This document provides an overview of Internet of Things (IoT), including what IoT is, its advantages, common layers and protocols, applications, and challenges. The key points are: IoT refers to physical objects embedded with sensors, processing, and software that can connect and exchange data over networks. Its advantages include ubiquitousness, device interoperability, and real-time access. Common layers are sensors, compressive sensing, protocols like MQTT, and hierarchies from edge to cloud. Popular applications areas are smart cities, healthcare, industry, agriculture, and more. Challenges to IoT include limited battery life, vulnerable sensors, connectivity issues, and security threats.

1. A Brief Introduction to Internet of Things & It’s Applications
-Aakashjit Bhattacharya

2. What is Internet of things (IoT)
The IoT describes physical objects (or groups of such
objects) that are embedded with sensors, processing
ability, software, and other technologies, and that connect
and exchange data with other devices and systems over
any communications networks

3. Advantages of IoT
Ubiquitousness
Device Interoperability
Ease of Access in real-time

4. Layers of IoT

5. Sensors
Types based on purpose
Type 1: Temperature, Humidity
Type 2 : Obstacle sensor

6. Compressive
Sensing
Based IoT
• Reference: Djelouat, Hamza, Abbes Amira, and Faycal Bensaali.
"Compressive sensing-based IoT applications: A review." Journal of Sensor
and Actuator Networks 7, no. 4 (2018): 45.

7. Most Common IoT Protocol
(MQTT)
Ref: [1] mqtt.org

8. Features of MQTT
Ref: [1] mqtt.org

9. Cloud
Fog
Edge
Hierarchy
Latency
Decreases
Storage,
Computation
Increases

10. What is Smart City
• Smart city focuses on applying the next-generation
information technology to all walks of life, embedding
sensors and equipment to hospitals, power grids,
railways, bridges, tunnels, roads, buildings, water
systems, dams, oil and gas pipelines and other objects in
every corner of the world, and forming the “Internet of
Things” via the Internet [2].
• “Smart city” is defined by IBM as the use of
information and communication technology to sense,
analyze and integrate the key information of core
systems in running cities [2].
• Smart city can make intelligent response to different
kinds of needs, including daily livelihood, environmental
protection, public safety and city services, industrial and
commercial activities [3].
[2] Su, Kehua, Jie Li, and Hongbo Fu. "Smart city and the applications." In 2011 international conference on electronics, communications and control (ICECC), pp. 1028-1031. IEEE, 2011.
[3] Qin, Honghua, Hanqing Li, and Xia Zhao. "Development status of domestic and foreign smart city." Global Presence 9 (2010): 50-52.

11. Applications
of IoT
• Internet of Health Things
• Industry 4.0
• Agriculture 4.0
• Mobile Crowd Sourcing
• Internet of Underwater Things
• Internet of Battle Things
• Internet of Drone Things
• Smart Home

12. Example for Application of IoT in
Agriculture

13. Example for Application of IoT in
Agriculture (Contd…)

14. Advantage
of IoT of IoT

15. Hardware
Software
interaction

16. Deterministic
Finite State
Automata
S2
Q: finite set of states
∑: finite set of the input symbol
q0: initial state
F: final state
δ: Transition function
Q: {On, Off}
∑: {S1, S2}
q0: {On}
F: {Off}
δ: Q x ∑→Q
Off
On
S1
S1
S2
Initial
State
Input
“S1”
Input
“S2”
On Off On
Off Off On
Examples DFA To Turn Fan On and Off Using IoT

17. Challenges in
IoT
• Limited Battery Backup
• Sensors are prone to damage (e.g. sensor
with metallic tips)
• Improper Network Connectivity
• Cyber Security Threats

18. Communication
Technologies

19. Upcoming Network Technologies and Generations
5G NB-IOT 6G WI-FI 6

20. Thank You
Email: aakashjit.iitkgp@gmail.com