The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Modification and Climate Change Analysis of surrounding Environment using Rem...iosrjce
This review is presented in three parts. The first part explains such terms as climate, climate change,
climate change adaptation, remote sensing (RS) and geographical information systems (GIS). The second part
highlights some areas where RS and GIS are applicable in climate change analysis and adaptation. Issues
considered are snow/glacier monitoring, land cover monitoring, carbon trace/accounting, atmospheric
dynamics, terrestrial temperature monitoring, biodiversity conservation, ocean and coast monitoring, erosion
monitoring and control, agriculture, flood monitoring, health and disease, drought and desertification. The
third part concludes from all illustrated instances that climate change problems will be less understood and
managed without the application of RS and GIS. While humanity is still being plagued by climate change effects,
RS and GIS play a crucial role in its management for continued human survival. Key words: Climate, Climate
Change, Climate Change Adaptation, Geographical Information System and Remote Sensing.
Monitoring Kuhdasht Plain Aquifer Using the Drastic Model (Water Quality Inde...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:Identification and provision of zoning of vulnerable aquifers, i.e. areas where pollutants can
penetrate and distribute from ground surface to groundwater system, is an appropriate management tool to
prevent the contamination of groundwater resources. There are several methods to assess the vulnerability of
aquifers, which are generally divided into three main groups: statistical methods, mathematical methods, and
overlapping indexes methods. In this research, due to the importance of plain aquifer for agricultural and
drinking water supply of the region, drastic method is one of the most applicable overlapping methods used. The
plain aquifer vulnerability map derived from the combination of seven raster maps of drastic model parameters
(water table depth, pure supply, aquifer type, soil type, topographic slope, non-saturated environment
ingredients and hydraulic conductivity) is used; it has been developed in seven layers in ArcGis software. The
final aquifer vulnerability map was prepared for contamination by weighting and ranking and combining the
seven layers above. Matching the nitrate ion on the final drastic map, it was determined that all points with high
nitrate are in the high contamination range, approving the accuracy of the model. According to the zoning map
obtained, about 0.98%, 12.98%, 62.56%, and 23.48% of the study area were within the low, moderate, moderate
to high, and high vulnerability ranges, respectively. The results of this study indicate that the highest
vulnerability potential is in the moderate to high class, and the northern, northwestern and western areas of the
plain have a high potential, while the southwest areas have the lowest potential.
Modification and Climate Change Analysis of surrounding Environment using Rem...iosrjce
This review is presented in three parts. The first part explains such terms as climate, climate change,
climate change adaptation, remote sensing (RS) and geographical information systems (GIS). The second part
highlights some areas where RS and GIS are applicable in climate change analysis and adaptation. Issues
considered are snow/glacier monitoring, land cover monitoring, carbon trace/accounting, atmospheric
dynamics, terrestrial temperature monitoring, biodiversity conservation, ocean and coast monitoring, erosion
monitoring and control, agriculture, flood monitoring, health and disease, drought and desertification. The
third part concludes from all illustrated instances that climate change problems will be less understood and
managed without the application of RS and GIS. While humanity is still being plagued by climate change effects,
RS and GIS play a crucial role in its management for continued human survival. Key words: Climate, Climate
Change, Climate Change Adaptation, Geographical Information System and Remote Sensing.
Monitoring Kuhdasht Plain Aquifer Using the Drastic Model (Water Quality Inde...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:Identification and provision of zoning of vulnerable aquifers, i.e. areas where pollutants can
penetrate and distribute from ground surface to groundwater system, is an appropriate management tool to
prevent the contamination of groundwater resources. There are several methods to assess the vulnerability of
aquifers, which are generally divided into three main groups: statistical methods, mathematical methods, and
overlapping indexes methods. In this research, due to the importance of plain aquifer for agricultural and
drinking water supply of the region, drastic method is one of the most applicable overlapping methods used. The
plain aquifer vulnerability map derived from the combination of seven raster maps of drastic model parameters
(water table depth, pure supply, aquifer type, soil type, topographic slope, non-saturated environment
ingredients and hydraulic conductivity) is used; it has been developed in seven layers in ArcGis software. The
final aquifer vulnerability map was prepared for contamination by weighting and ranking and combining the
seven layers above. Matching the nitrate ion on the final drastic map, it was determined that all points with high
nitrate are in the high contamination range, approving the accuracy of the model. According to the zoning map
obtained, about 0.98%, 12.98%, 62.56%, and 23.48% of the study area were within the low, moderate, moderate
to high, and high vulnerability ranges, respectively. The results of this study indicate that the highest
vulnerability potential is in the moderate to high class, and the northern, northwestern and western areas of the
plain have a high potential, while the southwest areas have the lowest potential.
Optimum replacement depth to control heave of swelling claysAhmed Ebid
The behavior of unsaturated swelling soils under changing of moisture content was intensively studied by many researchers since the 1950’s. Many proposed formulas and techniques were used to classify, describe and predict the swelling behavior and parameters of such type of soil. On the other hand, many techniques are used to allow structures to be founded on swelling soils without suffering any damages due to the soil heave. Replacing the swelling soil with granular mixture is one of the most famous and cheapest techniques especially in case of light structures on shallow layer of swelling soil. The aim of this research is to develop a simplified formula to estimate the heave of swelling soil considering the effect of replaced layer. The developed formula is used to estimate the required replacement depth to avoid damage due to excessive heave.
The Climate Change journal publishes a wide range of topics related to this field including but not limited to Earth science or Geosciences, Geography, Environmental Science, Atmospheric Science, Global Warming, Oceanography, and Climate change and Risk Management.
porosity model evaluation pressured by void ratio on homogenous compressionIJCMESJOURNAL
This study develop model that will evaluates the influences of soil compression in natural condition or in an impose loads determined by the rate of soil porosity. Porosity evaluation in homogeneous fines sand formation were to monitor the homogeneous setting effect from the rate of low void ratio and permeability observed to pressure compression of fine sand, the expression has proven different dimensions that will always generate homogeneous setting in the deltaic formation, to predict this types of porosity, mathematical modelling approach were applied, the developed system generated governing equation that were derived to produced predictive model for porosity evaluation in fine sand formation. Soil and highway engineers can apply these techniques during design of roads and foundation as a parameter that is highly significant to check the rate of porosity on soil compression.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
MHD Chemically Reacting and Radiating Nanofluid Flow over a Vertical Cone Emb...IJLT EMAS
In this study, we examine the combined effects of
thermal radiation, chemical reaction on MHD hydromagnetic
boundary layer flow over a vertical cone filled with nanofluid
saturated porous medium under variable properties. The
governing flow, heat and mass transfer equations are
transformed into ordinary differential equations using similarity
variables and are solved numerically by a Galerkin Finite
element method. Numerical results are obtained for
dimensionless velocity, temperature, nanoparticle volume
fraction, as well as the skin friction, local Nusselt and Sherwood
number for the different values of the pertinent parameters
entered into the problem. The effects of various controlling
parameters on these quantities are investigated. Pertinent
results are presented graphically and discussed quantitatively.
The present results are compared with existing results and found
to be good agreement. It is found that the temperature of the
fluid remarkably enhances with the rising values of Brownian
motion parameter (Nb).
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Impact of Future Climate Change on water availability in Kupang CityWillem Sidharno
Observed climate change could affect water availability in the future. Changes also
occurred Kupang city in recent decades, an increase in the magnitude of the damage caused
by drought due to climate change. In an attempt to explore the effects of drought can be
aggravated by climate change. in this paper, the author will be analyze impact of changes in
the water balance in Kupang city. To achieve that, the author will use the procedure consists
of two procedures: Temperature and precipitation are modeled under two typical emission
A1FI and B1 scenarios evaluated in this study for future projections in Kupang, discharge
simulations using rainfall Mock generated daily rainfall and water balance monthly Data
analysis WEAP (water Evaluation and Planning System) based simulation Mock. Due to the
significant uncertainty involved in forecasting future water consumption and water yield, the
author will use the three scenarios assumed water consumption and water three outcome
scenarios. Three scenarios of water consumption, ie, "Low", "Medium" and "High" in
accordance with the expected number of water consumption. Disposal obtained from mock
simulations during the simulation period. Finally, the water balance analysis conducted by
WEAP based on a combination of the three scenarios of water consumption. With this
procedure, it is possible to explore different scenarios of water consumption and water
results and the results of this study can be used to establish the proper planning to minimize
the impact of drought on water availability to support water requirement due to climate
change in Kupang city.
Towards an accurate Ground-Level Ozone PredictionIJECEIAES
This paper motivation is to find the most accurate technique to predict the ground level ozone at Al Jahra station, Kuwait. The data on the meteorological variables (air temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, direction and speed of wind) and concentration of seven pollutants of environment (SO2, NO2, NO, CO2, CO, NMHC, and CH4) were applied to forecast the ozone concentration in atmosphere. In this report, three methods (PLS regression, support vector machine (SVM), and multiple least-square regression) were used to predict ground-level ozone. We used Fifteen parameters to evaluate the performance of methods. Multiple least-square regression, partial least square regression (PLS regression), and SVM using linear and radial kernels were the best performers with MAE (mean absolute error) of 9.17x 10-03, 9.72 x 10-03, 9.64 x 10-03, and 9.12 x 10-03, respectively. SVM with polynomial kernel had MAE of 5.46 x 10-02. These results show that these methods could be used to predict ground-level ozone concentrations at Al Jahra station in Kuwait.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Optimum replacement depth to control heave of swelling claysAhmed Ebid
The behavior of unsaturated swelling soils under changing of moisture content was intensively studied by many researchers since the 1950’s. Many proposed formulas and techniques were used to classify, describe and predict the swelling behavior and parameters of such type of soil. On the other hand, many techniques are used to allow structures to be founded on swelling soils without suffering any damages due to the soil heave. Replacing the swelling soil with granular mixture is one of the most famous and cheapest techniques especially in case of light structures on shallow layer of swelling soil. The aim of this research is to develop a simplified formula to estimate the heave of swelling soil considering the effect of replaced layer. The developed formula is used to estimate the required replacement depth to avoid damage due to excessive heave.
The Climate Change journal publishes a wide range of topics related to this field including but not limited to Earth science or Geosciences, Geography, Environmental Science, Atmospheric Science, Global Warming, Oceanography, and Climate change and Risk Management.
porosity model evaluation pressured by void ratio on homogenous compressionIJCMESJOURNAL
This study develop model that will evaluates the influences of soil compression in natural condition or in an impose loads determined by the rate of soil porosity. Porosity evaluation in homogeneous fines sand formation were to monitor the homogeneous setting effect from the rate of low void ratio and permeability observed to pressure compression of fine sand, the expression has proven different dimensions that will always generate homogeneous setting in the deltaic formation, to predict this types of porosity, mathematical modelling approach were applied, the developed system generated governing equation that were derived to produced predictive model for porosity evaluation in fine sand formation. Soil and highway engineers can apply these techniques during design of roads and foundation as a parameter that is highly significant to check the rate of porosity on soil compression.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
MHD Chemically Reacting and Radiating Nanofluid Flow over a Vertical Cone Emb...IJLT EMAS
In this study, we examine the combined effects of
thermal radiation, chemical reaction on MHD hydromagnetic
boundary layer flow over a vertical cone filled with nanofluid
saturated porous medium under variable properties. The
governing flow, heat and mass transfer equations are
transformed into ordinary differential equations using similarity
variables and are solved numerically by a Galerkin Finite
element method. Numerical results are obtained for
dimensionless velocity, temperature, nanoparticle volume
fraction, as well as the skin friction, local Nusselt and Sherwood
number for the different values of the pertinent parameters
entered into the problem. The effects of various controlling
parameters on these quantities are investigated. Pertinent
results are presented graphically and discussed quantitatively.
The present results are compared with existing results and found
to be good agreement. It is found that the temperature of the
fluid remarkably enhances with the rising values of Brownian
motion parameter (Nb).
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Impact of Future Climate Change on water availability in Kupang CityWillem Sidharno
Observed climate change could affect water availability in the future. Changes also
occurred Kupang city in recent decades, an increase in the magnitude of the damage caused
by drought due to climate change. In an attempt to explore the effects of drought can be
aggravated by climate change. in this paper, the author will be analyze impact of changes in
the water balance in Kupang city. To achieve that, the author will use the procedure consists
of two procedures: Temperature and precipitation are modeled under two typical emission
A1FI and B1 scenarios evaluated in this study for future projections in Kupang, discharge
simulations using rainfall Mock generated daily rainfall and water balance monthly Data
analysis WEAP (water Evaluation and Planning System) based simulation Mock. Due to the
significant uncertainty involved in forecasting future water consumption and water yield, the
author will use the three scenarios assumed water consumption and water three outcome
scenarios. Three scenarios of water consumption, ie, "Low", "Medium" and "High" in
accordance with the expected number of water consumption. Disposal obtained from mock
simulations during the simulation period. Finally, the water balance analysis conducted by
WEAP based on a combination of the three scenarios of water consumption. With this
procedure, it is possible to explore different scenarios of water consumption and water
results and the results of this study can be used to establish the proper planning to minimize
the impact of drought on water availability to support water requirement due to climate
change in Kupang city.
Towards an accurate Ground-Level Ozone PredictionIJECEIAES
This paper motivation is to find the most accurate technique to predict the ground level ozone at Al Jahra station, Kuwait. The data on the meteorological variables (air temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, direction and speed of wind) and concentration of seven pollutants of environment (SO2, NO2, NO, CO2, CO, NMHC, and CH4) were applied to forecast the ozone concentration in atmosphere. In this report, three methods (PLS regression, support vector machine (SVM), and multiple least-square regression) were used to predict ground-level ozone. We used Fifteen parameters to evaluate the performance of methods. Multiple least-square regression, partial least square regression (PLS regression), and SVM using linear and radial kernels were the best performers with MAE (mean absolute error) of 9.17x 10-03, 9.72 x 10-03, 9.64 x 10-03, and 9.12 x 10-03, respectively. SVM with polynomial kernel had MAE of 5.46 x 10-02. These results show that these methods could be used to predict ground-level ozone concentrations at Al Jahra station in Kuwait.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Introduction
The transport sectors, including land transport, shipping and
aviation, are major sources of atmospheric pollution (e.g.,
Righi et al., 2013). The emissions from transport are growing
more rapidly than those from the other anthropogenic activities.
According to the ATTICA assessment (Uherek et al.,
2010; Eyring et al., 2010), land transport and shipping shared
74 and 12 % of the global CO2 emissions from transport in
the year 2000, respectively. In the time period 1990–2007,
the EU-15 CO2-equivalent emissions from land transport and
shipping increased by 24 and 63 %, respectively. This growth
is expected to continue in the future, due to increasing world
population, economic activities and related mobility. The future
road traffic scenarios analyzed by Uherek et al. (2010)
essentially agree in projecting an increase of both fuel demand
and CO2 emissions until 2030, with up to a factor of
∼ 3 increase in CO2 emissions with respect to 2000. The ATTICA
assessment also showed that emissions of CO2 from
land transport and shipping affect the global climate by exerting
a radiative forcing (RF) effect of 171 (year 2000)
and 37 mW m−2
(year 2005), respectively. These two sectors
together account for 13 % of the total anthropogenic CO2
warming (year 2005).
In addition to long-lived greenhouse gases, ground-based
vehicles and ocean-going ships emit aerosol particles as well
as a wide range of short-lived gases, including also aerosol
precursor species. Atmospheric aerosol particles have significant
impacts on climate, through their interaction with solar
radiation and their ability to modify cloud microphysical
and optical properties (Forster et al., 2007). In populated areas,
they also affect air quality and human health (Pope and
Dockery, 2006; Chow et al., 2006).
Simulation of atmospheric mercury dispersion and deposition in Tehran cityMohammadaminVahidi
In this study, dispersion and deposition of atmospheric mercury (Hg) in Tehran city was simulated using WRF-SMOKE-CMAQ models. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model was used to simulate the meteorological parameters. For validation of WRF results; the simulated wind speeds and temperatures were compared with the parameters measured at a meteorological station in Tehran city for 11 days (8 days in fall and 3 days in winter) in 2010 - 2011. The correlation coefficient (r) for temperature and wind speed were 0.94 and 0.49, respectively indicating there was good agreement between measured and modeled results. An atmospheric mercury emission inventory was developed using the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the United States Environmental Protection Agency AP-42 (US-EPA AP-42) and related papers. Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions (SMOKE) was used to allocate the atmospheric mercury emissions to the modeling domain and the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model was used to simulate the concentration and deposition of atmospheric mercury. To validate the results of the CMAQ model, the simulated atmospheric particulate mercury (PHg) concentrations for 11 days were compared with the measured results at two different stations (Bagh Ferdows and Bahman Square) where it was measured by the Tehran Air Quality Control Company (AQCC). Comparison between the results from the modeled and measurements of PHg in fall was better than winter. Concentrations and dry depositions of the various forms of atmospheric mercury were higher in areas closer to mercury stationary emission sources.
MEE 6501, Advanced Air Quality Control 1 Course Le.docxgertrudebellgrove
MEE 6501, Advanced Air Quality Control 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit II
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
4. Examine causes of indoor and outdoor air pollution.
4.1 Describe the environmental, health, and safety (EHS) implications of a spray booth work
system.
4.2 Develop a box and line process flow diagram (PFD) drawing of a selected scenario.
4.3 Discuss the natural and anthropogenic variables causally related to outdoor air pollution.
Course/Unit
Learning Outcomes
Learning Activity
4.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 4, pp. 101-150
Unit II Mini Project
4.2
Unit Lesson
Chapter 4, pp. 101-150
Unit II Mini Project
4.3
Unit Lesson
Chapter 4, pp. 101-150
Unit II Mini Project
Reading Assignment
Chapter 4: Atmospheric Effects, pp. 101–150
Unit Lesson
Many times, the public has a propensity to focus on air pollution derived from anthropogenic activities such as
manufacturing, construction, mining, transportation, industrial processes (e.g., oil and gas production and
refining) or even agricultural practices. However, as environmental engineers, we must pause and closely
consider both anthropogenic and natural variables that seem to be correlated to air quality.
Phalen and Phalen (2013) list several major global natural resources that are also considered to be significant
emitters of air pollutants (e.g., particles, sulfur, oxides of nitrogen as NOx, and carbon monoxide as CO), to
include the following: dust and soil, fires and natural oxidation, lightning, volcanic eruptions, sea spray, and
even biological actions.
What Godish, Davis, and Fu (2014) aptly demonstrate throughout this unit is that most of what must be
closely monitored and considered during air quality engineering activities are actually natural precursors of
formed pollutants (such as SO2 being a natural precursor to H2SO4 as sulfuric acid) and aerosol particles
(both natural or anthropogenic). As such, much of the information in this unit will be within the context of
particle science.
Aerosols
The study of particle science, as it relates to total air quality (visibility, breathability, agronomic impacts, and
global temperatures), is quite literally a combination of applied chemistry and physics (Phalen & Phalen,
2013). Consequently, our understanding of aerosols as airborne particles is imperative in order to adequately
understand the independent variables causally related to outdoor air quality. This importance is only
enhanced when we further consider anthropogenic processes (such as our course project related to an
UNIT II STUDY GUIDE
Engineering for Outdoor Air Quality
MEE 6501, Advanced Air Quality Control 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
industrial painting operation) that necessarily have the potential to discharge additional aerosol particles into
our air environment.
An aerosol could be defined as a particulate material that is
suspended in a gas, and there.
Development of an Integrated Urban Heat Island Simulation ToolSryahwa Publications
Urban heat island (UHI) effect is quite common in megacities due to the built-up area and reduced greenery coverage of land surface, which highly affect urban livability. An integrated urban heat island simulation tool is developed by accounting for major heat sources and heat sinks in selected area of interest, and their interactions with the surrounding environment.
Kivekäs acp 2014 ship contribution to particle number (1)www.thiiink.com
“The ships sailing along the main shipping lane at the west coast
of Jutland Are responsible for 5 to 8 % of the number of all
particles at western Jutland, and between 4 and 8 % of the
particle mass concentration. The estimate from this measurement study
is however a gross underestimation of the true influence of the
shipping activity in the North Sea, since with the current method
that we used, we were not able to register the influence of all ships
sailing in the North Sea. So, in reality, we expect a much higher number.
In other words: The 5-8 % and 4 to 8 % number has to be considered
as a lower estimate. Hence, shipping is contributing to nanoparticles
downwind of major shipping lanes, which have dangerous health effects.
Since, we were able to account for the pollution from only one shipping lane
in the North Sea in the above study, we continued with the next study during
2016, using a different method, where we could study the influence from multiple ship lanes:
Similar to The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES) (20)
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Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
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The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
||Volume|| 2 ||Issue|| 11 ||Pages|| 48-57 || 2013 ||
ISSN (e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN (p): 2319 – 1805
The Effect of Relative Humidity on the Hygroscopic Growth
Factor and Bulk Hygroscopicity of water Soluble Aerosols
1
D.O. Akpootu and 2N. N. Gana
1
Department of Physics,Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria.
Department of Physics, College of Education (Technical), Lafiagi, Kwara State, Nigeria.
2
--------------------------------------------------------- ABSTRACT-----------------------------------------------------------In this paper, the hygroscopicity properties of water soluble aerosols component based on microphysical
properties of urban aerosols using data extracted from Optical Properties of Aerosols and Clouds (OPAC)
incorporated with FORTRAN program were modeled to determine the effect of relative humidity on hygroscopic
growth factor and bulk hygroscopicity at spectral range of 0.25-1.00 m for eight relative humidities (RHs) (0,
50, 70, 80, 90, 95, 98 and 99%). The extracted microphysical properties are number mix ratio and volume mix
ratio as a function of RH. The hygroscopic growth was observed to increase with RH from 0-99% RHs while the
bulk hygroscopicity decreases with increase in RH from 0-99% RHs. We observed that the different models
adopted excellently fits the data in terms of their coefficient of determination. The analysis further obtain the
varying particles hygroscopicity from the proposed one-parameter equation.
KEYWORDS: Relative humidity, hygroscopic growth factor, bulk hygroscopicity, aerosols, water soluble.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------Date of Submission: 21, October - 2013
Date of Acceptance: 10, November - 2013
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. INTRODUCTION
The hygroscopic growth of aerosol particles are of current interest due to their effects on light
scattering and absorption properties of particles which thereby affect the air quality, visibility, Earth’s radiation
and the climate (Charlson et al., 1992; IPCC, 2007). On a global basis, sulfates, nitrates and chlorides contribute
the largest to the mass budget of fine atmospheric particles (IPCC, 2007; Li et al., 2009; Shen et al., 2009).
These inorganic salt aerosols are hygroscopic by nature, thus their size, phase and subsequently the optical
properties would be strongly influenced by the ambient relative humidity (RH). Based on recent studies, the
effect of sulfate particles on the annual-average global direct radiative forcing, arising from the fluctuation of
atmospheric particles between aqueous and solid state, is estimated up to as much as 24% (Martin et al., 2004;
Wang et al., 2008a, 2008b). Thus, close attention has been paid to study the hygroscopic properties of these
inorganic salts.
The interaction of aerosol particles with water vapor is among the central issues of current research in
atmospheric and climate science, and numerous studies have investigated the hygroscopicity of aerosol particles
and their ability to serve as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Köhler theory is the main tool to describe the
hygroscopic growth of particles as a function of relative humidity (Pruppacher and Klett, 2000; Seinfeld and
Pandis, 2006), and various types of Köhler models have been developed and applied for the analysis of
laboratory and field measurement results as well as in numerical models of the atmosphere and climate ( Junge
and McLaren, 1971; Fitzgerald, 1973, Shulman et al., 1996; Kulmala et al., 1997; Laaksonen et al., 1998,
Raymond and Pandis, 2003; Bilde and Svenningsson, 2004; Mikhailov et al., 2004, 2009; Huff Hartz et al.,
2005; McFiggans et al., 2006; Svenningsson et al., 2006; Rose et al., 2008).
A central aim of hygroscopicity measurements and Köhler model studies is to relate the critical supersaturation of
CCN activation to the hygroscopic growth factors observed at subsaturated conditions ( Rissler et al., 2004; Kreidenweis et
al., 2005; Mochida et al., 2006; Petters and Kreidenweis, 2007; Wex et al., 2008; Gunthe et al., 2009; Petters et al., 2009;
Good et al., 2010a, b; Irwin et al., 2010; Roberts et al., 2010; Cerully et al., 2011; Duplissy et al., 2011; Fors et al., 2011;
Metzger et al., 2012). For this purpose, Petters and Kreidenweis (2007) proposed a single-parameter Köhler model where the
hygroscopicity parameter provides a volume-based measure of aerosol water uptake characteristics and CCN activity. For
water soluble organic and inorganic compounds, the relative differences between values derived from CCN and growth
factor measurements are usually less than 30% and can be explained by non-ideal behavior of concentrated solutions ( Wex
et al., 2008; Mikhailov et al., 2009).
www.theijes.com
The IJES
Page 48
2. The Effect of Relative Humidity on the Hygroscopic…
This paper provides the impact of microphysical properties and relative humidity on the hygroscopic
growth factor and bulk hygroscopicity of atmospheric water soluble aerosols. However, it is important to note
that it is still less details till now to distinguish the impact of size-effect and RH on the growth factor of
inorganic aerosols. Thus, to consider the impact of size-effect and RH synchronous will provide a new insight
into visibility degradation and air quality improvement under ambient atmospheric condition.
II. METHODOLOGY
The models extracted from OPAC are given in table 1
Components
Insoluble
Water soluble
Soot
Total
Table 1: Compositions of aerosols types (Hess et al., 1998)
Model 1
Model 2
Model 3
Model 4
No.density No.density (cm-3) No.density
No.density
(cm-3)
(cm-3)
(cm-3)
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
15,000.00
20,000.00
25,000.00
30,000.00
120,000.00 120,000.00
120,000.00
120,000.00
135,001.50 140,001.50
145,001.50
150,001.50
Model 5
No.density
(cm-3)
1.50
35,000.00
120,000.00
155,001.50
The data used for the urban aerosols in this paper are derived from the Optical Properties of Aerosols
and Clouds (OPAC) data set (Hess et al., 1998). In this, a mixture of three components is used to describe Urban
aerosols: a water soluble (WASO) components consist of scattering aerosols that are hygroscopic in nature,
such as sulphates and nitrates present in anthropogenic pollution) water insoluble (INSO) and Soot.
The principal parameter used to characterize the hygroscopicity of the aerosol particles is the aerosol
hygroscopic growth factor gf(RH), which indicates the relative increase in mobility diameter of particles due to
water absorption at a certain RH and is defined as the ratio of the particle diameter at any RH to the particle
diameter at RH=0 and RH is taken for seven values 50%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 98% and 99%. (Swietlicki et
al. , 2008; Randles et al., 2004):
(1)
The HGF can be subdivided into different classes with respect to hygroscopicity. One classification is
based on diameter growth factor by Liu et al.,(2011) and Swietlicki et al., (2008) as barely Hygroscopic (gf(RH)
=1.0–1.11), Less Hygroscopic (gf(RH) =1.11–1.33), More Hygroscopic (gf(RH) = 1.33–1.85) and most
hygroscopic growth (gf(RH) >1.85)
Most atmospheric aerosols are externally mixed with respect to hygroscopicity, and consist of more
and less hygroscopic sub-fractions (Swietlicki et al., 2008). The ratio between these fractions as well as their
content of soluble material determines the hygroscopic growth of the overall aerosol. Particle hygroscopicity
may vary as a function of time, place, and particle size (McMurry and Stolzenburg, 1989; Swietlicki et al.,
2008).
Prediction of hygroscopic growth factors with Köhler theory requires detailed knowledge of particle
composition as well as a thermodynamic model, which describes the concentration dependence of the water
activity for such a mixture. The hygroscopic growth factor of a mixture, gf mix(RH), can be estimated from the
growth factors of the individual components of the aerosol and their respective volume fractions, V k, using the
Zdanovskii-Stokes-Robinson relation (ZSR relation; Sjogren et al., 2007; Stokes and Robinson, 1966; Meyer et
al., 2009; Stokes et al., 1966; Stock et al., 2011):
(2)
where the summation is performed over all compounds present in the particles. Solute-solute
interactions are neglected in this model and volume additivity is also assumed. The model assumes spherical
particles, ideal mixing (i.e. no volume change upon mixing) and independent water uptake of the organic and
inorganic components.
It can also be computed using the corresponding number fractions n k as (Duplissy et al., 2011; Meier et
al., 2009):
(3)
Where nk is the number fraction of particles having the growth factor gf k .
www.theijes.com
The IJES
Page 49
3. The Effect of Relative Humidity on the Hygroscopic…
The RH dependence of gfmix(RH) can be parameterized in a good approximation by a one-parameter
equation, proposed e.g. by Petters and Kreidenweis (2007):
(4)
Here, aw is the water activity, which can be replaced by the relative humidity RH at equilibrium
(Seinfeld and Pandis, 2006), if the Kelvin effect is negligible, as for particles with sizes more relevant for light
scattering and absorption. The coefficient κ is a simple measure of the particle’s hygroscopicity and captures all
solute properties (Raoult effect).
Humidograms of the ambient aerosols obtained in various atmospheric conditions showed that
gfmix(RH) could as well be fitted well with a γ-law (Swietlicki et al., 2000; Gysel et al., 2009; Putaud, 2012) as
(5)
Particle hygroscopicity is a measure that scales the volume of water associated with a unit volume of
dry particle (Petters and Kreidenweis, 2007) and depends on the molar volume and the activity coefficients of
the dissolved compounds (Christensen and Petters, 2012).
The bulk hygroscopicity factor B under subsaturation RH conditions was determined using the following
relation:
(6).
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Generally, there is an overall increase in aerosol hygroscopic growth factor for number mix ratio model
with increase in RHs from 50-99% RH. However, the rate of increase in the aerosol hygroscopic growth factor
with RHs is more pronounced as from 90-98% RHs and subsequently decrease at 99% RH; this shows that the
aerosols absorbs more water vapour at 90-98% RHs and becomes saturated at this point of deliquescence. The
bulk hygroscopicity, B decreases with increase in RH.
More so, we observed that as we moved from model 1-5, the increase in growth factor with RHs from
50-99% RHs increases as well, and this implies that the particles absorb more water vapour. Similarly, the bulk
hygroscopicity, B increases as we moved from model 1-5.
Figure 1: A graph of growth factor of the mixture using number mix ratio (model 1-5)
www.theijes.com
The IJES
Page 50
4. The Effect of Relative Humidity on the Hygroscopic…
Model1
Model3
Model5
0.15
0.14
Model2
Model4
0.13
Bulk Hygroscopicity
0.12
0.11
0.10
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
50
60
70
80
90
100
Relative Humidity (%)
Figure 2: A graph of bulk hygroscopicity of the mixture using number mix ratio (model 1-5)
Figure 1 shows a non-linear increase in aerosol hygroscopic growth factor with RHs. The
deliquescence point was observed as from 90-98% RHs. However, from 50-80% RHs indicates that the smallest
particles are found in this region; this is line with that reported by (Dawei et al., 2010) that smallest particles
show the highest growth factor. It is important to note that as seen from the figure the growth factor gradually
lift up with increasing RH. This may be attributed that higher RH means more moisture in the atmosphere leads
the aerosol particles to absorb more water vapour on particle surface. From the range of values observed, for the
gfmix the mixture as depicted in figure 1 can be described as barely hygroscopic, less hygroscopic and more
hygroscopic growth (Liu et al., 2011; Swietlick et al., 2008). The bulk hygroscopicity, B decreases with
increase in RHs as displayed in figure 2
Table 3: The growth factor for number mix ratio using model 1
RH (%)
gfmix
RH/1-RH
gfmix^3
ln(1-RH/100)
lngfmix
50
1.031847
1.000000
1.098617
-0.69315
0.031351
70
1.050366
2.333333
1.158835
-1.20397
0.049138
80
1.069407
4.000000
1.223007
-1.60944
0.067104
90
1.113423
9.000000
1.380321
-2.30259
0.107439
95
1.176771
19.000000
1.629582
-2.99573
0.162774
98
1.289956
49.000000
2.146467
-3.91202
0.254608
99
1.386338
99.000000
2.664450
-4.60517
0.326666
Table 4: The growth factor for number mix ratio using model 2
RH (%)
gfmix
RH/(1-RH)
gfmix^3
ln(1-RH/100)
lngfmix
50
1.000000
1.12684
-0.69315
0.039806
70
1.063925
2.333333
1.204294
-1.20397
0.061965
80
1.087696
4.000000
1.286834
-1.60944
0.084062
90
1.141954
9.000000
1.489177
-2.30259
0.132741
95
1.218640
19.00000
1.809783
-2.99573
0.197736
98
1.352600
49.000000
2.474615
-3.91202
0.302028
99
www.theijes.com
1.040609
1.464478
99.00000
3.140860
-4.60517
0.381499
The IJES
Page 51
5. The Effect of Relative Humidity on the Hygroscopic…
Table 5: The growth factor for number mix ratio using model 3
RH (%)
gfmix
RH/1-RH
gfmix^3
ln(1-RH/100)
lngfmix
50
1.048607
1.000000
1.153022
-0.69315
0.047462
70
1.076201
2.333333
1.246466
-1.20397
0.073437
80
1.104129
4.000000
1.346045
-1.60944
0.099057
90
1.167204
9.000000
1.590159
-2.30259
0.154611
95
1.255062
19.000000
1.976950
-2.99573
0.227185
98
1.405932
49.000000
2.779029
-3.91202
0.340701
99
1.530176
99.000000
3.582812
-4.60517
0.425383
Table 6: The growth factor for number mix ratio using model 4
RH (%)
gfmix
RH/1-RH
gfmix^3
ln(1-RH/100)
lngfmix
50
1.05598
1.000000
1.177518
-0.69315
0.05447
70
1.087439
2.333333
1.285921
-1.20397
0.083825
80
1.119073
4.000000
1.401442
-1.60944
0.112501
90
1.189877
9.000000
1.684637
-2.30259
0.17385
95
1.287323
19.000000
2.133351
-2.99573
0.252565
98
1.452408
49.000000
3.063837
-3.91202
0.373223
99
1.586911
99.000000
3.996300
-4.60517
0.46179
Table 7: The growth factor for number mix ratio using model 5
RH (%)
gfmix
RH/1-RH
gfmix^3
ln(1-RH/100)
ln gfmix
50
1.062781
1.000000
1.200416
-0.69315
0.060889
70
1.097737
2.333333
1.322804
-1.20397
0.093251
80
1.132690
4.000000
1.453227
-1.60944
0.124595
90
1.210317
9.000000
1.772953
-2.30259
0.190882
95
1.316083
19.000000
2.279551
-2.99573
0.27466
98
1.493314
49.000000
3.330071
-3.91202
0.400998
99
1.636507
99.000000
4.382821
-4.60517
0.492564
Tables (3-7) shows the data obtained using equations (4) and (5) for the number mix ratio
The results of the modelling using equations (4) and (5) are displayed in the table below
Table 8: Summary of the results of
Used equation
4
0.962
0.016
5
0.973
4
0.962
0.020
5
0.978
4
0.962
0.025
5
0.982
4
0.962
0.029
5
0.984
4
0.962
0.032
5
0.986
Constant
1.198
-0.047
1.255
-0.048
1.307
-0.048
1.356
-0.047
1.402
-0.045
for the number mix ratio.
Model used
Model 1
-0.077
Model 2
-0.048
Model 3
-0.098
Model 4
-0.106
Model 5
-0.113
The fitted curve can be represented by one of the empirical parameters fit in the form of either equations (4) or
(5) However, we observed that equation (5) gives a higher coefficient of determination,
www.theijes.com
The IJES
Page 52
6. The Effect of Relative Humidity on the Hygroscopic…
Table 9: The growth factor and bulk hygroscopicity of the aerosols using volume mix ratio for model(1-5)
RH
50
70
80
90
95
98
99
Model 1
gfmix
Bulk Hyg
1.12039
0.28170
1.20384
0.26560
1.29096
0.25695
1.48494
0.23963
1.73739
0.21771
2.12661
0.17410
2.41833
0.13209
Model 2
gfmix
Bulk Hyg
1.13706
0.32587
1.22672
0.30175
1.31790
0.28763
1.51575
0.26155
1.76819
0.23227
2.15357
0.18158
2.44184
0.13628
Model 3
gfmix
Bulk Hyg
1.14951
0.35971
1.24315
0.32857
1.33670
0.30980
1.53643
0.27678
1.78820
0.24201
2.17057
0.18640
2.45641
0.13891
Model 4
gfmix
Bulk Hyg
1.15920
0.38654
1.25555
0.34928
1.35054
0.32654
1.55127
0.28796
1.80222
0.24896
2.18226
0.18975
2.46639
0.14074
Model 5
gfmix
Bulk Hyg
1.16688
0.40814
1.26524
0.36576
1.36126
0.33972
1.56237
0.29646
1.81256
0.25416
2.19075
0.19221
2.47359
0.14206
Generally, there is an overall increase in aerosol hygroscopic growth factor for volume mix ratio model with
increase in RHs from 50-99% RH. However, the rate of increase in the aerosol hygroscopic growth factor with RHs is more
pronounced as from 90-98% RHs and subsequently decrease at 99% RH; this shows that the aerosols absorbs more water
vapour at 90-98% RHs and becomes saturated at this point of deliquescence. The bulk hygroscopicity, B decreases with
increase in RH.
More so, we observed that as we moved from model 1-5, the increase in growth factor with RHs from 50-99%
RHs increases as well and this implies that the particles absorb more water vapour. Similarly, the bulk hygroscopicity, B
increases as we moved from model 1-5.
Though, we observed that the relative differences between the hygroscopicity parameter, k, values derived from
the growth factor are less than 30% using the volume based mix ratio measure of aerosol water uptake and this is in good
agreement with the single-parameter Köhler model proposed by Petters and Kreidenwis (2007) and can be explained by nonideal behavior of concentrated solutions (Wex et al., 2008; Mikhailov et al., 2009). However, it is slightly above 30% at RH
between 95% and 98% RHs.
2.6
Model1
Model3
Model5
2.4
Model2
Model4
2.2
gfmix(RH)
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
50
60
70
80
90
100
Relative Humidity (%)
Figure 3: A graph of growth factor of the mixture using volume mix ratio (model 1-5)
Model1
Model3
Model5
Bulk Hygroscopicity
0.42
0.40
0.38
0.36
Model2
Model4
0.34
0.32
0.30
0.28
0.26
0.24
0.22
0.20
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.12
50
60
70
80
90
100
Relative Humidity (%)
Figure 4: A graph of bulk hygroscopicity of the mixture using volume mix ratio (model 1-5)
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7. The Effect of Relative Humidity on the Hygroscopic…
Figure 3 shows a non-linear increase in aerosol hygroscopic growth factor with RHs. The
deliquescence point was observed as from 90-98% RHs. However, from 50-80% RHs indicates that the smallest
particles are found in this region; this is line with that reported by (Dawei et al., 2010) that smallest particles
show the highest growth factor. It is important to note that as seen from the figure the growth factor gradually
lift up with increasing RH. This may be attributed that higher RH means more moisture in the atmosphere leads
the aerosol particles to absorb more water vapour on particle surface. From the range of values observed, for the
gfmix the mixture as depicted in figure 3 can be described as less hygroscopic, more hygroscopic and most
hygroscopic growth (Liu et al., 2011; Swietlick et al., 2008). The bulk hygroscopicity, B decreases with
increase in RHs as displayed in figure 4
Table 10: The growth factor for volume mix ratio using model 1
RH (%)
gfmix
RH/1-RH
gfmix^3
ln(1-RH/100)
lngfmix
50
70
1.120392
1.203843
1.000000
2.333333
1.406405
1.744656
-0.69315
-1.20397
0.113679
0.185519
80
1.290965
4.000000
2.151508
-1.60944
0.25539
90
1.48494
9.000000
3.274361
-2.30259
0.395374
95
1.737393
19.000000
5.244381
-2.99573
0.552386
98
2.126606
49.000000
9.617480
-3.91202
0.754527
99
2.418332
99.000000
14.14320
-4.60517
0.883078
Table 11: The growth factor for volume mix ratio using model 2
RH (%)
50
70
80
90
95
98
gfmix
1.137065
1.226718
1.317898
1.515746
1.768195
2.153567
RH/(1-RH)
1.000000
2.333333
4.000000
9.000000
19.000000
49.000000
gfmix^3
1.470130
1.846012
2.288999
3.482407
5.528282
9.987927
99
2.441843
99.000000
14.559720
ln(1-RH/100)
-0.69315
-1.20397
-1.60944
-2.30259
-2.99573
-3.91202
lngfmix
0.12845
0.204342
0.276038
0.415908
0.569959
0.767126
-4.60517
0.892753
Table 12: The growth factor for volume mix ratio using model 3
RH (%)
gfmix
RH/1-RH
gfmix^3
ln(1-RH/100)
lngfmix
50
1.149513
1.000000
1.518945
-0.69315
0.139339
70
1.243153
2.333333
1.921206
-1.20397
0.217651
80
1.336697
4.000000
2.388353
-1.60944
0.290201
90
1.536433
9.000000
3.626943
-2.30259
0.429463
95
1.788204
19.000000
5.718097
-2.99573
0.581212
98
2.170568
49.000000
10.22634
-3.91202
0.774989
99
2.456412
99.000000
14.82189
-4.60517
0.898702
Table 13: The growth factor for volume mix ratio using model 4
RH (%)
50
70
80
90
95
98
99
www.theijes.com
gfmix
1.159196
1.25555
1.350544
1.551275
1.802217
2.182261
2.466388
RH/1-RH
1.000000
2.333333
4.000000
9.000000
19.000000
49.000000
99.000000
gfmix^3
1.557653
1.979256
2.463351
3.733071
5.853571
10.39251
15.00321
The IJES
ln(1-RH/100)
-0.69315
-1.20397
-1.60944
-2.30259
-2.99573
-3.91202
-4.60517
lngfmix
0.147727
0.227574
0.300508
0.439077
0.589017
0.780362
0.902755
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8. The Effect of Relative Humidity on the Hygroscopic…
Table 14: The growth factor for volume mix ratio using model 5
RH (%)
gfmix
RH/1-RH
gfmix^3
ln(1-RH/100)
lngfmix
50
1.166878
1.000000
1.588824
-0.69315
0.154331
70
1.265245
2.333333
2.025461
-1.20397
0.235266
80
1.361256
4.000000
2.522432
-1.60944
0.308408
90
1.56237
9.000000
3.813747
-2.30259
0.446204
95
1.812563
19.000000
5.954965
-2.99573
0.594742
98
2.190749
49.000000
10.51424
-3.91202
0.784244
99
2.47359
99.000000
15.13503
-4.60517
0.905671
Tables (10-14) shows the data obtained using equations (4) and (5) for the volume mix ratio
The results of the modelling using equations (4) and (5) are displayed in the table below
Table 15: Summary of the results of
Used equation
4
5
4
5
4
5
4
5
4
5
for the volume mix ratio.
Constant
0.974
0.997
0.971
0.998
0.969
0.998
0.968
0.999
0.967
0.999
0.131
0.134
0.136
0.138
0.138
1.938
-0.054
2.077
-0.033
2.177
-0.018
2.251
-0.006
2.310
0.003
Model used
Model 1
-0.203
Model 2
-0.201
Model 3
-0.199
Model 4
-0.198
Model 5
-0.197
The fitted curve can be represented by one of the empirical parameters fit in the form of either equations (4) or
(5) However, we observed that equation (5) gives a higher coefficient of determination,
IV. CONCLUSION
In this manuscript, we present a number mix and volume mix microphysical properties based
hygroscopicity parameter model approach for efficient description of water uptake by mixed particles water
soluble atmospheric aerosols.
The analysis for the relative differences between the hygroscopicity parameter values obtained from
the growth factor using the volume based mix ratio measure of aerosol water uptake are found to be less than
30% and this is in good agreement with the single-parameter Köhler model proposed by Petters and Kreidenwis
(2007), though, we observed that it is slightly above 30% at RH between 95% and 98% RHs, however, there
was relatively small percentage values for number based mix ratio model.
The results shows that the growth factor increases with increase in RH and is more pronounced at 9098% RHs, similarly, the bulk hygroscopicity decreases with increase in RHs. From this fact, we can safely
conclude that there is a direct and inverse variation between the hygroscopic growth factor and bulk
hygroscopicity with RHs. The growth factor indicates that the mixture are described to be barely hygroscopic,
less hygroscopic, more hygroscopic and most hygroscopic growth.
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9. The Effect of Relative Humidity on the Hygroscopic…
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