Impacts Unit 1 UTEC

1
IMPACTS
IN THE TOURISM INDUSTRY

2
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Subtitle

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1. Environmental awareness.
2. Enhancements of local environment.
3. Protection and conservation of wildlife.

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1. Tourist-environment interactions
2. Tourist-host interactions
3. Host-environment interactions
THREE PRESPECTIVES

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1. Inappropriate development
2. Loss of natural habitat and effects on wildlife
3. Pollution
4. Loss of spirit
5. Overcrowding and traffic congestion
6. Activities
(affecting the natural environment)

77
http://www.unep.org/resourceefficiency/Business/SectoralActivities/Tourism/TheTourisma
ndEnvironmentProgramme/FactsandFiguresaboutTourism/ImpactsofTourism/Environment
alImpacts/TourismsThreeMainImpactAreas/tabid/78776/Default.aspx
Tourism's Main
Impact Areas
Negative impacts from tourism occur when the level of visitor use is
greater than the environment's ability to cope with this use within the
acceptable limits of change. Uncontrolled conventional tourism poses
potential threats to many natural areas around the world. It can put
enormous pressure on an area and lead to impacts such as soil erosion,
increased pollution, discharges into the sea, natural habitat loss,
increased pressure on endangered species and heightened vulnerability
to forest fires.

88
Depletion of Natural Resources
Water, and especially fresh water, is one of the most critical natural resources.
The tourism industry generally overuses water resources for hotels, swimming
pools, golf courses and personal use of water by tourists. This can result in
water shortages and degradation of water supplies, as well as generating a
greater volume of waste water.

9
Tourism’s impact on fresh water availability and quality is dependent on a wide range of factors
1. relative
abundance and
quality of water in
the respective
tourism region,
2. the seasonal
and spatial
character of water
abstraction
3. competing
uses, and the
treatment of
sewage and
wastewater.
4. the share of non-
consumptive versus
consumptive uses

1010
Tourism can create great pressure on local resources like energy,
food, and other raw materials that may already be in short supply.
Greater extraction and transport of these resources exacerbates the
physical impacts associated with their exploitation. Because of the
seasonal character of the industry, many destinations have ten
times more inhabitants in the high season as in the low season. A
high demand is placed upon these resources to meet the high
expectations tourists often have (proper heating, hot water, etc.).

1111
Important land resources include minerals, fossil fuels, fertile
soil, forests, wetland and wildlife. Increased construction of
tourism and recreational facilities has increased the pressure
on these resources and on scenic landscapes. Direct impact
on natural resources, both renewable and nonrenewable, in
the provision of tourist facilities can be caused by the use of
land for accommodation and other infrastructure provision, and
the use of building materials.
Forests often suffer negative impacts of tourism in the form of
deforestation caused by fuel wood collection and land clearing.
For example, one trekking tourist in Nepal - and area already
suffering the effects of deforestation - can use four to five
kilograms of wood a day.

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Pollution
Air Water Noise Land

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Air Pollution
Air pollution is the
introduction of chemicals,
particulate matter, or
biological materials that
cause harm or discomfort
to humans or other living
organisms, or damages
the natural environment,
into the atmosphere.

1818
Noise Pollution
Noise pollution (or
environmental noise) is
displeasing human-,
animal- or machine-
created sound that
disrupts the activity or
balance of human or
animal life.

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Noise pollution from airplanes, cars, and buses, as well as recreational vehicles such as
snowmobiles and jet skis, is an ever-growing problem of modern life. In addition to
causing annoyance, stress, and even hearing loss for it humans, it causes distress to
wildlife, especially in sensitive areas. For instance, noise generated by snowmobiles
can cause animals to alter their natural activity patterns.

2323
Solid Waste and litteringSolid Waste is also referred to as
rubbish, trash, garbage, or junk
depending upon the type of material
and the regional terminology. In living
organisms, waste relates to unwanted
substances or toxins that are expelled
from them.

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Sewage
Sewage water is drained off into rivers without treatment. Careless disposal of
sewage water leads to creation of a chain of problems like spreading of
diseases, eutrophication, increase in Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), etc.

2828
Construction of hotels, recreation and other
facilities often leads to increased sewage pollution.
Wastewater has polluted seas and lakes
surrounding tourist attractions, damaging the flora and fauna. Sewage runoff causes
serious damage to coral reefs because it stimulates the growth of algae, which cover
the filter-feeding corals, hindering their ability to survive. Changes in salinity and
siltation can have wide-ranging impacts on coastal
environments. And sewage pollution can threaten the health
of humans and animals.

2929
Among the five major river
systems, the North Canal, which is
used for 90 percent of the
drainage in downtown Beijing and
provides water to 70 percent of
the population of that city, was the
most seriously polluted. A
standard test for determining
water quality, Chemical Oxygen
Demand (COD), confirmed that
pollutants in the water of North
Canal were nearly 95 times higher
than what is deemed safe.

3131
NEGATIVE COSTS
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LEKAGE
Direct incomes
Import
Export

32
ENCLAVE
Enclave tourism is tourism in destinations where tourist activities are planned
and congregated in one small geographic area, in order to allow the tourists
to experience the entirety of their travel intentions without having to travel far
out into remote areas of the host country.

3434
• Tourism development can cost the local government and
local taxpayers a great deal of money.
• Developers may want the government to improve the airport,
roads and other infrastructure, and possibly to provide tax
breaks and other financial advantages, which are costly
activities for the government.
• Public resources spent on subsidized infrastructure or tax
breaks may reduce government investment in other critical
areas such as education and health.

3535
Seasonal
Jobs
Dependence local
community
Increase in
prices

3636
“POSITIVE ECONOMIC IMPACT
36

3737
Foreign Exchange
Government Revenues
Local
economies
Employment
generation
Infraestructure

39
Sociology of Culture
The sociology of culture and, the related, cultural sociology
concerns the systematic analysis of culture, usually understood as
the ensemble of symbolic codes used by a members of a society,
as it is manifested in the society. For Georg Simmel*, culture
referred to "the cultivation of individuals through the agency of
external forms which have been objectified in the course of
history".
Culture in the sociological field is analyzed
as the ways of thinking and describing,
the ways of acting, and the material
objects that together shape a people's
way of life.
German sociologist, philosopher, and critic

40
The belief that culture is symbolically coded
and can thus be taught from one person to
another means that cultures, although
bounded, can change. Cultures are both
predisposed to change and resistant to it.
Resistance can come from habit, religion, and
the integration and interdependence of cultural
traits.
Cultural change can have many causes,
including: the environment, inventions, and
contact with other cultures.
Contact between cultures can also result in acculturation. Acculturation has different
meanings, but in this context refers to replacement of the traits of one culture with those of
another, such as what happened with many Native American Indians. Related processes on
an individual level are assimilation and transculturation, both of which refer to adoption of a
different culture by an individual.

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Tourist Culture
Cultural tourism (or culture tourism) is the subset of tourism concerned with a country or
region's culture, specifically the lifestyle of the people in those geographical areas, the
history of those people, their art, architecture, religion(s), and other elements that helped
shape their way of life. Cultural tourism includes tourism in urban areas, particularly
historic or large cities and their cultural facilities such as museums and theatres

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ELEMENTS OF
CULTURE
 HANDICRAFTS
LANGUAGE
TRADITION
 LOCAL WORK
ARCHITECTURE
RELIGION
 GASTRONOMY
ART AND MUSIC
HISTORY
 EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
DRESS
LEISURE ACTIVITIES

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SUB ELEMENTS OF CULTURE
Symbols: Anything that carries particular meaning
recognized by people who share the same culture.
Values: Culturally defined standards of desirability,
goodness, beauty and many other things that serves
as broad guidelines for social living
Beliefs: Specific statements that people hold to be
true
Norms: Rules and expectations by which a society
guides the behaviour of its members. The two types
of norms are mores and folkways. Mores are norms
that are widely observed and have a great moral
significance. Folkways are norms for routine, casual
interaction
Behavioral patterns: The typical manner in which
people perform production (e.g., manual,
manufactured, automated in various degrees),
communicate (e.g., language content, technology
choices), mark significant events (e.g., rituals of
endorsing values and of punctuating steps in
personal life), satisfy basic needs (e.g., for dwelling,
feeding, security, sex, reproduction, entertainment),
and the like.
Social institutions: Patterns of organization and
relationships regarding governance, production,
socializing, education, knowledge creation, arts, and
relating to other cultures.
Artifacts: Distinct material objects, such as
architecture, technologies, and artistic creations

45
Emotionology science of emotions from multiple disciplines and sources and is much
more than emotions by themselves. Emotionology explains how our emotions are
interconnected to our thoughts and drive our behavior and how we relate to the world
around us
Orientalism "Orientalism” is a way of seeing that imagines, emphasizes, exaggerates and distorts
differences of Arab peoples and cultures as compared to that of Europe and the U.S. It often involves seeing
Arab culture as exotic, backward, uncivilized, and at times dangerous.
Ethnocentric individuals judge other groups relative to their own ethnic group or
culture, especially with concern for language, behavior, customs, and religion. These
ethnic distinctions and subdivisions serve to define each ethnicity's unique cultural
identity
Xenophobia is known to be hatred, intolerance or dislike of someone or
something strange, unfamiliar. It is often perceived as incomprehensible,
inconceivable, and therefore dangerous and hostile attitude towards unknown

46
NEGATIVE SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM
COMMODIFICATION
•Tourism can turn
local cultures into
commodities when
religious rituals,
traditional ethnic
rites and festivals
are reduced and
sanitized to conform
to tourist
expectations,
resulting in what has
been called
"reconstructed
ethnicity."
•a destination is sold
as a tourism
product, souvenirs,
arts, entertainment
and other
commodities begins
to exert influence,
basic changes in
human values may
occur
STANDARIZATION
•landscape,
accommodation,
food and drinks,
etc., must meet the
tourists' desire for
the new and
unfamiliar
LOSTOTAUTHENTICITY
•Adapting cultural
expressions to the
tastes of tourists or
even performing
shows as if they
were "real life"
constitutes "staged
authenticity".
ADAPTATIONTO
TOURISTDEMANDS
•Tourists want
souvenirs, arts,
crafts, and cultural
manifestations, and
in many tourist
destinations,
craftsmen have
responded to the
growing demand,
CHANGE OR LOSS OF INDIGENOUS IDENTITY OR VALUES
Tourism can cause change / loss of local identity and values by:

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Culture clashes
• Because tourism involves movement of people to different geographical
locations, and establishment of social relations between people who
would otherwise not meet, cultural clashes can take place as a result of
differences in cultures, ethnicity, religion, values, lifestyles, languages,
and levels of prosperity.
• The result can be an overexploitation of the social carrying capacity
(limits of acceptable change in the social system inside or around the
destination) and cultural carrying capacity (limits of acceptable
change in the culture of the host population) of the local community.
• The attitude of local residents towards tourism development may unfold
through the stages of euphoria, where visitors are very welcome,
through apathy, irritation and potentially antagonism, when anti-tourist
attitudes begin growing among local people.

48https://viventa.co/sindrome-del-emigrante/

49
https://steemit.com/psychology/@alfredoaj/the-stress-that-the-immigrant-faces-immigrant-syndrome-due-to-chronic-stress-or-ulysses-
syndrome

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Ethical issues
• Crime generation
Crime rates typically increase with the growth and urbanization of an
area, and growth of mass tourism is often accompanied by increased
crime.
• The presence of a large number of tourists with a lot of money to
spend, and often carrying valuables such as cameras and jewellery,
increases the attraction for criminals and brings with it activities like
robbery and drug dealing.
• Repression of these phenomena often exacerbates social tension.
• In Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, tourists staying in beachside five star
resorts close to extremely poor communities in hillside "favelas" are
at risk of pickpockets and stick-ups. Security agents, often armed
with machine guns, stand guard nearby in full sight, and face
aggressive reactions from locals who are often their neighbours when
they go home.

52
Child labour
• Studies show that many jobs in the
• tourism sector have working and employment conditions that
leave much to be desired: long hours, unstable employment,
low pay, little training and poor chances for qualification.
• In addition, recent developments in the travel and tourism trade
(liberalisation, competition, concentration, drop in travel fares,
growth of subcontracting) seem to reinforce the trend towards
more precarious, flexible employment conditions.
• For many such jobs young children are recruited, as they are
cheap and flexible employees.
http://ethics.unwto.org/content/what-you-can-do-against-child-exploitation-tourism

55
Prostitution and sex tourism
• The commercial sexual exploitation of children and young women
has paralleled the growth of tourism in many parts of the world.
• Though tourism is not the cause of sexual exploitation, it provides
easy access to it.
• Tourism also brings consumerism to many parts of the world
previously denied access to luxury commodities and services.
• The lure of this easy money has caused many young people,
including children, to trade their bodies in exchange for T-shirts,
personal stereos, bikes and even air tickets out of the country.
• In other situations children are trafficked into the brothels on the
margins of the tourist areas and sold into sex slavery, very rarely
earning enough money to escape.

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SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM
• The socio-cultural impacts of tourism described here
are the effects on host communities of direct and
indirect relations with tourists, and of interaction with
the tourism industry.
• For a variety of reasons, host communities often are
the weaker party in interactions with their guests and
service providers, leveraging any influence they might
have.
• These influences are not always apparent, as they are
difficult to measure, depend on value judgments and
are often indirect or hard to identify.

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SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM
• Impacts arise when tourism brings changes in value
systems / behaviour, threatening indigenous identity.
• Changes often occur in community structure, family
relationships, collective traditional life styles,
ceremonies and morality.
• But tourism can also generate positive impacts as it
can serve as a supportive force for peace, foster pride
in cultural traditions and help avoid urban relocation by
creating local jobs.
• Socio-cultural impacts are ambiguous: the same
objectively described impacts are seen as beneficial by
some groups and as negative by others.

Impacts Unit 1 UTEC

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Impacts Unit 1 UTEC