When Internet of Things (IoT) applications become a part of people’s daily life, security issues in IoT have caught substantial attention in both academia and industry. Compared to traditional computing systems, IoT systems have more inherent vulnerabilities, and in the intervening time, could have higher security requirements. However, the current design of IoT does not successfully address the higher security requirements postured by those vulnerabilities. Many recent attacks on IoT systems have shown that novel security solutions are needed to defend this emerging system. This paper purposes to examine security challenges resulted from the special characteristics of the IoT systems and the new features of the IoT applications. This could help pave the road to better security solution design. Furthermore, three architectural security designs are suggested and analyzed. Examples of how to implement these designs are discussed. Finally, for each layer in IoT architecture, open issues are also identified.
SECURITY& PRIVACY THREATS, ATTACKS AND COUNTERMEASURES IN INTERNET OF THINGSIJNSA Journal
The idea to connect everything to anything and at any point of time is what vaguely defines the concept of
the Internet of Things (IoT). The IoT is not only about providing connectivity but also facilitating
interaction among these connected things. Though the term IoT was introduced in 1999 but has drawn
significant attention during the past few years, the pace at which new devices are being integrated into the
system will profoundly impact the world in a good way but also poses some severe queries about security
and privacy. IoT in its current form is susceptible to a multitudinous set of attacks. One of the most
significant concerns of IoT is to provide security assurance for the data exchange because data is
vulnerable to some attacks by the attackers at each layer of IoT. The IoT has a layered structure where
each layer provides a service. The security needs vary from layer to layer as each layer serves a different
purpose. This paper aims to analyze the various security and privacy threats related to IoT. Some attacks
have been discussed along with some existing and proposed countermeasures.
Secure Modern Healthcare System Based on Internet of Things and Secret Sharin...Eswar Publications
The Internet of Things (IoT), is a concept that describes how objects that we are used in daily life will interact and negotiate with other objects over the internet. The amount of devices with Wi-Fi capabilities and built-in sensors keeps on increasing. IoT combines smart devices to provide smart services and applications like smart cities, smart healthcare, smart home, and digital farm etc. But it is very crucial to secure connected IoT devices and networks because of the nature of IoT system. In this paper, the existing works are analyzed and an IoT based
healthcare system architecture is proposed. An authentication scheme to enhance the security of the proposed healthcare system is also present.
With rapid growth of science and information technology, Internet of things (IoT) becomes as an integral part of daily life. The applications of IoT are expanded starting from connected cars, wearables, connected health, smart retail and healthcare. However, security issues are increasing with the increase of its use. Lack of compliances on the part of IoT manufacturers, lack of user knowledge and awareness, device update and management, lack of physical hardening and botnet attacks are considered as the major reasons for security issues in IoT based applications. In this aspect, it becomes important to analyze security issues involved with IoT and its impact on the users that has been performed in the present study
Internet of Things IoT Anytime Anywhere Anything ConnectivityYogeshIJTSRD
This paper presents the key challenges in the domain of IoT. The key challenges associated with the development of IoT, industry as well as government, Industrial IoT systems, the related security and privacy challenges has been reviewed and presented. Vulnerability of Internet of Things systems have been improved with the advent of new computational systems for IoT. However, the current design of IoT does not effectively address the higher security requirements posed by those vulnerabilities. Many recent attacks on IoT systems have shown that novel security solutions are needed to protect this emerging system. Nidhi Chadha | Ramandeep Kaur "Internet of Things (IoT): Anytime-Anywhere-Anything Connectivity" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd40008.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-network/40008/internet-of-things-iot-anytimeanywhereanything-connectivity/nidhi-chadha
SECURITY& PRIVACY THREATS, ATTACKS AND COUNTERMEASURES IN INTERNET OF THINGSIJNSA Journal
The idea to connect everything to anything and at any point of time is what vaguely defines the concept of
the Internet of Things (IoT). The IoT is not only about providing connectivity but also facilitating
interaction among these connected things. Though the term IoT was introduced in 1999 but has drawn
significant attention during the past few years, the pace at which new devices are being integrated into the
system will profoundly impact the world in a good way but also poses some severe queries about security
and privacy. IoT in its current form is susceptible to a multitudinous set of attacks. One of the most
significant concerns of IoT is to provide security assurance for the data exchange because data is
vulnerable to some attacks by the attackers at each layer of IoT. The IoT has a layered structure where
each layer provides a service. The security needs vary from layer to layer as each layer serves a different
purpose. This paper aims to analyze the various security and privacy threats related to IoT. Some attacks
have been discussed along with some existing and proposed countermeasures.
Secure Modern Healthcare System Based on Internet of Things and Secret Sharin...Eswar Publications
The Internet of Things (IoT), is a concept that describes how objects that we are used in daily life will interact and negotiate with other objects over the internet. The amount of devices with Wi-Fi capabilities and built-in sensors keeps on increasing. IoT combines smart devices to provide smart services and applications like smart cities, smart healthcare, smart home, and digital farm etc. But it is very crucial to secure connected IoT devices and networks because of the nature of IoT system. In this paper, the existing works are analyzed and an IoT based
healthcare system architecture is proposed. An authentication scheme to enhance the security of the proposed healthcare system is also present.
With rapid growth of science and information technology, Internet of things (IoT) becomes as an integral part of daily life. The applications of IoT are expanded starting from connected cars, wearables, connected health, smart retail and healthcare. However, security issues are increasing with the increase of its use. Lack of compliances on the part of IoT manufacturers, lack of user knowledge and awareness, device update and management, lack of physical hardening and botnet attacks are considered as the major reasons for security issues in IoT based applications. In this aspect, it becomes important to analyze security issues involved with IoT and its impact on the users that has been performed in the present study
Internet of Things IoT Anytime Anywhere Anything ConnectivityYogeshIJTSRD
This paper presents the key challenges in the domain of IoT. The key challenges associated with the development of IoT, industry as well as government, Industrial IoT systems, the related security and privacy challenges has been reviewed and presented. Vulnerability of Internet of Things systems have been improved with the advent of new computational systems for IoT. However, the current design of IoT does not effectively address the higher security requirements posed by those vulnerabilities. Many recent attacks on IoT systems have shown that novel security solutions are needed to protect this emerging system. Nidhi Chadha | Ramandeep Kaur "Internet of Things (IoT): Anytime-Anywhere-Anything Connectivity" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd40008.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-network/40008/internet-of-things-iot-anytimeanywhereanything-connectivity/nidhi-chadha
Internet of Things (IoT) integrates billions of the heterogeneous IoT things with the Internet in which the embedded systems such as sensors and actuators linked together to improve quality of life, and becomes the future of technologies in any field of human daily life. These IoT devices cooperate with each other and generate useful information to provide better services and applications to the governments and the society. Also, there is a need to store these data on Cloud for monitoring. This paper, surveys IoT applications, new challenges and issues arise in different fields and provides IoT architecture, focuses on explanation of IoT protocols and their operations and functionalities, presents different microcontroller types used by researchers. With the huge amount of data generated from IoT devices, the integrating Cloud and IoT may helpful, Therefore, a survey on open issues faced when these two concepts integrating together is discussed. The objective of this paper is to provide a survey for everything related to IoT and direct it to all beginners in this filed or academic researchers.
Comprehensive survey on security problems and key technologies of the interne...RSIS International
Internet of things (IoT) is a collection of many
interconnected objects, services, humans, and devices that can
communicate, share data, and information to achieve a common
goal in different areas and applications. The vision of IoT is to
enable devices to collaborate with each other on the Internet. IoT
security focuses on authentication and access control protocols.
IoT security is the area with protection connected devices and
networks. There are many key challenges in designing a secure
IoT: Privacy, Authentication, Access Control, Trust,
Confidentiality, Mobile Security, etc. Attacks on IoT security
devices are physical attacks, side channel attacks, cryptanalysis
attacks, software attacks, network attacks. This paper describes
Security Problems of IoT, Security issues and Key Technologies
of IoT.
Architectural Layers of Internet of Things: Analysis of Security Threats and ...Scientific Review SR
A pervasive network architecture that interconnect heterogeneous objects, devices, technologies and services called
Internet of Things has prompted a drastic change in demand of smart devices which in turn has increased the rate of
data exchange. These smart devices are built with numerous sensors which collect information from other interacting
devices, process it and send it to remote locations for storage or further processing. Although this mechanism of data
processing and sharing has contributed immensely to the information world, it has recently posed high security risk
on privacy and data confidentiality. This paper therefore analyses different security threats to data at different
architectural layers of Internet of Things, possible countermeasures and other in-depth security measures for Internet
of Things. The paper identifies device authentication on IoT network to be of paramount impo rtance in securing IoT
systems. This paper also suggests some essential technologies of security such as encryption for securing IoT
devices and the data shared over IoT network
Malware threat analysis techniques and approaches for IoT applications: a reviewjournalBEEI
Internet of things (IoT) is a concept that has been widely used to improve business efficiency and customer’s experience. It involves resource constrained devices connecting to each other with a capability of sending data, and some with receiving data at the same time. The IoT environment enhances user experience by giving room to a large number of smart devices to connect and share information. However, with the sophistication of technology has resulted in IoT applications facing with malware threat. Therefore, it becomes highly imperative to give an understanding of existing state-of-the-art techniques developed to address malware threat in IoT applications. In this paper, we studied extensively the adoption of static, dynamic and hybrid malware analyses in proffering solution to the security problems plaguing different IoT applications. The success of the reviewed analysis techniques were observed through case studies from smart homes, smart factories, smart gadgets and IoT application protocols. This study gives a better understanding of the holistic approaches to malware threats in IoT applications and the way forward for strengthening the protection defense in IoT applications.
A Comprehensive Survey on Exiting Solution Approaches towards Security and Pr...IJECEIAES
‘Internet of Things (IoT)’emerged as an intelligent collaborative computation and communication between a set of objects capable of providing on-demand services to other objects anytime anywhere. A large-scale deployment of data-driven cloud applications as well as automated physical things such as embed electronics, software, sensors and network connectivity enables a joint ubiquitous and pervasive internet-based computing systems well capable of interacting with each other in an IoT. IoT, a well-known term and a growing trend in IT arena certainly bring a highly connected global network structure providing a lot of beneficial aspects to a user regarding business productivity, lifestyle improvement, government efficiency, etc. It also generates enormous heterogeneous and homogeneous data needed to be analyzed properly to get insight into valuable information. However, adoption of this new reality (i.e., IoT) by integrating it with the internet invites a certain challenges from security and privacy perspective. At present, a much effort has been put towards strengthening the security system in IoT still not yet found optimal solutions towards current security flaws. Therefore, the prime aim of this study is to investigate the qualitative aspects of the conventional security solution approaches in IoT. It also extracts some open research problems that could affect the future research track of IoT arena.
Security Issues & Threats in IoT InfrastructureIJAEMSJORNAL
IoT (Internet of Things) expands the future Internet, and has drawn much attention. As more and more gadgets (i.e. Things) connected to the Internet, the huge amount of data exchanged has reached an unprecedented level.IoT today has a wide scope and researches say that IoT will definitely be a huge reason in the change of human lifestyle. But irrespective of the scope of IoT, we cannot be sure enough to implement it due to the security concerns. There is a genuine need to secure IoT, which has therefore resulted in a need to comprehensively understand the threats and attacks on IoT infrastructure. This paper discusses about the flaws in the security structure of IoT, it is a study about the various layers of IoT and how differentattacks are possible in those layers.
SIEM-based detection and mitigation of IoT-botnet DDoS attacksIJECEIAES
The Internet of Things (IoT) is becoming an integral part of our daily life includ- ing health, environment, homes, military, etc. The enormous growth of IoT in recent years has attracted hackers to take advantage of their computation and communication capabilities to perform different types of attacks. The major concern is that IoT devices have several vulnerabilities that can be easily exploited to form IoT botnets consisting of millions of IoT devices and posing significant threats to Internet security. In this context, DDoS attacks originating from IoT botnets is a major problem in today’s Internet that requires immediate attention. In this paper, we propose Security Information and Event Management-based IoT botnet DDoS attack detection and mitigation system. This system detects and blocks DDoS attack traffic from compromised IoT devices by monitoring specific packet types including TCP SYN, ICMP and DNS packets originating from these devices. We discuss a prototype implementation of the proposed system and we demonstrate that SIEM based solutions can be configured to accurately identify and block malicious traffic originating from compromised IoT devices.
A Novel Security Approach for Communication using IOTIJEACS
The Internet of Things (IOT) is the arrangement of physical articles or "things" introduced with equipment, programming, sensors, and framework accessibility, which enables these things to accumulate and exchange data. Here outlining security convention for the Internet of Things, and execution of this relating security convention on the inserted gadgets. This convention will cover the honesty of messages and verification of every customer by giving a productive confirmation component. By this venture the protected correspondence is executed on implanted gadgets.
A Study on Device Oriented Security Challenges in Internet of Things (IoT)Eswar Publications
Internet of Things (IoT) basically discusses about the connection of various physical devices through a network
and let them take an active part by exchanging information through Internet. This paper presents important applications of IoT and the different challenges of IoT. Out of the various challenges, attacks on the devices used in IoT are of serious concern. Device oriented attacks and the defensive mechanisms are studied in this paper. A comparison is done for the specific malicious attacks on the M2M communicating devices.
Analysis on IoT Challenges, Opportunities, Applications and Communication ModelsINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Internet of Things (IoT) is a novel communication standard and it is researcher’s preferred topic, which integrates heterogeneous systems seamlessly. Designing a universal architecture for IoT is a challenging task due to the integration of wide variety of the devices. The main objective of this paper is to provide comprehensive knowledge on challenges, applications, Security issues, and different communication models of IoT. This paper also focuses on the marketing trends of IoT with respect to variety of application with the end users. This motivates the researchers to contribute more productive work in this field by analyzing various parameters.
The Internet of things describes physical objects that are embedded with sensors, processing ability, software, and other technologies that connect and exchange data with other devices and systems over the Internet or other communications networks.
RT-RCT: an online tool for real-time retrieval of connected thingsjournalBEEI
In recent years, internet of things (IoT) represents a giant and a promoter area in innovation and engineering fields. IoT devices are spread in various fields and offer advanced services which assist their users to monitor and control objects remotely. IoT has a set of special characteristics such as dynamic, variety of data and huge scale which introduces a great challenge in the field of retrieval technologies, more precisely real-time retrieval. This paper addresses the issue of real-time retrieval of connected things and tries to propose an innovative solution which allows the retrieval of these things and their descriptive data. The paper proposes an on-line tool for real-time retrieval of connected things and their descriptive data based on network port scanning technique. The performance of this tool proves to be powerful under normal conditions, however more tests must be implemented in the aim to improve the proposed solution. The tool resulted from this work appears to be promising and can be used as a reference by network administrators and IT security managers for the development of new security mechanisms and security reinforcement.
IoT: Effective Authentication System (EAS) using Hash based Encryption on RFI...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Internet of Things (IoT) is undoubtedly a well-known research area. Security on IoT communication services is the major challenge with advanced technology and devices. This paper mainly focusing on Perceptron layer based attacks and counter measures based on Effective Authentication System (EAS). This paper is ordered as outlining IoT Architecture, Types of Threats ,Perceptron Layer based attacks, sensor based communication services ,RFID mechanism ,Tag identify and verification by back end server and Hash based Effective Authentication System (EAS) to avoid pseudonym attacks .This paper proposes EAS as security measure by preventing privacy attack, pseudonym attack, location tracking and asynchronous attack.
A Survey on Security and Privacy Issues in Edge Computing-Assisted Internet o...DESMOND YUEN
Internet of Things (IoT) is an innovative paradigm
envisioned to provide massive applications that are now part of
our daily lives. Millions of smart devices are deployed within
complex networks to provide vibrant functionalities including
communications, monitoring, and controlling of critical infrastructures. However, this massive growth of IoT devices and the corresponding huge data traffic generated at the edge of the network created additional burdens on the state-of-the-art
centralized cloud computing paradigm due to the bandwidth and
resources scarcity. Hence, edge computing (EC) is emerging as
an innovative strategy that brings data processing and storage
near to the end users, leading to what is called EC-assisted IoT.
Although this paradigm provides unique features and enhanced
quality of service (QoS), it also introduces huge risks in data security and privacy aspects. This paper conducts a comprehensive survey on security and privacy issues in the context of EC-assisted IoT. In particular, we first present an overview of EC-assisted IoT including definitions, applications, architecture, advantages, and challenges. Second, we define security and privacy in the context of EC-assisted IoT. Then, we extensively discuss the major classifications of attacks in EC-assisted IoT and provide possible solutions and countermeasures along with the related research efforts. After that, we further classify some security and privacy issues as discussed in the literature based on security services and based on security objectives and functions. Finally, several open challenges and future research directions for secure EC-assisted IoT paradigm are also extensively provided.
CAN BLOCKCHAIN BE A SOLUTION TO IOT TECHNICAL AND SECURITY ISSUESIJNSA Journal
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a growing trend in technology that interconnects millions of physical devices from any location anytime. Currently, IoT devices have become an integral part of human lives, as such organizations are deeply concerned with its security and technical issues. Blockchain system comprises a distributed digital ledger which is shared among community of users on the Internet; validated and recorded transactions in the ledger which cannot be altered or removed. We presented the challenges of IoT devices and how blockchain can be used to alleviate these problems. An outline of how to integrate blockchain with IoT was tackled, highlighting the challenges of IoT and how blockchain can remedy the issues. It was concluded that blockchain has the capability to curb the challenges posed by IoT devices.
Internet of Things (IoT) integrates billions of the heterogeneous IoT things with the Internet in which the embedded systems such as sensors and actuators linked together to improve quality of life, and becomes the future of technologies in any field of human daily life. These IoT devices cooperate with each other and generate useful information to provide better services and applications to the governments and the society. Also, there is a need to store these data on Cloud for monitoring. This paper, surveys IoT applications, new challenges and issues arise in different fields and provides IoT architecture, focuses on explanation of IoT protocols and their operations and functionalities, presents different microcontroller types used by researchers. With the huge amount of data generated from IoT devices, the integrating Cloud and IoT may helpful, Therefore, a survey on open issues faced when these two concepts integrating together is discussed. The objective of this paper is to provide a survey for everything related to IoT and direct it to all beginners in this filed or academic researchers.
Comprehensive survey on security problems and key technologies of the interne...RSIS International
Internet of things (IoT) is a collection of many
interconnected objects, services, humans, and devices that can
communicate, share data, and information to achieve a common
goal in different areas and applications. The vision of IoT is to
enable devices to collaborate with each other on the Internet. IoT
security focuses on authentication and access control protocols.
IoT security is the area with protection connected devices and
networks. There are many key challenges in designing a secure
IoT: Privacy, Authentication, Access Control, Trust,
Confidentiality, Mobile Security, etc. Attacks on IoT security
devices are physical attacks, side channel attacks, cryptanalysis
attacks, software attacks, network attacks. This paper describes
Security Problems of IoT, Security issues and Key Technologies
of IoT.
Architectural Layers of Internet of Things: Analysis of Security Threats and ...Scientific Review SR
A pervasive network architecture that interconnect heterogeneous objects, devices, technologies and services called
Internet of Things has prompted a drastic change in demand of smart devices which in turn has increased the rate of
data exchange. These smart devices are built with numerous sensors which collect information from other interacting
devices, process it and send it to remote locations for storage or further processing. Although this mechanism of data
processing and sharing has contributed immensely to the information world, it has recently posed high security risk
on privacy and data confidentiality. This paper therefore analyses different security threats to data at different
architectural layers of Internet of Things, possible countermeasures and other in-depth security measures for Internet
of Things. The paper identifies device authentication on IoT network to be of paramount impo rtance in securing IoT
systems. This paper also suggests some essential technologies of security such as encryption for securing IoT
devices and the data shared over IoT network
Malware threat analysis techniques and approaches for IoT applications: a reviewjournalBEEI
Internet of things (IoT) is a concept that has been widely used to improve business efficiency and customer’s experience. It involves resource constrained devices connecting to each other with a capability of sending data, and some with receiving data at the same time. The IoT environment enhances user experience by giving room to a large number of smart devices to connect and share information. However, with the sophistication of technology has resulted in IoT applications facing with malware threat. Therefore, it becomes highly imperative to give an understanding of existing state-of-the-art techniques developed to address malware threat in IoT applications. In this paper, we studied extensively the adoption of static, dynamic and hybrid malware analyses in proffering solution to the security problems plaguing different IoT applications. The success of the reviewed analysis techniques were observed through case studies from smart homes, smart factories, smart gadgets and IoT application protocols. This study gives a better understanding of the holistic approaches to malware threats in IoT applications and the way forward for strengthening the protection defense in IoT applications.
A Comprehensive Survey on Exiting Solution Approaches towards Security and Pr...IJECEIAES
‘Internet of Things (IoT)’emerged as an intelligent collaborative computation and communication between a set of objects capable of providing on-demand services to other objects anytime anywhere. A large-scale deployment of data-driven cloud applications as well as automated physical things such as embed electronics, software, sensors and network connectivity enables a joint ubiquitous and pervasive internet-based computing systems well capable of interacting with each other in an IoT. IoT, a well-known term and a growing trend in IT arena certainly bring a highly connected global network structure providing a lot of beneficial aspects to a user regarding business productivity, lifestyle improvement, government efficiency, etc. It also generates enormous heterogeneous and homogeneous data needed to be analyzed properly to get insight into valuable information. However, adoption of this new reality (i.e., IoT) by integrating it with the internet invites a certain challenges from security and privacy perspective. At present, a much effort has been put towards strengthening the security system in IoT still not yet found optimal solutions towards current security flaws. Therefore, the prime aim of this study is to investigate the qualitative aspects of the conventional security solution approaches in IoT. It also extracts some open research problems that could affect the future research track of IoT arena.
Security Issues & Threats in IoT InfrastructureIJAEMSJORNAL
IoT (Internet of Things) expands the future Internet, and has drawn much attention. As more and more gadgets (i.e. Things) connected to the Internet, the huge amount of data exchanged has reached an unprecedented level.IoT today has a wide scope and researches say that IoT will definitely be a huge reason in the change of human lifestyle. But irrespective of the scope of IoT, we cannot be sure enough to implement it due to the security concerns. There is a genuine need to secure IoT, which has therefore resulted in a need to comprehensively understand the threats and attacks on IoT infrastructure. This paper discusses about the flaws in the security structure of IoT, it is a study about the various layers of IoT and how differentattacks are possible in those layers.
SIEM-based detection and mitigation of IoT-botnet DDoS attacksIJECEIAES
The Internet of Things (IoT) is becoming an integral part of our daily life includ- ing health, environment, homes, military, etc. The enormous growth of IoT in recent years has attracted hackers to take advantage of their computation and communication capabilities to perform different types of attacks. The major concern is that IoT devices have several vulnerabilities that can be easily exploited to form IoT botnets consisting of millions of IoT devices and posing significant threats to Internet security. In this context, DDoS attacks originating from IoT botnets is a major problem in today’s Internet that requires immediate attention. In this paper, we propose Security Information and Event Management-based IoT botnet DDoS attack detection and mitigation system. This system detects and blocks DDoS attack traffic from compromised IoT devices by monitoring specific packet types including TCP SYN, ICMP and DNS packets originating from these devices. We discuss a prototype implementation of the proposed system and we demonstrate that SIEM based solutions can be configured to accurately identify and block malicious traffic originating from compromised IoT devices.
A Novel Security Approach for Communication using IOTIJEACS
The Internet of Things (IOT) is the arrangement of physical articles or "things" introduced with equipment, programming, sensors, and framework accessibility, which enables these things to accumulate and exchange data. Here outlining security convention for the Internet of Things, and execution of this relating security convention on the inserted gadgets. This convention will cover the honesty of messages and verification of every customer by giving a productive confirmation component. By this venture the protected correspondence is executed on implanted gadgets.
A Study on Device Oriented Security Challenges in Internet of Things (IoT)Eswar Publications
Internet of Things (IoT) basically discusses about the connection of various physical devices through a network
and let them take an active part by exchanging information through Internet. This paper presents important applications of IoT and the different challenges of IoT. Out of the various challenges, attacks on the devices used in IoT are of serious concern. Device oriented attacks and the defensive mechanisms are studied in this paper. A comparison is done for the specific malicious attacks on the M2M communicating devices.
Analysis on IoT Challenges, Opportunities, Applications and Communication ModelsINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Internet of Things (IoT) is a novel communication standard and it is researcher’s preferred topic, which integrates heterogeneous systems seamlessly. Designing a universal architecture for IoT is a challenging task due to the integration of wide variety of the devices. The main objective of this paper is to provide comprehensive knowledge on challenges, applications, Security issues, and different communication models of IoT. This paper also focuses on the marketing trends of IoT with respect to variety of application with the end users. This motivates the researchers to contribute more productive work in this field by analyzing various parameters.
The Internet of things describes physical objects that are embedded with sensors, processing ability, software, and other technologies that connect and exchange data with other devices and systems over the Internet or other communications networks.
RT-RCT: an online tool for real-time retrieval of connected thingsjournalBEEI
In recent years, internet of things (IoT) represents a giant and a promoter area in innovation and engineering fields. IoT devices are spread in various fields and offer advanced services which assist their users to monitor and control objects remotely. IoT has a set of special characteristics such as dynamic, variety of data and huge scale which introduces a great challenge in the field of retrieval technologies, more precisely real-time retrieval. This paper addresses the issue of real-time retrieval of connected things and tries to propose an innovative solution which allows the retrieval of these things and their descriptive data. The paper proposes an on-line tool for real-time retrieval of connected things and their descriptive data based on network port scanning technique. The performance of this tool proves to be powerful under normal conditions, however more tests must be implemented in the aim to improve the proposed solution. The tool resulted from this work appears to be promising and can be used as a reference by network administrators and IT security managers for the development of new security mechanisms and security reinforcement.
IoT: Effective Authentication System (EAS) using Hash based Encryption on RFI...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Internet of Things (IoT) is undoubtedly a well-known research area. Security on IoT communication services is the major challenge with advanced technology and devices. This paper mainly focusing on Perceptron layer based attacks and counter measures based on Effective Authentication System (EAS). This paper is ordered as outlining IoT Architecture, Types of Threats ,Perceptron Layer based attacks, sensor based communication services ,RFID mechanism ,Tag identify and verification by back end server and Hash based Effective Authentication System (EAS) to avoid pseudonym attacks .This paper proposes EAS as security measure by preventing privacy attack, pseudonym attack, location tracking and asynchronous attack.
A Survey on Security and Privacy Issues in Edge Computing-Assisted Internet o...DESMOND YUEN
Internet of Things (IoT) is an innovative paradigm
envisioned to provide massive applications that are now part of
our daily lives. Millions of smart devices are deployed within
complex networks to provide vibrant functionalities including
communications, monitoring, and controlling of critical infrastructures. However, this massive growth of IoT devices and the corresponding huge data traffic generated at the edge of the network created additional burdens on the state-of-the-art
centralized cloud computing paradigm due to the bandwidth and
resources scarcity. Hence, edge computing (EC) is emerging as
an innovative strategy that brings data processing and storage
near to the end users, leading to what is called EC-assisted IoT.
Although this paradigm provides unique features and enhanced
quality of service (QoS), it also introduces huge risks in data security and privacy aspects. This paper conducts a comprehensive survey on security and privacy issues in the context of EC-assisted IoT. In particular, we first present an overview of EC-assisted IoT including definitions, applications, architecture, advantages, and challenges. Second, we define security and privacy in the context of EC-assisted IoT. Then, we extensively discuss the major classifications of attacks in EC-assisted IoT and provide possible solutions and countermeasures along with the related research efforts. After that, we further classify some security and privacy issues as discussed in the literature based on security services and based on security objectives and functions. Finally, several open challenges and future research directions for secure EC-assisted IoT paradigm are also extensively provided.
CAN BLOCKCHAIN BE A SOLUTION TO IOT TECHNICAL AND SECURITY ISSUESIJNSA Journal
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a growing trend in technology that interconnects millions of physical devices from any location anytime. Currently, IoT devices have become an integral part of human lives, as such organizations are deeply concerned with its security and technical issues. Blockchain system comprises a distributed digital ledger which is shared among community of users on the Internet; validated and recorded transactions in the ledger which cannot be altered or removed. We presented the challenges of IoT devices and how blockchain can be used to alleviate these problems. An outline of how to integrate blockchain with IoT was tackled, highlighting the challenges of IoT and how blockchain can remedy the issues. It was concluded that blockchain has the capability to curb the challenges posed by IoT devices.
A Survey Report on : Security & Challenges in Internet of Thingsijsrd.com
In the era of computing technology, Internet of Things (IoT) devices are now popular in each and every domains like e-governance, e-Health, e-Home, e-Commerce, and e-Trafficking etc. Iot is spreading from small to large applications in all fields like Smart Cities, Smart Grids, Smart Transportation. As on one side IoT provide facilities and services for the society. On the other hand, IoT security is also a crucial issues.IoT security is an area which totally concerned for giving security to connected devices and networks in the IoT .As, IoT is vast area with usability, performance, security, and reliability as a major challenges in it. The growth of the IoT is exponentially increases as driven by market pressures, which proportionally increases the security threats involved in IoT The relationship between the security and billions of devices connecting to the Internet cannot be described with existing mathematical methods. In this paper, we explore the opportunities possible in the IoT with security threats and challenges associated with it.
SECURITY& PRIVACY THREATS, ATTACKS AND COUNTERMEASURES IN INTERNET OF THINGSIJNSA Journal
The idea to connect everything to anything and at any point of time is what vaguely defines the concept of the Internet of Things (IoT). The IoT is not only about providing connectivity but also facilitating interaction among these connected things. Though the term IoT was introduced in 1999 but has drawn significant attention during the past few years, the pace at which new devices are being integrated into the system will profoundly impact the world in a good way but also poses some severe queries about security and privacy. IoT in its current form is susceptible to a multitudinous set of attacks. One of the most significant concerns of IoT is to provide security assurance for the data exchange because data is vulnerable to some attacks by the attackers at each layer of IoT. The IoT has a layered structure where each layer provides a service. The security needs vary from layer to layer as each layer serves a different purpose. This paper aims to analyze the various security and privacy threats related to IoT. Some attacks have been discussed along with some existing and proposed countermeasures.
Comprehensive Survey on Security Problems and Key Technologies of the Interne...RSIS International
Internet of things (IoT) is a collection of many
interconnected objects, services, humans, and devices that can
communicate, share data, and information to achieve a common
goal in different areas and applications. The vision of IoT is to
enable devices to collaborate with each other on the Internet. IoT
security focuses on authentication and access control protocols.
IoT security is the area with protection connected devices and
networks. There are many key challenges in designing a secure
IoT: Privacy, Authentication, Access Control, Trust,
Confidentiality, Mobile Security, etc. Attacks on IoT security
devices are physical attacks, side channel attacks, cryptanalysis
attacks, software attacks, network attacks. This paper describes
Security Problems of IoT, Security issues and Key Technologies
of IoT.
The Internet of things IoT is a relatively new concept. It presents numerous benefits to consumers and proves a financial boon for businesses. Pervasive introduction of sensors and devices into currently intimate spaces, such as homes, cars, and wearables, poses some challenges. There are also challenges in deploying IoT by government agencies and private industries. This paper attempts to address these challenges and offers solutions. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Adedamola Omotoso | Shuza Binzaid | Sarhan M. Musa "Internet of Things: Challenges and Solutions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29302.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/29302/internet-of-things-challenges-and-solutions/matthew-n-o-sadiku
A MIDDLEWARE FOR THE INTERNET OF THINGSIJCNCJournal
The Internet of Things (IoT) connects everyday objects including a vast array of sensors, actuators, and smart devices, referred to as “things” to the Internet, in an intelligent and pervasive fashion. This connectivity gives rise to the possibility of using the tracking capabilities of things to impinge on the location privacy of users. Most of the existing management and location privacy protection solutions do not consider the low-cost and low-power requirements of things; or, they do not account for the heterogeneity, scalability, or autonomy of communications supported in the IoT. Moreover, these traditional solutions do not consider the case where a user wishes to control the granularity of the disclosed information based on
the context of their use (e.g. based on the time or the current location of the user). To fill this gap, a middleware, referred to as the Internet of Things Management Platform (IoT-MP) is proposed in this paper.
RPL AND COAP PROTOCOLS, EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS FOR IOT: A CASE STUDYijasuc
Internet of Things(IoT) in recent days playing a vital role in networking related applications. However,
there are several protocols available for building IoT applications, but RPL and CoAP are important
protocols.There is a customized protocol requirement for specific IoT applications, while working on
specific research problems. Further, adequate platforms are required to evaluate the performance of these
protocols. These platforms need to be configured for the protocol, which is very crucial and timeconsuming task. At present, there is no collective and precise information available to carry out this work.
This paper discusses two different open source platforms available for IoT. Also,various IoT research ideas
need to design of IoT protocols. A few IoT communication technologies are mentioned in the paper. The
detail analysis of, two common protocols, namely Routing Protocol for Low-Power Lossy Networks (RPL)
and Constrained Application layer protocol (CoAP) is carried out with respect to latency delay and packet
delivery ratio. The results, discussion and conclusion presented in this paper are useful for researchers,
who are interested to work with IoT protocols and standards.
RPL AND COAP PROTOCOLS, EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS FOR IOT: A CASE STUDYijasuc
Internet of Things(IoT) in recent days playing a vital role in networking related applications. However,
there are several protocols available for building IoT applications, but RPL and CoAP are important
protocols.There is a customized protocol requirement for specific IoT applications, while working on
specific research problems. Further, adequate platforms are required to evaluate the performance of these
protocols. These platforms need to be configured for the protocol, which is very crucial and timeconsuming task. At present, there is no collective and precise information available to carry out this work.
This paper discusses two different open source platforms available for IoT. Also,various IoT research ideas
need to design of IoT protocols. A few IoT communication technologies are mentioned in the paper. The
detail analysis of, two common protocols, namely Routing Protocol for Low-Power Lossy Networks (RPL)
and Constrained Application layer protocol (CoAP) is carried out with respect to latency delay and packet
delivery ratio. The results, discussion and conclusion presented in this paper are useful for researchers,
who are interested to work with IoT protocols and standards
RPL AND COAP PROTOCOLS, EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS FOR IOT: A CASE STUDYijasuc
Internet of Things(IoT) in recent days playing a vital role in networking related applications. However,
there are several protocols available for building IoT applications, but RPL and CoAP are important
protocols.There is a customized protocol requirement for specific IoT applications, while working on
specific research problems. Further, adequate platforms are required to evaluate the performance of these
protocols. These platforms need to be configured for the protocol, which is very crucial and timeconsuming task. At present, there is no collective and precise information available to carry out this work.
This paper discusses two different open source platforms available for IoT. Also,various IoT research ideas
need to design of IoT protocols. A few IoT communication technologies are mentioned in the paper. The
detail analysis of, two common protocols, namely Routing Protocol for Low-Power Lossy Networks (RPL)
and Constrained Application layer protocol (CoAP) is carried out with respect to latency delay and packet
delivery ratio. The results, discussion and conclusion presented in this paper are useful for researchers,
who are interested to work with IoT protocols and standards.
Similar to A survey on Internet of Things (IoT) security : Challenges and Current status (20)
Understanding the Impact and Challenges of Corona Crisis on Education Sector...vivatechijri
n the second week of March 2020, governments of all states in a country suddenly declared
shutting down of all colleges and schools for a temporary period of time as an immediate measure to stop the
spread of pandemic that is of novel corona virus. As the days pass by almost close to a month with no certainty
when they will again reopen. Due to pandemic like this an alarm bells have started sounding in the field of
education where a huge impact can be seen on teaching and learning process as well as on the entire education
sector in turn. The pandemic disruption like this is actually gave time to educators of today to really think about
the sector. Through the present research article, the author is highlighting on the possible impact of
coronavirus on education sector with the future challenges for education sector with possible suggestions.
LEADERSHIP ONLY CAN LEAD THE ORGANIZATION TOWARDS IMPROVEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT vivatechijri
This paper is explaining that how only leadership is responsible for sustainable improvement and
growth and only it can lead the organization towards improvement and overall development. Leadership and its
effectiveness are discussed in this research work and also how leadership is a different way of the success of the
organization and different from the traditional management to create true work-culture and good-will of the
organization in the social scene. Leadership is only responsible in bringing positive and negative change in the
organization; if the leadership doesn’t have the concern in the organization, the organization will not be able to
lead in the right direction towards improvement and development.
The topic of assignment is a critical problem in mathematics and is further explored in the real
physical world. We try to implement a replacement method during this paper to solve assignment problems with
algorithm and solution steps. By using new method and computing by existing two methods, we analyse a
numerical example, also we compare the optimal solutions between this new method and two current methods. A
standardized technique, simple to use to solve assignment problems, may be the proposed method
Structural and Morphological Studies of Nano Composite Polymer Gel Electroly...vivatechijri
n today’s society, we stand before a change in energy scarcity. As our civilization grows, many
countries in thedeveloping world seek to have the standard of living that has been exclusive to a few nations, so
their arises a need in thedevelopment of technology that is compatible enough with the resources provided by
nature in order to have sustainabledevelopment to all class of the society. In order to overcomethe prevailing
challenges of huge energy crises in near future, there is an urgent need for the development of electrical
vehiclesor hybrid electrical vehicles with low CO2 emissions using renewable energy sources. In view of the
above, electrochemicalcapacitors can fulfil the requirements to some extent.Preparation of nano composite
polymer gel electrolyte is the best optional product to overcome these problems. When fillers are added or
dispersed to the polymer gel electrolyte, amorphous or porous nature of electrolyte increases which enhances
the liquid absorbing quality of polymer and helps in removing the drawbacks of polymer gel electrolytes such as
leakage, poor mechanical and thermal stability etc. In this work dispersion of SiO2 nano filler is done in the
[PVdF (HFP)-PC-Mg (ClO4)2] for the synthesis of nano composite PGE [PVdF (HFP)-PC-MgClO4- SiO2].
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Theoretical study of two dimensional Nano sheet for gas sensing applicationvivatechijri
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Food is essential forliving. Food adulteration deceives consumers and can endanger their health. The
purpose of this document is to list common food adulterant methods commonly found in India. An adulterant is
a substance found in other substances such as food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, fuels, or other chemicals that
compromise the safety or effectiveness of that substance. The addition of adulterants is called adulteration. The
most common reason for adulteration is the use of undeclared materials by manufacturers that are cheaper than
the correct and declared ones. The adulterants can be harmful or reduce the effectiveness of the product, or
they can be harmless.
The novel ideas of being a entrepreneur is a key for everyone to get in the hustle, but developing a
idea from core requires a systematic plan, time management, time investment and most importantly client
attention. The Time required for developing may vary from idea to idea and strength of the team. Leadership to
build a team and manage the same throughout the peak of development is the main quality. Innovations and
Techniques to qualify the huddles is another aspect of Business Development and client Retention.
Innovation for supporting prosperity has for quite some time been a focus on numerous orders, including PC science, brain research, and human-PC connection. In any case, the meaning of prosperity isn't continuously clear and this has suggestions for how we plan for and evaluate advances that intend to cultivate it. Here, we talk about current meanings of prosperity and how it relates with and now and then is a result of self-amazing quality. We at that point center around how innovations can uphold prosperity through encounters of self-amazing quality, finishing with conceivable future bearings.
An Alternative to Hard Drives in the Coming Future:DNA-BASED DATA STORAGEvivatechijri
Demand for data storage is growing exponentially, but the capacity of existing storage media is not keeping up, there emerges a requirement for a storage medium with high capacity, high storage density, and possibility to face up to extreme environmental conditions. According to a research in 2018, every minute Google conducted 3.88 million searches, other people posted 49,000 photos on Instagram, sent 159,362,760 e-mails, tweeted 473,000 times and watched 4.33 million videos on YouTube. In 2020 it estimated a creation of 1.7 megabytes of knowledge per second per person globally, which translates to about 418 zettabytes during a single year. The magnetic or optical data-storage systems that currently hold this volume of 0s and 1s typically cannot last for quite a century. Running data centres takes vast amounts of energy. In short, we are close to have a substantial data-storage problem which will only become more severe over time. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are often potentially used for these purposes because it isn't much different from the traditional method utilized in a computer. DNA’s information density is notable, 215 petabytes or 215 million gigabytes of data can be stored in just one gram of DNA. First we can encode all data at a molecular level and then store it in a medium that will last for a while and not become out-dated just like floppy disks. Due to the improved techniques for reading and writing DNA, a rapid increase is observed in the amount of possible data storage in DNA.
The usage of chatbots has increased tremendously since past few years. A conversational interface is an interface that the user can interact with by means of a conversation. The conversation can occur by speech but also by text input. When a chatty interface uses text, it is also described as a chatbot or a conversational medium. During this study, the user experience factors of these so called chatbots were investigated. The prime objective is “to spot the state of the art in chatbot usability and applied human-computer interaction methodologies, to research the way to assess chatbots usability". Two sorts of chatbots are formulated, one with and one without personalisation factors. the planning of this research may be a two-by-two factorial design. The independent variables are the two chatbots (unpersonalised versus personalised) and thus the speci?c task or goal the user are ready to do with the chatbot within the ?nancial ?eld (a simple versus a posh task). The results are that there was no noteworthy interaction effect between personalisation and task on the user experience of chatbots. A signi?cant di?erence was found between the two tasks with regard to the user experience of chatbots, however this variation wasn't because of personalisation.
The Smart glasses Technology of wearable computing aims to identify the computing devices into today’s world.(SGT) are wearable Computer glasses that is used to add the information alongside or what the wearer sees. They are also able to change their optical properties at runtime.(SGT) is used to be one of the modern computing devices that amalgamate the humans and machines with the help of information and communication technology. Smart glasses is mainly made up of an optical head-mounted display or embedded wireless glasses with transparent heads- up display or augmented reality (AR) overlay in it. In recent years, it is been used in the medical and gaming applications, and also in the education sector. This report basically focuses on smart glasses, one of the categories of wearable computing which is very popular presently in the media and expected to be a big market in the next coming years. It Evaluate the differences from smart glasses to other smart devices. It introduces many possible different applications from the different companies for the different types of audience and gives an overview of the different smart glasses which are available presently and will be available after the next few years.
Future Applications of Smart Iot Devicesvivatechijri
With the Internet of Things (IoT) bit by bit creating as the resulting time of the headway of the Internet, it gets critical to see the diverse expected zones for the utilization of IoT and the research challenges that are connected with these applications going from splendid savvy urban areas, to medical care administrations, shrewd farming, collaborations and retail. IoT is needed to attack into for all expectations and purposes for all pieces of our day-to-day life. Despite the fact that the current IoT enabling advancements have immensely improved in the continuous years, there are so far different issues that require attention. Since the IoT ideas results from heterogeneous advancements, many examination difficulties will arise. In like manner, IoT is planning for new components of exploration to be finished. This paper presents the progressing headway of IoT advancements and inspects future applications.
Cross Platform Development Using Fluttervivatechijri
Today the development of cross-platform mobile application has under the state of compromise. The developers are not willing to choose an alternative of either building the similar app many times for many operating systems or to accept a lowest common denominator and optimal solution that will going to trade the native speed, accuracy for portability. The Flutter is an open-source SDK for creating high-performance, high fidelity mobile apps for the development of iOS and Android. Few significant features of flutter are - Just-in-time compilation (JIT), Ahead- of-time compilation (AOT compilation) into a native (system-dependent) machine code so that the resulting binary file can execute natively. The Flutter’s hot reload functionality helps us to understand quickly and easily experiment, build UIs, add features, and fix bugs. Hot reload works by injecting updated source code files into the running Dart Virtual Machine (VM). With the help of Flutter, we believe that we would be having a solution that gives us the best of both worlds: hardware accelerated graphics and UI, powered by native ARM code, targeting both popular mobile operating systems.
The Internet, today, has become an important part of our lives. The World Wide Web that was once a small and inaccessible data storage service is now large and valuable. Current activities partially or completely integrated into the physical world can be made to a higher standard. All activities related to our daily life are mapped and linked to another business in the digital world. The world has seen great strides in the Internet and in 3D stereoscopic displays. The time has come to unite the two to bring a new level of experience to the users. 3D Internet is a concept that is yet to be used and requires browsers to be equipped with in-depth visualization and artificial intelligence. When this material is included, the Internet concept of material may become a reality discussed in this paper. In this paper we have discussed the features, possible setting methods, applications, and advantages and disadvantages of using the Internet. With this paper we aim to provide a clear view of 3D Internet and the potential benefits associated with this obviously cost the amount of investment needed to be used.
Recommender System (RS) has emerged as a significant research interest that aims to assist users to seek out items online by providing suggestions that closely match their interests. Recommender system, an information filtering technology employed in many items is presented in internet sites as per the interest of users, and is implemented in applications like movies, music, venue, books, research articles, tourism and social media normally. Recommender systems research is usually supported comparisons of predictive accuracy: the higher the evaluation scores, the higher the recommender. One amongst the leading approaches was the utilization of advice systems to proactively recommend scholarly papers to individual researchers. In today's world, time has more value and therefore the researchers haven't any much time to spend on trying to find the proper articles in line with their research domain. Recommender Systems are designed to suggest users the things that best fit the user needs and preferences. Recommender systems typically produce an inventory of recommendations in one among two ways -through collaborative or content-based filtering. Additionally, both the general public and also the non-public used descriptive metadata are used. The scope of the advice is therefore limited to variety of documents which are either publicly available or which are granted copyright permits. Recommendation systems (RS) support users and developers of varied computer and software systems to beat information overload, perform information discovery tasks and approximate computation, among others.
The study LiFi (Light Fidelity) demonstrates about how can we use this technology as a medium of communication similar to Wifi . This is the latest technology proposed by Harold Haas in 2011. It explains about the process of transmitting data with the help of illumination of an Led bulb and about its speed intensity to transmit data. Basically in this paper, author will discuss about the technology and also explain that how we can replace from WiFi to LiFi . WiFi generally used for wireless coverage within the buildings while LiFi is capable for high intensity wireless data coverage in limited areas with no obstacles .This research paper represents introduction of the Lifi technology,performance,modulation and challenges. This research paper can be used as a reference and knowledge to develop some of LiFitechnology.
Social media platform and Our right to privacyvivatechijri
The advancement of Information Technology has hastened the ability to disseminate information across the globe. In particular, the recent trends in ‘Social Networking’ have led to a spark in personally sensitive information being published on the World Wide Web. While such socially active websites are creative tools for expressing one’s personality it also entails serious privacy concerns. Thus, Social Networking websites could be termed a double edged sword. It is important for the law to keep abreast of these developments in technology. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the limits of extending existing laws to battle privacy intrusions in the Internet especially in the context of social networking. It is suggested that privacy specific legislation is the most appropriate means of protecting online privacy. In doing so it is important to maintain a balance between the competing right of expression, the failure of which may hinder the reaping of benefits offered by Internet technology
THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCEvivatechijri
THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE was innovatively created by Google engineers and it is ready for production in record time. The success of Google is to attributed the efficient search algorithm, and also to the underlying commodity hardware. As Google run number of application then Google’s goal became to build a vast storage network out of inexpensive commodity hardware. So Google create its own file system, named as THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE that is GFS. THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE is one of the largest file system in operation. Generally THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE is a scalable distributed file system of large distributed data intensive apps. In the design phase of THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE, in which the given stress includes component failures , files are huge and files are mutated by appending data. The entire file system is organized hierarchically in directories and identified by pathnames. The architecture comprises of multiple chunk servers, multiple clients and a single master. Files are divided into chunks, and that is the key design parameter. THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE also uses leases and mutation order in their design to achieve atomicity and consistency. As of there fault tolerance, THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE is highly available, replicas of chunk servers and master exists.
Google File System was innovatively created by Google engineers and it is ready for production in record time. The success of Google is to attributed the efficient search algorithm, and also to the underlying commodity hardware. As Google run number of application then Google’s goal became to build a vast storage network out of inexpensive commodity hardware. So Google create its own file system, named as Google File System that is GFS. Google File system is one of the largest file system in operation. Generally Google File System is a scalable distributed file system of large distributed data intensive apps. In the design phase of Google file system, in which the given stress includes component failures , files are huge and files are mutated by appending data. The entire file system is organized hierarchically in directories and identified by pathnames. The architecture comprises of multiple chunk servers, multiple clients and a single master. Files are divided into chunks, and that is the key design parameter. Google File System also uses leases and mutation order in their design to achieve atomicity and consistency. As of there fault tolerance, Google file system is highly available, replicas of chunk servers and master exists.
A Study of Tokenization of Real Estate Using Blockchain Technologyvivatechijri
Real estate is by far one of the most trusted investments that people have preferred, being a lucrative investment it provides a steady source of income in the form of lease and rents. Although there are numerous advantages, one of the key downsides of real estate investments is lack of liquidity. Thus, even though global real estate investments amount to about twice the size of investments in stock markets, the number of investors in the real estate market is significantly lower. Block chain technology has real potential in addressing the issues of liquidity and transparency, opening the market to even retail investors. Owing to the functionality and flexibility of creating Security Tokens, which are backed by real-world assets, real estate can be made liquid with the help of Special Purpose Vehicles. Tokens of ERC 777 standard, which represent fractional ownership of the real estate can be purchased by an investor and these tokens can also be listed on secondary exchanges. The robustness of Smart Contracts can enable the efficient transfer of tokens and seamless distribution of earnings amongst the investors. This work describes Ethereum blockchainbased solutions to make the existing Real Estate investment system much more efficient.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Design and Analysis of Algorithms-DP,Backtracking,Graphs,B&B
A survey on Internet of Things (IoT) security : Challenges and Current status
1. VIVA-Tech International Journal for Research and Innovation Volume 1, Issue 4 (2021)
ISSN(Online): 2581-7280 Article No. X
PP XX-XX
VIVA Institute of Technology
9th
National Conference on Role of Engineers in Nation Building – 2021 (NCRENB-2021)
1
www.viva-technology.org/New/IJRI
A survey on Internet of Things (IoT) security : Challenges and
Current status
Bhavika Thakur1
1
Computer Engineering Department, VIVA Institute of Technology, India
Abstract : When Internet of Things (IoT) applications become a part of people’s daily life, security issues in
IoT have caught substantial attention in both academia and industry. Compared to traditional computing systems,
IoT systems have more inherent vulnerabilities, and in the intervening time, could have higher security
requirements. However, the current design of IoT does not successfully address the higher security requirements
postured by those vulnerabilities. Many recent attacks on IoT systems have shown that novel security solutions
are needed to defend this emerging system. This paper purposes to examine security challenges resulted from the
special characteristics of the IoT systems and the new features of the IoT applications. This could help pave the
road to better security solution design. Furthermore, three architectural security designs are suggested and
analyzed. Examples of how to implement these designs are discussed. Finally, for each layer in IoT architecture,
open issues are also identified.
Keywords - Architecture IoT, Challenges, Internet of Things, Open issues, Security
I. INTRODUCTION
Internet of things (IoT) is a group of many interrelated objects, services, humans, and devices that can
communicate, share data, and information to achieve a common goal in different regions and applications. IoT
has many execution domains like transportation, agriculture, healthcare, energy production and distribution.
Devices in IoT keep an eye on an Identity Management approach to be recognized in a collection of similar and
heterogeneous devices. Similarly, a region in IoT can be defined by an IP address but within each region each
entity has a unique.
The purpose of IoT is to change the way we live today by making smart devices around us carry out daily
tasks and responsibilities. Smart homes, smart cities, smart transportation and infrastructure etc. are the terms
which are used in application with IoT. There are many application domains of IoT, ranging from personal to
enterprise environments [1]. The uses in individual and social domain facilitate the IoT users to interact with their
surrounding environment, and human users to maintain and build social relationships. An additional application
of IoT is in transportation domain, in which several smart cars, smart roads, and smart traffic signals function the
purpose of safe and suitable transportation facilities. The enterprises and industries domain incorporate the
applications used in finance, banking, marketing etc. to enable different inter- and intraactivities in organizations.
The latter application domain is the service and utility monitoring sector which be made up of agriculture,
breeding, energy management, recycling operations, etc.
The IoT applications have seen rapid development in recent years due to the technologies of Radio
Frequency Identification (RFID) and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). The RFID permits the tagging or marking
of every single device, so as to function as the basic identification mechanism in IoT. Due to WSN, each “thing”
i.e. people, devices etc. becomes a wireless recognizable object and can interconnect among the physical, cyber,
and digital world [1].
The rest of this paper is structured as follows. In Section II, the security issues corresponding to dissimilar
security principles and the nature of IoT devices are presented. The section also contains the security issues that
are associated with each layer of IoT. Section III deliberates recent research that attempt to address the security
issues in IoT by some countermeasures. Section IV gives the big picture of all the examined work done in IoT.
Finally, the paper is concluded in Section V.
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II. IOT SECURITY ISSUES
Distinctive security goals of Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability (CIA) also apply to IoT. On the
other hand, the IoT has several restrictions and limitations in terms of the components and devices, computational
and power resources, and even the heterogonous and ubiquitous nature of IoT that introduce additional concerns.
This section contains of two parts: the common security features that the IoT must have, and the security issues
explicit to each layer of the IoT.
A. The Security Features of IoT
The security challenges of IoT can be generally divided into two classes; Technological challenges and
Security challenges [5]. The technological challenges rise due to the heterogeneous and pervasive nature of IoT
devices, while the security challenges are related to the principles and functionalities that should be applied to
achieve a secure network. Technological challenges are typically related to wireless technologies, scalability,
energy, and distributed nature, while security challenges require the ability to ensure security by authentication,
confidentiality, end-to-end security, integrity etc. Security should be enforced in IoT during the course of the
development and operational life span of all IoT devices and hubs [4]. To ensure security there are different
mechanisms as follows:
When an IoT device is turned on, it should primary authenticate itself into the network before
collecting or sending data.
The software running on all IoT devices should be authorized.
Since the IoT devices have limited computation and memory capabilities, firewalling is
necessary in IoT network to filter packets directed to the devices.
The updates and patches on the device should be installed in a way that additional bandwidth is
not consumed.
Given below are the security principles that should be enforced to achieve a secure communication
framework for the people, software, processes, and things.
1) Confidentiality:
It is very significant to make assured that the data is secure and only accessible to authorized users. In
IoT a user can be human, machines and services, and internal objects and external objects (devices that are not
part of the network). For example, it is crucial to make sure that sensors don’t expose the collected data to
neighboring nodes [6]. One more confidentiality issue that must be addressed is how the data will be managed. It
is important for the users of IoT to be aware of the data management mechanisms that will be applied, the process
or person responsible for the management, and to make sure that the data is protected throughout the process [7].
2) Integrity
The IoT is based on changing data between many different devices, which is why it is very important to
ensure the accuracy of the data; that it is coming from the right sender as well as to ensure that the data is not
tampered during the development of transmission due to intended or unintended interloping. The integrity feature
can be imposed by maintaining end-to-end security in IoT communication. The data traffic is managed by the use
of firewalls and protocols, but it does not guarantee the security at endpoints because of the characteristic nature
of low computational power at IoT nodes.
3) Availability
The vision of IoT is to link as many smart devices as possible. The users of the IoT should have all the
data available whenever they need it. However data is not the only component that is used in the IoT; devices and
services must also be reachable and available when needed in a timely manner in order to achieve the expectations
of IoT.
4) Authentication
For each object in the IoT must be able to clearly identify and authenticate other objects. However, this
process can be very challenging because of the nature of the IoT; many entities are involved (devices, people,
services, service providers and processing units) and one other thing is that sometimes objects may need to interact
with others for the first time (objects they do not know) [8]. Because of all this, a mechanism to mutually
authenticate entities in every interaction in the IoT is needed.
5) Lightweight Solutions
Lightweight solutions are a unique security feature that is bring together because of the restrictions in
the computational and power capabilities of the devices involved in the IoT. It is not a goal in itself rather a
restriction that must be considered while designing and implementing protocols either in encryption or
authentication of data and devices in IoT. Since these algorithms are meant to be run on IoT devices with limited
capabilities, so they ought to be compatible with the device capabilities.
6) Heterogeneity
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The IoT connects different entities with different capabilities, complexity, and different vendors. The
devices even have different dates and release versions, use different technical interfaces and bitrates, and are
designed for an altogether different functions, therefore protocols must be designed to work in all different devices
as well as in different situations [2, 4, 8]. The IoT aims at connecting device to device, human to device, and
human to human, thus it provides connection between heterogeneous things and networks [5]. One more challenge
that must be considered in IoT is that the environment is always changing (dynamics), at one time a device might
be connected to a completely different set of devices than in another time. And to ensure security optimal
cryptography system is needed with an adequate key management and security protocols.
7) Policies
There must be rules and principles to ensure that data will be managed, protected, and transmitted in an
efficient way, but more importantly a mechanism to enforce such polices is needed to ensure that every entity is
applying the standards. Service Level Agreements (SLAs) must be clearly identified in every service involved.
Current policies that are used in computer and networks security may not be applicable for IoT, due to its
heterogeneous and dynamic nature. The enforcement of such rules will introduce trust by human users in the IoT
paradigm which will eventually result in its growth and scalability.
8) Key Management Systems
In IoT, the devices and IoT sensors need to exchange some encryption materials to ensure confidentiality
of the data. For this purpose, there needs to be a lightweight key management system for all frameworks that can
enable trust between different things, and can distribute keys by consuming devices’ minimum capabilities.
B. Security Challenges in Each Layer of IoT
Each IoT layer is susceptible to security threats and attacks. These can be active, or passive, and can
originate from external sources or internal network owing to an attack by the Insider [1]. An active attack directly
stops the service while the passive kind monitors IoT network information without hindering its service. At each
layer, IoT devices and services are susceptible to Denial of Service attacks (DoS), which make the device, resource
or network unavailable to authorized users.
III. IOT SECURITY COUNTERMEASURES
IoT needs security measures at all three layers; at physical layer for data gathering, at network layer for
routing and transmission, and at application layer to maintain confidentiality, authentication, and integrity [4]. In
this section the state-of-art security measures that address the specific features and security goals of IoT are
discussed.
A. Authentication Measures
In 2011, Zhao et al. in [10] presented a mutual authentication scheme for IoT between platforms and
terminal nodes. The structure is based on hashing and feature extraction. The feature extraction was combined
with the hash function to avoid any collision attacks. This scheme actually provides a good solution for
authentication in IoT. The feature extraction process has the properties of irreversibility which is needed to ensure
security and it is light weight which is desirable in IoT. The scheme focuses on authentication process when the
platform is trying to send data to terminal nodes and not the opposite. Although the scheme will improve the
security while keeping the amount of information sent reduced, it works only on theory and there is no practical
proof to support it.
Alternative method for ID authentication at sensor nodes of IoT is presented by Wen et al. in [9]. It is a
one-time one cipher method based on request-reply mechanism. This dynamic variable cipher is executed byusing
a pre-shared matrix between the communicating parties. The parties can generate a random coordinate which will
serve as the key coordinate. Key coordinate is the thing which actually gets transmitted between two parties, not
the key itself. The key, i.e. password, is then created from this coordinate. All the messages are sent by encrypting
them with the key, along with key coordinate, device ID, and time stamp. The two devices communicate by
validating timestamps, and thus they can cancel the session based on it. This cipher can be used where securing
IoT is not very sensitive and crucial because key can be repeated for different coordinates. If key coordinate is
changed regularly, security can be optimized for that particular IoT framework. The installation of pre-shared
matrix needs to be secure for this work to be implemented for a large number of IoT devices.
Constructing correct access controls is as important as authentication for security, and these two
functionalities go hand in hand in securing IoT. To address these functionalities, Mahalle et al. [5] presented an
Identity Authentication and Capability based Access Control (IACAC) for the IoT. This research attempts to fill
the gap for an integrated protocol with both authentication and access control capabilities to achieve mutual
identity establishment in IoT. The proposed model uses a public key approach and is compatible with the
lightweight, mobile, distributed, and computationally limited nature of IoT devices and over existing access
technologies like Bluetooth, 4G, WiMax, and Wi-Fi. It prevents man-in-the-middle attacks by using a timestamp
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in the authentication message between the devices, which serves as the Message Authentication Code (MAC).
The structure works in three stages; first a secret key is produced based on Elliptical Curve Cryptography-Diffie
Hellman algorithm (ECCDH) [11], then identity establishment is made by one-way and mutual authentication
protocols, and lastly access control is implemented. The shared secret key is formed by the combination of public
key and a private parameter, and has small size and low computational overhead due to the use of Elliptic Curve
Cryptography (ECC). The access is granted by storing a capability with access rights, device identifier, and a
random number in each IoT device. This random number is the result of hashing device ID with access rights.
The IACAC model does not completely prevent DoS attacks. However, it minimizes it since access of resource
is granted to only one ID at a time.
Most of the devices involved in the perception layer of the IoT are RFID and sensors. Such devices have
extremely limited computational capability, which makes it tough to apply any cryptography algorithms to ensure
the security of the network. However, researchers in [12] introduced a light weight authentication protocol to
secure RFID tags. In unsecured RFID the attacker can gain access to the network by sniffing the Electronic Product
Key (EPC) of the victim tag and program it to another tag. By applying the authentication protocol such attacks
can be prevented. The protocol ensures mutual authentication between RFID readers and tagged items without
introducing large overhead on these devices.
B. Trust Establishment
Since, devices in IoT can physically move from one owner to another, trust should be established between
both owners to enable a smooth transition of the IoT device with respect to access control and permissions. The
work in [13] presents the concept of mutual trust for inter-system security in IoT by creating an item-level access-
control framework. It establishes trust from the creation to operation and transmission phase of IoT. This trust is
established by two mechanisms; the creation key and the token. Any new device which is created is given a
creation key by an entitlement system. This key is to be applied for by the manufacturer of the device. The token
are created by the manufacturer, or current owner, and this token is combined with the RFID identification of the
device. This mechanism ensures the change of permissions by the device itself if it is assigned a new owner, or it
is going to be operated in a different department of the same company, thus reducing the overhead of the new
owner. These tokens can be changed by the owners, provided that old token is provided, so as to supersede the
permissions and access control of the previous one. This mechanism is similar to changing the old key when a
new home is bought.
C. Federated Architecture
Not having universal policies and standards to control the design and the implementation of algorithms
in IoT makes it tough to control the security. It is important for IoT architecture to have a federated architecture
that has an internal autonomy or centralized unit to overcome the heterogeneity of various devices, softwares and
protocols. The work presented in [14] suggested a definition for federated IoT, and based on that definition an
access control delegation model is presented. The existing model takes into consideration the flexibility and
scalability that are key features in IoT systems. Another such attempt was prepared in [15] to propose a framework
called Secure Mediation GateWay (SMGW) for critical infrastructures. This approach is an abstraction of IoT as
it is relevant for any kind of distributed infrastructures that are completely different in their nature and operation.
SMGW can discover all the relevant distributed information from different nodes, and can overcome the
heterogeneity of heterogeneous nodes whether it is a telecommunication, electrical, water distribution node, and
can exchange all the messages and information over the untrusted network of Internet. This work enabled the
follow-up of another federated approach, presented in [4] to provide the framework of Smart Home based on the
SMGW.
It is not enough to have rules and standards to ensure security, mechanisms to enforce such policies are
also needed. The research by Neisse et al. in [16] addresses this issue by integrating a security toolkit named
SecKit with the MQ Telemetry Transport protocol. The current policies may not be efficient in IoT because of its
dynamic nature. The proposed policy mechanism can have good impact in ensuring the security of the IoT,
however it introduced additional delay in the process.
D. Security Awareness
Another important security measure for the success and growth of IoT framework is the awareness among
human users which are a part of the IoT network. In [17] the authors illuminated the consequences of not securing
the IoT using actual numbers. They get into IoT devices (SCADA devices, traffic control devices, web cameras,
and printers) that were openly available using either no-password or the default password. The recorded results
were very interesting and showed that many of these devices were actually accessible. If people continued with
the same unawareness towards security, and used the minimum amount of security like default password that
comes with the product, this would make the IoT to cause more harm than good. Hackers can conduct attacks
against the whole network if one of its devices is not secured.
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IV. CURRENT STATUS OF RESEARCH
IoT security is determined by the various factors and security principles discussed previously, and the
challenges that are faced by IoT security has been the focus of many researchers. In this section, an analysis of
some related work is presented and the contribution of this paper is given.
In the survey paper presented by Roman et al. in [7], a complete introduction about the IoT and security
issues along with the need to have IoT standards are included. Though, no countermeasures are provided for the
given security challenges. This work was followed by the survey analysis in [8] in which countermeasures are
provided for all security challenges. However, global policies for securing IoT and computational resources of
security solutions w.r.t. devices are not provided. The work in [2] attempts to describe the security issues at each
layer with certain security measures. But no solution is given except for encryption in the perception layer. The
analysis in [1] addresses the security threats, challenges, and requirements in detail, but presents state-of-art
countermeasures for only one security feature of access control. In [6], IoT security in terms of the main ethics of
security like confidentiality, integrity, and availability are addressed only. The authors recommended two-step
authorization using biometrics which is not applicable in case of machine-tomachine communication. The
suggested measures are not detailed and do not address the specific nature of IoT with low power heterogeneous
devices and huge network traffic. A marvelous survey for IoT, Web of Things (WoT), Social Web of Things
(SWoT) is presented in [18], in which security issues, measures and potential research information is given. In
this survey paper, the security challenges, requirements, and stateof-art measures and research are presented with
emphasis on using the latest network protocols like IPv6 and 5G to further secure the IoT paradigm.
The survey of state of art technologies to secure IoT shows that while many provide countermeasures to
cope up with different security challenges, most of them are limited to authentication, identity establishment, and
access control functionalities.
Wireless Internet Service Provider (WISPr) roaming and RADIUS are existing solutions to provide
authentication and authorization in IoT by means of Wi-Fi over the Internet. Nowadays, many smart devices
support IPv6 communications, but the existing deployments in IoT might not support it , and thus necessitates ad
hoc gateways and middlewares [19]. The survey shows that open research challenges are present to achieve
centralized autonomy in IoT devices by having a Management Hub which manages the identification management
issues in IoT.
V. CONCLUSION
The IoT framework is susceptible to attacks at each layer; hence there are many security challenges and
requirements that must be addressed. Present state of study in IoT is mainly concentrated on authentication and
access control protocols, but with the rapid advancement of technology it is important to incorporate new
networking protocols like IPv6 and 5G to achieve the dynamic mashup of IoT topology.
The major developments witnessed in IoT are mainly on small scale i.e. within companies, some
industries etc. To scale the IoT framework from one company to a group of different companies and systems,
various security concerns need to be overcome. The IoT has countless potential to transform the way we live
today. But, the foremost concern in realization of completely smart frameworks is security. If security concerns
like privacy, authentication, confidentiality, access control, end-to-end security, trust management, global policies
and standards are addressed completely, we can witness the transformation of everything by IoT in the near future.
There is need for new identification, wireless, software, and hardware technologies to resolve the currently open
research challenges in IoT like the standards for heterogeneous devices, implementation of key management and
identity establishment systems, and trust management hubs.
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