The study examined factors correlated with eating disorders at a small Christian university. The hypothesis was that higher eating disorder inventory (EDI) scores would correlate with higher reported abuse and perceived pressures for appearance and academics. Forty female students completed an online survey with the EDI and questions about abuse and pressures. Results found no significant difference in EDI scores between abused and nonabused participants. Perceived pressures for thinness and academics correlated positively with overall EDI scores, supporting parts of the hypothesis. Future research could study other university types and include male participants.
Chapter 11Presenting Your ResearchResearch is complete onlshpopkinkz
Chapter 11
Presenting Your Research
Research is complete only when the results are shared with the scientific community.
-American Psychological Association
Imagine that you have identified an interesting research question, reviewed the relevant literature, designed and conducted an empirical study, analyzed the data, and drawn your conclusions. There is still one more step in the process of conducting scientific research. It is time to add your research to the literature so that others can learn from it and build on it. Remember that science is a social process—a large-scale collaboration among many researchers distributed across space and time. For this reason, it could be argued that unless you make your research public in some form, you are not really engaged in science at all.
In this chapter, we look at how to present your research effectively. We begin with a discussion of American Psychological Association (APA) style—the primary approach to writing taken by researchers in psychology and related fields. Then we consider how to write an APA-style empirical research report. Finally, we look at some of the many other ways in which researchers present their work, including review and theoretical articles, theses and other student papers, and talks and posters at professional meetings.
This text was adapted by The Saylor Foundation under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License without attribution as requested by the work’s original creator or licensee.
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/books
Saylor.org
263
11.1 American Psychological Association (APA) Style
1. Define APA style and list several of its most important characteristics.
2. Identify three levels of APA style and give examples of each.
3. Identify multiple sources of information about APA style.
LEARNIN G OBJE CTIVE S
What Is APA Style?
APA style is a set of guidelines for writing in psychology and related fields. These guidelines are set down in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA,
2006). [1] The Publication Manual originated in 1929 as a short journal article that provided basic
standards for preparing manuscripts to be submitted for publication (Bentley et al., 1929). [2] It was later expanded and published as a book by the association and is now in its sixth edition. The primary purpose of APA style is to facilitate scientific communication by promoting clarity of expression and by standardizing the organization and content of research articles and book chapters. It is easier to write about research when you know what information to present, the order in which to present it, and even the style in which to present it. Likewise, it is easier to read about research when it is presented in familiar and expected ways.
APA style is best thought of as a “genre” of writing that is appropriate for presenting the results of psychological research—especially in academic and professional contexts. It is not ...
COUN 646Research Paper – Abstract and Annotated Bibliography Ins.docxvoversbyobersby
COUN 646
Research Paper – Abstract and Annotated Bibliography Instructions
Abstract
An abstract is a 1-paragraph summary of the paper that does not exceed 250 words. Do not indent the first line in abstracts, and do not include citations. The abstract must be flush with the left margin and double-spaced.
Example:
Abstract
Graduate students often struggle with learning how to write in APA format. One of the best ways to learn APA format is to seek assistance from university writing centers. This study examined the improvement in writing exhibited by a sample of one hundred students in a graduate writing course. Fifty students relied on “self-taught” APA format resources provided by the university and fifty students received assistance from the university writing center. The students receiving assistance from the writing center made 25% fewer errors on the exit essay than the group using only the “self-taught” resources. The results indicate that university writing centers can be more helpful in learning APA format than relying on “self-taught” resources.
Annotated Bibliography
An annotated bibliography is a collection of a minimum of 10 one-paragraph summaries of the 10 sources you intend to use in the final paper. The sources must be current or dated within the past 10 years. The ability to use resources older than 10 years is left to the discretion of the instructor. At least 50% of these sources need to be from empirical journal articles.
Do not paste the article abstract in the paper. Annotations must be your own summary of the article. The summary must include the findings of research that was included in the article. Do not simply say the authors conducted a study without providing a summary of the findings.
The annotations include the full current APA-formatted citations of the source, and the annotations are listed in alphabetical order based on the first author’s last name. The assignment must include a title page in current APA format.
Example:
Grice, R. (2011). The value of university writing centers. Journal of Counseling, 23(1), 56–58.
University writing centers can be very helpful in learning APA format. Grice found in a study of 100 graduate students in a graduate-level writing course that those receiving assistance from the university writing center demonstrated marked improvement by reducing errors by 25% in comparison to the “self-taught” group. The author concludes that university writing centers can be very helpful to graduate students.
Requirements:
1. Include a current APA-formatted title page with all of the required components.
2. List the annotations in alphabetical order according to the first author’s last name.
3. All sources must be from academic and peer-reviewed journals or books such as the course resources.
4. Resources must be dated within the past 10 years unless permission to use older resources is given by the instructor.
Submit the assignment as 1 Word document through the assignment link in Module/.
1
3
Title
Author Name
Professional Studies, Southwestern CollegeCourse ID: Course Title
Instructor’s Name and Title
Assignment Due Date
Abstract
If the assignment calls for an abstract, the page with the abstract is placed between the title page and the first page of the paper as is placed in this template. If an abstract is not required for the assignment, remove this page for your assignment. Note that the first sentence of the abstract is not indented as is otherwise required for the rest of the paper. Please consult the APA Seventh Edition Student Sample Paper for an example and explanation of what is expected in an abstract and its format.
Title of Paper
Start the paper here in paragraph format. Times New Roman 12-point font is preferred. Other sans serif or serif fonts such as 11-point Calibri, Arial, and Georgia, and 10-point Lucida Sans Unicode and Computer Modern may be used. The font selected must be used throughout the paper. Be sure to use one space after the period or question mark at the end of a sentence. All new paragraphs are indented. Double space the text throughout the paper with no extra spaces between paragraphs.
Headings
There are four types of headings that one may have within the body of a paper. Level 1 headings define the sections of the paper, are in bold title case, and are centered on the page. Use of this Template below is an example of a Level 1 heading. Note that there is not an introduction heading as the text after the paper’s title is considered the introduction. Level 1 headings may be defined by the assignment. As one example, level 1 headings may align with the assignment’s objectives with conclusions or recommendations being the last section, which aligns with what is expected with a formal report in a professional setting. An essay, on the other hand, may not expect level 1 headings as it requires a different style of writing.
Headings, above, is an example of a level 2 or second-level heading. Second-level headings are sub-sections. Please consult the APA Seventh Edition Student Sample Paper for examples and explanations about how to use and format second, third, and fourth-level headings as may be required for the assignment.
Use of this Template
The college’s recommendation is that you save two copies of this template at the beginning of each course as there may be enhancements to it. Keep one copy with the instructions for reference. Keep the other copy as the template for assignments but remove the text with instructions and leave the title page paper headers in place. The headers will be changed as each assignment is prepared. Please also consult the APA Seventh Edition Student Sample Paper for additional information and a more detailed example of the format of an APA Seventh Edition paper.
References
Solomon, A., Wilson, G., & Taylor, T. (2012). 100% information literacy success. (2nd ed.). Wadsworth Cengage.
The above is an example so please replace it with your own reference ...
M2-assaignmentBased on the feedback you received on your submiss.docxsmile790243
M2-assaignment
Based on the feedback you received on your submission from last week, submit a revised draft of your paper with this additional information:
1. Five additional references that could be used for your research paper and include a 1-2 sentence description for each of the five additional references, explaining how they fit with the research topic and the research question proposed. Make sure that these references come from scholarly sources using Argosy's library resources.
2. A very detailed outline of what you would like to cover in the intro/lit review of your paper. Write it as an outline and think about what you want each paragraph or section to cover. Paste your references into each section where the information from that article applies to the topic. Below is an example of the outline although the references have not been pasted in yet:
a. Introduction or Statement of the Problem (e.g. Predictors of Depression in Men)
i. Research question (E.g. What factors predict depression in men? For example, age, marital status, family history, stressors).
ii. Why is it important/implications (E.g. xx% of men are depressed; less likely to seek treatment; if we can identify who is at risk, may be able to direct them to treatment sooner)
iii. Revised hypothesis based on feedback from the instructor
b. Review of the Literature (the following is an example for above topic):
i. Brief description of depression, symptoms, and any unique symptoms for men (Cite articles from which you will obtain this information).
ii. How widespread is it? Stats on depression in general but also stats on depression in men (Cite articles from which you will obtain this information).
iii. List factors that put men at risk for depression (Cite articles).
1. Difficulty communicating distress or sadness (Cite articles).
2. Job/work pressures (Cite articles).
iv. Demographic characteristics (Cite articles).
1. Relationship between age and depression (Cite articles).
2. Relationship between marital status and depression (Cite articles).
3. A 1-2 page description of the sample you would like to use for your study, that provides the answer to the following questions:
a. What sampling technique would you use?
b. Does the sample generalize to the population? Explain why or why not.
c. What inclusion criteria would be used? What exclusion criteria would be used, if any?
d. What ethical issues might be encountered when collecting your information from this sample?
4. Be sure to also submit all your ten references (the five from last week and the five new ones you added) in an APA-style reference page. Be sure to also include an APA-style title page with your submission. Your paper should be at least 2-3 pages long. Make sure you write in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrate ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources; display accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.
M3-assaignment
In your final paper for this course, you w ...
ENC 1101 Definition-Concept Essay The purpose of this essay .docxgidmanmary
ENC 1101 Definition-Concept Essay
The purpose of this essay is to give you the opportunity to develop a viewpoint on a word and its representation within a particular context or situation. First, you will closely observe different representations of the word and consider several viewpoints and perspectives. After considering those various perspectives, you will develop and articulate your own unique interpretation and definition of a word, and then support your definition with explanation, description, and research.
Characteristics of the Definition Essay
A successful essay
provides an engaging introduction of the example to prepare the context for the word itself with respect to your audience
narrows the definition of the word by providing a specific thesis at the end of your introduction
makes use of description and examples through close observation in supporting paragraphs to support the thesis
includes specific details and evidence from secondary sources
creates an objective stance by the use of third-person voice
integrates quotations from secondary sources
conforms to MLA guidelines for source documentation and format.
Topic: Please define one of the below terms:
Beauty
Courage
Femininity
Friendship
Greed
Happiness
Leadership
Love
Masculinity
Patriotic
Smart
Successful
As you define your selected term, consider the following questions:
What is an appropriate definition of the term?
What are characteristics society often associates with the term?
Is there a characteristic you think should not be associated with the term?
How does the media (e.g., television, movies, news, social media, etc.) often portray the “term”?
Are there positive connotations of the term?
Are there any negative connotations of the term?
Is the term defined differently in other cultures?
Should society rethink the use of the term?
Is the term overused?
Are there instances in which another term should be used to articulate a point?
As you write your essay, do not try to answer all of the questions in your essay. I suggest that you consider these questions as you define your term (concept).
Length of Paper: at least 3 pages
Important Reminders
Do not write a personal narrative about yourself or someone you know. The focus of this essay should be on the term, concepts, and characteristics.
Reference and cite at least three secondary sources in your essay. One of your sources should come from the TCC database. You may reference and cite a dictionary, but you should count a dictionary as a fourth source. Also, do not cite Wikipedia as a source.
Do not write in second person (e.g., you, your, yourself, or imperative sentence).
MAKE SURE YOUR PAPER HAS A TITLE. YOUR TITLE IS NOT THE REWORDING OF THE PROMPT. YOUR TITLE SHOULD REFLECT YOUR THESIS, OR THE PREMISE OF YOUR ESSAY!!!!!!!
Submission:
Please do not email your final papers!
Please remember to attach all rough drafts with your submissions.
Please remember to save an electronic version of t ...
Chapter 11Presenting Your ResearchResearch is complete onlshpopkinkz
Chapter 11
Presenting Your Research
Research is complete only when the results are shared with the scientific community.
-American Psychological Association
Imagine that you have identified an interesting research question, reviewed the relevant literature, designed and conducted an empirical study, analyzed the data, and drawn your conclusions. There is still one more step in the process of conducting scientific research. It is time to add your research to the literature so that others can learn from it and build on it. Remember that science is a social process—a large-scale collaboration among many researchers distributed across space and time. For this reason, it could be argued that unless you make your research public in some form, you are not really engaged in science at all.
In this chapter, we look at how to present your research effectively. We begin with a discussion of American Psychological Association (APA) style—the primary approach to writing taken by researchers in psychology and related fields. Then we consider how to write an APA-style empirical research report. Finally, we look at some of the many other ways in which researchers present their work, including review and theoretical articles, theses and other student papers, and talks and posters at professional meetings.
This text was adapted by The Saylor Foundation under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License without attribution as requested by the work’s original creator or licensee.
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/books
Saylor.org
263
11.1 American Psychological Association (APA) Style
1. Define APA style and list several of its most important characteristics.
2. Identify three levels of APA style and give examples of each.
3. Identify multiple sources of information about APA style.
LEARNIN G OBJE CTIVE S
What Is APA Style?
APA style is a set of guidelines for writing in psychology and related fields. These guidelines are set down in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA,
2006). [1] The Publication Manual originated in 1929 as a short journal article that provided basic
standards for preparing manuscripts to be submitted for publication (Bentley et al., 1929). [2] It was later expanded and published as a book by the association and is now in its sixth edition. The primary purpose of APA style is to facilitate scientific communication by promoting clarity of expression and by standardizing the organization and content of research articles and book chapters. It is easier to write about research when you know what information to present, the order in which to present it, and even the style in which to present it. Likewise, it is easier to read about research when it is presented in familiar and expected ways.
APA style is best thought of as a “genre” of writing that is appropriate for presenting the results of psychological research—especially in academic and professional contexts. It is not ...
COUN 646Research Paper – Abstract and Annotated Bibliography Ins.docxvoversbyobersby
COUN 646
Research Paper – Abstract and Annotated Bibliography Instructions
Abstract
An abstract is a 1-paragraph summary of the paper that does not exceed 250 words. Do not indent the first line in abstracts, and do not include citations. The abstract must be flush with the left margin and double-spaced.
Example:
Abstract
Graduate students often struggle with learning how to write in APA format. One of the best ways to learn APA format is to seek assistance from university writing centers. This study examined the improvement in writing exhibited by a sample of one hundred students in a graduate writing course. Fifty students relied on “self-taught” APA format resources provided by the university and fifty students received assistance from the university writing center. The students receiving assistance from the writing center made 25% fewer errors on the exit essay than the group using only the “self-taught” resources. The results indicate that university writing centers can be more helpful in learning APA format than relying on “self-taught” resources.
Annotated Bibliography
An annotated bibliography is a collection of a minimum of 10 one-paragraph summaries of the 10 sources you intend to use in the final paper. The sources must be current or dated within the past 10 years. The ability to use resources older than 10 years is left to the discretion of the instructor. At least 50% of these sources need to be from empirical journal articles.
Do not paste the article abstract in the paper. Annotations must be your own summary of the article. The summary must include the findings of research that was included in the article. Do not simply say the authors conducted a study without providing a summary of the findings.
The annotations include the full current APA-formatted citations of the source, and the annotations are listed in alphabetical order based on the first author’s last name. The assignment must include a title page in current APA format.
Example:
Grice, R. (2011). The value of university writing centers. Journal of Counseling, 23(1), 56–58.
University writing centers can be very helpful in learning APA format. Grice found in a study of 100 graduate students in a graduate-level writing course that those receiving assistance from the university writing center demonstrated marked improvement by reducing errors by 25% in comparison to the “self-taught” group. The author concludes that university writing centers can be very helpful to graduate students.
Requirements:
1. Include a current APA-formatted title page with all of the required components.
2. List the annotations in alphabetical order according to the first author’s last name.
3. All sources must be from academic and peer-reviewed journals or books such as the course resources.
4. Resources must be dated within the past 10 years unless permission to use older resources is given by the instructor.
Submit the assignment as 1 Word document through the assignment link in Module/.
1
3
Title
Author Name
Professional Studies, Southwestern CollegeCourse ID: Course Title
Instructor’s Name and Title
Assignment Due Date
Abstract
If the assignment calls for an abstract, the page with the abstract is placed between the title page and the first page of the paper as is placed in this template. If an abstract is not required for the assignment, remove this page for your assignment. Note that the first sentence of the abstract is not indented as is otherwise required for the rest of the paper. Please consult the APA Seventh Edition Student Sample Paper for an example and explanation of what is expected in an abstract and its format.
Title of Paper
Start the paper here in paragraph format. Times New Roman 12-point font is preferred. Other sans serif or serif fonts such as 11-point Calibri, Arial, and Georgia, and 10-point Lucida Sans Unicode and Computer Modern may be used. The font selected must be used throughout the paper. Be sure to use one space after the period or question mark at the end of a sentence. All new paragraphs are indented. Double space the text throughout the paper with no extra spaces between paragraphs.
Headings
There are four types of headings that one may have within the body of a paper. Level 1 headings define the sections of the paper, are in bold title case, and are centered on the page. Use of this Template below is an example of a Level 1 heading. Note that there is not an introduction heading as the text after the paper’s title is considered the introduction. Level 1 headings may be defined by the assignment. As one example, level 1 headings may align with the assignment’s objectives with conclusions or recommendations being the last section, which aligns with what is expected with a formal report in a professional setting. An essay, on the other hand, may not expect level 1 headings as it requires a different style of writing.
Headings, above, is an example of a level 2 or second-level heading. Second-level headings are sub-sections. Please consult the APA Seventh Edition Student Sample Paper for examples and explanations about how to use and format second, third, and fourth-level headings as may be required for the assignment.
Use of this Template
The college’s recommendation is that you save two copies of this template at the beginning of each course as there may be enhancements to it. Keep one copy with the instructions for reference. Keep the other copy as the template for assignments but remove the text with instructions and leave the title page paper headers in place. The headers will be changed as each assignment is prepared. Please also consult the APA Seventh Edition Student Sample Paper for additional information and a more detailed example of the format of an APA Seventh Edition paper.
References
Solomon, A., Wilson, G., & Taylor, T. (2012). 100% information literacy success. (2nd ed.). Wadsworth Cengage.
The above is an example so please replace it with your own reference ...
M2-assaignmentBased on the feedback you received on your submiss.docxsmile790243
M2-assaignment
Based on the feedback you received on your submission from last week, submit a revised draft of your paper with this additional information:
1. Five additional references that could be used for your research paper and include a 1-2 sentence description for each of the five additional references, explaining how they fit with the research topic and the research question proposed. Make sure that these references come from scholarly sources using Argosy's library resources.
2. A very detailed outline of what you would like to cover in the intro/lit review of your paper. Write it as an outline and think about what you want each paragraph or section to cover. Paste your references into each section where the information from that article applies to the topic. Below is an example of the outline although the references have not been pasted in yet:
a. Introduction or Statement of the Problem (e.g. Predictors of Depression in Men)
i. Research question (E.g. What factors predict depression in men? For example, age, marital status, family history, stressors).
ii. Why is it important/implications (E.g. xx% of men are depressed; less likely to seek treatment; if we can identify who is at risk, may be able to direct them to treatment sooner)
iii. Revised hypothesis based on feedback from the instructor
b. Review of the Literature (the following is an example for above topic):
i. Brief description of depression, symptoms, and any unique symptoms for men (Cite articles from which you will obtain this information).
ii. How widespread is it? Stats on depression in general but also stats on depression in men (Cite articles from which you will obtain this information).
iii. List factors that put men at risk for depression (Cite articles).
1. Difficulty communicating distress or sadness (Cite articles).
2. Job/work pressures (Cite articles).
iv. Demographic characteristics (Cite articles).
1. Relationship between age and depression (Cite articles).
2. Relationship between marital status and depression (Cite articles).
3. A 1-2 page description of the sample you would like to use for your study, that provides the answer to the following questions:
a. What sampling technique would you use?
b. Does the sample generalize to the population? Explain why or why not.
c. What inclusion criteria would be used? What exclusion criteria would be used, if any?
d. What ethical issues might be encountered when collecting your information from this sample?
4. Be sure to also submit all your ten references (the five from last week and the five new ones you added) in an APA-style reference page. Be sure to also include an APA-style title page with your submission. Your paper should be at least 2-3 pages long. Make sure you write in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrate ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources; display accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.
M3-assaignment
In your final paper for this course, you w ...
ENC 1101 Definition-Concept Essay The purpose of this essay .docxgidmanmary
ENC 1101 Definition-Concept Essay
The purpose of this essay is to give you the opportunity to develop a viewpoint on a word and its representation within a particular context or situation. First, you will closely observe different representations of the word and consider several viewpoints and perspectives. After considering those various perspectives, you will develop and articulate your own unique interpretation and definition of a word, and then support your definition with explanation, description, and research.
Characteristics of the Definition Essay
A successful essay
provides an engaging introduction of the example to prepare the context for the word itself with respect to your audience
narrows the definition of the word by providing a specific thesis at the end of your introduction
makes use of description and examples through close observation in supporting paragraphs to support the thesis
includes specific details and evidence from secondary sources
creates an objective stance by the use of third-person voice
integrates quotations from secondary sources
conforms to MLA guidelines for source documentation and format.
Topic: Please define one of the below terms:
Beauty
Courage
Femininity
Friendship
Greed
Happiness
Leadership
Love
Masculinity
Patriotic
Smart
Successful
As you define your selected term, consider the following questions:
What is an appropriate definition of the term?
What are characteristics society often associates with the term?
Is there a characteristic you think should not be associated with the term?
How does the media (e.g., television, movies, news, social media, etc.) often portray the “term”?
Are there positive connotations of the term?
Are there any negative connotations of the term?
Is the term defined differently in other cultures?
Should society rethink the use of the term?
Is the term overused?
Are there instances in which another term should be used to articulate a point?
As you write your essay, do not try to answer all of the questions in your essay. I suggest that you consider these questions as you define your term (concept).
Length of Paper: at least 3 pages
Important Reminders
Do not write a personal narrative about yourself or someone you know. The focus of this essay should be on the term, concepts, and characteristics.
Reference and cite at least three secondary sources in your essay. One of your sources should come from the TCC database. You may reference and cite a dictionary, but you should count a dictionary as a fourth source. Also, do not cite Wikipedia as a source.
Do not write in second person (e.g., you, your, yourself, or imperative sentence).
MAKE SURE YOUR PAPER HAS A TITLE. YOUR TITLE IS NOT THE REWORDING OF THE PROMPT. YOUR TITLE SHOULD REFLECT YOUR THESIS, OR THE PREMISE OF YOUR ESSAY!!!!!!!
Submission:
Please do not email your final papers!
Please remember to attach all rough drafts with your submissions.
Please remember to save an electronic version of t ...
Overview Students will write a brief research review (5-7 pages.docxgerardkortney
Overview: Students will write a brief research review (5-7 pages double spaced) on a topic of their choosing, so long as it relates directly to Cognitive Psychology. This review must include a minimum of 5 peer-reviewed research articles. The paper is due on Friday, December 8th.
Topics
Perception
Attention
Memory
Knowledge
Language
Decision Making
Final Paper
Example Topics:
To what degree are cognitive processes shared across music and language?
What are the types of cognitive processes that contribute to creating false memories?
What are the best study strategies for doing well in a college course?
*Must write topic in your own words, don’t plagiarize these examples*
Topic
Address your topic using peer reviewed research articles.
Articles that contain research experiments
Review articles cannot be included in these 5, but can use review article as an additional source
Where to find articles? PsycInfo
Peer reviewed Research
Summarize the articles in your paper.
What did the researchers do (i.e. methods)? What did they find (i.e. results)? What does this tell us about your topic?
Connect articles to make an argument.
How do these articles inform one another, and the topic at large?
Example *Published* Review paper: Peretz, Vuvan, Lagrois, & Armony (2016)
Not the same expectation for the final paper, but gives you a sense of structure for a review paper.
Peer reviewed Research
Plagiarism
Everything must be in your own words
Refrain from using direct quotes
Third person point of view/ formal writing
Do not use contractions (e.g. don’t, can’t)
12 point font, Times New Roman, double spaced
Paper mechanics
What is it?
American Psychological Association (APA) style
A writing style used in the social sciences
Used to cite sources.
Why is it important?
Need to give credit to authors who developed original ideas
If these are not your own ideas, need to cite!
Otherwise, you are plagiarizing
Also lets reader know what works you are referring to
Reduces ambiguity
APA Format
How to use it?
In text citations:
When you refer to author’s name(s) within a sentence:
According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners.
When you don’t refer to author’s name(s) within a sentence, but you refer to their ideas.
APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998).
APA Format
Multiple authors:
2 authors
Research by Wegener and Petty (1994) supports...
(Wegener & Petty, 1994)
3 to 5 authors
Research by Kernis and colleagues (1993) supports
(Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry, & Harlow, 1993) (Kernis et al., 1993)
6 or more authors
Harris et al. (2001) argued...
(Harris et al., 2001)
APA Format
References
Need to include a reference list
Berndt, T. J. (2002). Friendship quality and social development. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11, 7-10.
Use hanging paragraph
Author(s): Last name and then initials.
Date
Title: Only first .
Assignment TemplateFull Title of the TopicAuthor’s Name .docxrock73
Assignment Template
Full Title of the Topic
Author’s Name
Majmaah University
College of Applied Medical Sciences
Department of Nursing
Date of Submission:Month, Day, Year
Page 9 of 9
Table of Contents
Abstract3
Introduction and Background4
Problem Statement4
Objectives and Aims4
Review of Literature5
Ethical Consideration6
Conclusion6
References8
Appendix9
Basic APA, 6th ed., Citation Styles9
Abstract
This template is a guide to writing a paper in APA Style, 6th edition; not for a systematic review proposal. It provides the necessary sections, headings, and subheadings required in a proposal, as well as the line and paragraph spacing, page breaks, page numbering, and referencing styles. It is formatted with one inch top, bottom, left, and right margins; Times New Roman font in 12 point; double-spaced; aligned flush left; and paragraphs indented 5-7 spaces. The page number appears one inch from the right edge on the first line of each page. There should be two spaces between sentences. Without changing the formatting, insert your own text into each template section. This section of the template provides an example of what an abstract would look like. An abstract is a brief (approximately 250 words) one-paragraph summary of the contents of the proposal. The abstract, typically written last, includes an overview of the proposed project's background and review of literature, purpose, method, results, and conclusion. It is non-evaluative, that is, does not contain personal comments. It is not indented nor does it contain citations. Keywords, such as those below, are words you used to perform database searches for the proposal. For more information about APA Style, see the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.), the APA Style web site found at http://www.apastyle.org, and the Purdue Owl Writing Center website found at http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/.
Keywords: APA style, sixth edition, publication manualIntroduction and Background
In this introductory section, write a few paragraphs that give an overview of your topic and background information. Tell why the study problem is important. Build a case for the need for the project that you propose to perform. Support this with findings from the literature, include relevant statistics, and cite them according to APA Style, 6th ed. As O'Leary (2010) says, "the main job of this section is "to ... convince your readers that the problem you want to address is significant and worth exploring" (p. 64).
All source material used in this proposal must be documented in the body of the paper by citing the authors and dates of the sources (See Appendix A for basic citation guidelines). The full reference to each citation must appear on a separate reference page(s) entitled 'References'. The reference pages at the end of this template provide examples of types of references frequently used in academic papers. Reference entries ar ...
Develop a 4–5 page research paper based on the portrayal of sexual bmackulaytoni
Develop a 4–5 page research paper based on the portrayal of sexual behaviors in the media. It is important to understand how sexual problems are defined. An underlying theme is that most problems must be delineated within the context of the individual's personality, lifestyle, and relationships with others. By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and assessment criteria:
Competency 1: Apply psychological theories to topics in human sexuality.
Describe sexual behaviors in the media selection and the extent to which these behaviors are considered acceptable or deviant.
Competency 2: Apply scholarly research findings to topics in human sexuality.
Describe the impact of the media portrayal on societal perceptions of the behavior and the extent to which the behavior is considered acceptable or deviant.
Explain how the scholarly research findings support statements regarding the portrayal of sexual behaviors in the media selection.
Apply scholarly research findings by integrating the research with the media portrayal of sexual behaviors.
Competency 4: Communicate in a manner that is scholarly, professional, and consistent with expectations for professionals in the field of psychology.
Write coherently to support a central idea with correct grammar, usage, and mechanics as expected of a psychology professional.
Use APA format and style.
Sexual behaviors are influenced by factors such as age, race, religious beliefs, and educational background. Solitary sex includes thoughts and fantasies, erotic materials and toys, and masturbation. Solitary sex does not seem to be compensation for lack of availability of a sexual partner. The frequency with which people experience private sexual pleasure seems to be positively correlated with how frequently they seek shared sex.
SHOW LESS
Individuals should be aware of the difficulties of finding appropriate nonjudgmental labels for all types of sexual behaviors. A distinction is made among aspects of sexual performance and the more subjective factors of sexual desire, sensuosity, and sensuality. These concepts are particularly useful as you explore the different dimensions of human sexuality.
Human sexuality has found its way into the culture and laws of every society. The balance of personal sexual freedom with the public need to regulate social behavior is a topic to consider. How far should sexual freedom for adults be carried? To what extent should legal systems regulate sexual behaviors? What limits should be imposed on the availability of sexually explicit materials?
Attempts have been made at distinguishing between pornography and erotica, although the final distinction clearly lies in the eye of the beholder. Sexologists are increasingly using the term "sexually explicit materials" as a general descriptor. Graphic depictions of human nudity and sexual behavior have been a part of every soc ...
1
3
Mental Health
Giani Dossman
Professional Studies, Southwestern College
PSY110: General Psychology
Aenea Harbes
October 17, 2021
References
Amend, E. R., Schuler, P., Beaver-Gavin, K., & Beights, R. (2009). A Unique Challenge: Sorting Out the Differences Between Giftedness and Asperger's Disorder. Gifted Child Today, 32(4), 57-63.
Braun, S. A., & Cox, J. A. (2005). Managed Mental Health Care: Intentional Misdiagnosis of Mental Disorders. Journal Of Counseling & Development, 83(4), 425-433.
Clemmitt, M. (2012). Treating ADHD: Are attention disorders overdiagnosed?. CQ Researcher, 22(28), 669-692.
Garretson, D. J. (1993). Psychological Misdiagnosis of African Americans. Journal Of Multicultural Counseling & Development, 21(2), 119-127
Hartnett, D. N., Nelson, J. M., & Rinn, A. N. (2003). Gifted or ADHD? The Possibilities of Misdiagnosis. Roeper Review, 26(2), 73-76.
Sayers, G. M., Green, M. C., & Shaffer, R. E. (2002). Heroin-induced leukoencephalopathy misdiagnosed as the psychiatric illness. International Journal Of Psychiatry In Clinical Practice, 6(1), 53-55.
1
3
Topics
1. Consciousness (Biological Psychology)
2. Theories of Motivation
3. Foundation of Biological Psychology
4. Foundation in Developmental Psychology
5. Foundation in Social Psychology
6. Health, Stress, and Positive Psychology
7. Mental Health Disorders
Top 3 Topics
1. Consciousness
2. Developmental Psychology
3. Mental Health
I was not really sure if you wanted to see our list of topics and whether or not that needed to be in APA format as well. If not then just disregard this page and below you will see the rest of the assignment.
Research Topics
Consciousness Psychology
The consciousness psychological topic interest me because it dives into what happens with our brain during sleep and hypnosis. It also discusses the affect that psychoactive drugs can have on us physically and mentally. It is interesting to see how the brain can be altered by taking certain drugs to change how we feel all with just a simple change of a few chemicals. How does this all take part in to psychology? I think there is so much learn from this and how it can affect people on a daily basis.
Developmental Psychology
One of the fascinating things about developmental psychology is how your brain and thought process changes throughout all the different stages of life. How is it that certain behaviors and abilities can develop so quickly while others take so much longer? It is thought-provoking to see how and when these take place. Is it genetic factors or external surroundings that cause differences in some of these? It definitely excites me to see all of the different theories out there that surround this.
Mental Health
Mental health has definitely come to the forefront in today’s society. I believe a lot of this has to do with how quickly information can spread due to social media. How do mental disorders change the way people think? Is it as simple as changing to a healt ...
Track and Topic Sociocultural Influences social and cultural co.docxturveycharlyn
Track and Topic Sociocultural Influences: social and cultural contributions to the development of psychological disorders
Article #1
1. What is the title of the article? Provide a reference for the article in APA format.
Mueller, D. R., Schmidt, S. J., & Roder, V. (2013). Integrated psychological therapy: effectiveness in schizophrenia inpatient settings related to patients' age. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 21(3), 231-241.
2. What is the purpose of the article?
The article investigated whether the Integrated Philological therapy is more effective in younger patients of ages 40 and above. The authors then compared the effectiveness of IPT of young patients with that of average years of 40 and above. The study also investigated whether treatment as usual or unspecified group activities produce different outcomes.
3. What is the hypothesis of the study? In other words, what claims do the authors make in the article? What are the outcomes of the study, that is, the conclusions that the authors made as a result of the study?
There are no differences in the effectiveness of Integrated Psychological therapy between a group of younger patients (age 40 and below) and that of the average years (ages 40 and above). The study also hypothesized that there no differences in the treatment outcome of the group of younger patients (age 40). The study also assessed there were differences in the treatment outcome of the group of older patients (age 40 and above) treated using specified and unspecified treatment.
4. What variables (factors) are being looking at as an influence on abnormal behavior?
The study investigated the influences of age (variable) and the use of Integrated Psychological Treatment on the treatment of schizophrenia. Another variable was the treatment options (Unspecified and Specified treatment). Other variables include the global cognitive scores, social cognition, psychopathology and social functioning.
5. If these variables or the relationship between these variables have been studied before, what have other studies found? This shows historical significance.
Past studies have shown the effect of age on Schizophrenia. Older people suffering from Schizophrenia often suffer from cognitive impairment compared to younger patients. There are fewer therapy approaches to middle and averagely mentally ill patients.
6. Describe the research design (e.g., descriptive, correlateional, experimental) that was used in the study.
Standard meta-analytical procedures. The study compared category of two age groups. Had a total of 15 IPT controlled studies with 632 schizophrenic patients.
7. Do you think the research in this article was conducted in an ethical manner? Why or why not?
Yes. The study obtained ethical approval from the relevant authorities. The study also recruited participants after getting an informed consent from each study participants.
PSY 215 Final Project Milestone One Guidelines and Rubric ...
Write a 5–6-page examination of how conditioning changes some of you.docxsalmonpybus
Write a 5–6-page examination of how conditioning changes some of your own behaviors.
While modern research in psychology is not explicitly behaviorist in its approach, behaviorism is still relevant in certain areas today. For example, it is often taken for granted today that objective, quantitative measures will be used in psychological studies, as opposed to the introspective reports that were used in many types of research in the early 1900s.
Suggested Resources
The following optional resources are provided to support you in completing the assessment or to provide a helpful context. For additional resources, refer to the Research Resources and Supplemental Resources in the left navigation menu of your courseroom.
Capella Resources
Click the links provided to view the following resources:
Assessment 2 Context
.
APA Paper Template
.
APA Style and Format
.
SHOW LESS
Capella Multimedia
Click the links provided below to view the following multimedia pieces:
Stimulus Learning
|
Transcript
.
Timeline: Classical Conditioning
|
Transcript
.
Classical Conditioning
|
Transcript
.
Instrumental Conditioning
|
Transcript
.
Instrumental Conditioning Case Studies
|
Transcript
.
FMG Video
Click the link provided below to view the following video:
Constant Craving: The Science of Addiction
.
This is a video from Films on Demand. Any distribution of video content or associated links is prohibited.
To view an accessible version of this presentation, click
Transcript
.
Library Resources
The following e-books or articles from the Capella University Library are linked directly in this course:
Jaycox, L. H., Foa, E. B., & Morral, A. R. (1998).
Influence of emotional engagement and habituation on exposure therapy for PTSD
.
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
,
66
(1), 185–192.
Epstein, L. H., Temple, J. L., Rhombic, J. N., & Button, M. E. (2009).
Habituation as a determinant of human food intake
.
Psychological Review
,
116
(2), 384–407.
Mitchell, C., Kodiak, R., Nash, S., Lavas, Y., & Hall, G. (2008).
Analysis of the role of associative inhibition in perceptual learning by means of the same-different task
.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes
,
34
(4), 475–485.
Beck, H. P., Levinson, S., & Irons, G. (2009).
Finding Little Albert: A journey to John B. Watson's infant laboratory
.
American Psychologist
,
64
(7), 605–614.
Galef, B. G. (1998).
Edward Thorndike: Revolutionary psychologist, ambiguous biologist
.
American Psychologist
,
53
(10), 1128–1134.
Pavlov, I. P.
Excerpts from
The work of the digestive glands
.
American Psychologist
,
52
(9), 936–940.
Woods, P. J. (1974).
A taxonomy of instrumental conditioning
.
American Psychologist
,
29
(8), 584–597.
Watson, J. B. (1913).
Psychology as the behaviorist views it
.
Psychological Review
,
20
, 158–177.
Skinner, B. F. (1989).
The origins of cognitive thought
.
American Psychologist
,
44
(1), 13–18.
Course Library Guide
A Capella Unive.
Part 2-Journal Article AssignmentChoose a research study, desc.docxherbertwilson5999
Part 2-Journal Article Assignment
Choose a research study, describe it in APA format, interpret it, and critique it. The research article chosen must be a minimum of 3 pages in length with a minimum of 5 references or sources (references are listed at the end of the article).Please see “Journal Article Assignment” following this for specific details and the grading rubric.
A. Describe a research study 40 points
Reference citation
Title
Introduction
B. Method of research 40 points
Methods
Results
Discussion
C. Critique 40 points
a. Characteristics of the article that demonstrates the relation of Psychology as a science
b. Strengths and limitations of the study
c. Description of the research method usedLast Mod: August 15, 2011 Terra Community College Syllabus Page 5 of 13
d. Possible causal inferences of the study
e. Statistical and/or practical significance
f. Validity of conclusions
D. Grammar, Spelling, Punctuation 15 points
E. Evaluation/Interpretation/Practical Application 15 points
Instructions: Type, double spaced, 12 pt. font and save as a Microsoft Word document. THEN attach it electronically to the Drop Box established for this course. No late papers allowed!
Journal Article Assignment (Research Method-Part 2) Information
Being able to read and critique research is an essential skill in psychological inquiry. This assignment will allow you to begin to understand the format for research conducted in the field of Psychology. This assignment is mandatory for the course. No late submissions will be accepted.
IF YOU HAVE COMPLETED AND SUBMITTED THIS ASSIGNMENT FOR ANOTHER PSYCHOLOGY COURSE, YOU MAY NOT USE THE SAME JOURNAL ARTICLE FOR THIS ASSIGNMENT. FAILURE TO COMPLY WITH THIS WILL RESULT IN AN “F” FOR THE ENTIRE COURSE.
The purpose of this assignment is to provide students an opportunity to familiarize themselves with published research. The tasks of the assignment are as follows:
1. Choose an empirical article from a professional journal where the author(s) describe the purpose, method, and results of a scientific investigation. Some examples of relevant journals in Psychology are:
Developmental Psychology
Human Development
Merrill-Palmer Quarterly
Child Development
Adolescence
Journal of Youth and Adolescence
Aging and Cognition
Psychology and Aging
Research on Aging
Journal of Black Psychology
Developmental Review
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Journal of Marriage and the Family
Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences
Death Studies
Last Mod: August 15, 2011 Terra Community College Syllabus Page 6 of 13
Note that not all research articles are complicated reading. As a novice, it might help to browse through the journals until you come upon one that is of interest as well as readable.
2. Identify your article by including a full APA style reference of it at the top of your assignment.
3. Briefly summarize the research article using the headings most common to such empirical reports. You will include specific page numbers.
Overview Students will write a brief research review (5-7 pages.docxgerardkortney
Overview: Students will write a brief research review (5-7 pages double spaced) on a topic of their choosing, so long as it relates directly to Cognitive Psychology. This review must include a minimum of 5 peer-reviewed research articles. The paper is due on Friday, December 8th.
Topics
Perception
Attention
Memory
Knowledge
Language
Decision Making
Final Paper
Example Topics:
To what degree are cognitive processes shared across music and language?
What are the types of cognitive processes that contribute to creating false memories?
What are the best study strategies for doing well in a college course?
*Must write topic in your own words, don’t plagiarize these examples*
Topic
Address your topic using peer reviewed research articles.
Articles that contain research experiments
Review articles cannot be included in these 5, but can use review article as an additional source
Where to find articles? PsycInfo
Peer reviewed Research
Summarize the articles in your paper.
What did the researchers do (i.e. methods)? What did they find (i.e. results)? What does this tell us about your topic?
Connect articles to make an argument.
How do these articles inform one another, and the topic at large?
Example *Published* Review paper: Peretz, Vuvan, Lagrois, & Armony (2016)
Not the same expectation for the final paper, but gives you a sense of structure for a review paper.
Peer reviewed Research
Plagiarism
Everything must be in your own words
Refrain from using direct quotes
Third person point of view/ formal writing
Do not use contractions (e.g. don’t, can’t)
12 point font, Times New Roman, double spaced
Paper mechanics
What is it?
American Psychological Association (APA) style
A writing style used in the social sciences
Used to cite sources.
Why is it important?
Need to give credit to authors who developed original ideas
If these are not your own ideas, need to cite!
Otherwise, you are plagiarizing
Also lets reader know what works you are referring to
Reduces ambiguity
APA Format
How to use it?
In text citations:
When you refer to author’s name(s) within a sentence:
According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners.
When you don’t refer to author’s name(s) within a sentence, but you refer to their ideas.
APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998).
APA Format
Multiple authors:
2 authors
Research by Wegener and Petty (1994) supports...
(Wegener & Petty, 1994)
3 to 5 authors
Research by Kernis and colleagues (1993) supports
(Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry, & Harlow, 1993) (Kernis et al., 1993)
6 or more authors
Harris et al. (2001) argued...
(Harris et al., 2001)
APA Format
References
Need to include a reference list
Berndt, T. J. (2002). Friendship quality and social development. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11, 7-10.
Use hanging paragraph
Author(s): Last name and then initials.
Date
Title: Only first .
Assignment TemplateFull Title of the TopicAuthor’s Name .docxrock73
Assignment Template
Full Title of the Topic
Author’s Name
Majmaah University
College of Applied Medical Sciences
Department of Nursing
Date of Submission:Month, Day, Year
Page 9 of 9
Table of Contents
Abstract3
Introduction and Background4
Problem Statement4
Objectives and Aims4
Review of Literature5
Ethical Consideration6
Conclusion6
References8
Appendix9
Basic APA, 6th ed., Citation Styles9
Abstract
This template is a guide to writing a paper in APA Style, 6th edition; not for a systematic review proposal. It provides the necessary sections, headings, and subheadings required in a proposal, as well as the line and paragraph spacing, page breaks, page numbering, and referencing styles. It is formatted with one inch top, bottom, left, and right margins; Times New Roman font in 12 point; double-spaced; aligned flush left; and paragraphs indented 5-7 spaces. The page number appears one inch from the right edge on the first line of each page. There should be two spaces between sentences. Without changing the formatting, insert your own text into each template section. This section of the template provides an example of what an abstract would look like. An abstract is a brief (approximately 250 words) one-paragraph summary of the contents of the proposal. The abstract, typically written last, includes an overview of the proposed project's background and review of literature, purpose, method, results, and conclusion. It is non-evaluative, that is, does not contain personal comments. It is not indented nor does it contain citations. Keywords, such as those below, are words you used to perform database searches for the proposal. For more information about APA Style, see the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.), the APA Style web site found at http://www.apastyle.org, and the Purdue Owl Writing Center website found at http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/.
Keywords: APA style, sixth edition, publication manualIntroduction and Background
In this introductory section, write a few paragraphs that give an overview of your topic and background information. Tell why the study problem is important. Build a case for the need for the project that you propose to perform. Support this with findings from the literature, include relevant statistics, and cite them according to APA Style, 6th ed. As O'Leary (2010) says, "the main job of this section is "to ... convince your readers that the problem you want to address is significant and worth exploring" (p. 64).
All source material used in this proposal must be documented in the body of the paper by citing the authors and dates of the sources (See Appendix A for basic citation guidelines). The full reference to each citation must appear on a separate reference page(s) entitled 'References'. The reference pages at the end of this template provide examples of types of references frequently used in academic papers. Reference entries ar ...
Develop a 4–5 page research paper based on the portrayal of sexual bmackulaytoni
Develop a 4–5 page research paper based on the portrayal of sexual behaviors in the media. It is important to understand how sexual problems are defined. An underlying theme is that most problems must be delineated within the context of the individual's personality, lifestyle, and relationships with others. By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and assessment criteria:
Competency 1: Apply psychological theories to topics in human sexuality.
Describe sexual behaviors in the media selection and the extent to which these behaviors are considered acceptable or deviant.
Competency 2: Apply scholarly research findings to topics in human sexuality.
Describe the impact of the media portrayal on societal perceptions of the behavior and the extent to which the behavior is considered acceptable or deviant.
Explain how the scholarly research findings support statements regarding the portrayal of sexual behaviors in the media selection.
Apply scholarly research findings by integrating the research with the media portrayal of sexual behaviors.
Competency 4: Communicate in a manner that is scholarly, professional, and consistent with expectations for professionals in the field of psychology.
Write coherently to support a central idea with correct grammar, usage, and mechanics as expected of a psychology professional.
Use APA format and style.
Sexual behaviors are influenced by factors such as age, race, religious beliefs, and educational background. Solitary sex includes thoughts and fantasies, erotic materials and toys, and masturbation. Solitary sex does not seem to be compensation for lack of availability of a sexual partner. The frequency with which people experience private sexual pleasure seems to be positively correlated with how frequently they seek shared sex.
SHOW LESS
Individuals should be aware of the difficulties of finding appropriate nonjudgmental labels for all types of sexual behaviors. A distinction is made among aspects of sexual performance and the more subjective factors of sexual desire, sensuosity, and sensuality. These concepts are particularly useful as you explore the different dimensions of human sexuality.
Human sexuality has found its way into the culture and laws of every society. The balance of personal sexual freedom with the public need to regulate social behavior is a topic to consider. How far should sexual freedom for adults be carried? To what extent should legal systems regulate sexual behaviors? What limits should be imposed on the availability of sexually explicit materials?
Attempts have been made at distinguishing between pornography and erotica, although the final distinction clearly lies in the eye of the beholder. Sexologists are increasingly using the term "sexually explicit materials" as a general descriptor. Graphic depictions of human nudity and sexual behavior have been a part of every soc ...
1
3
Mental Health
Giani Dossman
Professional Studies, Southwestern College
PSY110: General Psychology
Aenea Harbes
October 17, 2021
References
Amend, E. R., Schuler, P., Beaver-Gavin, K., & Beights, R. (2009). A Unique Challenge: Sorting Out the Differences Between Giftedness and Asperger's Disorder. Gifted Child Today, 32(4), 57-63.
Braun, S. A., & Cox, J. A. (2005). Managed Mental Health Care: Intentional Misdiagnosis of Mental Disorders. Journal Of Counseling & Development, 83(4), 425-433.
Clemmitt, M. (2012). Treating ADHD: Are attention disorders overdiagnosed?. CQ Researcher, 22(28), 669-692.
Garretson, D. J. (1993). Psychological Misdiagnosis of African Americans. Journal Of Multicultural Counseling & Development, 21(2), 119-127
Hartnett, D. N., Nelson, J. M., & Rinn, A. N. (2003). Gifted or ADHD? The Possibilities of Misdiagnosis. Roeper Review, 26(2), 73-76.
Sayers, G. M., Green, M. C., & Shaffer, R. E. (2002). Heroin-induced leukoencephalopathy misdiagnosed as the psychiatric illness. International Journal Of Psychiatry In Clinical Practice, 6(1), 53-55.
1
3
Topics
1. Consciousness (Biological Psychology)
2. Theories of Motivation
3. Foundation of Biological Psychology
4. Foundation in Developmental Psychology
5. Foundation in Social Psychology
6. Health, Stress, and Positive Psychology
7. Mental Health Disorders
Top 3 Topics
1. Consciousness
2. Developmental Psychology
3. Mental Health
I was not really sure if you wanted to see our list of topics and whether or not that needed to be in APA format as well. If not then just disregard this page and below you will see the rest of the assignment.
Research Topics
Consciousness Psychology
The consciousness psychological topic interest me because it dives into what happens with our brain during sleep and hypnosis. It also discusses the affect that psychoactive drugs can have on us physically and mentally. It is interesting to see how the brain can be altered by taking certain drugs to change how we feel all with just a simple change of a few chemicals. How does this all take part in to psychology? I think there is so much learn from this and how it can affect people on a daily basis.
Developmental Psychology
One of the fascinating things about developmental psychology is how your brain and thought process changes throughout all the different stages of life. How is it that certain behaviors and abilities can develop so quickly while others take so much longer? It is thought-provoking to see how and when these take place. Is it genetic factors or external surroundings that cause differences in some of these? It definitely excites me to see all of the different theories out there that surround this.
Mental Health
Mental health has definitely come to the forefront in today’s society. I believe a lot of this has to do with how quickly information can spread due to social media. How do mental disorders change the way people think? Is it as simple as changing to a healt ...
Track and Topic Sociocultural Influences social and cultural co.docxturveycharlyn
Track and Topic Sociocultural Influences: social and cultural contributions to the development of psychological disorders
Article #1
1. What is the title of the article? Provide a reference for the article in APA format.
Mueller, D. R., Schmidt, S. J., & Roder, V. (2013). Integrated psychological therapy: effectiveness in schizophrenia inpatient settings related to patients' age. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 21(3), 231-241.
2. What is the purpose of the article?
The article investigated whether the Integrated Philological therapy is more effective in younger patients of ages 40 and above. The authors then compared the effectiveness of IPT of young patients with that of average years of 40 and above. The study also investigated whether treatment as usual or unspecified group activities produce different outcomes.
3. What is the hypothesis of the study? In other words, what claims do the authors make in the article? What are the outcomes of the study, that is, the conclusions that the authors made as a result of the study?
There are no differences in the effectiveness of Integrated Psychological therapy between a group of younger patients (age 40 and below) and that of the average years (ages 40 and above). The study also hypothesized that there no differences in the treatment outcome of the group of younger patients (age 40). The study also assessed there were differences in the treatment outcome of the group of older patients (age 40 and above) treated using specified and unspecified treatment.
4. What variables (factors) are being looking at as an influence on abnormal behavior?
The study investigated the influences of age (variable) and the use of Integrated Psychological Treatment on the treatment of schizophrenia. Another variable was the treatment options (Unspecified and Specified treatment). Other variables include the global cognitive scores, social cognition, psychopathology and social functioning.
5. If these variables or the relationship between these variables have been studied before, what have other studies found? This shows historical significance.
Past studies have shown the effect of age on Schizophrenia. Older people suffering from Schizophrenia often suffer from cognitive impairment compared to younger patients. There are fewer therapy approaches to middle and averagely mentally ill patients.
6. Describe the research design (e.g., descriptive, correlateional, experimental) that was used in the study.
Standard meta-analytical procedures. The study compared category of two age groups. Had a total of 15 IPT controlled studies with 632 schizophrenic patients.
7. Do you think the research in this article was conducted in an ethical manner? Why or why not?
Yes. The study obtained ethical approval from the relevant authorities. The study also recruited participants after getting an informed consent from each study participants.
PSY 215 Final Project Milestone One Guidelines and Rubric ...
Write a 5–6-page examination of how conditioning changes some of you.docxsalmonpybus
Write a 5–6-page examination of how conditioning changes some of your own behaviors.
While modern research in psychology is not explicitly behaviorist in its approach, behaviorism is still relevant in certain areas today. For example, it is often taken for granted today that objective, quantitative measures will be used in psychological studies, as opposed to the introspective reports that were used in many types of research in the early 1900s.
Suggested Resources
The following optional resources are provided to support you in completing the assessment or to provide a helpful context. For additional resources, refer to the Research Resources and Supplemental Resources in the left navigation menu of your courseroom.
Capella Resources
Click the links provided to view the following resources:
Assessment 2 Context
.
APA Paper Template
.
APA Style and Format
.
SHOW LESS
Capella Multimedia
Click the links provided below to view the following multimedia pieces:
Stimulus Learning
|
Transcript
.
Timeline: Classical Conditioning
|
Transcript
.
Classical Conditioning
|
Transcript
.
Instrumental Conditioning
|
Transcript
.
Instrumental Conditioning Case Studies
|
Transcript
.
FMG Video
Click the link provided below to view the following video:
Constant Craving: The Science of Addiction
.
This is a video from Films on Demand. Any distribution of video content or associated links is prohibited.
To view an accessible version of this presentation, click
Transcript
.
Library Resources
The following e-books or articles from the Capella University Library are linked directly in this course:
Jaycox, L. H., Foa, E. B., & Morral, A. R. (1998).
Influence of emotional engagement and habituation on exposure therapy for PTSD
.
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
,
66
(1), 185–192.
Epstein, L. H., Temple, J. L., Rhombic, J. N., & Button, M. E. (2009).
Habituation as a determinant of human food intake
.
Psychological Review
,
116
(2), 384–407.
Mitchell, C., Kodiak, R., Nash, S., Lavas, Y., & Hall, G. (2008).
Analysis of the role of associative inhibition in perceptual learning by means of the same-different task
.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes
,
34
(4), 475–485.
Beck, H. P., Levinson, S., & Irons, G. (2009).
Finding Little Albert: A journey to John B. Watson's infant laboratory
.
American Psychologist
,
64
(7), 605–614.
Galef, B. G. (1998).
Edward Thorndike: Revolutionary psychologist, ambiguous biologist
.
American Psychologist
,
53
(10), 1128–1134.
Pavlov, I. P.
Excerpts from
The work of the digestive glands
.
American Psychologist
,
52
(9), 936–940.
Woods, P. J. (1974).
A taxonomy of instrumental conditioning
.
American Psychologist
,
29
(8), 584–597.
Watson, J. B. (1913).
Psychology as the behaviorist views it
.
Psychological Review
,
20
, 158–177.
Skinner, B. F. (1989).
The origins of cognitive thought
.
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,
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Course Library Guide
A Capella Unive.
Part 2-Journal Article AssignmentChoose a research study, desc.docxherbertwilson5999
Part 2-Journal Article Assignment
Choose a research study, describe it in APA format, interpret it, and critique it. The research article chosen must be a minimum of 3 pages in length with a minimum of 5 references or sources (references are listed at the end of the article).Please see “Journal Article Assignment” following this for specific details and the grading rubric.
A. Describe a research study 40 points
Reference citation
Title
Introduction
B. Method of research 40 points
Methods
Results
Discussion
C. Critique 40 points
a. Characteristics of the article that demonstrates the relation of Psychology as a science
b. Strengths and limitations of the study
c. Description of the research method usedLast Mod: August 15, 2011 Terra Community College Syllabus Page 5 of 13
d. Possible causal inferences of the study
e. Statistical and/or practical significance
f. Validity of conclusions
D. Grammar, Spelling, Punctuation 15 points
E. Evaluation/Interpretation/Practical Application 15 points
Instructions: Type, double spaced, 12 pt. font and save as a Microsoft Word document. THEN attach it electronically to the Drop Box established for this course. No late papers allowed!
Journal Article Assignment (Research Method-Part 2) Information
Being able to read and critique research is an essential skill in psychological inquiry. This assignment will allow you to begin to understand the format for research conducted in the field of Psychology. This assignment is mandatory for the course. No late submissions will be accepted.
IF YOU HAVE COMPLETED AND SUBMITTED THIS ASSIGNMENT FOR ANOTHER PSYCHOLOGY COURSE, YOU MAY NOT USE THE SAME JOURNAL ARTICLE FOR THIS ASSIGNMENT. FAILURE TO COMPLY WITH THIS WILL RESULT IN AN “F” FOR THE ENTIRE COURSE.
The purpose of this assignment is to provide students an opportunity to familiarize themselves with published research. The tasks of the assignment are as follows:
1. Choose an empirical article from a professional journal where the author(s) describe the purpose, method, and results of a scientific investigation. Some examples of relevant journals in Psychology are:
Developmental Psychology
Human Development
Merrill-Palmer Quarterly
Child Development
Adolescence
Journal of Youth and Adolescence
Aging and Cognition
Psychology and Aging
Research on Aging
Journal of Black Psychology
Developmental Review
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Journal of Marriage and the Family
Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences
Death Studies
Last Mod: August 15, 2011 Terra Community College Syllabus Page 6 of 13
Note that not all research articles are complicated reading. As a novice, it might help to browse through the journals until you come upon one that is of interest as well as readable.
2. Identify your article by including a full APA style reference of it at the top of your assignment.
3. Briefly summarize the research article using the headings most common to such empirical reports. You will include specific page numbers.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
A Template Paper With Comments For Illustrating The 6 Th Edition Of APA Style
1. TEMPLATE PAPER WITH COMMENTS 1
A Template Paper with Comments for Illustrating the 6th
Edition of APA Style
Jordan Buess and Rick Froman
In the Fall of 2008, Jordan Buess, an undergraduate student in my [Rick Froman] Research
Methods class, conducted a research project as a course requirement. Part of the assignment was
to report her research findings in an APA style research paper. The 5th
edition of the APA
manual was in force at that time. Her paper was eventually accepted for publication in the fifth
volume of our psychology department‟s student-run, peer-reviewed online research journal:
Initial Forays into Psychological Science (at: http://acadweb.jbu.edu/psychology/ifps/ifps.htm).
The purpose of the journal is to encourage high level research worthy of publication, give
advanced students experience in a peer review process and to provide subsequent Research
Methods students with examples of previous student work worthy of emulation. I also usually
provide a word processing template using one of the previously published works so that students
can see the differences between a manuscript before and after publication. I used Jordan‟s paper
as a template for this purpose. Jordan was the author of the paper.
When the sixth edition of the APA Publication Manual was released, I decided to alter Jordan‟s
paper (with her permission) to fit the revised guidelines (so it could still be used as a template)
and to add comments explaining the various requirements of APA style (6th
ed.) as they were
illustrated throughout the paper. This turned out to be very useful when the first printing of the
6th
edition of the publication manual was eventually shown to contain a number of errors with
regard to the included sample papers. Moreover, this resource has more extensive explanations
of APA style than the sample papers in the APA Publication Manual. Jordan was the author of
the paper and my contribution was to alter some aspects of the paper to reflect 6th
edition style
and to provide comments throughout the paper explaining elements related to APA style. I also
benefitted from the expertise of Ruth Ault and reviewers who suggested a number of corrections
to the original draft. However, my intent was not to make the paper perfect or fully professional
but to use a student paper to illustrate the use of APA style.
I am using this template with explanatory comments in both the Research Methods class with
students who are learning APA Style for the first time and Research Seminar with students who
initially learned the 5th
edition so the comments do not allude to changes in the editions but just
to the guidelines of the 6th
edition. In both classes, I use the paper as both a guide to the details of
APA style and as a template students can use for their own research reports.
2. TEMPLATE PAPER WITH COMMENTS 2
Author Contact Information:
Dr. Rick Froman, Chair
Division of Humanities and Social Sciences
John Brown University
Siloam Springs, AR 72761
Copyright 2009 by Jordan Buess and Rick Froman. All rights reserved. You may reproduce
multiple copies of this material for your own personal use, including use in your classes and/or
sharing with individual colleagues as long as the author‟s name and institution and the Office of
Teaching Resources in Psychology heading or other identifying information appear on the copied
document. No other permission is implied or granted to print, copy, reproduce, or distribute
additional copies of this material. Anyone who wishes to produce copies for purposes other than
those specified above must obtain the permission of the author.
3. Running head: FACTORS CORRELATED WITH EATING DISORDERS 1
Factors Correlated With a Tendency Toward Eating Disorders in a Nonclinical Setting
Jordan K. Buess
John Brown University
Author Note
Jordan K. Buess, Department of Psychology, John Brown University.
I would like to acknowledge the Psychology department at John Brown University for its
approval of this study. I would also like to thank Dr. Rick Froman for his advice in designing
the study and his assistance in analyzing the data. Finally, I would like to thank the 44
participants who completed the online survey as partners with me in this research.
Address correspondence concerning this article to Jordan Buess, JBU Box 2540, 2000 W.
University St., Siloam Springs, AR 72761. E-mail: jordanbuess@gmail.com
Comment [Richard L1]: Header on each page
includes the running head in all caps and the page
number.Only the first pageincludes thewords
“Running head.”
Comment [Richard L2]: All paragraphs
indented and all lines double spaced.Oneinch
margins on all sides throughout.Use 12 pt.Times
New Roman font.
Comment [Richard L3]: Not normally a major
word but capitalize all words of four letters or more
(including“with”).
Comment [Richard L4]: Title should be 12
words or fewer; shouldincludethe variables andthe
relationship betweenthem. Title centered on the top
halfofthe page.
Comment [Richard L5]: Your affiliationwhen
the research was completed.
Comment [Richard L6]: Author note appears in
the bottomhalfofthe title page.
Comment [Richard L7]: First paragraph: Name,
Department,Institution.
Comment [Richard L8]: Second paragraph:
Give acknowledgments andstate special
circumstances,like a possible conflict ofinterest.
Comment [Richard L9]: Third paragraph:
Contact information.
4. FACTORS CORRELATED WITH EATING DISORDERS 2
Abstract
Previous researchers have found that previous abuse, perceived pressure to be thin, and academic
pressure all related to the development of disordered eating behaviors. I sought to determine
whether these factors correlated with a tendency toward eating disorders at John Brown
University. The hypothesis was that women who had been exposed to abuse and perceived
pressure from others on campus to succeed and be thin would be more likely to have a tendency
toward disordered eating. Analyses revealed no significant difference between abused and
nonabused participants. Pressures to be thin and to achieve academically correlated positively
with overall eating disorder scores. Future researchers might study samples from public
universities and male populations.
Keywords: physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, verbal abuse, peer pressure,
eating attitudes, eating disorders
Comment [Richard L10]:centered heading.
Comment [Rick From11]: Commas before all
elements in a list ofthree or more items.
Comment [Richard L12]:Previous research
fromthe Introduction.
Comment [Richard L13]:Topic ofresearch.
Comment [Richard L14]:Hypothesis from
Introduction.
Comment [Richard L15]:Results fromResults
section.
Comment [Richard L16]:FromtheDiscussion
section.
Comment [Richard L17]:Keywords fromthe
abstract to make sure that theywill beindexed
correctly.Be surethe terms appearinPsycINFO
thesaurus.
5. FACTORS CORRELATED WITH EATING DISORDERS 3
Factors Correlated With a Tendency Toward Eating Disorders in a Nonclinical Setting
A great concern for many people in the United States is the rate at which Americans are
becoming obese; yet Americans continue to idealize an image of thinness. The desire to be thin
has become so strong that, according to the National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and
Associated Disorders (ANAD, 2008), eating disorders are endemic in the United States.
The three most common types of eating disorders are anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa,
and binge eating disorder (American Psychological Association [APA], 2004, p. 1). People
suffering from anorexia nervosa usually have inaccurate body images, seeing themselves as
being overweight when they are often underweight in reality. Starvation, excessive exercise, and
substantial weight loss usually accompany this disease. Sufferers of bulimia nervosa generally
eat vast amounts of food before ridding their bodies of the food with excessive exercise,
vomiting, laxatives, or other methods of purging. Feelings of disgust and shame often
accompany binging episodes, and purging is the method by which sufferers seek to reduce these
negative emotions. People with binge eating disorder have episodes of extreme overeating
similar to those of bulimic individuals. However, sufferers from binge eating disorder do not use
unnatural methods to rid their bodies of the food they consume.
According to a 10-year study conducted by ANAD, these eating disorders typically
present in people by the age of 20 (ANAD, 2008). Approximately 43% of the participants in this
study reported their eating disorders between the ages of 16 and 20. It seems clear that the
college years are a period of life when eating disorders are not uncommon, especially among
women (APA, 2005).
Many researchers have attempted to determine factors that seem to influence the
occurrence of eating disorders. Some researchers have found that early childhood experiences
Comment [Richard L18]:Repeat title fromtitle
page centered in upper and lower case.The word
“Introduction” does not appear.
Comment [Richard L19]:First paragraph
introduces topic.
Comment [Rick From20]: Spell out what
abbreviations stand for the first time they are used.
Comment [Rick From21]: Page numbers (or
paragraph numbers for unpaginated documents)
should be includedwhen possible evenwhen a
passage is paraphrased to help readers findthe exact
passage in the text being quoted or paraphrased.
Comment [Richard L22]:Format for
parenthetical,in-text reference.This is a corporate
author with year ofpublication.
Comment [Richard L23]:Twospaces at the
end ofeach sentence (except in reference section).
Comment [Richard L24]:Use percentage
symbol (%)with numerals.
Comment [Richard L25]:This phrase makes
the author and publication year unnecessary at the
end ofthe sentence.
Comment [Richard L26]:Numbers 10 and
larger arewritten as numerals.Nine and below are
spelled out unless they arestatistical results.
Comment [Richard L27]:Don‟t alludeto
„researchers” without following up with specific
examples.
6. FACTORS CORRELATED WITH EATING DISORDERS 4
seem to relate to eating disorders later in life. For example, Treuer, Koperdak, Rozsa, and Furedi
(2005) used standardized procedures to conduct interviews and administer tests that indicated the
participants‟ exposure to physical abuse and sexual abuse as well as the frequency with which
they exhibited disordered eating behaviors. Their sample included only those diagnosed with an
eating disorder based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric
Association, 1994) criteria. The results showed that 29% of their sample had experienced sexual
abuse and 57% had experienced physical abuse. In this particular study, they discovered that the
physical abuse had a negative impact on body image and the sexual abuse appeared to have no
impact at all. They concluded that eating disorders correlated with both sexual abuse and
physical abuse, but that physical abuse was more related than expected. Similarly, Wiederman,
Sansone, and Sansone (1998) found substantially higher levels of disordered eating behavior in
women who indicated that they had personally witnessed violence as a child or had experienced
physical, sexual, or emotional abuse as children than women who had not had those experiences.
In addition to early experiences, research has demonstrated that the pressures in a
person‟s present environment influence eating behavior. One study involved only college
students and sought to determine the factors specific to students‟ universities that contribute to
disordered eating behavior (Kashubeck, Walsh, & Crowl, 1994) using standardized testing to
examine students on two university campuses. At one school, a high emphasis on physical
appearance and characteristics that are more feminine both correlated positively with disordered
eating. At the other school, masculinity correlated negatively with disordered eating. Both
schools‟ results demonstrated how pressure for high achievement related to eating disorders.
Previous research has identified a number of factors that may contribute to disordered
eating behavior. The previously mentioned study of separate university campuses by Kashubeck
Comment [Richard L28]:In text citation to
researchwith four authors with year ofpublicationin
parentheses.
Comment [Richard L29]:Most ofthe
Introductioninvolves a review ofprevious research
relevant to the hypothesis.
Comment [Richard L30]:Refers to researchers
fromprevious sentence.
Comment [Richard L31]:Spell out
abbreviations on first use and use abbreviation on
subsequent uses.
Comment [Richard L32]:“and” used in in-text
citations.Comma should be inserted before“ and”
when describing three or more items.
Comment [Richard L33]:Comma before
ampersand with three or more names.
Comment [Richard L34]:Ampersand used in
parenthetical in-text citation.
Comment [Richard L35]:Comma before year
in parenthetical citation.
7. FACTORS CORRELATED WITH EATING DISORDERS 5
et al. (1994) confirms that these factors may vary from location to location. With this in mind,
the purpose of the present study was to discover factors on a small Christian university campus
related to disordered eating behavior among students. The hypothesis was that students with
higher EDI survey scores would also reveal higher incidences of exposure to previous abuse, as
well as perceived pressures for appearance and academic achievement.
Method
Participants
A random sample of 100 female students was chosen from the undergraduate population
of John Brown University (JBU). Out of the 100 female students invited through campus email
to take the anonymous online survey, 44 actually completed the survey. The age range of actual
participants in the survey was between 18 and 26 years old, with an average age of 20.07 years.
Materials
The participants completed an online survey consisting of Garner and Olmstead‟s (1984)
Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) and supplemental questions that explored the factors
hypothesized to correlate with eating disorders. The instrument posed 70 questions and
contained demographic items sufficient to describe the sample.
Procedure
The random sample of female college students received an e-mail explaining the survey
and providing a link to it. The students read the informed consent that explained that they would
indicate their consent by completing the survey.
Comment [Rick From36]: et al.used herewith
year because reference is made to a sourcewith three
to five authors that was discussed in a previous
paragraph.All authors were listed on the previous
page becausetherewere fewer than sixauthors.
Comment [Richard L37]:This section ties
previous research to the current hypothesis.
Comment [Richard L38]:The hypothesis is
stated at the end ofthe Introduction.
Comment [Richard L39]:First level header is
centered in upper and lower case and boldface.
Comment [Richard L40]:Second level header
is left justifiedin upper andlower case and boldface.
Comment [Richard L41]:Usually active voice
is preferred.However,in the Methodsection,it may
be important to use passive voice to keepthe focus
where it should be (in this case onthe sample instead
ofon the person choosing the sample,especially in
this case because thesamplewas selected by a
randomprocess.
Comment [Rick From42]: Abbreviation
provided in parentheses with first use.
Comment [Richard L43]:Active voice here is
preferred to“An online surveywas completed bythe
participants”to keep the focus on the participants not
the survey.
Comment [Richard L44]:Citing source oftest
that should contain evidence ofthe reliability and
validity ofthe instrument.Iftest is self-developed,
this section should provide some evidence ofthe
test‟s reliability and validity for the current purpose.
Comment [Richard L45]:The abbreviationis
in parentheses immediately after the full name is
presented the first time.
Comment [Richard L46]:The next section of
the paper (the Results) would usually start onthe
next line but becausethat would leave roomonly for
the header,the first line ofthe Results is moved to
the next page.This should be donewith a page break
(CTRL+Enter)instead ofinserting spaces or hitting
Enter repeatedly.
8. FACTORS CORRELATED WITH EATING DISORDERS 6
Results
In order to test the hypothesis, the supplemental questions on the survey regarding
previous physical, sexual, or emotional abuse combined to form one score indicating any
previous abuse. A t test compared the abused participants with the nonabused participants for
the total survey score, comprised of the summed values of the responses for each participant.
Item scores were reversed so that the highest value for all items indicated the most disordered
response to the question. In addition to the t test comparing the total survey score, eight
additional t tests compared the scores of the two groups on each of the eight subscales of the EDI
(Bulimia, Maturity Fears, Interoceptive Awareness, Drive for Thinness, Body Dissatisfaction,
Perfectionism, Ineffectiveness, and Interpersonal Distrust). Pearson r correlations determined
the degree of each of the relationships between perceived pressures for academic success and
thinness with the total EDI survey score.
Forty students responded to all questions on the survey and contributed data to the test
comparing responses of abused and nonabused participants on the survey. A two-tailed t test
compared the overall scores of the abused and nonabused students. The t test revealed no
significant difference between the abused and nonabused participants‟ scores, t(38) = .41, p =
.68.
Eight additional two-tailed t tests compared the abused and nonabused participants on the
eight subscales comprising the EDI. The t-test results revealed no significant difference between
the abused and nonabused groups‟ survey scores for any subscale: Bulimia, t(42) = .35, p = .73;
Maturity Fears, t(42) = .47, p = .64; Interoceptive Awareness, t(41) = 1.71, p = .09; Drive for
Thinness, t(41) = .27, p = .79; Ineffectiveness, t(41) = .60, p =.55; Body Dissatisfaction, t(41) =
.005, p = .996; Perfectionism, t(40) = 1.61, p = .12; Interpersonal Distrust, t(42) = .93, p = .36.
Comment [Richard L47]:Another first level
header.
Comment [Rick From48]: Italicize statistical
symbols like t for thet distribution.
Comment [Rick From49]: When necessary,
transformations required for the analysis (like
summing scores or reversing scales) are detailed
first.
Comment [Rick From50]: These words are
capitalized becausethey are the names ofsubtests.
Comment [Richard L51]:Would normally be
in numeral formi fit wasn‟t the first word in the
sentence.
Comment [Richard L52]:Needtospecify the
number ofparticipants fromthe original sample
Comment [Richard L53]:Statistical phrase
includes the distribution used (t inthis case),the
degrees offreedomin parentheses,the value ofthe
relevant statistic (t =.41 inthis case) andthe exact p
value whether the result is significant or not.Non-
Greek letterstatistical symbosl (t and p in this case)
are bothitalicized.There is onespace on both sides
ofeach = sign and after the t.
Comment [Richard L54]:Use hyphen here
because“t-test” modifies “results” but no hyphen if
you say“results ofthe t tests” because“t tests” are
not modifying“results.”
Comment [Richard L55]:Capitalize names of
subscales ofa test.
Comment [Richard L56]:Semicolon used to
separate elements in a series that already contains
commas.
9. FACTORS CORRELATED WITH EATING DISORDERS 7
Forty participants responded to the item on the survey asking about perceived pressure
from others on campus to be thin. The data analysis revealed a significant moderate positive
correlation between participants‟ perceived pressure from others on campus to be thin and EDI
survey score, r(38) = .65, p < .001 (see Figure 1). The r2
value for this correlation was .43,
indicating that the variance in perceived pressure to be thin accounted for approximately 43% of
the variance in total EDI survey scores. The same number of participants responded to the item
on the survey asking about perceived pressure from others on campus to achieve academic
success. The data analysis revealed only a weak significant positive correlation between
participants‟ perceived pressure from others on campus to achieve academic success and EDI
survey score, r(40) = .34, p = .03 (see Figure 2). The r2
value of .12 for this correlation
indicates that perceived pressure for academic success accounts for only approximately 12% of
the variance in total EDI survey score.
Discussion
A series of two-tailed t tests found no significant differences between abused and
nonabused participants with regard to overall survey scores and scores on the eight subscales of
the EDI. This is contradictory to what previous research in this area found.
Treuer et al. (2005) found that those who had been physical abused had a significantly
more negative body image compared to those who had not been physically abused. They found
that both physical and sexual abuse positively correlated with the frequency with which
participants exhibited disordered eating behavior. Their study differed from the present study in
several ways, especially in the population from which they selected their sample. The sample for
their study included only participants who received eating disorder diagnoses prior to the study.
Because the use of the EDI questions in the present study was primarily for comparison instead
Comment [Richard L57]:Italicize statistical
symbols except for Greek letters
Comment [Richard L58]:Reference to figure
in parentheses.
Comment [Richard L59]:Do not capitalize or
italicizethe names ofvariables.
Comment [Richard L60]:The letter t is
italicized with no hyphen between t andtests.
Comment [Richard L61]:First topicin
Discussion should bethe results ofthe hypothesis
test (with no statistical details).
Comment [Richard L62]:The second topic
should be how the hypothesis relates to previous
research.
Comment [Richard L63]:Details ofhow the
current results support or do not support previous
research.
Comment [Richard L64]:Address why
previous research results may have differed from
current results.
10. FACTORS CORRELATED WITH EATING DISORDERS 8
of for diagnosis, it is not possible to determine whether any of the participants in the current
study had eating behaviors as severe as those in Treuer et al.‟s study. It is a fair assumption that
their diagnosed participants exhibited much more severe eating behaviors than the present
sample due to the increased frequency of previous abuse.
The study by Weiderman et al. (1998) was similar to the present study; however, it
involved women who were not necessarily college students and who visited a gynecologist
regularly. In the study, they asked women if they had ever experienced the various forms of
abuse and if they had ever participated in disordered eating behavior. The significant difference
between abused and nonabused participants was perhaps a result of the fact that researchers
defined disordered eating behavior as one or more attempts by participants to starve themselves,
purge, or take laxatives in order to get rid of food. In the present study, 64 questions analyzed
the degree of disordered eating behavior on a 7-point scale, so that participants who performed
disordered eating behaviors only occasionally did not receive high scores. Perhaps the low-
scoring participants of the present study would have been considered disordered in the
Weiderman et al. study, possibly leading to significant results that fail to take into account the
degree of disordered behavior.
The present study on the JBU campus showed that the EDI survey scores of the
participants correlated positively with perceived pressure from others on campus to be thin. This
is consistent with the research of Kashubeck et al. (1994), who found similar results at one of the
campuses in their study. The relationship between perceived pressure to be thin and higher
survey scores may seem obvious, but this is still something to which the JBU community should
be sensitive. It is possible for the community of JBU and similar communities to offer services
and adopt attitudes that can help to reduce negative responses in women who feel such pressure.
Comment [Richard L65]:No need toinclude
year ofpublicationsince the studywas cited earlier
in this paragraph.
Comment [Richard L66]:Two complete
sentences that are closely related can be combined
with a semicolon.
Comment [Rick From67]: Numeral usedto
represent a numberless than 10when describing
points on a scale.
Comment [Richard L68]:Address the practical
ramifications ofthestudy.
11. FACTORS CORRELATED WITH EATING DISORDERS 9
The current research also revealed a weak positive correlation between EDI survey scores
and perceived pressure from others on campus to achieve academically, a result that Kashubeck
et al. (1994) found on both campuses in their study. It seems that pressure from others still
influences students on the JBU campus. Because academic pressure is an ongoing characteristic
of university life, this result is not surprising and may not have much of a direct influence on
eating behaviors. It is also possible that academic pressures lead students to miss meals, overeat
during stressful times, or fail to devote time to exercise. All of these responses to pressure are
maladaptive and could lead to feelings and behaviors related to eating disorders.
Although the community of JBU has no control over various forms of abuse that happen
before a student enrolls or the pressure from outside sources (e.g., media) to be thin, it does have
the opportunity to equip students to respond appropriately and healthily to these issues.
Although there have been temporary support groups on campus for women who have
experienced sexual assault, in addition to opportunities for counseling offered free of charge, no
permanent support groups are available at this time for those who have experienced physical,
sexual, or emotional abuse. The JBU community could use these groups to reach out to women
who have been victims of abuse. Out of the 44 women who completed the study, 25% reported
previous abuse. It would be wise for the JBU community to discover the needs of these women
and look for additional ways to provide for them. In addition to this, the community should train
students to cope appropriately with academic pressure, perhaps by providing stress and time
management courses. Students should refrain from making discriminatory comments about
others that may cause some students to feel pressure regarding appearance. The university
should offer courses or support groups dealing with body image or nutrition. An anonymous
online moderated discussion board might be an option for students who wish to discuss these
Comment [Richard L69]:Address the
theoretical implications ofthe findings.
Comment [Rick From70]: Used onlywithin
parentheses.Outside ofparenthetical statement,use
“ for example.”
Comment [Richard L71]:Address the practical
ramifications ofthestudy.
12. FACTORS CORRELATED WITH EATING DISORDERS 10
issues without revealing their identities.
Future researchers might give the same survey from the present study to a secular
university in order to test for the same hypotheses, as well as to determine the difference between
JBU responses and the responses of a larger secular university. It is possible that the Christian
beliefs that JBU emphasizes had an effect on the research. For example, students may cope
better with previous abuse and perceived pressure because their faith provides them with coping
techniques such as prayer or meditation. Students who believe that God personally created them
may have more appreciation and respect for their bodies. Students may also have been less than
honest in responses to questions about sensitive issues, because Christians consider physical,
emotional, and sexual violence as sins. Students who inappropriately place blame for these
experiences on themselves may not be comfortable with admitting being involved in abusive
situations. Participants may also have been less likely to report previous abuse or maladaptive
behaviors because of perceived pressure from the Christian community to forgive others and put
the past behind them.
Future researchers should provide definitions for physical, sexual, and emotional abuse,
because the students who indicated abuse might have actually experienced different levels of
abuse. Subsequent studies might also seek to determine the effects of abuse on eating behaviors
for men. However, it might first be beneficial to study the differences between men and women
in their opinions on what constitutes abuse. A study with this research question in mind might
provide scenarios to both males and females, asking them to decide whether each situation is
abusive. One potential problem with such a study is the sensitivity of the issues it would present
to participants.
Regardless of the fact that most of the results of this study were statistically insignificant,
Comment [Richard L72]:Providing specific
guidanceto future researchers (not just saying,
“ future research should be done”).
Comment [Richard L73]:Preferredtothe
passive form,“they were created byGod” becauseit
puts the focus onGod as the active Creator.
Comment [Rick From74]: For genderterms,
“ male” should be used only to modify another term
like“adolescent.”“Men” and“women” should be
usedto describethose 18 and older.“Girl” and
“boy” are appropriate only to describe those under
12 years old.
13. FACTORS CORRELATED WITH EATING DISORDERS 11
this research provided valuable information to JBU regarding its community. The results of this
study were not consistent with some of the previous research mentioned, but it is important to
realize that JBU is a unique community that specifically stands out from other communities
because of its emphasis on Christianity. The JBU community should continue to take into
account the diverse lives of its students as it considers how to equip them to respond healthily
and appropriately to their abusive experiences and to the pressures they currently perceive on
campus.
Comment [Richard L75]:Evenwith
statisticallyinsignificant results,it is possible to end
the article with a strong statement summarizingwhat
the research accomplished.
14. FACTORS CORRELATED WITH EATING DISORDERS 12
References
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
(4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
American Psychological Association. (2004). APA Help Center: Eating disorders. Retrieved
from http://www.apahelpcenter.org/articles/pdf.php?id=9
American Psychological Association. (2005). APA Help Center: Facts and statistics. Retrieved
from http://www.apahelpcenter.org/articles/topic.php?id=6#Eating%20Disorders
Garner, D. M. & Olmsted, M. P. (1984). Eating disorder inventory. Los Angeles, CA: Western
Psychological Services.
Kashubeck, S., Walsh, A., & Crowl, A. (1994). College atmosphere and eating disorders.
Journal of Counseling and Development, 72, 640-645.
National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders (2008). Facts about eating
disorders. Retrieved from http://www.anad.org/getInformation/abouteatingdisorders
Treuer, T., Koperdak, M., Rozsa, S., & Furedi, J. (2005). The impact of physical and sexual
abuse on body image in eating disorders. European Eating Disorders Review, 13, 106-
111. doi: 10.1002/erv.616
Weiderman, M., Sansone, R., & Sansone, L. (1998). Disordered eating and perceptions of
childhood abuse among women in a primary care setting. Psychology of Women
Quarterly, 22, 493-497.
Comment [Richard L76]:No bold face.
Comment [Richard L77]:Corporate author.
Comment [Richard L78]:Year ofpublication.
Comment [Richard L79]:Only one space after
a periodinthe reference section.
Comment [Richard L80]:Title ofweb page.
Comment [Richard L81]:Ifusing automatic
hyperlink formatting,remove automatic underline
fromURL and choose automatic text color.
Comment [Richard L82]:No retrieval dateis
necessary when the sourceis unlikely to change.
Comment [Richard L83]:One space after an
initial.
Comment [Richard L84]:Ampersand (&) used
in referencelist.
Comment [Richard L85]:Two authors.
Comment [Richard L86]:All important words
in the test title are capitalized.Ifthis were a book,
only the first word ofthe titlewould be capitalized.
Comment [Richard L87]:Publication
information for test (or book).
Comment [Richard L88]:Include onlyinitials,
not full name evenifknown.
Comment [Richard L89]:Embeddedlink not
APA style but allows for quicklinkto articles
availablethrough JBU library electronic
subscription.
Comment [Richard L90]:Journal title.
Comment [Richard L91]:Journal volume
number (no need to include issue number).
Comment [Richard L92]:Inclusive page
numbers.
Comment [Richard L93]:No period after a
URL.
Comment [Richard L94]:IncludeDOI
(document object identifier) for any article that has
one.Some older articles will not have one.
15. FACTORS CORRELATED WITH EATING DISORDERS 13
Figure 1. Significant moderate positive correlation between pressure from others on campus to
be thin and total survey score.
Comment [Richard L95]:Figures appear at the
end ofthe paper.Font in figure doesn‟t need to be
the same as in the text ofthe article.It can be san
serifas long as it is legible.
Comment [Richard L96]:Figures numbered in
the order they are discussedinthe article.Figure
number appears initalics.
Comment [Richard L97]:Figure caption
appears immediately below figure.
16. FACTORS CORRELATED WITH EATING DISORDERS 14
Figure 2. Significant but weak positive correlation between pressure from others on campus to
achieve academic success and total survey score.
Comment [Richard L98]:Each figure appears
onits own page.