This study is focus on various two dimensional material for sensing various gases with theoretical
view for new research in gas sensing application. In this paper we review various two dimensional sheet such as
Graphene, Boron Nitride nanosheet, Mxene and their application in sensing various gases present in the
atmosphere.
Direct Synthesis Carbon/Metal Oxide Composites for Electrochemical Capacitors...drboon
This paper deals with the study of the carbon/metal oxide composites synthesis for electrochemical capacitor electrode material. Transition metal salts, such as FeCl3 and TiCl3 act as activator in the synthesis of activated carbon from gelam wood sawdust (Melaleuca cajuputi Powell) which also have the functions as substrates for the composites. The surface functionalities of activated carbons were modified using oxidative treatments. The changes on crystallography and surface functionalities were analyzed based on XRD and FTIR data. The electrical conductivities and electrochemical properties were determined using kelvin and cyclic voltammetry methods, respectively. FTIR analyses showed that the activation and oxidation treatments affected their surface functionalities. The XRD analyses showed that oxidative treatments also affected carbons crystallite. The electrical conductivities and electrochemical properties were influenced by their crystallite and surface functionalities. The shape of the cyclic voltammograms varied according to the changes on the surface functionalities and on the metals loading. TEM analyses indicated the existence of nanoparticles metal oxides in the carbon samples.
Visible light assisted reduction of nitrobenzenes using Fe(bpy)3+2/rGOnanocom...Pawan Kumar
Visible-light-induced photocatalytic reduction of aromatic nitrobenzenes to the corresponding anilinesat room temperature using reduced graphene oxide (rGO) immobilized iron(II) bipyridine complex asphotocatalyst is described. The rGO-immobilized iron catalyst exhibited superior catalytic activity thanhomogeneous iron(II) bipyridine complex and much higher than metal free rGO photocatalysts. Theheterogeneous photocatalyst was found to be robust and could easily be recovered and reused for severalruns without any significant loss in photocatalytic activity.
Direct Synthesis Carbon/Metal Oxide Composites for Electrochemical Capacitors...drboon
This paper deals with the study of the carbon/metal oxide composites synthesis for electrochemical capacitor electrode material. Transition metal salts, such as FeCl3 and TiCl3 act as activator in the synthesis of activated carbon from gelam wood sawdust (Melaleuca cajuputi Powell) which also have the functions as substrates for the composites. The surface functionalities of activated carbons were modified using oxidative treatments. The changes on crystallography and surface functionalities were analyzed based on XRD and FTIR data. The electrical conductivities and electrochemical properties were determined using kelvin and cyclic voltammetry methods, respectively. FTIR analyses showed that the activation and oxidation treatments affected their surface functionalities. The XRD analyses showed that oxidative treatments also affected carbons crystallite. The electrical conductivities and electrochemical properties were influenced by their crystallite and surface functionalities. The shape of the cyclic voltammograms varied according to the changes on the surface functionalities and on the metals loading. TEM analyses indicated the existence of nanoparticles metal oxides in the carbon samples.
Visible light assisted reduction of nitrobenzenes using Fe(bpy)3+2/rGOnanocom...Pawan Kumar
Visible-light-induced photocatalytic reduction of aromatic nitrobenzenes to the corresponding anilinesat room temperature using reduced graphene oxide (rGO) immobilized iron(II) bipyridine complex asphotocatalyst is described. The rGO-immobilized iron catalyst exhibited superior catalytic activity thanhomogeneous iron(II) bipyridine complex and much higher than metal free rGO photocatalysts. Theheterogeneous photocatalyst was found to be robust and could easily be recovered and reused for severalruns without any significant loss in photocatalytic activity.
Enrichment Factor and Geo-accumulation Index for Heavy Metals at Industrial Z...iosrjce
This field study was conducted in Al Anbar Province in Iraq in order to identify the level of
contamination inlarge industrial zones, 8samples soil had been collected with depth (0-2)cm, were analyzed by
X-ray Fluorescence for 6 metals (Pb, Ni, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu ).calculated Enrichment Factor and Geo-accumulation
Index to assess quantitatively the influences of human activities by these heavy metals.
Vapor growth of binary and ternary phosphorusbased semiconductors into TiO2 n...Pawan Kumar
We report successful synthesis of low band gap inorganic polyphosphide and TiO2 heterostructures with
the aid of short-way transport reactions. Binary and ternary polyphosphides (NaP7, SnIP, and (CuI)3P12)
were successfully reacted and deposited into electrochemically fabricated TiO2 nanotubes. Employing
vapor phase reaction deposition, the cavities of 100 mm long TiO2 nanotubes were infiltrated;
approximately 50% of the nanotube arrays were estimated to be infiltrated in the case of NaP7. Intensive
characterization of the hybrid materials with techniques including SEM, FIB, HR-TEM, Raman
spectroscopy, XRD, and XPS proved the successful vapor phase deposition and synthesis of the
substances on and inside the nanotubes. The polyphosphide@TiO2 hybrids exhibited superior water
splitting performance compared to pristine materials and were found to be more active at higher
wavelengths. SnIP@TiO2 emerged to be the most active among the polyphosphide@TiO2 materials. The
improved photocatalytic performance might be due to Fermi level re-alignment and a lower charge
transfer resistance which facilitated better charge separation from inorganic phosphides to TiO2.
Structural aspect on carbon dioxide capture in nanotubesIJRES Journal
In this work we reported the carbon dioxide adsorption (CO2) in six different nanostructures in order
to investigate the capturing capacity of the materials at nanoscale. Here we have considered the three different
nanotubes including zinc oxide nanotube (ZnONT), silicon carbide nanotube (SiCNT) and single walled carbon
nanotube (SWCNT). Three different chiralities such as zigzag (9,0), armchair (5,5) and chiral (6,4) having
approximately same diameter are analyzed. The adsorption binding energy values under various cases are
estimated with density functional theory (DFT). We observed CO2 molecule chemisorbed on ZnONT and
SiCNT’s whereas the physisorption is predominant in CNT. To investigate the structural aspect, the tubes with
defects are studied and compared with defect free tubes. We have also analyzed the electrical properties of tubes
from HOMO, LUMO energies. Our results reveal the defected structure enhance the CO2 capture and is
predicted to be a potential candidate for environmental applications.
Silicon is of great interest for use as the anode material in lithium-ion batteries due to its high
capacity. However, certain properties of silicon, such as a large volume expansion during the
lithiation process and the low diffusion rate of lithium in silicon, result in fast capacity
degradation in limited charge/discharge cycles, especially at high current rate. Therefore, the
use of silicon in real battery applications is limited. The idea of using porous silicon, to a large
extent, addresses the above-mentioned issues simultaneously. In this review, we discuss the
merits of using porous silicon for anodes through both theoretical and experimental study.
Recent progress in the preparation of porous silicon through the template-assisted approach
and the non-template approach have been highlighted. The battery performance in terms of
capacity and cyclability of each structure is evaluated.
Influence of Synthesis Route on the Formaldehyde Gas Sensing Properties of Ni...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: NiO nanostructures can be used as materials for semiconductor gas sensors to detect formaldehyde, an indoor pollutant gas, at low concentrations (< 1 ppm). In this paper, the effect of the morphology of the synthesized NiO nanostructures on gas sensing properties is reported and discussed. The NiO nanostructures were synthesized by thermal decomposition of precursors obtained by two different chemical precipitation methods, a hydrothermal route and a sol-gel technique. Thick films (8-10 µm) of the synthesized NiO nanostructures were deposited by spray coating on alumina substrates fitted with gold interdigitated electrodes and a platinum heater. The gas sensing properties of these NiO layers were studied for low concentrations of formaldehyde gas at different working temperatures. A clear difference in response characteristics was observed between the samples prepared by the different synthesis routes employed. These differences can be ascribed to the surface microstructure of materials.
metal organic framework-carbon capture and sequestrationVasiUddin Siddiqui
MOF is a porous crystal like a spunge having an enormous surface area and provide much more rooms for storage the gases preferentially hydrogen and carbon dioxide and work as storage for next generation fuel.
ABSTRACT: In our previous article, the geometrical optimizations have been performed for the (CaO)n, n = 1-
4, 6, 8, 9, and 12 cluster models, [WJERT, 2019, 5 (1), 328-341]. In this study,we have investigated the
adsorption of performance NO2gas towards metal oxide clusters (CaO)n, n = 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12) cluster models,
and focus on electron transfer between the CaO and NO2 molecule by employing density functional theory
(DFT), B3LYP method. Results show that the charge transferred goes from surface clusters to NO2 antibonding orbitals which makes more reactive, and becomes stronger. Moreover, NO2 adsorbs at the one, two
Ca2+sites forming a nitrite (NO2
−). Meanwhile, the interaction of NO2 with Lewis baseO
2−,and consequently may
form a nitrate (NO3
2−) species, which is less adsorption favorable. The total adsorption energies revealed that
NO2 gas was strongly chemisorbed on the(CaO)n, n = 2, 4, 6 and 8cluster models, whereas (CaO)n, n=3, 9 and
12 results in a weak interactions. Further, the results of optimized structure showed that the total adsorption
energies and charge transfer contributions indicated that CaO is a better acid-base than MgO, due to the
increasing basicity and bigger cationic size of the CaO. The reason for these different basicities and reactivates
can be ascribed to the different electrostatic (Madelung) potentials at the two surfaces.
International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science is an open access peer-reviewed international forum for scientists involved in research to publish quality and refereed papers. Papers reporting original research or experimentally proved review work are welcome. Papers for publication are selected through peer review to ensure originality, relevance, and readability.
Enrichment Factor and Geo-accumulation Index for Heavy Metals at Industrial Z...iosrjce
This field study was conducted in Al Anbar Province in Iraq in order to identify the level of
contamination inlarge industrial zones, 8samples soil had been collected with depth (0-2)cm, were analyzed by
X-ray Fluorescence for 6 metals (Pb, Ni, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu ).calculated Enrichment Factor and Geo-accumulation
Index to assess quantitatively the influences of human activities by these heavy metals.
Vapor growth of binary and ternary phosphorusbased semiconductors into TiO2 n...Pawan Kumar
We report successful synthesis of low band gap inorganic polyphosphide and TiO2 heterostructures with
the aid of short-way transport reactions. Binary and ternary polyphosphides (NaP7, SnIP, and (CuI)3P12)
were successfully reacted and deposited into electrochemically fabricated TiO2 nanotubes. Employing
vapor phase reaction deposition, the cavities of 100 mm long TiO2 nanotubes were infiltrated;
approximately 50% of the nanotube arrays were estimated to be infiltrated in the case of NaP7. Intensive
characterization of the hybrid materials with techniques including SEM, FIB, HR-TEM, Raman
spectroscopy, XRD, and XPS proved the successful vapor phase deposition and synthesis of the
substances on and inside the nanotubes. The polyphosphide@TiO2 hybrids exhibited superior water
splitting performance compared to pristine materials and were found to be more active at higher
wavelengths. SnIP@TiO2 emerged to be the most active among the polyphosphide@TiO2 materials. The
improved photocatalytic performance might be due to Fermi level re-alignment and a lower charge
transfer resistance which facilitated better charge separation from inorganic phosphides to TiO2.
Structural aspect on carbon dioxide capture in nanotubesIJRES Journal
In this work we reported the carbon dioxide adsorption (CO2) in six different nanostructures in order
to investigate the capturing capacity of the materials at nanoscale. Here we have considered the three different
nanotubes including zinc oxide nanotube (ZnONT), silicon carbide nanotube (SiCNT) and single walled carbon
nanotube (SWCNT). Three different chiralities such as zigzag (9,0), armchair (5,5) and chiral (6,4) having
approximately same diameter are analyzed. The adsorption binding energy values under various cases are
estimated with density functional theory (DFT). We observed CO2 molecule chemisorbed on ZnONT and
SiCNT’s whereas the physisorption is predominant in CNT. To investigate the structural aspect, the tubes with
defects are studied and compared with defect free tubes. We have also analyzed the electrical properties of tubes
from HOMO, LUMO energies. Our results reveal the defected structure enhance the CO2 capture and is
predicted to be a potential candidate for environmental applications.
Silicon is of great interest for use as the anode material in lithium-ion batteries due to its high
capacity. However, certain properties of silicon, such as a large volume expansion during the
lithiation process and the low diffusion rate of lithium in silicon, result in fast capacity
degradation in limited charge/discharge cycles, especially at high current rate. Therefore, the
use of silicon in real battery applications is limited. The idea of using porous silicon, to a large
extent, addresses the above-mentioned issues simultaneously. In this review, we discuss the
merits of using porous silicon for anodes through both theoretical and experimental study.
Recent progress in the preparation of porous silicon through the template-assisted approach
and the non-template approach have been highlighted. The battery performance in terms of
capacity and cyclability of each structure is evaluated.
Influence of Synthesis Route on the Formaldehyde Gas Sensing Properties of Ni...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: NiO nanostructures can be used as materials for semiconductor gas sensors to detect formaldehyde, an indoor pollutant gas, at low concentrations (< 1 ppm). In this paper, the effect of the morphology of the synthesized NiO nanostructures on gas sensing properties is reported and discussed. The NiO nanostructures were synthesized by thermal decomposition of precursors obtained by two different chemical precipitation methods, a hydrothermal route and a sol-gel technique. Thick films (8-10 µm) of the synthesized NiO nanostructures were deposited by spray coating on alumina substrates fitted with gold interdigitated electrodes and a platinum heater. The gas sensing properties of these NiO layers were studied for low concentrations of formaldehyde gas at different working temperatures. A clear difference in response characteristics was observed between the samples prepared by the different synthesis routes employed. These differences can be ascribed to the surface microstructure of materials.
metal organic framework-carbon capture and sequestrationVasiUddin Siddiqui
MOF is a porous crystal like a spunge having an enormous surface area and provide much more rooms for storage the gases preferentially hydrogen and carbon dioxide and work as storage for next generation fuel.
ABSTRACT: In our previous article, the geometrical optimizations have been performed for the (CaO)n, n = 1-
4, 6, 8, 9, and 12 cluster models, [WJERT, 2019, 5 (1), 328-341]. In this study,we have investigated the
adsorption of performance NO2gas towards metal oxide clusters (CaO)n, n = 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12) cluster models,
and focus on electron transfer between the CaO and NO2 molecule by employing density functional theory
(DFT), B3LYP method. Results show that the charge transferred goes from surface clusters to NO2 antibonding orbitals which makes more reactive, and becomes stronger. Moreover, NO2 adsorbs at the one, two
Ca2+sites forming a nitrite (NO2
−). Meanwhile, the interaction of NO2 with Lewis baseO
2−,and consequently may
form a nitrate (NO3
2−) species, which is less adsorption favorable. The total adsorption energies revealed that
NO2 gas was strongly chemisorbed on the(CaO)n, n = 2, 4, 6 and 8cluster models, whereas (CaO)n, n=3, 9 and
12 results in a weak interactions. Further, the results of optimized structure showed that the total adsorption
energies and charge transfer contributions indicated that CaO is a better acid-base than MgO, due to the
increasing basicity and bigger cationic size of the CaO. The reason for these different basicities and reactivates
can be ascribed to the different electrostatic (Madelung) potentials at the two surfaces.
International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science is an open access peer-reviewed international forum for scientists involved in research to publish quality and refereed papers. Papers reporting original research or experimentally proved review work are welcome. Papers for publication are selected through peer review to ensure originality, relevance, and readability.
A DFT STUDY OF CO GAS ADSORPTION ON METAL DOPED GRAPHENE SHEETvivatechijri
The interaction of Ni-doped graphene sheet with CO molecule is investigated using density
functional theory simulation to analyze the reactivity of doped graphene towards CO molecule. The adsorption
energy is calculated for energetically favorable adsorption of CO on doped graphene sheet. Our result indicates
that the structural properties of NI-doped graphene sheet are influenced by the adsorption of CO. The
electronic band structure result for CO adsorbed on the doped graphene sheet shows the significant changes in
the electronic properties of Ni-doped graphene.
A Review of Gas Sensors Based on Semiconducting Metal OxideIOSRJEEE
This study intends to provide a review of recent progress in gas sensors based on several theoretical and empirical investigations regarding semiconducting metal oxide nanostructures. Modified or doped oxide nano-wires, device structures such as electronic noses and low power consumption self-heated gas sensors, and their gas sensing performance has also been evaluate. Finally, the researcher also point out some challenges for prospect investigation and practical application.
Electrochemical Investigation of Electrolyte & Anodic Materials for Sodium Io...CrimsonPublishersRDMS
Electrochemical Investigation of Electrolyte & Anodic Materials for Sodium Ion Batteries by Majid Monajjemi* in Crimson Publishers: Peer Reviewed Material Science Journals
A NOVEL PRECURSOR IN PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NICKEL OXIDE (NIO) A...antjjournal
Synthesis of Nickel Oxide (NiO) nanoparticles and cobalt oxide (CO3O4) materials synthesis by aqueous chemical growth (ACG) Techniques. Oxide based material having a wide band gap, and suitable for optical devices,Optoelectronic devices, UV photodetector, and Light emitting diode LEDs. The analysis
and characterizationof Nickel Oxide (NiO) and cobalt oxide (CO3O4) nanoparticles by(1) X-ray diffraction (XRD), (2) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and (3) Ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy.
Studying and Comparing Sensing Capability of Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes f...IJERA Editor
In this study sensing capability of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), of both zigzag (5, 0) and
armchair (4, 4) models were investigated for adsorption of O2 and N2 molecules were investigated using density
functional theory (DFT) method. Using this computational method, it is possible to obtain much more data to
apply in medical science and industrial technologies. Geometrical optimization have carried out using standard
set and B3LYP/6-311G* basis set of Gaussian 98 program. Those parts of SWCNT which have demonstrated
more contribution in adsorption energy, ΔEads (eV) were studied and compared. Electronic configurations were
discussed and the results were interpreted
Structural and FTIR Studies of Pure and Zinc Doped SNO2NanoParticlesmsejjournal
Pure and zinc-doped tin oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by the chemical co-precipitation method.The structural studies were carried out by X-Ray Diffraction pattern. XRD pattern reveals the tetragonal
rutile structure of tin oxide nanoparticles. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy studies were used to identify the chemical information of pure and zinc-doped tin oxide nanoparticles. The crystallite size of pure tin oxide nanoparticles is 9 nm obtained from the X-ray diffraction pattern. The Zn ions are incorporated into the tin ions. It is suitable candidate for gas sensor applications.
STRUCTURAL AND FTIR STUDIES OF PURE AND ZINC DOPED SNO2NANOPARTICLESmsejjournal
Pure and zinc-doped tin oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by the chemical co-precipitation method.
The structural studies were carried out by X-Ray Diffraction pattern. XRD pattern reveals the tetragonal
rutile structure of tin oxide nanoparticles. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy studies were used to
identify the chemical information of pure and zinc-doped tin oxide nanoparticles. The crystallite size of
pure tin oxide nanoparticles is 9 nm obtained from the X-ray diffraction pattern. The Zn ions are
incorporated into the tin ions. It is suitable candidate for gas sensor applications.
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ)msejjournal
Pure and zinc-doped tin oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by the chemical co-precipitation method.
The structural studies were carried out by X-Ray Diffraction pattern. XRD pattern reveals the tetragonal
rutile structure of tin oxide nanoparticles. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy studies were used to
identify the chemical information of pure and zinc-doped tin oxide nanoparticles. The crystallite size of
pure tin oxide nanoparticles is 9 nm obtained from the X-ray diffraction pattern. The Zn ions are
incorporated into the tin ions. It is suitable candidate for gas sensor applications.
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Understanding the Impact and Challenges of Corona Crisis on Education Sector...vivatechijri
n the second week of March 2020, governments of all states in a country suddenly declared
shutting down of all colleges and schools for a temporary period of time as an immediate measure to stop the
spread of pandemic that is of novel corona virus. As the days pass by almost close to a month with no certainty
when they will again reopen. Due to pandemic like this an alarm bells have started sounding in the field of
education where a huge impact can be seen on teaching and learning process as well as on the entire education
sector in turn. The pandemic disruption like this is actually gave time to educators of today to really think about
the sector. Through the present research article, the author is highlighting on the possible impact of
coronavirus on education sector with the future challenges for education sector with possible suggestions.
LEADERSHIP ONLY CAN LEAD THE ORGANIZATION TOWARDS IMPROVEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT vivatechijri
This paper is explaining that how only leadership is responsible for sustainable improvement and
growth and only it can lead the organization towards improvement and overall development. Leadership and its
effectiveness are discussed in this research work and also how leadership is a different way of the success of the
organization and different from the traditional management to create true work-culture and good-will of the
organization in the social scene. Leadership is only responsible in bringing positive and negative change in the
organization; if the leadership doesn’t have the concern in the organization, the organization will not be able to
lead in the right direction towards improvement and development.
The topic of assignment is a critical problem in mathematics and is further explored in the real
physical world. We try to implement a replacement method during this paper to solve assignment problems with
algorithm and solution steps. By using new method and computing by existing two methods, we analyse a
numerical example, also we compare the optimal solutions between this new method and two current methods. A
standardized technique, simple to use to solve assignment problems, may be the proposed method
Structural and Morphological Studies of Nano Composite Polymer Gel Electroly...vivatechijri
n today’s society, we stand before a change in energy scarcity. As our civilization grows, many
countries in thedeveloping world seek to have the standard of living that has been exclusive to a few nations, so
their arises a need in thedevelopment of technology that is compatible enough with the resources provided by
nature in order to have sustainabledevelopment to all class of the society. In order to overcomethe prevailing
challenges of huge energy crises in near future, there is an urgent need for the development of electrical
vehiclesor hybrid electrical vehicles with low CO2 emissions using renewable energy sources. In view of the
above, electrochemicalcapacitors can fulfil the requirements to some extent.Preparation of nano composite
polymer gel electrolyte is the best optional product to overcome these problems. When fillers are added or
dispersed to the polymer gel electrolyte, amorphous or porous nature of electrolyte increases which enhances
the liquid absorbing quality of polymer and helps in removing the drawbacks of polymer gel electrolytes such as
leakage, poor mechanical and thermal stability etc. In this work dispersion of SiO2 nano filler is done in the
[PVdF (HFP)-PC-Mg (ClO4)2] for the synthesis of nano composite PGE [PVdF (HFP)-PC-MgClO4- SiO2].
Optimization and characterization was carried out by using various techniques.
METHODS FOR DETECTION OF COMMON ADULTERANTS IN FOODvivatechijri
Food is essential forliving. Food adulteration deceives consumers and can endanger their health. The
purpose of this document is to list common food adulterant methods commonly found in India. An adulterant is
a substance found in other substances such as food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, fuels, or other chemicals that
compromise the safety or effectiveness of that substance. The addition of adulterants is called adulteration. The
most common reason for adulteration is the use of undeclared materials by manufacturers that are cheaper than
the correct and declared ones. The adulterants can be harmful or reduce the effectiveness of the product, or
they can be harmless.
The novel ideas of being a entrepreneur is a key for everyone to get in the hustle, but developing a
idea from core requires a systematic plan, time management, time investment and most importantly client
attention. The Time required for developing may vary from idea to idea and strength of the team. Leadership to
build a team and manage the same throughout the peak of development is the main quality. Innovations and
Techniques to qualify the huddles is another aspect of Business Development and client Retention.
Innovation for supporting prosperity has for quite some time been a focus on numerous orders, including PC science, brain research, and human-PC connection. In any case, the meaning of prosperity isn't continuously clear and this has suggestions for how we plan for and evaluate advances that intend to cultivate it. Here, we talk about current meanings of prosperity and how it relates with and now and then is a result of self-amazing quality. We at that point center around how innovations can uphold prosperity through encounters of self-amazing quality, finishing with conceivable future bearings.
An Alternative to Hard Drives in the Coming Future:DNA-BASED DATA STORAGEvivatechijri
Demand for data storage is growing exponentially, but the capacity of existing storage media is not keeping up, there emerges a requirement for a storage medium with high capacity, high storage density, and possibility to face up to extreme environmental conditions. According to a research in 2018, every minute Google conducted 3.88 million searches, other people posted 49,000 photos on Instagram, sent 159,362,760 e-mails, tweeted 473,000 times and watched 4.33 million videos on YouTube. In 2020 it estimated a creation of 1.7 megabytes of knowledge per second per person globally, which translates to about 418 zettabytes during a single year. The magnetic or optical data-storage systems that currently hold this volume of 0s and 1s typically cannot last for quite a century. Running data centres takes vast amounts of energy. In short, we are close to have a substantial data-storage problem which will only become more severe over time. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are often potentially used for these purposes because it isn't much different from the traditional method utilized in a computer. DNA’s information density is notable, 215 petabytes or 215 million gigabytes of data can be stored in just one gram of DNA. First we can encode all data at a molecular level and then store it in a medium that will last for a while and not become out-dated just like floppy disks. Due to the improved techniques for reading and writing DNA, a rapid increase is observed in the amount of possible data storage in DNA.
The usage of chatbots has increased tremendously since past few years. A conversational interface is an interface that the user can interact with by means of a conversation. The conversation can occur by speech but also by text input. When a chatty interface uses text, it is also described as a chatbot or a conversational medium. During this study, the user experience factors of these so called chatbots were investigated. The prime objective is “to spot the state of the art in chatbot usability and applied human-computer interaction methodologies, to research the way to assess chatbots usability". Two sorts of chatbots are formulated, one with and one without personalisation factors. the planning of this research may be a two-by-two factorial design. The independent variables are the two chatbots (unpersonalised versus personalised) and thus the speci?c task or goal the user are ready to do with the chatbot within the ?nancial ?eld (a simple versus a posh task). The results are that there was no noteworthy interaction effect between personalisation and task on the user experience of chatbots. A signi?cant di?erence was found between the two tasks with regard to the user experience of chatbots, however this variation wasn't because of personalisation.
The Smart glasses Technology of wearable computing aims to identify the computing devices into today’s world.(SGT) are wearable Computer glasses that is used to add the information alongside or what the wearer sees. They are also able to change their optical properties at runtime.(SGT) is used to be one of the modern computing devices that amalgamate the humans and machines with the help of information and communication technology. Smart glasses is mainly made up of an optical head-mounted display or embedded wireless glasses with transparent heads- up display or augmented reality (AR) overlay in it. In recent years, it is been used in the medical and gaming applications, and also in the education sector. This report basically focuses on smart glasses, one of the categories of wearable computing which is very popular presently in the media and expected to be a big market in the next coming years. It Evaluate the differences from smart glasses to other smart devices. It introduces many possible different applications from the different companies for the different types of audience and gives an overview of the different smart glasses which are available presently and will be available after the next few years.
Future Applications of Smart Iot Devicesvivatechijri
With the Internet of Things (IoT) bit by bit creating as the resulting time of the headway of the Internet, it gets critical to see the diverse expected zones for the utilization of IoT and the research challenges that are connected with these applications going from splendid savvy urban areas, to medical care administrations, shrewd farming, collaborations and retail. IoT is needed to attack into for all expectations and purposes for all pieces of our day-to-day life. Despite the fact that the current IoT enabling advancements have immensely improved in the continuous years, there are so far different issues that require attention. Since the IoT ideas results from heterogeneous advancements, many examination difficulties will arise. In like manner, IoT is planning for new components of exploration to be finished. This paper presents the progressing headway of IoT advancements and inspects future applications.
Cross Platform Development Using Fluttervivatechijri
Today the development of cross-platform mobile application has under the state of compromise. The developers are not willing to choose an alternative of either building the similar app many times for many operating systems or to accept a lowest common denominator and optimal solution that will going to trade the native speed, accuracy for portability. The Flutter is an open-source SDK for creating high-performance, high fidelity mobile apps for the development of iOS and Android. Few significant features of flutter are - Just-in-time compilation (JIT), Ahead- of-time compilation (AOT compilation) into a native (system-dependent) machine code so that the resulting binary file can execute natively. The Flutter’s hot reload functionality helps us to understand quickly and easily experiment, build UIs, add features, and fix bugs. Hot reload works by injecting updated source code files into the running Dart Virtual Machine (VM). With the help of Flutter, we believe that we would be having a solution that gives us the best of both worlds: hardware accelerated graphics and UI, powered by native ARM code, targeting both popular mobile operating systems.
The Internet, today, has become an important part of our lives. The World Wide Web that was once a small and inaccessible data storage service is now large and valuable. Current activities partially or completely integrated into the physical world can be made to a higher standard. All activities related to our daily life are mapped and linked to another business in the digital world. The world has seen great strides in the Internet and in 3D stereoscopic displays. The time has come to unite the two to bring a new level of experience to the users. 3D Internet is a concept that is yet to be used and requires browsers to be equipped with in-depth visualization and artificial intelligence. When this material is included, the Internet concept of material may become a reality discussed in this paper. In this paper we have discussed the features, possible setting methods, applications, and advantages and disadvantages of using the Internet. With this paper we aim to provide a clear view of 3D Internet and the potential benefits associated with this obviously cost the amount of investment needed to be used.
Recommender System (RS) has emerged as a significant research interest that aims to assist users to seek out items online by providing suggestions that closely match their interests. Recommender system, an information filtering technology employed in many items is presented in internet sites as per the interest of users, and is implemented in applications like movies, music, venue, books, research articles, tourism and social media normally. Recommender systems research is usually supported comparisons of predictive accuracy: the higher the evaluation scores, the higher the recommender. One amongst the leading approaches was the utilization of advice systems to proactively recommend scholarly papers to individual researchers. In today's world, time has more value and therefore the researchers haven't any much time to spend on trying to find the proper articles in line with their research domain. Recommender Systems are designed to suggest users the things that best fit the user needs and preferences. Recommender systems typically produce an inventory of recommendations in one among two ways -through collaborative or content-based filtering. Additionally, both the general public and also the non-public used descriptive metadata are used. The scope of the advice is therefore limited to variety of documents which are either publicly available or which are granted copyright permits. Recommendation systems (RS) support users and developers of varied computer and software systems to beat information overload, perform information discovery tasks and approximate computation, among others.
The study LiFi (Light Fidelity) demonstrates about how can we use this technology as a medium of communication similar to Wifi . This is the latest technology proposed by Harold Haas in 2011. It explains about the process of transmitting data with the help of illumination of an Led bulb and about its speed intensity to transmit data. Basically in this paper, author will discuss about the technology and also explain that how we can replace from WiFi to LiFi . WiFi generally used for wireless coverage within the buildings while LiFi is capable for high intensity wireless data coverage in limited areas with no obstacles .This research paper represents introduction of the Lifi technology,performance,modulation and challenges. This research paper can be used as a reference and knowledge to develop some of LiFitechnology.
Social media platform and Our right to privacyvivatechijri
The advancement of Information Technology has hastened the ability to disseminate information across the globe. In particular, the recent trends in ‘Social Networking’ have led to a spark in personally sensitive information being published on the World Wide Web. While such socially active websites are creative tools for expressing one’s personality it also entails serious privacy concerns. Thus, Social Networking websites could be termed a double edged sword. It is important for the law to keep abreast of these developments in technology. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the limits of extending existing laws to battle privacy intrusions in the Internet especially in the context of social networking. It is suggested that privacy specific legislation is the most appropriate means of protecting online privacy. In doing so it is important to maintain a balance between the competing right of expression, the failure of which may hinder the reaping of benefits offered by Internet technology
THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCEvivatechijri
THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE was innovatively created by Google engineers and it is ready for production in record time. The success of Google is to attributed the efficient search algorithm, and also to the underlying commodity hardware. As Google run number of application then Google’s goal became to build a vast storage network out of inexpensive commodity hardware. So Google create its own file system, named as THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE that is GFS. THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE is one of the largest file system in operation. Generally THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE is a scalable distributed file system of large distributed data intensive apps. In the design phase of THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE, in which the given stress includes component failures , files are huge and files are mutated by appending data. The entire file system is organized hierarchically in directories and identified by pathnames. The architecture comprises of multiple chunk servers, multiple clients and a single master. Files are divided into chunks, and that is the key design parameter. THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE also uses leases and mutation order in their design to achieve atomicity and consistency. As of there fault tolerance, THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE is highly available, replicas of chunk servers and master exists.
Google File System was innovatively created by Google engineers and it is ready for production in record time. The success of Google is to attributed the efficient search algorithm, and also to the underlying commodity hardware. As Google run number of application then Google’s goal became to build a vast storage network out of inexpensive commodity hardware. So Google create its own file system, named as Google File System that is GFS. Google File system is one of the largest file system in operation. Generally Google File System is a scalable distributed file system of large distributed data intensive apps. In the design phase of Google file system, in which the given stress includes component failures , files are huge and files are mutated by appending data. The entire file system is organized hierarchically in directories and identified by pathnames. The architecture comprises of multiple chunk servers, multiple clients and a single master. Files are divided into chunks, and that is the key design parameter. Google File System also uses leases and mutation order in their design to achieve atomicity and consistency. As of there fault tolerance, Google file system is highly available, replicas of chunk servers and master exists.
A Study of Tokenization of Real Estate Using Blockchain Technologyvivatechijri
Real estate is by far one of the most trusted investments that people have preferred, being a lucrative investment it provides a steady source of income in the form of lease and rents. Although there are numerous advantages, one of the key downsides of real estate investments is lack of liquidity. Thus, even though global real estate investments amount to about twice the size of investments in stock markets, the number of investors in the real estate market is significantly lower. Block chain technology has real potential in addressing the issues of liquidity and transparency, opening the market to even retail investors. Owing to the functionality and flexibility of creating Security Tokens, which are backed by real-world assets, real estate can be made liquid with the help of Special Purpose Vehicles. Tokens of ERC 777 standard, which represent fractional ownership of the real estate can be purchased by an investor and these tokens can also be listed on secondary exchanges. The robustness of Smart Contracts can enable the efficient transfer of tokens and seamless distribution of earnings amongst the investors. This work describes Ethereum blockchainbased solutions to make the existing Real Estate investment system much more efficient.
A Study of Data Storage Security Issues in Cloud Computingvivatechijri
Cloudcomputingprovidesondemandservicestoitsclients.Datastorageisamongoneoftheprimaryservices providedbycloudcomputing.Cloudserviceproviderhoststhedataofdataownerontheirserverandusercan accesstheirdatafromtheseservers.Asdata,ownersandserversaredifferentidentities,theparadigmofdata storagebringsupmanysecuritychallenges.Anindependentmechanismisrequiredtomakesurethatdatais correctlyhostedintothecloudstorageserver.Inthispaper,wewilldiscussthedifferenttechniquesthatare usedforsecuredatastorageoncloud. Cloud computing is a functional paradigm that is evolving and making IT utilization easier by the day for consumers. Cloud computing offers standardized applications to users online and in a manner that can be accessed regularly. Such applications can be accessed by as many persons as permitted within an organization without bothering about the maintenance of such application. The Cloud also provides a channel to design and deploy user applications including its storage space and database without bothering about the underlying operating system. The application can run without consideration for on premise infrastructure. Also, the Cloud makes massive storage available both for data and databases. Storage of data on the Cloud is one of the core activities in Cloud computing. Storage utilizes infrastructure spread across several geographical locations.
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Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Theoretical study of two dimensional Nano sheet for gas sensing application
1. VIVA-Tech International Journal for Research and Innovation Volume 1, Issue 4 (2021)
ISSN(Online): 2581-7280
VIVA Institute of Technology
9th
National Conference on Role of Engineers in Nation Building – 2021 (NCRENB-2021)
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Theoretical study of two dimensional Nano sheet for gas sensing
application
Deepak Dubey1
, Dr.Ajazul Haque2
, Dr.J.C.Jain3
, Ramashankar Prajapati4
1
(Viva Institute of Technology, University of Mumbai,, India)
2
(Viva Institute of Technology, University of Mumbai,, India)
3
(Viva Institute of Technology, University of Mumbai,, India)
4
(Viva Institute of Technology, University of Mumbai,, India)
Abstract :This study is focus on various two dimensional material for sensing various gases with theoretical
view for new research in gas sensing application. In this paper we review various two dimensional sheet such as
Graphene, Boron Nitride nanosheet, Mxene and their application in sensing various gases present in the
atmosphere.
Keywords -Two dimension, Gas sensor, Graphene, Mxene. Boron Nitride
I. INTRODUCTION
Due to industrialization gas usage has increased in various applications. Gas sensing material has an
increasing application in the automobile industry, environmental studies and in the medical field In this century
air pollution causing major damage to various countries in their progress. Also increasing pollution increases at
a particular level that will cause huge impact on citizens' health living in that particular area. An accurate,
effective and efficient gas sensor is needed in today's world which can precisely sense the various gases present
in the atmosphere. Chemiresistive sensors detect gases by a chemical reaction when the gases are in direct
contact with the sensor's surface which causes change of its electrical resistance depending upon sensing
materials and gas concentration. Sensors need to be accurate, sensitive and selective. Two dimensional Nano
sheet has successfully developed by various scientist around the globe. In this study we review in detail about
various two dimensional Nano sheet structure and their application in sensing various gases in
atmosphere.Nanosheet is an important segment of nanophysics it has attracted interest in the field of
nanotechnology due to unique mechanical, thermal, chemical properties.
II.GRAPHENE SHEET
Graphene sheet has connected carbons in sp2
hybridization it is a crystalline allotrope of carbon and a
zero band gap semiconductor, it’s conduction band and valence band meet at Dirac point with the thinnest 2D
material with largest surface area ,highest strength and stiffness. Graphene’s fascinating properties make it very
important material for various applications. Graphene properties could be improved by two different method by
doping different atoms in pristine graphene or by decorating surface with atoms. Different group of scientist
have reported Boron and nitrogen doped graphene, AL-doped graphene.
one of the research carried out by Zheng, et al for Graphene sheets doped by different elements acts as
a sensor for sensing CO2 greenhouse gas present in the environment. In their work in graphene Nano sheets one
carbon atom is doped by (B,N,P,Al). They studied the interaction of CO2 gas molecules with this metal doped
graphene~(MG).
From their studies they found Al-MG to be more sensitive to CO2 gas molecules than other metal
atoms. Wedong wang , et al studied the adsorption of CO molecules on doped graphene they investigated
various suitable sites and orientation for CO adsorption on doped graphene. Pristine graphene can only
physisoabsorb CO molecules, the interaction between CO and N-doped graphene has certain enhancement, but
still belongs to physical adsorption.
2. VIVA-Tech International Journal for Research and Innovation Volume 1, Issue 4 (2021)
ISSN(Online): 2581-7280
VIVA Institute of Technology
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National Conference on Role of Engineers in Nation Building – 2021 (NCRENB-2021)
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Al-doped graphene is strongly reactive to CO molecule, and Al-doped graphene will be a good candidate for
sensing CO gas.
III. Boron Nitride Nano sheet
Boron nitride Nano sheet is a two-dimensional crystalline form of the hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN),
which has a thickness of one to few atomic layer. BN Nano sheets consist of sp2
-conjugated boron and nitrogen
atoms that form a honeycomb structure. They contain two different edges: armchair and zig-zag. The armchair
edge consists of either boron or nitrogen atoms, while the zig-zag edge consists of alternating boron and
nitrogen atoms. These 2D structures can stack on top of each other and are held by Van der Waals forces to
form few-layer boron nitride Nano sheets. In these structures, the boron atoms of one sheet are positioned on top
or below the nitrogen atoms due to electron-deficient nature of boron and electron-rich nature of nitrogen’s. It is
similar in geometry to its all-carbon analog graphene, but has very different chemical and electronic properties –
contrary to the black and highly conducting graphene, BN Nano sheets are electrical insulators with a band gap
of ~5.9 eV, and therefore appear white in color.
In particular, we propose to study the functionalization of Nano sheet by various effective
functionalization methods and study its interaction with various molecules such as CO, CO2, O2, CH4, etc.
Hexagonal BN sheets possess polar B–N bonds and a wide band gap Zhang et al. have investigated adsorption
mechanisms of carbon monoxide on BN sheets with various modifications, including Al doping,
monovacancies, and Stone–Wales defects via density functional theory (DFT). It was found that the modified
sheet is more sensitive than the pristine sheet for detecting CO molecules. In this work, by means of DFT
calculations, we investigate the adsorption of N2O molecules on pristine and Al-doped BN sheets to verify
whether or not the sheets can be used as gas sensors in environmental monitoring. Besides the interest in N2O as
a greenhouse gas, there is also a need to monitor N2O gas. The adsorption of phosgene (COCl2) on pristine, Al-
and Si-doped boron nitride Nano flakes (BNNFs) is studied using density functional theory calculations. The
adsorption energies of the most stable complexes, formed from interaction between COCl2 and the pristine, Al-
and Si-doped BNNFs are −28.97, −78.71 and −171.60 kJ/mol at the M06-2X/6-31 + G* level of theory,
respectively. It is found that COCl2 experiences a chemisorption interaction over the doped BNNFs,
significantly altering its structure with respect to the gas-phase molecule. The COCl2 adsorption can also induce
a change in the HOMO–LUMO or SOMO–LUMO energy gap of the surface. In particular, the adsorption of
COCl2 is found to decrease the HOMO–LUMO energy gap of Al-doped BNNF by about 30%. It is suggested
that the Al- or Si-doped BNNFs can be considered as a potential material for detecting toxic COCl2.
IV. MXenes
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A family of 2D transition metal carbides and nitrides, named as MXenes, is among the most recent 2D
materials. The term MAX phases, a large group of ternary carbides and nitrides with hexagonal layered
structure, reflect the chemical composition: Mn+1XnTx, where n = 1, 2, or 3 where “M” is an early transition
metal, (Sc, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, ) “X” is carbon, nitrogen, or both and Tx stands for surface
termination (for example OH, O, or F ). About 70 different MXenes have been experimentally synthesized so
far. The structures and properties of about dozens have been theoretically predicted. Such versatile chemistry of
MXenes further allows their properties to be tailored for particular applications such as energy storage,
electromagnetic interference shielding, water purification, gas and biosensors, lubrication, and catalysis. Some
examples (Ti2CTx16 , Ti3CTx15 Nb4C3Tx19 ).
Yu et al. using monolayer Ti2CO2 for NH3 detection. Since only Ti2CO2 has semiconducting properties the
Ti2CO2 was explored by the first-principles simulation. Based on O-functionalized monolayer Ti2CO2presenting
the most stable structure, possible absorption sites of gas molecules were investigated to compute adsorption
energy and charge transfer. As to NH3, the strongest binding site was found where the N atom is located directly
above the Ti atom in Ti2CO2 with −0.37eV adsorption energy and 0.174e charge transfer from NH3 to
Ti2CO2 ( In the density of state (DOS), the electronic charges are strongly overlapped, which causes orbital
mixing and large charge transfer between NH3 and Ti2CO2, suggesting chemisorption. Other gas molecules (H2,
CH4, CO, CO2, N2, NO2, and O2) showed much lower gas adsorption energy and charge transfer than NH3.
Junkaew et al. examined the adsorption behavior of gas molecules on four MXenes (M2C, M =Ti, V, Nb, Mo)
and their O-terminated surfaces with the electronic charge properties. The O-terminated MXenes showed better
selectivity toward particular gas species. For example, Ti2CO2 and Nb2CO2 absorb NH3 stronger than others,
whereas Mo2CO2andV2CO2 preferto absorb NO.
V. METHODOLOGY
Theoretical simulation such as density functional theory (DFT)-based first-principles can be a very
effective approach to analyze and predict gas sensing properties of materials. DFT-based first-principles
simulation is a quantum mechanical method to investigate the electronic structure of materials using
Schrödinger equation, from which physical properties are further to be predicted. In this theory, five basic
physical constants were used; electron mass, electron charge, Planck constant, speed of light, and Boltzmann
constant without any empirical constants. Recently, DFT has been upgraded to the density functional theory plus
(DFT + U) method by adding the Hubbard U terms to the Hamiltonian, in which strong magnetic correlations
between 5 f electrons were corrected for a more accurate description of structures and properties with a strong
correlation system. Along with the DFT theory, the first-principles dynamics method combining the first-
principles and the classical molecular dynamics methods has also been widely used. It became a popular tool for
modeling collective interaction of atoms within classical mechanics with strong relevance to atomic
coordination and their energy.
VI CONCLUSION
After reviewing various papers, we concluded that a two dimensional Nano sheet has tremendous scope and
application in various fields of science. Two dimensional Nano sheets can be a potential candidate in gas
sensing applications because of small size, large surface area Nano sheets can be very effective in selective
absorption of various gas present in the atmosphere. There is a large scope for two dimensional Nano sheets in
gas sensing applications which needs to explore in the coming future.
4. VIVA-Tech International Journal for Research and Innovation Volume 1, Issue 4 (2021)
ISSN(Online): 2581-7280
VIVA Institute of Technology
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National Conference on Role of Engineers in Nation Building – 2021 (NCRENB-2021)
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