integrate environmental protection and development, but outcomes have been largely ineffective. Case studies from Ghana and China are presented to illustrate weaknesses in the ICDP approach, such as unrealistic goals, lack of local participation and needs assessment, and failure to improve livelihoods or provide compensation for losses. The conclusion is that ICDPs have presented an illusion of "win-win" outcomes by not adequately addressing the critical linkage between conservation and rural development in local contexts.
This document summarizes a study that assesses flood risk in Ambala City, India using geospatial modeling. The study analyzed natural and human factors contributing to flooding. A Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to model flood risk for different return periods using hydrologic and hydraulic models. Model results showed increasing flood inundation areas from 690 to 2300 hectares with return periods from 2 to 20 years. The 5-year flood extent was validated using remote sensing imagery and field data from a 2010 flood. The flood risk modeling can help urban planners make risk-informed land use and development decisions to mitigate flooding impacts.
Population dynamics and the contraction of the miombo woodland ecozoneAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on population dynamics and deforestation of Miombo woodlands in Sikonge District, Tanzania between 1984-2012. The results showed that closed woodlands decreased by 46.7 hectares per year on average, while cultivated land increased by 265 hectares annually over this period. This expansion of farmland has come at the expense of the Miombo woodlands due to population growth, agricultural expansion, fuelwood collection, and increased tobacco curing. Unless actions are taken to mitigate energy demands, continued deforestation from these socio-economic drivers risks economic problems and increased poverty in the region.
Tamimi - Socioeconomic Dimension of Water PolicyLaura Haddad
This document discusses integrated water resource management (IWRM) and related socioeconomic policy issues. It makes three main points:
1) IWRM aims to balance environmental, social, and economic needs when allocating water resources, but implementation faces challenges integrating different sectors and balancing regional differences. Overly general policies may be counterproductive.
2) Growing water demand, a changing climate, and potential reallocation of water from irrigation could significantly impact regional socioeconomies depending on how reallocation is implemented.
3) Key socioeconomic factors that must be considered in water policy include income trends, unemployment, poverty, food security, governance, and climate change. Balancing these tensions while enabling flexible policies to
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Climate Change and Climate-Induced Disasters in Odisha, Eastern India: Impact...inventionjournals
There is no doubt that climate change and climate induced-disasters pose a significant challenge to poverty reduction, health and development in many developing countries, including India. Odisha’s geographic location on the east coast of India and its climatic condition have meant that the state has historically been highly prone to climate change and multiple hazards, mainly cyclones, droughts and floods. Its fluctuating weather conditions suggest that Odisha is stumbling under climatic chaos. The state has been declared disaster-affected for 95 years of the last 105 years: floods have occurred for 50 years, droughts for 32 years and cyclones have struck the state for 11 years. After independence less importance has been given to the state as well as the development strategies of the state have tended to overlook the climate change, health, poverty related issues. The findings of the study highlight that there is a scarcity of research which can focus on different climatic induced calamity issues. Strong political will, strengthen infrastructures, public private partnership and community involvement and better planning can go beyond risk management to look at actions that address climate change and deliver benefits for growth and development. There is an urgent need to focus on the climate change, disasters and their vulnerability, and adaptation and coping mechanisms among the people in the state. The study recommends for future research and policy advocacy for better solutions and development strategies in the state.
Environmental accounting as a means of promoting sustainableAlexander Decker
This document discusses environmental accounting as a means to promote sustainable forestry operations in Osun State, Nigeria. It begins by providing background on sustainable development, environmental accounting, and forestry operations. It notes that while forestry provides economic benefits, uncontrolled extraction could lead to depletion. The study examines trends in timber extraction versus tree planting in Osun State. Results show tree planting is declining as tree felling increases, impacting earnings and intergenerational equity. The document concludes current practices are not sustainable and remediation costs have not been adequate to support livelihoods and sustainability. It analyzes secondary data from 2001-2010 to test the hypothesis that environmental accountability will positively influence sustaining forestry resources and outputs.
Natural disasters vulnerability assessment of gondia district, maharashtra, i...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study that assessed natural disaster vulnerability in Gondia District, Maharashtra, India using digital terrain modeling (DTM) and GIS techniques. The study focused on the Ghat-Tembhani-Chipia area, which experiences annual flooding. DTM and contour maps were generated from elevation data to analyze the topography. The maps identified areas vulnerable to flooding due to natural obstructions in rivers, inward depressions in land, and high water flow at river confluences. Addressing these issues could help minimize flooding impacts on lives and property in the region.
Population and natural resources conditions , Population and environment issues, Global warming and climate change ,
Demographic factors are evoked by several countries in connection with their environmental problems: Relation among population , Resources and Environment, South Asian countries mention that population policy as general means to alleviate environmental problems:
Effects of non wood forest products on rural household inAlexander Decker
This study examined the effects of non-wood forest products (NWFPs) on rural households in Surulere Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria. Key findings include:
- Majority of respondents were between 30-59 years old, married, had 6-15 years experience collecting NWFPs, and low levels of education. Household sizes were typically 1-5 people.
- The most common NWFPs available were bush meat, herbs, snails, and wild honey.
- NWFPs had favorable effects on households including eating quality food, having cash income, joining organizations, and discovering new marketing channels.
- Most common NWFP-based economic activities were collecting and marketing NW
Migration, remittances and livelihood systems of farm households in enugu sta...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the effects of remittances on the livelihoods of farm households in Enugu State, Nigeria. The study found that households whose heads were middle-aged and less educated were more likely to have family members migrate. Remittances were mostly received from male children through hand delivery or banks. Remittances ranged from 1,000-10,000 Naira and were used mostly for family consumption and agricultural production. Regression analysis showed that the age and education level of household heads, as well as household size, significantly influenced migration rates of family members.
Soil erosion which is now one of the impacts of climate change due to increased precipitation events across the globe needs adaptations for adjusting to the actual and expected change in its occurrence more than mechanical/engineering measures for the management of the phenomenon. The objective of this paper is to conduct an in-depth review of adaptation strategies to soil erosion. The research made a review of academic/journal articles, internet materials, news articles, conference papers, books and publicly available materials on adaptations to soil erosion. From the review, most authors have a unity of opinion on adaptive strategies to soil erosion, including the use of mulching, cover cropping, reduced tillage, contour bonds, tree planting, wood logs and ploughing across the slope as they have been found to increase soil yield and reduce soil loss as well as its accompanying adverse impacts. Recommendations of the study includes: (1) enhancement of the existing adaptive measures; (2) a shift from rain-fed agriculture to dry season farming; (3) training the affected people on adopting the adaptive measures which are currently ignored in most communities; and (4) encouragement of the participation of land holders through grants in soil erosion management based on the adaptive techniques.
An assessment of waste management activities of Borno State environmental pro...Premier Publishers
The rapid population growth, and rise in community living standards has been a major contributor to generation rate of municipal solid waste. Managing it has been a major challenge worldwide. This study examines the waste management activities of Borno State Environmental Protection Agency (BOSEPA). The study utilizes simple descriptive statistics including tables, frequencies and percentages for data analyses. The results indicated that most waste generated is from domestic activities with 69%. Majority of the respondents constituting 45% pointed garbage as the type of waste generated and the results also indicated that majority of the respondents are using plastic containers representing about 43%, while 42% of the respondents disposed waste openly. With respect to the expectation of BOSEPA, 48% admitted that regular collection of refuse is not carried out by BOSEPA as expected. The study concludes that the metropolis is lacking waste collection points, collection containers and the respondents hardly see BOSEPA staff in the available collection points for refuse collection.
Zewde alemayehu tilahun a review on vulnerability of climate change on liveli...zewde alemayehu
This document reviews the vulnerability of climate change on livelihood systems in Ethiopia. It discusses how Ethiopia's agricultural dependent economy and low adaptive capacity make it highly vulnerable to climate impacts like drought and flooding. The document examines how climate change is affecting temperatures, rainfall patterns, and agricultural production in Ethiopia. It also analyzes the different factors that contribute to Ethiopia's vulnerability, such as heavy reliance on rain-fed agriculture and underdeveloped water resources. Key vulnerable sectors are identified as agriculture, water resources, and human health. Smallholder farmers and pastoralists are the most vulnerable groups.
Climate change is threatening Nepal's natural resources, livelihoods, and development. Nepal is highly vulnerable to climate impacts like changing precipitation patterns, glacial melt, floods, landslides, and droughts. Average temperatures in Nepal have been rising, rainfall is becoming more variable, and extreme weather events are becoming more frequent and intense. Key vulnerable sectors include water resources, agriculture, ecosystems, and communities in poverty. Urgent national measures are needed to address current and future climate vulnerabilities and their effects on water availability, natural disasters, and livelihoods in order to promote sustainable development.
Ecological-edaphic and Socio-economic drivers of on-farm tree farming enterpr...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The biophysical-edaphic and socioeconomic factors do equally influence the on-farm tree farming in the smallholder farming systems. Naturally, neither of the factors do act in isolation, but they are interrelated. The study was carried out in Nsangi sub-county, Wakiso District, 2018. Using the stratified random sampling method based on landholding sizes, a sample of size of sixty households were selected and interviewed. The objectives of the study were to examine the influence of the bio-physical, edaphic and socio-cultural-economic factors onto the performance of the on-farm tree farming enterprise, and to evaluate the farmer's participation in on-farm tree farming activities. The results showed that both ecological-edaphic and socio-cultural-economic factors influence the performance of the tree volume, tree species diversity and tree stand density/ha. There is a negative correlation between size of landholding and farmer's interaction with the on-farm tree farming enterprises. Judging from the results of this study, there is a need for a policy review aimed at devising appropriate socio-cultural-economic and ecological-edaphic practices that promote on-farm tree farming programmes.
The document discusses landslides in Bhutan. It argues that while landslides are naturally occurring phenomena in the Eastern Himalayas due to geological instability, human activities have exacerbated the frequency and intensity of landslides in Bhutan. The civil society's growth and deforestation for agriculture, grazing, and infrastructure development have contributed to increased landslides. Additionally, the despotic monarchy has failed to adequately address landslides through information gathering, mapping of risks, and management. Regional development has been uneven, with eastern and southern regions facing increased impacts of landslides due to lack of support from the state.
Tourism can have significant environmental, economic, and socio-cultural impacts on destinations. Environmentally, tourism can place pressure on local resources, habitats, and wildlife through pollution, depletion of natural resources, and inappropriate development. It can negatively impact environments through water and energy overuse, increased waste and pollution, and loss of natural areas. However, tourism can also enhance environmental protection with greater awareness and conservation efforts. Economically, while tourism generates income and jobs, it can also lead to seasonal work, price increases, and infrastructure costs for local communities. Socio-culturally, mass tourism risks eroding local cultural traditions, values, and ways of life as destinations become more tourist-oriented. However, cultural tourism aims
Landslide Hazard Management of Darjeeling Hill A Critical Need For Inhabited.inventionjournals
ABSTRACT: Landslides are the most widespread natural disaster in Darjeeling Himalaya which increases its spatial extent day after day. For several natural causes and strong human impact on highly fragile and sensitive hill ecological landscape in form of deforestation, constructions the natural stability are accelerated out. Natural factors like rainstorms, earthquake can trigger landslides. During landslide the materials like soil, rock, vegetation, and existing construction may move very rapidly within a second where as some may take longer time to develop. The result is livelihood security lost, socio-economic condition of people destroys and a huge amount of revenue spent with untold suffer of victims after landslide occurrences. Thus it is required to identify the landslide vulnerable area in advance. To mitigate landslide hazard effectively new methodologies are required to develop. Besides structural measure some recent measure and non structural measure are also essential for better management of landslide prone hilly terrain of Darjeeling district. In the light of the prime objective of the paper is landslide hazard management of Darjeeling hill - a critical need for inhabited the present study evaluating how to minimise the landslide occurrences and its impact.
This study finds that there is strong support for community level approaches to forest management. Securing community forest tenure through clarifying land claims and integrating local land tenure into spatial planning is a key step to achieving sustainable forest management.
The role of Integrated Conservation-Development Projects (ICDPs) in sustainab...Siang Yang
The document discusses the role of Integrated Conservation-Development Projects (ICDPs) in sustainable environmental management. It summarizes that past environmental measures failed because they did not link wildlife protection to local welfare. ICDPs aimed to integrate environmental protection and development, but outcomes have been largely ineffective. Case studies from Ghana and China are presented to illustrate weaknesses in the ICDP approach, such as unrealistic goals, lack of local participation and needs assessment, and failure to improve livelihoods or provide compensation for losses. The conclusion is that ICDPs have presented an illusion of "win-win" outcomes by not adequately addressing the critical linkage between conservation and rural development in local contexts.
This document summarizes a study that assesses flood risk in Ambala City, India using geospatial modeling. The study analyzed natural and human factors contributing to flooding. A Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to model flood risk for different return periods using hydrologic and hydraulic models. Model results showed increasing flood inundation areas from 690 to 2300 hectares with return periods from 2 to 20 years. The 5-year flood extent was validated using remote sensing imagery and field data from a 2010 flood. The flood risk modeling can help urban planners make risk-informed land use and development decisions to mitigate flooding impacts.
Population dynamics and the contraction of the miombo woodland ecozoneAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on population dynamics and deforestation of Miombo woodlands in Sikonge District, Tanzania between 1984-2012. The results showed that closed woodlands decreased by 46.7 hectares per year on average, while cultivated land increased by 265 hectares annually over this period. This expansion of farmland has come at the expense of the Miombo woodlands due to population growth, agricultural expansion, fuelwood collection, and increased tobacco curing. Unless actions are taken to mitigate energy demands, continued deforestation from these socio-economic drivers risks economic problems and increased poverty in the region.
Tamimi - Socioeconomic Dimension of Water PolicyLaura Haddad
This document discusses integrated water resource management (IWRM) and related socioeconomic policy issues. It makes three main points:
1) IWRM aims to balance environmental, social, and economic needs when allocating water resources, but implementation faces challenges integrating different sectors and balancing regional differences. Overly general policies may be counterproductive.
2) Growing water demand, a changing climate, and potential reallocation of water from irrigation could significantly impact regional socioeconomies depending on how reallocation is implemented.
3) Key socioeconomic factors that must be considered in water policy include income trends, unemployment, poverty, food security, governance, and climate change. Balancing these tensions while enabling flexible policies to
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
This document summarizes research on optimizing nitrogen species catalyzed (NSC) pressure leaching to treat complex sulfide concentrates. Bench-scale testing was conducted on two composite concentrate samples to evaluate metal recoveries and avoid forming lead-containing residues that are difficult to process. A statistical experimental design was used to optimize leach conditions such as grind time, acid concentration, temperature, and time. The optimized process produced a lead sulfide residue suitable for conventional smelting. Overall, NSC pressure leaching effectively extracted over 90% of silver, zinc, copper, nickel and cobalt into solution while avoiding problematic residues.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The document discusses applying the Hansen-Bliek-Rohn method to solve the total least squares problem with interval data input. It begins with an introduction to total least squares and interval arithmetic. It then presents how to compute the mean and variance for statistical data expressed as intervals. Next, it discusses the general linear model for least squares and properties of the covariance matrix. It introduces using component-wise distance as a condition number for the weight matrix. In the following sections it will apply the Hansen-Bliek-Rohn method to a numerical example to solve the resulting interval linear system.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new intrusion detection system (IDS) to identify distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks in multitier web applications. The system models relationships between web server requests and database queries to detect attacks where normal traffic is used maliciously. It handles both deterministic and non-deterministic relationships. For static websites, the system classifies traffic into patterns and builds a mapping model. For dynamic websites, it aims to extract one-to-many mappings despite parameter variations and overlapping operations. The paper also discusses SQL tautology attacks, which exploit input fields to bypass authentication or extract all data.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a novel approach to improving the k-means clustering algorithm. The standard k-means algorithm is computationally expensive and produces results that depend heavily on the initial centroid selection. The proposed approach determines initial centroids systematically and uses a heuristic to efficiently assign data points to clusters. It improves both the accuracy and efficiency of k-means clustering by ensuring the entire process takes O(n2) time without sacrificing cluster quality.
Effect of the Year 2012 Flooding On Residential Properties Rental Value in Ka...iosrjce
This document discusses the effect of flooding in 2012 on residential property rental values in Kaduna, Nigeria. It finds that rental values were low in 2012 and 2013 due to flooding, but rose again after government and developer measures. The flooding was caused by riverside encroachment and refuse dumping in rivers. Recommendations include permanent flood prevention, public flood maps, and enforcing development controls.
Urban flooding and vulnerability of nigerian citiesAlexander Decker
Urban flooding has become a recurring issue in many Nigerian cities, including Awka and Onitsha in Anambra State. The study examines the causes and impacts of flooding in these two cities, with the goal of recommending measures to address the problem. Primary and secondary data show that flooding causes major losses and disruption, but the cities have received limited government support to address environmental issues. Key factors contributing to flooding include inadequate drainage infrastructure, poor drainage design and construction, uncontrolled development that blocks drainage, and improper solid waste management. To reduce vulnerability, the study recommends developing and implementing comprehensive urban flooding control programs that involve the public.
Evaluation of the causes and effects of flood in apete, ido local government ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study that evaluated the causes and effects of flooding in Apete, Nigeria. The study found that poor waste management practices, such as indiscriminate dumping, have blocked drainage systems. High rates of construction along water channels has also contributed to flooding. As a result, many lives and properties have been destroyed by floods in the area. The study utilized questionnaires and interviews to examine the socioeconomic characteristics of residents, identify causes of flooding, determine impacts, and propose solutions to mitigate future floods.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Study of Natural Disaster and its Impact in Uttarakhandijsrd.com
This document summarizes a study on natural disasters and their impacts in the Indian state of Uttarakhand. It discusses several types of natural disasters that frequently occur in Uttarakhand, including floods, landslides, cloudbursts, forest fires, and avalanches. The study focuses on a devastating flood in June 2013 caused by heavy rainfall and glacier melting that killed over 5,700 people. Graphs show death tolls and occurrences of earthquakes, flash floods, avalanches, and cloudbursts by year. The conclusion states that while disasters cannot be stopped, their impacts can be minimized through preparedness, education, post-disaster relief, and rebuilding infrastructure to be more resilient.
Corporate social responsibility and disaster management: a study of 2012 floo...Solomon Adetokunbo
The study examines the role of corporate social responsibility in disaster management; a study of the 2012 flood in Nigeria. Flood makes an enormous impact on the environment and society creating a tremendous monetary expense for governments, business and individuals alike, this therefore makes the management of flood or disaster an enormous task that the government cannot handle alone, prompting the need to reach out to corporate organizations. The objective of this study was to find out if CSR was used in managing the 2012 flood in Nigeria, examine the aspect of the management of the 2012 flood in Nigeria that CSR was employed, discover the reasons for the use of CSR in the management of the 2012 flood in Nigeria and to ascertain why corporate organizations where involved in the management of the 2012 flood in Nigeria. Relevant literature was reviewed for the study using the conceptual, empirical and theoretical framework, the Integrated Social contract theory by Donaldson was used for the research, the theory helps to explain the relationship between the society and organizations, stating the expectations of the society from the organizations and how the organization is expected to behave. Interview method was used to gather information, the population consist of all the corporate organizations in Nigeria, the sample was drawn using purposive sampling method, Four organizations; Dangote group, Globacom, Mouka foam and National Emergency Management agency (NEMA) were selected for the study. The findings of the research shows that CSR was employed in the management of the 2012 flood in Nigeria, CSR can play an important role in the management of disaster in Nigeria, however a great chasm still exist between the corporate organizations and statutory regulatory bodies that are in charge of disaster management . it was also observed that the participation of corporate bodies was borne mainly or to a large extent out of a strong and already existing company value for corporate philanthropy and social responsibility, the drive to benefit from the government tax incentive or both. It was therefore based on this findings that this research concludes that CSR can be effective in the management of disaster if well harnessed, it is therefore recommended that proper structure be put in place so as to harness the already existing CSR of corporate organizations and maximize it in the management of disasters.
Flood Vulnerability Study in Parts of Oyo Township Using GIS and Remote Sensingpaperpublications3
Abstract: Flooding has been a major environmental disaster frequently occurring in the cities of Tropical African countries differing solutions because of human dimension difficulty to be modelled. The analysis of flood events, the resulting damage and its causes are basis for the development of risk prevention and mitigation measures. The aim of this research is to empirically investigate the vulnerability towards flood in parts of Oyo Township as one component of flood risk assessment with the integration of Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing to investigate the contravention level of people in a rapidly urbanizing settlement of Oyo Township to building ethics and rules, which is a tool for rational decision making. It is therefore revealed that the methodology adopted produced and classified buildings in the study area according to their vulnerability levels to flood and the results are presented in maps. The generation of vulnerability maps representing the two different perspectives of local decision makers (experts) and affected households is discussed using the methodology.
Nutritional status and socio-demographic characteristics of the people of sou...AbdullaAlAsif1
Bangladesh is in danger area of the world because of its geographic location and the coastal zone of Bangladesh is worldwide recognized as an extremely vulnerable area. For determining disaster related losses and possible disaster management options, the southwest coastal belt Manirampur upazila and Abhaynagar upazila of Jessore district were selected. The survey was conducted by pre-structured questionnaire among six villages from Bagutia union of Abhaynagar upazila and Haridaskati union of Manirampur upazila, during January-June, 2015. A total of 100 households were randomly selected from the six study villages which were based on mainly livelihood pattern of the households (crop production, shrimp culture and others). The average income of the respondents was found 2001-4000 Tk. per month. Average land holding capacity per household was about 80 decimal. About 90% respondents of the study area said the intensity of disaster was more than before. Most of the respondents thought they were vulnerable to disaster. Most of the respondents were experienced with water logging condition. This study attempts to develop a proposed solution for enhancing DMS which reducing loss and copes with all kind of disaster in Bangladesh. In the study area 80% people to wanted TRM and 20% people do not want TRM; they thought TRM might be the probable solution of disaster vulnerability. It can be concluded that number of victim people caused by disaster decreases because of technological advancement but disaster occurrence increases from past to recent due to climate change impact.
The document summarizes the environmental effects of flooding in Nigeria using the 2012 flood as a case study. Some key points:
- The 2012 flood affected over 7 million people across 21-34 states, displacing over 2 million people. It caused widespread damage to infrastructure, settlements, farms and the environment.
- Environmental impacts included disrupted transportation, communication, drainage systems and aquatic life. Housing and agricultural lands were inundated. Health hazards like water pollution and diseases increased.
- NEMA (National Emergency Management Agency) intervened before, during and after the flood by issuing warnings, coordinating response efforts, providing relief supplies and supporting recovery activities with international partners like the UN.
- Long term impacts
Behaviour analysis of riverbank society on pollution of water quality in cili...Alexander Decker
1. The study analyzed water pollution in the Ciliwung River downstream in Jakarta and factors affecting people's behaviors in utilizing and conserving water quality.
2. Laboratory tests found household activities to be the major contributor to pollution, with domestic waste increasing levels of BOD, pH, TSS, oil content, and fat rates.
3. The results showed both direct and indirect influences between variables of riverside society behavior and existing pollution. Effective pollution control requires considering community participation in management.
Hazard reduction strategies for flood vulnerable communities of anambra state...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on hazard reduction strategies for flood vulnerable communities in Anambra State, Nigeria. The study found that the 2012 floods had a major impact in Anambra State, displacing over 2.3 million people and killing 363. It analyzed the structure and operations of flood management agencies in Nigeria from the national to local levels. The study recommended sustainable strategies like improving coordination among agencies, developing flood maps and public participation techniques, building flood-resistant infrastructure, and empowering vulnerable communities through groups and capacity building. Adopting a multi-sector approach and reviewing agency policies and structures were also suggested to better mitigate flooding in Anambra State.
Local institutional participation in agrotourism management of wonorejo reser...Alexander Decker
The document analyzes local institutional participation in agrotourism management of Wonorejo Reservoir in Tulungagung, East Java, Indonesia. It finds that participation of both formal and informal local institutions is moderate. Participation of formal institutions like the regional development agency is slightly higher than informal groups. Barriers to participation include a lack of coordination, unclear roles, and agrotourism being seen only as a side activity rather than core focus. The study assessed participation in planning, organizing, coordinating and controlling agrotourism activities in the area.
This document summarizes a study on flash flood hazards in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia. It finds that rainfall intensity has increased in the local Dechatu catchment since 1970, exacerbating flash flooding. Land use changes like shrinking forests and expanding urban/farm areas have also increased surface runoff and flood risk. The worst flooding on record occurred in 2006, killing 256 people, displacing over 9,956, and causing over 97 million ETB in damages. The study aims to identify flood triggering factors and impacts to better inform future disaster mitigation through land use policy and early warning systems.
Flood Vulnerable Area Assessment of Abakaliki Metropolis South-eastern Nigeria.IJERA Editor
As a result of global warming, the climate change in Africa and Asia is predictably becoming more variable, and weather events expected to go more frequently extreme and severe. This includes increasing risk of drought and flooding in new areas. Inundation by extreme floods events is recorded every year worldwide. The potential consequences are profound increasing risk, particularly on environment and people in the less developed countries. Flooding cannot be totally avoided and maybe their occurrence will increase due to climate change. Absolute protection is both unachievable and unsustainable because of high costs and inherent uncertainties. Abilities to mitigate and or prevent flood disasters, cope with and recuperate from the effects have not been sufficiently taken into account nor developed. Communities within watershed or along the River system such as Abakaliki metropolis are mostly under threat of constant flooding menace. When flooding strike, the poor and socio-economically disadvantaged suffer the most and are least equipped to cope with impacts. Vulnerability assessment which many regions of the world recently commenced becomes the way forward. Assessing vulnerability and impacts requires and analysis of information on climate elements, such as temperature, rainfall and non-climatic data, such as situation on the soil, altitude and other characteristics of elements-at-risks indicators. This informs for a well thought-out monitoring (risk assessment), mitigation, coping strategies and adaptation measures which can be adopted by all the vulnerable stakeholders including Governments at all tiers.
Potential of Constructed Wetland In Jakarta, Indonesia to Reduce Seasonal Fl...Nadeem Kazmi
This paper examines the contribution that Constructed Wetlands can make to increase stromwater storage and
reduce the volume of runoff during rain events to the drainage system, streams and rivers in Depok, Indonesia.
A review of Constructed Wetlands (CW) projects are discussed and the examples are taken from Southeast
Asia and USA. Review of examples from Southeast Asia are discussed in details as they are closely related to
Indonesia’s geography and climate. Based on the reviews, the author analyzed the prospects of a CW in
Depok to reduce flooding especially during rain events.
A brief description of flood protection mechanisms in Jakarta Metro Area, Indonesia is discussed with focus
on the approaches to mitigation. This paper traced the causes of floods over the years and that how different
ecofriendly approaches such as CW can be implemented to mitigate/reduce flooding in the future.
Community perceived attitude on forest related environmental issues using mas...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on community attitudes toward forestry-related environmental issues (FREI) in Osun State, Nigeria. The study aimed to assess these attitudes to strengthen the use of mass media in raising awareness. Data was collected through surveys in 3 local government areas. The results showed that 75% of respondents agreed it is important to consider FREI for environmental balance, while 60% saw FREI as a mere threat that cannot impact the environment. This suggests community awareness of forestry issues is low. The study concludes mass media could help disseminate environmental information but currently does little beyond incidental reporting. Improved coordination between media and government agencies is needed to support sustainable livelihoods through increased community
Flood Monitoring and Flood Risk Assessment in Agenebode, Edo State, NigeriaIJERA Editor
This document summarizes a study that assessed flood risk in Agenebode, Nigeria located along the River Niger. The researchers conducted a flood frequency analysis using discharge data from 1960-2006 to determine projected flows for different return periods. They analyzed rainfall data from 1983-2010 and created a flood hazard map using GIS and elevation data. The map indicated that approximately 1.8 km2 of the built-up area is at risk of flooding, putting 481 people directly at risk. By identifying flood-prone areas, the study provides information to help protect inhabitants from future flooding.
This document discusses the economic impacts of packaged and bottled water businesses in Nigeria. It begins by providing background on water issues in Nigeria, noting that less than 30% of the population has access to adequate drinking water. It then discusses the growth of packaged and bottled water businesses in Nigeria to fill the gap left by insufficient public water infrastructure. The document aims to examine the economic impacts of these businesses. It identifies impacts such as providing business and employment opportunities, profits and wages, economic growth, and tax revenue for the government. The businesses also allow water to be available at affordable prices.
1. The village disaster management plan outlines how the village will prepare for and respond to disasters by assessing hazards, vulnerabilities, and capacities.
2. It establishes response teams and assigns them roles in warning people, evacuating, providing first aid, sanitation, shelter management, relief, and damage assessment.
3. The plan also includes mitigation and preparedness measures like identifying evacuation routes and conducting drills, as well as utilizing existing financial mechanisms for disaster management and community resilience.
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The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
||Volume||2 ||Issue|| 10||Pages|| 01-10||2013||
ISSN(e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN(p): 2319 – 1805
The Role of Stakeholders in Flood Management: Study at
Ponorogo, Indonesia
Annisa Novita Sari1, Adi Susilo2,
Edi Susilo3
1
Postgraduate Program Environmental Resource Management University of Brawijaya
2
Physic Department, Science Faculty, University of Brawijaya
3
Fisheries and Marine Social Economic Department, Fisheries and Marine Faculty, University of Brawijaya
----------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT-----------------------------------------------------The knowledge of stakeholders role is important to determine the recommendations of flood management. So
that the purpose of this study is to analyze the role of each stakeholder in flood management at Ponorogo,
Indonesia. The stakeholders include Government, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), academics, and the
local community. This research used the descriptive qualitative method by using survey method. The data were
collected trough observations, interviews, questionnaires, and documentations. The coordinator in flood
management is Regional Disaster Management Agency. The jobs of Regional Disaster Management Agency are
to coordinate all of the stakeholders in each step of flood management, which consists of pre disaster, disaster
and post disaster. Pre disaster is a step of flood management which consists of flood mitigation and early
warning system. In the disaster phase, the stakeholders collaborate in emergency responses and will be
coordinated by Regional Disaster Management Agency. Whereas in the post disaster phase, the Regional
Disaster Management Agency will coordinate the related stakeholders to rehabilitate and reconstruct the
damage of existing infrastructure.
KEYWORDS: Stakeholders, Flood Management, Ponogoro, Indonesia
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Date of Submission: 23, September, 2013
Date of Acceptance: 10, October 2013
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I.
INTRODUCTION
Flood is one of the most common natural disasters, irrespective of the state of human development and
natural conditions. It’s impacts affect the physical, economic, social, geographical, psychological, and cultural
spheres of human endeavor (Agbola, et al., 2012). The Regulation Number 24/2007 about Disaster Management
mentions that there are many kinds of disaster, which one of them is flood. Indonesia is one of a flood
vulnerable country. Frequently, flood hits several areas in Indonesia, especially in Java. Suyanto (2008) reports
that the type of disasters which is frequently occurred, especially in East Java, are floods and cyclones or
hurricanes. This type of disaster occurs only in the rainy season, but the impact will be devastating.Several
studies have been conducted to examine more deeply about the causes of flood. Sebastian (2008) suggested that
flood can be caused by two factors, natural causes and human activity causes. Natural causes consist of rainfall,
physiographic, erosions and sedimentations, river capacity, drainage capacity and the influence of tides. The
human activity causes include the changes of watershed conditions, residential areas around the riverbanks, the
destruction of land drainage, the damage of flood buildings, the damage of forest, and the bad planning of flood
control systems.
Ponorogo is one of the city in Java, Indonesia which is a flood vulnerable area. The huge flood had
occurred in Ponorogo at the end of 2007. It’s causes are the overflowing of Bengawan Solo river which flows
in this area. Heavy rainfall was not accommodated by the river was overflowed so that the river overflowed and
flooded the surrounding areas. The huge flood also occurred on February 22 nd, 2012, which was also caused by
high intensity of rainfall. The losses was considerable, such as inundation of some schools, hundreds of public
houses in four villages, thousands hectares of farmland, cut off access to the main road between Ponorogo
Regency and Pacitan Regency, and the interruption of economic activity (Java Pos Daily, 2012).Considering the
magnitude impact of the flood, it is important to consider several efforts to overcome the disaster. The overcome
should be based on the examination of the flood main cause that had been known. The overcome effort must
involve all of the stakeholders. The decision making consists of different stakeholders, which have a common in
finding the source of problems, and have the authority to resolve the existing problems together (Steins and
Edwards, 1999; Djalante, 2012).
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Stakeholders in a process are actors (person or organizations) with a vested interest in the policy being
promoted. These stakeholders can usually be grouped into the following categories: international/donors,
national political (legislators, governors), public (ministry of health (MOH), social security agency, ministry of
finance), labor (unions, medical associations), commercial/private for-profit, nonprofit (nongovernmental
organizations (NGOs), foundations) civil society, and users/consumers (Schmeer, 2008). To overcome the
disaster that often occurs in this country, the Government and community have tried to increase the interest and
ability in disaster management efforts, especially after the tsunami disaster at the end of 2004 (Maarif, 2010).
This research refers to the important of the stakeholders role in flood management. The purpose of this research
is to analyze the role of each stakeholder in flood management at Ponorogo. The knowledge of stakeholders role
can be used to determine the recommendations in flood management in Ponorogo, involving all of the
stakeholders.
II.
METHODOLOGY
The research was conducted in Ponorogo, and took place the flood-prone location in Ngampel Village.
The time of the study was done during December 2012 to January 2013. This research uses the descriptive
qualitative method by using survey method. The survey was included on the area condition and the community
behavior in managing the area. The data collecting method consist of observations, interviews, questionnaires,
and documentations. The sampling techniques are purposive sampling and snowball sampling. The data types
used in this research are primary and secondary data. Primary data are obtained by the result of observations,
interviews, and questionnaires. Secondary data are obtained from the documents held by the relevant
stakeholders. The stakeholders consist of Government, Academics, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)
and the local community.
III.
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
3.1.Study Area
Ponorogo is one of the regency in East Java, Indonesia. Ponorogo has an area about 1,317.78 km2. It
located between 111017 '- 111052' east longitude and 7049 '- 8020' south latitude with an altitude between 922,563 meters above sea level. Ponorogo boundaries are Madiun and Magetan in the north, Pacitan and Wonogiri
in the west, Pacitan in the south, and, Tulungagung and Trenggalek in the east (Figure 1.) Geographically,
Ponorogo is divided by two sub area, plateau which consist of Ngrayun, Sooko, Pudak, Pulung, and Ngebel, and
others are lowland. There are 17 rivers flow in this area through between 4 up to 58 kilometers. Fuction of this
river are used to irrigation for farmland. The existing land of Ponorogo consist of forest area, farmland area, and
the rest is used to moor, yard, and others. Ponorogo has two seasons, which are rainy and dry seasons. By 2010,
average of the highest rainfall occurs in December through 382 mm with the rainy days were 21 days, in August
has an average of the lowest rainfall through 38 mm with rainy days were 3 days. Based on The National Social
Economic Survey on 2010, the population in Ponorogo on the end of 2010 was decreased about 4,89%. The
population density was also decreased from 656 people/km2 to 623 people/km2.
Ngampel Village, which was the research location, is one of the village in Ponorogo. The total area of
this village are 290,585 hectares. The boundaries of Ngampel Village are Madusari Village in North, Turi
Village in East, Balong Village in South, and Muneng Village in West. Geographically, Ngampel village is
located at 110 meters above sea level with a temperature of 28 oC and rainfall of 2000 mm/year. The population
of Ngampel village on 2011 are 4.117 people. The majority of the population who works as Farmer
Entrepreneur are 496 people (50%). The education level of the community who are has not/did not complete the
primary school are about 2.272 people (55%).
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Figure 1. Map of Ponorogo, Indonesia, showing the flood area
Source: Public Work Department of Ponorogo, Indonesia, 2012
3.2.Flood and Its Impacts
The flood, which is frequently occur in Ngampel village, comes from the overflow of Pelem river, which
is the main river flowing in this village. Flood occurs every year in this village. The huge flood occurred in the
end of 2007 and flooded again on February, 2012. The flood on 2012, flooded all around the village area. Based
on the information from The Head of Ngampel Village, that the flood elevation is ± 1 meter, and flooded the
village during two days. Based on the data from The Regional Disaster Management Agencies of Ponorogo
Regency, the flood that occurred on February 23, 2012 in Balong District, had the impact on the damage of
buildings which are about 2 houses collapsed and 220 houses were submerged, and the agricultural land
submerged about 280 hectares. Flood occurred again on the last of December, 2012 to the early of January,
2013. The losses suffered by the community include the damage of agricultural areas, so that some of them
threatened by crop-failure. It is noted down that, agricultural land in Ngampel village which had been hit by
flood is about 12 hectares and crop-failure is about 5 hectares.
3.3.Role of Stakeholders in Flood Management
The Stakeholders was used as samples in this research consists of Executive, were Environmental Office,
Agriculture Department, Regional Planning Agency, Health Department, Public Works Department, also
Regional Disaster Management Agency; Legislative, were Regional Parliaments of Ponorogo, which consists of
Regulator Field and Commission C; Judiciary were Polices and Prosecutors; Academics were Muhammadiyah
University of Ponorogo, National Islamic Academic of Ponorogo and Gontor Modern Boarding School; NGOs
was Algheins, and also the local community of Ngampel Village who was the affected community of flood.
In management of flood, each stakeholder has role, where it has one purpose is to manage the area, which
indirectly also give the impact to decrease the risk of flood. The role of each stakeholder in flood management
shows on Table 1. below.
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Table 1. The Role of Stakeholders in Flood Management
Number
1.
2.
Stakeholders
b.
3.
Role
Regional Planning Agency
Public Work Department
a. Water Resource Field
Copyrighted
Field
Environmetal Office
Works
To coordinate the related department in macro regional development
To manage the water resource, include: determine the rainfall, regulate the
water use and its ways, wasted water, and using area below
Planning and spatial working
o
o
o
To coordinate all sectors in environmental management
To compose the programs of planting seeds in watershed
Production the infiltration wells and absorpsion wells
Coordinator in the efforts of disaster management
Executor command of disaster management effort which is consist of pre
disaster, emergency responses, and post disaster
4.
Regional Disaster
Management Agency
o
o
5.
Agriculture Department
a. Agriculture Field
b. Forestry Field
Provide the seeds in agriculture fields
Planning, implementing, and monitoring the forest conservation processes
6.
Health Department
o
o
o
o
7.
Regional Parliament
a. Commission C
b. Regulator Field
As a rapid response team in emergency response
Coordinator in the efforts of disease prevention and treatment
To record the data of the disaster victims, assistances, and the availability
of clean water
Compose The Rapid Health Assessment
Physical handling in the efforts of disaster management
o Budgeting the disaster funds
o To establish the regulations of disaster management
8.
Police
o
o
o
o
Help the community in emergency response in evacuation processes
Advise The Local Government to curb the building in flood areas
Appeal the community not to plunder the forest through training programs
Monitoring the forest areas
9.
Prosecutor
o
o
Giving the training to the community about environment
Provide the law enforcement for the violators of environmental laws
10.
Muhammadiyah University
To establish The Spontaneous Teams which is involving the students, the
lecturers, and the employees
11.
National Islamic Academic
o
o
12.
Gontor Modern Islamic
Boarding School
Facilitator in funds submission to The Central Govenrment for the
normalization of Pelem River
13.
NGOs Algheins
As a medium for the discussion to initiated the ideas in flood management
which is involving all of the community’s elements
14.
Local Community
Participate in flood management efforts that have been initiated by The Local
Government in the form of power
Spontaneous reliefs from the students, the lecturers, and the employees
To participate in the delivery of volunteers in emergency response
Source:The Observation Result (2013)
Based on the table, it shows that each of the stakeholders has a relationship with each other in disaster
management efforts, which consists of 3 components: pre-disaster, emergency response and post-disaster. The
Regional Disaster Management Agency, which has been established since September 2010, has a very important
role, which coordinate all of the relevant stakeholders, both in the pre-disaster, emergency response, and postdisaster.
A.
Pre-Disaster Efforts of Flood
One of the pre-disaster effort of flood is flood prevention efforts. The flood prevention efforts
undertaken by The Regional Disaster Management Agency are:
a) Socialize the procedures of flood prevention efforts to the community
b) To propose to the relevant agencies, namely the Department of Public Works and Central River Region of
The Bengawan Solo river about the river widen efforts, which has a realization in Ngampel Village to The
Genting Bridge along 5 km.
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5. The Role Of Stakeholders In Flood…
c)
d)
The cooperation with all relevant agencies and The Local Governments, which include: The Regional
Planning Agency, The Department of Public Works which is consists of The Copyrighted Works Field and
The Water Resources Field, The Environmental Office and The Department of Agriculture which is
consist of The Agricultural Field and Forestry Field. This cooperation is about the region management
efforts, which are paying more attention on environmental areas as a flood prevention.
Cooperation with local communities to establish The Disaster Resilient Village, but this program is still not
formed for Ngampel Village.
e)
Environmental Office, which acts as a coordinator in environmental management, has a very important
role in preventing flooding disaster, including to control the development area which has been planned and
implemented involving The Regional Planning Agency and The Copyrighted Works Field of Public Works
Department which have the authority in the regional development planning of Ponorogo. Environmental Office
involvement in the development planning of Ponorogo is intended that the planned development based on
environmental and sustainable. This concept is intended that the existing development process is not only
emphasizes the importance of political, economic and social, but also respect to the environment and sustainable
development, so that there is no negative impact on the environmental quality, so later the generations can also
enjoy the environment.
The Regional Planning Agency which has the role of coordinating the related agencies in the macro
region development, should also pay attention to the rules of the environment in the area development that has
been planned. Various issues about the areas development which are related to the environment in Ponorogo,
was mentioned in The Medium Term Development Plan of Ponorogo 2010-2015, include:
a. The low of the infrastructure development quality and quantity in rural and urban
b. The low of the utilization of forest development that aimed to optimize the ecological and economic
benefits, forest and land rehabilitation are needed to reduce the rate of degradation, and the lack of efforts
to reduce the pollution and the development of new energy sources that are environmentally friendly.
c. The low of pollution monitoring and control systems.
d. The absence of strict sanctions against the illegal miners or the violater of the regulations and the lack of
the rehabilitation of mined areas .
e. There is a shortage of competent and professional human resources as an instrument of the development,
and low of the quality and quantity of human resources in mastery of science and technology to promote
the accelerated of the development in all fields.
Referring to the problems in the area development which based on environment and sustainable, the
Ministry of Environment, as a coordinator of environmental management, has an authorities to tackle the
existing problems which was related to the environment. The efforts to overcome these problems, the Ministry
of Environment can also cooperate with relevant agencies, namely the Department of Agriculture (Agriculture
and Forestry Division), Public Works Department (Water Resources Management Division), the police,
prosecutors and NGOs.Department of Agriculture, through the counseling process, can do the counseling to the
local community about the area management based on the environment and sustainable. The Division of
Agriculture gives the counseling to educate the farmers to do the environmentally friendly farming system to
minimize the usage of pesticides and chemical fertilizers so it is not make the degradation of the land. The
Division of Forestry gives the counseling to the local community about the importance of forests as a life
support so the people take care and participate in the efforts to protect the forest.
Water Resources Management Division of Public Works Department also has an authority in the
management of water resources, including built the water infrastructure so the existing water, either water which
is flowing in rivers and water stored in the soil, can be maintained and not bring the disaster, both in the rainy
season and the dry season. Periodic monitoring of water balance is very important to do to know the availability
of water and water usage so the water balance can be maintained. The cooperation between the police and
prosecutors is important to do in terms of monitoring and enforcement actions on any legal violations which
may harm the environment. Sanctions should be given explicitly and provide a deterrent effect so the violators
will not repeat the offense again and those who have violated will not desire to do.The roles of the NGOs are as
a discussion medium to initiate the ideas in flood management include the various elements of the community,
make an appeal to the community and socialize the effort of flood management so the people also involved in it
and participate, although only force that can be given as forms of the participation. The community involvement
in disaster management is very important, because the community who utilize the environment and also felt the
impact of the flood so with the participation of the community, it can form the people behaviour who know,
aware and concern in protecting the environment so flood can be prevented.
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Gontor Modern Islamic Boarding School also has an important role in the flood management in
Ngampel village. People have complained about the slow of normalization process in Pelem River by The Local
Government of Ponorogo. Therefore, the community made a cooperation with Gontor Modern Islamic Boarding
School, which is also located close to Ngampel village, to submit the petition proposal for improvement or
normalization process of Pelem River to the Central Government. The petition proposal from Gontor Modern
Islamic Boarding School was immediately responded by the Central Government to realized. Through The
Central River Region of Bengawan Solo, the efforts of River Pelem normalize was done. Although only 5 miles
along, but this river normalization can reduce the risk of flood in Ngampel village.
B.
Emergency Response of Flood
At the time of flood occured, emergency response efforts must be implemented so it will not to cause
the high victim. Early warning system is needed in a situation like this. But in Ngampel village, there is no flood
early warning system. When flood occurs, the role of telecommunications equipment to be important for the
people in this village. Telecommunications equipment used is “kentongan” or a cell phone. This communication
is necessary to bring the news to the region that still has not been affected by the floods, so they can prepare
themself if the water flooding to that area. This communication is also necessary to bring the news to the related
stakeholders to immediately get further treatment. The related stakeholders include The Regional Disaster
Management Agency, The Police and The Health Department.The Regional Disaster Management Agency in
emergency response, has a role as an Executive Command, who was assisted by The Police, the volunteers and
The Health Department. The emergency response equipments were prepared by The Regional Disaster
Management Agency include: 2 units of rubber boat completed with paddles, boat engines, and buoys. 1 unit
rubber boat completed with 10 units buoy with the capacity for 10 people. The other emergency response
equipment include: tent squads, generators and water treatment that serves as a provider of clean water to
disaster victims. The Regional Disaster Management Agency also has a car that can be used to transport the
emergency response equipments.
Figure 2. The Emergency Response Equipments of Flood
in The Regional Disaster Management Agency of Ponorogo
(Source: Reseacher Documentation, 2013)
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The initial steps by The Regional Disaster Management Agency in preparing for an emergency response was to
create the volunteer teams which cooperate with the existing universities in Ponorogo, such as Muhammadiyah
University and National Islamic Academic. These volunteers were given advance supplies about the basic
material of rescue and swim, also the technical guidance to rescue the disaster victims.
Figure 3. Potencial Rescue Team Training for Disaster Volunteers
by Regional Disaster Management Agency of Ponorogo
(Source: Regional Disaster Management Agency of Ponorogo, 2012)
Volunteers, who have formed, during the emergency response will be contacted directly and asked to handling
the disaster victims. During at the disaster site, the volunteers moved based on the command of The Regional
Disaster Management Agency. Beside the volunteers, the emergency response was also carried out by the
Police. The role of the police in emergency response include:
1. Help to evacuate the people from flooded area to a safer location using a cart.
2. Help to secure the livestock owned by the community.
3. Appealed to the community to secure personal items so they were not destroyed by the flood.
4. Help to distribute the aid to the affected community.
Figure 4. Evacuation Proccess Doing by Police on Flood Disaster in Ponorogo 2012
(Source:The Police of Ponorogo, 2012)
Besides the Police, Health Department also took to the disaster area when the flood occured. The roles
of The Health Department include: the provision of health services to flood victims, providing logistical support
to flood victims, to collect the data on the number of victims and the type of disease which infected the flood
victims, also to perform the water treatment by giving chlorine to the contaminated wells caused of flood. Water
that has been boiled with chlorine then could be consumed. Besides using chlorine, The Health Department also
provides "Air Rahmat" or a powder that could be put into that polluted water so that the water could be
consumed without cooking it first. However, the usage of "Air Rahmat" is rarely performed because the
complexity of the procedures through to obtained "Air Rahmat", so giving chlorine is a step that could be done
by the Health Department to provide the clean water supply for the flood victims.The diseases that often occur
during the flood was not a serious illness.
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Although the itching disease often complained by the people who were the flood victims, but the
people did not get treatment to the health posts which have been provided by The Health Department. The
emergency response equipments provided by the Health Department include: inflatable boats, emergency kits,
and personal kit which consist of a raincoat, head lamp, boat shoes, and folding knives, which each of it
contained 4 units. Officers were deployed to the disaster site, namely Rapid Response Team which consist of
The Head of Clinic as a responsible and Doctors as a coordinator which comprise the midwives, nurses,
nutritionists and sanitation section.Based on the data in Rapid Health Assessment from the Health Department
that the flood which occurred in Ngampel village on February 22, 2012 at 09.00 am reached a height of 0.5
meters for 48 hours. The identification about the impact of this disaster showed that the number of houses which
flooded as 200 pieces, the number of wells about 50 pieces and were also contaminated about 50 pieces. The
number of victims aged 0-5 years was about 100 people, aged > 5 years was about 40 people, and the pregnant
women was about 10 people. The number of infants with malnutrition conditions recorded by 1 person. During
the last flood, the victims evacuated in a mosque as a temporary shelter, start from 19.00 am until 06.00 pm. The
environmental sanitation conditions in the camps showed that the latrines and the landfills was inadequate. But
the water supply was sufficient for the flood victims. Prevention efforts that have been made by The Health
Department were the establishment of a disaster response team and set up a health posts at the disaster site as 1
piece with health professionals involved as 4 people. Common type of the disease include: diarrhea, physical
and emotional trauma, also skin diseases or itching. The constraints faced by the medical team during the flood
emergency response is still inadequate preparedness of the necessary logistics, such as chlorine supplies, PAC,
and aquatab, whereas for the readiness of drugs is sufficient for all of the flood victims. Follow-up efforts after
flood carried out by the Health Department was monitoring the affected areas and early awareness of postdisaster disease.
The community in Ngampel Village has a disaster preparedness to encounter if the flood is back. The
behavior of mutual cooperation among the people are still strong enough so it is as its own power in order to
minimize the risk of disasters. Early warning system when flood was coming carried by the villagers using
“kentongan”. “Kentongan” is a traditional tool to warning the people in that village when the emergency
response of everything occurred in this village (Figure 5). “Kentongan” will be emitted when flood reached the
highway, so the people can prepare to rescue themselves. The equipment used during the emergency response to
evacuate the villagers who was trapped in flooded houses was use a simple equipment. It was rubber tires that
serves as a float. Evacuation was done by the people themselves before the help comes from another institution.
Evacuation of flood victims took a secure location. It was in Ponorogo-Pacitan highway, schools and mosques
which were not flooded. At the time of the evacuation, people do not bring their items. The goods are left behind
in the house, and after the flood recede, they would back to their house to saw their goods. This was done
because the level of environmental safety at the time of flood in this village was still fairly well preserved.
Figure 5. “Kentongan”
The Traditional Tools of Emergency Response in Ponorogo
(Source:Ngampel Village Office, 2012)
Type of assistances which provided to flood victims consists of staple food, rice packets, clean
clothing, and medicines. This assistances obtained from The Regional Disaster Management Agency, The
Health Department, The Local Government, also from other parties that provide assistance voluntarily. The
universities also have a pretty good role in providing assistances to flood victims.
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9. The Role Of Stakeholders In Flood…
The provision of assistance by universities incidentally or only when a disaster occurs. The universities
in Ponorogo involved Muhammadiyah University and National Islamic Academic. The one of efforts made by
these universities is the formation of Spontaneous Team consisting of lecturers/staffs and students. The lecturers
and staffs who was involved in this Spontaneous Team appointed by the Head of University, while the students
are students from the Student Affairs Unit consisting of Nature Lovers Student. The Spontaneous Team before
was getting disaster training from The Regional Disaster Management Agency. One of the training was the SAR
Training involves students from Muhammadiyah University of Ponorogo and National Islamic Academic of
Ponorogo.Assistance provided by Spontaneous Team was the opening of post-disaster center for victims. The
role of the posts was established were to distribute the aids which collected from voluntary. The voluntary
assistances formed as cloths and funds. Especially in National Islamic Academic of Ponorogo, the assistance
was provided were the emergency response’s tools such as rubber boats and others. National Islamic Academic
of Ponorogo is a university in Ponorogo that has a comprehensive emergency response’s tools. Assistances
given by all of the parties was an effort to ease the burden of the flood victims.
C.
Rehabilitation Effort in Post Disaster
Flood has a big impact for the disaster victims. These impacts include physically damage or
psychological trauma for the disaster victims. The efforts to undertaken after the devastating floods was the
recovery of the damage, both physically and psychologically. The recovery efforts also involves related parties,
which also consists of: Division Rehabilitation and Reconstruction of Regional Disaster Management Agency,
Commission C and D of Regional Parliament in Ponorogo and The Department of Health.
The work plan of rehabilitation and reconstruction in 2013 was done by Regional Disaster Management
Agency includes several efforts, including:
o Recovery of physical health through improved the quality of refugee medical services.
o Recovery of psychological health in a way to motivates the affected communities.
o Disaster recovery:
1) Emergency Response for 3 x 24 hours
2) Re-enable the economic of the community
o Set up the refugees in the affected communities:
1) Develop the scenarios of disaster management
2) Recovery of a food source for the population in the disaster areas
o Rehabilitation and Reconstruction of the disaster areas:
1) Recovery the infrastructures
The rehabilitation and reconstruction efforts were undertaken by Regional Disaster Management
Agency also involves the several parties, include: Commission C and D of The Regional Parliament of
Ponorogo, Public Works Department, and Health Department. The cooperation among Regional Disaster
Management Agency, Commission C of Regional Parliament and Public Works Department was the physical
recovery efforts in the improvement of infrastructure was damaged by the flood, while the co-operation with the
Commission D of Regional Parliament include the social efforts and provide the assistances to the flood victims.
The infrastructure improvements refers to the kind of the damage. After identifying the existing damage,
improvement efforts involved the related parties for the Local Government Offices and the community. Health
Department plays a role in the recovery of psychological conditions (trauma) and physical of the flood victims.
Rehabilitation and reconstruction efforts also involve the local community. The community's role in the
rehabilitation efforts include:
a.
b.
a.
b.
Establishment The Disaster Resilient Village, where the community will be educated about the capabilities
in disaster response, start from early detection, when the disaster occur, and the efforts to help the victims.
But, the formation of The Resilient Village is still not done for Ngampel Village.
Formulate the necessary assistances for the flood victims. When the people get help as their required, the
recovery from the trauma can be done well.
In addition to the things mentioned above, another attempt of post-disaster should be made by Regional
Disaster Management Agency, as coordinator of disaster management effort, are:
Identifying the cause of the flood so the further treatment efforts for prevention of flood could be done.
The proposes to permanently repair damage to the authorities in management of Bengawan Solo river
basin. This proposed also need to consider the sustainability of the improvements in order to minimize the
flood and its impact. The mechanism to request the flood material through in 2 ways:
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10. The Role Of Stakeholders In Flood…
1.
The Central authority
The Letter addressed to the Central River Region of Bengawan Solo with a copy to the Provincial of
Irrigation Public Works Department, The Water Resources Management of Madiun River Basin Unit and
Perum Jasa Tirta.
2.
Provincial authority
The Letter addressed to the Regional Water Resource Management of Madiun River Unit with a copy to
the Irrigation Public Works Department of East Java.
c.
Making the flood report to the authorities. This report includes: reports of flood chronological, the cause of
the flood, the impact of the flood, the inventory report of the damage caused by the flood, and the map of
the flood prone areas which are equipped with a risk map.
Formulate an early warning system of flood. There is no flood early warning system yet in Ngampel
village so the people can not prepare themself if the river overflowed and flooded the area where they live.
The formulation of early warning systems is important to do as flood mitigation efforts and also to reduce
the impact of the floods. This formula results should be socialized to the community, especially the people
who live in flood-prone areas, so the people will be know, understand and be able to prepare themselves if
there is the possibility of flood occur again in their region.
d.
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
Agbola, B.S. et al. 2012. The August 2011 Flood in Ibadan, Nigeria: Anthropogenic Causes and Consequences. International
Journal of Disaster Risk Science. 2012, 3 (4): 207–217
Djalante, R. 2012. Adaptive Governance and Resilience: the role of multi-stakeholder platforms in disaster risk reduction.
Natural Hazard and Earth System Sciences. Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. Vol. 12. pg.
2923-2942
Java Pos Daily. 2012. Flood-Landslide Lunge 4 Districts. (23 February): pg. 31
Maarif, S. 2010. Disaster and Its Management. Review from Sociologic Aspec. The Dialogue of Disaster Management Journal;
1(1): pg. 1-7
Schmeer, K. 2008. Stakeholder Analysis Guidelines. Section 2. Policy Toolkit for Strengthening Health Sector Reform. Pg. 1
Sebastian, L. 2008. The Approach of Prevention and Disaster Management. The Dynamic of Civil Engineering Journal. Civil
Technique Faculty. Palembang University, 8(2): pg. 162 – 169
Suyanto, B. 2008. Impact and Management of Disaster Victims Efforts. Disaster in East Java, Impact and Management Efforts.
Expert Board of East Java, Pg. 2
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