The document discusses the growth of internet-connected devices (IoT) and the risks posed by inadequate security for these devices. It provides strategic principles and best practices for securing IoT devices and systems. The key risks include malicious actors manipulating device data to cause privacy breaches, business disruptions, infrastructure failures. The principles are meant to guide IoT developers, manufacturers, service providers and users in designing, building and deploying secure IoT. Incorporating security from the start, through practices like unique passwords and up-to-date software, is emphasized to reduce risks and costs of breaches.
The Internet of Things (IoT) promises to change the way enterprises connect, communicate, operate, and compete. At the same time, the IoT has left enterprise networks and IoT devices extremely vulnerable to security breaches. Current IoT devices and infrastructures are simply not equipped to tackle today’s sophisticated attack methods. Vulnerabilities can be easily exploited unless security is embedded from the inside out – from conception, deployment, and maintenance, to the network edge and across connected devices and infrastructures.
Watch this previously recorded webinar event with special guest Karthik Sundaram of Frost & Sullivan as he expands on his recently published research, “Cybersecurity in the Era of Industrial IoT". Leveraging insights from actual use cases, new policy initiatives, and available solutions, the research explores cybersecurity approaches, including a deep dive into the concept of “defense-in-depth” and its implications for a converged IT-OT environment in the future.
Internet of Things (IoT) is becoming an emerging trend superseding other technologies and researchers considered it as the future of internet. As now the connectivity to the World Wide Web is becoming highly available cost is drastically decreasing so everyone can afford the technology. As Internet of Things provides a great opportunity to develop an important industrial systems and applications with the help of various kind of sensors that can sense out the environment using number of devices that is connected to the internet, usage of IoT is drastically increasing and becoming a common thing. With this sky-rocketed usage and the demand, Communication and storing of the information faces serious security issues as the security of IoT devices become just an afterthought when manufacturing most of the devices. This study tries to summarize this IoT security issues in terms of primary information security concepts confidentiality, integrity and availability with regards to its architecture.
The Internet of Things (IoT) promises to change the way enterprises connect, communicate, operate, and compete. At the same time, the IoT has left enterprise networks and IoT devices extremely vulnerable to security breaches. Current IoT devices and infrastructures are simply not equipped to tackle today’s sophisticated attack methods. Vulnerabilities can be easily exploited unless security is embedded from the inside out – from conception, deployment, and maintenance, to the network edge and across connected devices and infrastructures.
Watch this previously recorded webinar event with special guest Karthik Sundaram of Frost & Sullivan as he expands on his recently published research, “Cybersecurity in the Era of Industrial IoT". Leveraging insights from actual use cases, new policy initiatives, and available solutions, the research explores cybersecurity approaches, including a deep dive into the concept of “defense-in-depth” and its implications for a converged IT-OT environment in the future.
Internet of Things (IoT) is becoming an emerging trend superseding other technologies and researchers considered it as the future of internet. As now the connectivity to the World Wide Web is becoming highly available cost is drastically decreasing so everyone can afford the technology. As Internet of Things provides a great opportunity to develop an important industrial systems and applications with the help of various kind of sensors that can sense out the environment using number of devices that is connected to the internet, usage of IoT is drastically increasing and becoming a common thing. With this sky-rocketed usage and the demand, Communication and storing of the information faces serious security issues as the security of IoT devices become just an afterthought when manufacturing most of the devices. This study tries to summarize this IoT security issues in terms of primary information security concepts confidentiality, integrity and availability with regards to its architecture.
With rapid growth of science and information technology, Internet of things (IoT) becomes as an integral part of daily life. The applications of IoT are expanded starting from connected cars, wearables, connected health, smart retail and healthcare. However, security issues are increasing with the increase of its use. Lack of compliances on the part of IoT manufacturers, lack of user knowledge and awareness, device update and management, lack of physical hardening and botnet attacks are considered as the major reasons for security issues in IoT based applications. In this aspect, it becomes important to analyze security issues involved with IoT and its impact on the users that has been performed in the present study
A Study on Device Oriented Security Challenges in Internet of Things (IoT)Eswar Publications
Internet of Things (IoT) basically discusses about the connection of various physical devices through a network
and let them take an active part by exchanging information through Internet. This paper presents important applications of IoT and the different challenges of IoT. Out of the various challenges, attacks on the devices used in IoT are of serious concern. Device oriented attacks and the defensive mechanisms are studied in this paper. A comparison is done for the specific malicious attacks on the M2M communicating devices.
All The Things: Security, Privacy & Safety in a World of Connected DevicesJohn D. Johnson
Much of our technology today is connected to the Internet and communicating information about us, our homes and businesses, back to manufacturers in order to give us something of value in return. It is estimated that by 2025, there may be as many as 80 billion Internet of Things (IoT) devices connected to the Internet. As IoT becomes a normal part of our everyday lives, at home, on the road, and at the office, privacy, security and safety become paramount.
This presentation will set the stage: What is IoT? How is it used today? How will it be used in the future? IoT provides both opportunities and risk to society, and IoT devices need to be secured as this world of connected devices become critical to how society functions.
An Internet of Things Reference Architecture Symantec
The Internet of Things (IoT) already helps billions of people. Thousands of smart, connected devices deliver new experiences to people throughout the world, lowering costs, sometimes by billions of dollars. Examples include connected cars, robotic manufacturing, smarter medical equipment, smart grid, and countless industrial control systems. Unfortunately, this growth in connected devices brings increased security risks. Threats quickly evolve to target this rich and vulnerable landscape. Serious risks include physical harm to people, prolonged downtime, and damage to equipment such as pipelines, blast furnaces, and power generation facilities. As several such facilities and IoT systems have already been attacked and materially damaged, security must now be an essential consideration for anyone making or operating IoT devices or systems, particularly for the industrial Internet.
Cyber Security is a crucial and rising part of concern in the present age with a rapid increase in the graph of digitization. And with an increase in the activities in cyberspace, there is also an increase in the cyber-crimes. Handling the huge volumes of data with security has become an inevitable need of the hour. Antivirus software, Firewalls, and other technological solutions help to secure this data but are not sufficient enough to prevent the cybercrooks from destructing the network and stealing confidential information. This paper mainly focuses on the issues and challenges faced by cybersecurity. It also discusses the risks, cybersecurity techniques to curb cyber-crime, cyber ethics, and cyber trends.
IoT security and privacy: main challenges and how ISOC-OTA address themRadouane Mrabet
Internet Society (ISOC) aims are:
make security an integrated function of connected objects and encourages IoT device and service providers for consumers to adopt the Online Trust Alliance (OTA) security and privacy principles ;
increase the consumer demand for security and privacy in the IoT devices they purchase;
create government policies and regulations that promote better security and privacy features in IoT devices.
White Paper: IoT Security – Protecting the Networked SocietyEricsson
The Internet of Things (IoT) is expanding rapidly, and is expected to comprise 18 billion connected devices by 2022. But the assumptions of trust which formed the backdrop to the early development of the internet no longer apply in the early stages of IoT development. Privacy and security concerns are ever increasing, especially given the growing significance of IoT in corporate, government, and critical infrastructure contexts. Likewise, the commodification of IoT components incorporated across diverse product ranges and deployed in both managed and unmanaged use cases brings significant security challenges and creates potential for novel types of attack. The proactive cooperation of all key stakeholders will be necessary to realize the considerable economic benefits of the IoT, while protecting security, safety, and privacy.
With rapid growth of science and information technology, Internet of things (IoT) becomes as an integral part of daily life. The applications of IoT are expanded starting from connected cars, wearables, connected health, smart retail and healthcare. However, security issues are increasing with the increase of its use. Lack of compliances on the part of IoT manufacturers, lack of user knowledge and awareness, device update and management, lack of physical hardening and botnet attacks are considered as the major reasons for security issues in IoT based applications. In this aspect, it becomes important to analyze security issues involved with IoT and its impact on the users that has been performed in the present study
A Study on Device Oriented Security Challenges in Internet of Things (IoT)Eswar Publications
Internet of Things (IoT) basically discusses about the connection of various physical devices through a network
and let them take an active part by exchanging information through Internet. This paper presents important applications of IoT and the different challenges of IoT. Out of the various challenges, attacks on the devices used in IoT are of serious concern. Device oriented attacks and the defensive mechanisms are studied in this paper. A comparison is done for the specific malicious attacks on the M2M communicating devices.
All The Things: Security, Privacy & Safety in a World of Connected DevicesJohn D. Johnson
Much of our technology today is connected to the Internet and communicating information about us, our homes and businesses, back to manufacturers in order to give us something of value in return. It is estimated that by 2025, there may be as many as 80 billion Internet of Things (IoT) devices connected to the Internet. As IoT becomes a normal part of our everyday lives, at home, on the road, and at the office, privacy, security and safety become paramount.
This presentation will set the stage: What is IoT? How is it used today? How will it be used in the future? IoT provides both opportunities and risk to society, and IoT devices need to be secured as this world of connected devices become critical to how society functions.
An Internet of Things Reference Architecture Symantec
The Internet of Things (IoT) already helps billions of people. Thousands of smart, connected devices deliver new experiences to people throughout the world, lowering costs, sometimes by billions of dollars. Examples include connected cars, robotic manufacturing, smarter medical equipment, smart grid, and countless industrial control systems. Unfortunately, this growth in connected devices brings increased security risks. Threats quickly evolve to target this rich and vulnerable landscape. Serious risks include physical harm to people, prolonged downtime, and damage to equipment such as pipelines, blast furnaces, and power generation facilities. As several such facilities and IoT systems have already been attacked and materially damaged, security must now be an essential consideration for anyone making or operating IoT devices or systems, particularly for the industrial Internet.
Cyber Security is a crucial and rising part of concern in the present age with a rapid increase in the graph of digitization. And with an increase in the activities in cyberspace, there is also an increase in the cyber-crimes. Handling the huge volumes of data with security has become an inevitable need of the hour. Antivirus software, Firewalls, and other technological solutions help to secure this data but are not sufficient enough to prevent the cybercrooks from destructing the network and stealing confidential information. This paper mainly focuses on the issues and challenges faced by cybersecurity. It also discusses the risks, cybersecurity techniques to curb cyber-crime, cyber ethics, and cyber trends.
IoT security and privacy: main challenges and how ISOC-OTA address themRadouane Mrabet
Internet Society (ISOC) aims are:
make security an integrated function of connected objects and encourages IoT device and service providers for consumers to adopt the Online Trust Alliance (OTA) security and privacy principles ;
increase the consumer demand for security and privacy in the IoT devices they purchase;
create government policies and regulations that promote better security and privacy features in IoT devices.
White Paper: IoT Security – Protecting the Networked SocietyEricsson
The Internet of Things (IoT) is expanding rapidly, and is expected to comprise 18 billion connected devices by 2022. But the assumptions of trust which formed the backdrop to the early development of the internet no longer apply in the early stages of IoT development. Privacy and security concerns are ever increasing, especially given the growing significance of IoT in corporate, government, and critical infrastructure contexts. Likewise, the commodification of IoT components incorporated across diverse product ranges and deployed in both managed and unmanaged use cases brings significant security challenges and creates potential for novel types of attack. The proactive cooperation of all key stakeholders will be necessary to realize the considerable economic benefits of the IoT, while protecting security, safety, and privacy.
Cybersecurity stands as the bedrock of our digital world, safeguarding systems, networks, and data from a rising tide of cyber threats. In the era of the Internet of Things (IoT), wherean ever-expanding array of devices and objects are seamlessly interconnected, the importance of cybersecurity has escalated to unprecedented levels.
A survey on Internet of Things (IoT) security : Challenges and Current statusvivatechijri
When Internet of Things (IoT) applications become a part of people’s daily life, security issues in IoT have caught substantial attention in both academia and industry. Compared to traditional computing systems, IoT systems have more inherent vulnerabilities, and in the intervening time, could have higher security requirements. However, the current design of IoT does not successfully address the higher security requirements postured by those vulnerabilities. Many recent attacks on IoT systems have shown that novel security solutions are needed to defend this emerging system. This paper purposes to examine security challenges resulted from the special characteristics of the IoT systems and the new features of the IoT applications. This could help pave the road to better security solution design. Furthermore, three architectural security designs are suggested and analyzed. Examples of how to implement these designs are discussed. Finally, for each layer in IoT architecture, open issues are also identified.
A Survey Report on : Security & Challenges in Internet of Thingsijsrd.com
In the era of computing technology, Internet of Things (IoT) devices are now popular in each and every domains like e-governance, e-Health, e-Home, e-Commerce, and e-Trafficking etc. Iot is spreading from small to large applications in all fields like Smart Cities, Smart Grids, Smart Transportation. As on one side IoT provide facilities and services for the society. On the other hand, IoT security is also a crucial issues.IoT security is an area which totally concerned for giving security to connected devices and networks in the IoT .As, IoT is vast area with usability, performance, security, and reliability as a major challenges in it. The growth of the IoT is exponentially increases as driven by market pressures, which proportionally increases the security threats involved in IoT The relationship between the security and billions of devices connecting to the Internet cannot be described with existing mathematical methods. In this paper, we explore the opportunities possible in the IoT with security threats and challenges associated with it.
Securing the Internet of Things (IoT) requires new ways of thinking that can defend the enterprise and its customers against attackers and privacy abuses. Understand the threats, and map your plan of action.
To find out more please visit: www.accenture.com/SecurityIoT
This blog presentation discusses the growing significance of IoT Security Testing in a world where billions of devices are getting connected via the Internet of Things.
Security Challenges in IoT Software Development and Possible Solutions.pdfJPLoft Solutions
However, this type of accessibility has security threats and issues. IoT devices are known to be vulnerable to security risks when they first connect to corporate networks, which may result in security breaches and expose a company's assets to cyberattacks. IoT security is essential for companies that want to reap the benefits of IoT software development and minimize security risks.
Final Research Project - Securing IoT Devices What are the Challe.docxtjane3
Final Research Project - Securing IoT Devices: What are the Challenges?
Internet security, in general, is a challenge that we have been dealing with for decades. It is a regular topic of discussion and concern, but a relatively new segment of internet security is getting most attention—internet of things (IoT). So why is internet of things security so important?
The high growth rate of IoT should get the attention of cybersecurity professionals. The rate at which new technology goes to market is inversely proportional to the amount of security that gets designed into the product. According to IHS Markit, “The number of connected IoT devices worldwide will jump 12 percent on average annually, from nearly 27 billion in 2017 to 125 billion in 2030.”
IoT devices are quite a bit different from other internet-connected devices such as laptops and servers. They are designed with a single purpose in mind, usually running minimal software with minimal resources to serve that purpose. Adding the capability to run and update security software is often not taken into consideration.
Due to the lack of security integrated into IoT devices, they present significant risks that must be addressed. IoT security is the practice of understanding and mitigating these risks. Let’s consider the challenges of IoT security and how we can address them.
Some security practitioners suggest that key IoT security steps include:
1. Make people aware that there is a threat to security;
2. Design a technical solution to reduce security vulnerabilities;
3. Align the legal and regulatory frameworks; and
4. Develop a workforce with the skills to handle IoT security.
Final Assignment - Project Plan (Deliverables):
1) Address each of the FOURIoT security steps listed above in terms of IoT devices.
2) Explain in detail, in a step-by-step guide, how to make people more aware of the problems associated with the use of IoT devices.
Bottom of Form
Top of Form
Bottom of Form
IoT References:
https://www.techrepublic.com/article/how-to-secure-your-iot-devices-from-botnets-and-other-threats/
https://www.peerbits.com/blog/biggest-iot-security-challenges.html
https://www.bankinfosecurity.asia/securing-iot-devices-challenges-a-11138
https://www.sumologic.com/blog/iot-security/
https://news.ihsmarkit.com/press-release/number-connected-iot-devices-will-surge-125-billion-2030-ihs-markit-says
https://cdn.ihs.com/www/pdf/IoT_ebook.pdf
https://go.armis.com/hubfs/Buyers%E2%80%99%20Guide%20to%20IoT%20Security%20-Final.pdf
https://www.techrepublic.com/article/smart-farming-how-iot-robotics-and-ai-are-tackling-one-of-the-biggest-problems-of-the-century/
Video Resources:What is the Internet of Things (IoT) and how can we secure it?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H_X6IP1-NDc
What is the problem with IoT security? - Gary explains
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D3yrk4TaIQQ
What are the Challenges of IoT Security?
IoT has many of the same security challenges that other systems have. There are, howe.
Final Research Project - Securing IoT Devices What are the Challe.docxlmelaine
Final Research Project - Securing IoT Devices: What are the Challenges?
Internet security, in general, is a challenge that we have been dealing with for decades. It is a regular topic of discussion and concern, but a relatively new segment of internet security is getting most attention—internet of things (IoT). So why is internet of things security so important?
The high growth rate of IoT should get the attention of cybersecurity professionals. The rate at which new technology goes to market is inversely proportional to the amount of security that gets designed into the product. According to IHS Markit, “The number of connected IoT devices worldwide will jump 12 percent on average annually, from nearly 27 billion in 2017 to 125 billion in 2030.”
IoT devices are quite a bit different from other internet-connected devices such as laptops and servers. They are designed with a single purpose in mind, usually running minimal software with minimal resources to serve that purpose. Adding the capability to run and update security software is often not taken into consideration.
Due to the lack of security integrated into IoT devices, they present significant risks that must be addressed. IoT security is the practice of understanding and mitigating these risks. Let’s consider the challenges of IoT security and how we can address them.
Some security practitioners suggest that key IoT security steps include:
1. Make people aware that there is a threat to security;
2. Design a technical solution to reduce security vulnerabilities;
3. Align the legal and regulatory frameworks; and
4. Develop a workforce with the skills to handle IoT security.
Final Assignment - Project Plan (Deliverables):
1) Address each of the FOURIoT security steps listed above in terms of IoT devices.
2) Explain in detail, in a step-by-step guide, how to make people more aware of the problems associated with the use of IoT devices.
Bottom of Form
Top of Form
Bottom of Form
IoT References:
https://www.techrepublic.com/article/how-to-secure-your-iot-devices-from-botnets-and-other-threats/
https://www.peerbits.com/blog/biggest-iot-security-challenges.html
https://www.bankinfosecurity.asia/securing-iot-devices-challenges-a-11138
https://www.sumologic.com/blog/iot-security/
https://news.ihsmarkit.com/press-release/number-connected-iot-devices-will-surge-125-billion-2030-ihs-markit-says
https://cdn.ihs.com/www/pdf/IoT_ebook.pdf
https://go.armis.com/hubfs/Buyers%E2%80%99%20Guide%20to%20IoT%20Security%20-Final.pdf
https://www.techrepublic.com/article/smart-farming-how-iot-robotics-and-ai-are-tackling-one-of-the-biggest-problems-of-the-century/
Video Resources:What is the Internet of Things (IoT) and how can we secure it?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H_X6IP1-NDc
What is the problem with IoT security? - Gary explains
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D3yrk4TaIQQ
What are the Challenges of IoT Security?
IoT has many of the same security challenges that other systems have. There are, howe ...
The Internet of Things (IoT) brings tremendous new capabilities .docxjmindy
The Internet of Things (IoT) brings tremendous new capabilities to the net -- but it also brings many new security issues. Watch the following video on securing the Internet of Things:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rZ6xoAtdF3o
Discuss the challenges of securing the IoT. Then, list five or more best practices you would recommend.
Make sure you respond to at least two other learners.
Response#1(Leburu)
Internet of Things (IoT):
The digital space has undergone major changes over the past two years and will continue to evolve, according to industry experts. The last entry in digital space is the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT can also be defined as an interaction between the software, telecommunications and electronic devices industries and promises to offer enormous opportunities for many sectors. With the advent of the Internet of Things (IoT), powered by sensors that will soon be available for billions of dollars, that will work with billions of intelligent systems and cover millions of applications, the Internet of Things will ignite a spark. Launch new consumer and business behaviors requiring increasingly intelligent industrial solutions, which in turn create billions of dollars of opportunities for the IT industry and even more for companies that benefit from the Internet of Things. (Shackelford, S. 2020).
The Internet of Things has three distinct parts: Sensors that collect data (including sensor / device identifier and address), Decision-making and data transfer to decision servers, An application that collects and analyzes this data for greater integration.
Big data analytics and mechanisms can be used to make decisions. Several countries, such as the United States, South Korea and China, have taken the will to exploit the Internet. The main players in IoT initiatives are citizens, governments, and industry. Participation and cooperation of all interested parties at an appropriate time. At this point, we require instructions to link and select key areas, then emphasize the answers to the accumulation, The Internet of Things needs to have a clear strategy and follow a simple goal with the Value-Added and Reduce-cost models. With industry associations, experience in global forums, knowledge of other major IoT countries, and the active participation of global partners, we can promote an approach. More creative based on innovation. The key to the success of the Internet lies in the development of open platforms for scalable, easy-to-use and inexpensive models and citizens, such as sensors. Data should be clearly collected and shared between functions to maximize benefits.
Lack Of Compliance On The Part Of IoT Manufacturers:
New IoT devices come out almost daily, all with undiscovered vulnerabilities. The primary source of most IoT security issues is that manufacturers do not spend enough time and resources on security.
For example, most fitness trackers with Bluetooth remain visible after the first pairing, a smart ref.
2958 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION FORENSICS AND SECURITY, .docxjesusamckone
2958 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION FORENSICS AND SECURITY, VOL. 14, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2019
Interdependent Strategic Security Risk Management
With Bounded Rationality in the Internet of Things
Juntao Chen , Student Member, IEEE, and Quanyan Zhu, Member, IEEE
Abstract— With the increasing connectivity enabled by the
Internet of Things (IoT), security becomes a critical concern,
and users should invest to secure their IoT applications. Due to
the massive devices in the IoT network, users cannot be aware
of the security policies taken by all its connected neighbors.
Instead, a user makes security decisions based on the cyber
risks that he perceives by observing a selected number of
nodes. To this end, we propose a model which incorporates
the limited attention or bounded rationality nature of players
in the IoT. Specifically, each individual builds a sparse cognitive
network of nodes to respond to. Based on this simplified cognitive
network representation, each user then determines his security
management policy by minimizing his own real-world security
cost. The bounded rational decision-makings of players and their
cognitive network formations are interdependent and thus should
be addressed in a holistic manner. We establish a games-in-
games framework and propose a Gestalt Nash equilibrium (GNE)
solution concept to characterize the decisions of agents and
quantify their risk of bounded perception due to the limited
attention. In addition, we design a proximal-based iterative
algorithm to compute the GNE. With case studies of smart
communities, the designed algorithm can successfully identify
the critical users whose decisions need to be taken into account
by the other users during the security management.
Index Terms— Risk management, bounded rationality, cogni-
tive networks, Internet of Things, smart community.
I. INTRODUCTION
RECENT years have witnessed a significant growthof urban population. As the growth continues, cities
need to become more efficient to serve the surging pop-
ulation. To achieve this objective, cities need to become
smarter with the integration of information and communication
techniques (ICTs) and urban infrastructures. Driven by the
advances in sensing, computing, storage and cloud technolo-
gies, the Internet of Things (IoT) plays a central role in
supporting the development of smart city. Though IoT enables
a highly connected world, the security of IoT becomes a
critical concern. There are 5.5 million new things connected
Manuscript received May 21, 2018; revised March 4, 2019; accepted
April 9, 2019. Date of publication April 15, 2019; date of current ver-
sion July 2, 2019. This work was supported in part by the National Sci-
ence Foundation under Award SES-1541164 and Award ECCS-1847056,
in part by the Army Research Office (ARO) under Grant W911NF1910041,
and in part by a grant through the Critical Infrastructure Resilience
Institute (CIRI). The associate editor coordinating the review of this
manuscript.
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Dr Dev Kambhampati | Strategic Principles for Securing the Internet of Things (IoT)
1. U.S. Department of Homeland Security
STRATEGIC
PRINCIPLES FOR
SECURING THE
INTERNET OF THINGS
(IoT)
Version 1.0
November 15, 2016
2. 2 of 17
INTRODUCTION
AND OVERVIEW
The growth of network-connected devices, systems, and services comprising the
Internet of Things (IoT)1
creates immense opportunities and benefits for our society.
IoT security, however, has not kept up with the rapid pace of innovation and
deployment, creating substantial safety and economic risks. This document explains
these risks and provides a set of non-binding principles and suggested best practices
to build toward a responsible level of security for the devices and systems businesses
design, manufacture, own, and operate.
Growth and Prevalence of the Internet of Things
Internet-connected devices enable seamless connections among people, networks, and
physical services. These connections afford efficiencies, novel uses, and customized
experiences that are attractive to both manufacturers and consumers. Network-connected
devices are already becoming ubiquitous in, and even essential to, many aspects of day-to-day
life, from fitness trackers, pacemakers, and cars, to the control systems that deliver water and
power to our homes. The promise offered by IoT is almost without limit.
Prioritizing IoT Security
While the benefits of IoT are undeniable, the reality is that security is not keeping up with the
pace of innovation. As we increasingly integrate network connections into our nation’s critical
infrastructure, important processes that once were performed manually (and thus enjoyed a
measure of immunity against malicious cyber activity) are now vulnerable to cyber threats. Our
increasing national dependence on network-connected technologies has grown faster than the
means to secure it.
The IoT ecosystem introduces risks that include malicious actors manipulating the flow of
information to and from network-connected devices or tampering with devices themselves,
which can lead to the theft of sensitive data and loss of consumer privacy, interruption of
business operations, slowdown of internet functionality through large-scale distributed denial-of-
service attacks, and potential disruptions to critical infrastructure.
Last year, in a cyber attack that temporarily disabled the power grid in parts of Ukraine, the
world saw the critical consequences that can result from failures in connected systems.
Because our nation is now dependent on properly functioning networks to drive so many life-
sustaining activities, IoT security is now a matter of homeland security.
1
In this context, the term IoT refers to the connection of systems and devices with primarily physical purposes (e.g.
sensing, heating/cooling, lighting, motor actuation, transportation) to information networks (including the Internet) via
interoperable protocols, often built into embedded systems.
3. 3 of 17
It is imperative that government and industry work together, quickly, to ensure the IoT
ecosystem is built on a foundation that is trustworthy and secure. In 2014, the President’s
National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee (NSTAC) highlighted the need for
urgent action.
IoT adoption will increase in both speed and scope, and [will] impact virtually all sectors of
our society. The Nation’s challenge is ensuring that the IoT’s adoption does not create
undue risk. Additionally…. there is a small—and rapidly closing—window to ensure that
IoT is adopted in a way that maximizes security and minimizes risk. If the country fails to
do so, it will be coping with the consequences for generations.2
The time to address IoT security is right now. This document sets the stage for engagement
with the public and private sectors on these key issues. It is a first step to motivate and frame
conversations about positive measures for IoT security among IoT developers, manufacturers,
service providers, and the users who purchase and deploy the devices, services, and systems.
The following principles and suggested practices provide a strategic focus on security and
enhance the trust framework that underpins the IoT ecosystem.
Overview of Strategic Principles
Many of the vulnerabilities in IoT could be mitigated through recognized security best practices,
but too many products today do not incorporate even basic security measures. There are many
contributing factors to this security shortfall. One is that it can be unclear who is responsible for
security decisions in a world in which one company may design a device, another supplies
component software, another operates the network in which the device is embedded, and
another deploys the device. This challenge is magnified by a lack of comprehensive, widely-
adopted international norms and standards for IoT security. Other contributing factors include a
lack of incentives for developers to adequately secure products, since they do not necessarily
bear the costs of failing to do so, and uneven awareness of how to evaluate the security
features of competing options.
The following principles, set forth in the next section, offer stakeholders a way to organize their
thinking about how to address these IoT security challenges:
Incorporate Security at the Design Phase
Advance Security Updates and Vulnerability Management
Build on Proven Security Practices
2
National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Report to the President on the Internet of Things,
November 19, 2014.
4. 4 of 17
Prioritize Security Measures According to Potential Impact
Promote Transparency across IoT
Connect Carefully and Deliberately
As with all cybersecurity efforts, IoT risk mitigation is a constantly evolving, shared responsibility
between government and the private sector. Companies and consumers are generally
responsible for making their own decisions about the security features of the products they
make or buy. The role of government, outside of certain specific regulatory contexts and law
enforcement activities, is to provide tools and resources so companies, consumers, and other
stakeholders can make informed decisions about IoT security.
Scope, Purpose, and Audience
The purpose of these non-binding principles is to equip stakeholders with suggested practices
that help to account for security as they develop, manufacture, implement, or use network-
connected devices. Specifically, these principles are designed for:
1 IoT developers to factor in security when a device, sensor, service, or any
component of the IoT is being designed and developed;
2 IoT manufacturers to improve security for both consumer devices and
vendor managed devices;
3
Service providers, that implement services through IoT devices, to
consider the security of the functions offered by those IoT devices, as well
as the underlying security of the infrastructure enabling these services;
and
4
Industrial and business-level consumers (including the federal
government and critical infrastructure owners and operators) to serve as
leaders in engaging manufacturers and service providers on the security of
IoT devices.
5. 5 of 17
STRATEGIC PRINCIPLES
FOR SECURING IOT
The principles set forth below are designed to improve security of IoT across the full
range of design, manufacturing, and deployment activities. Widespread adoption of
these strategic principles and the associated suggested practices would dramatically
improve the security posture of IoT. There is, however, no one-size-fits-all solution for
mitigating IoT security risks. Not all of the practices listed below will be equally relevant
across the diversity of IoT devices. These principles are intended to be adapted and
applied through a risk-based approach that takes into account relevant business
contexts, as well as the particular threats and consequences that may result from
incidents involving a network-connected device, system, or service.
Incorporate Security
at the Design Phase
Security should be evaluated as an integral
component of any network-connected device. While
there are exceptions, in too many cases economic
drivers or lack of awareness of the risks cause
businesses to push devices to market with little
regard for their security. Building security in at the
design phase reduces potential disruptions and
avoids the much more difficult and expensive
endeavor of attempting to add security to products
after they have been developed and deployed. By
focusing on security as a feature of network-
connected devices, manufacturers and service
providers also have the opportunity for market
differentiation. The practices below are some of the
most effective ways to account for security in the
earliest phases of design, development, and
production.
SUGGESTED PRACTICES:
Enable security by default through unique, hard to crack default user names and
passwords. User names and passwords for IoT devices supplied by the manufacturer are
What are the potential impacts
of not building security in
during design?
Failing to design and implement
adequate security measures
could be damaging to the
manufacturer in terms of financial
costs, reputational costs, or
product recall costs. While there
is not yet an established body of
case law addressing IoT context,
traditional tort principles of
product liability can be expected
to apply.
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often never changed by the user and are easily cracked. Botnets operate by continuously
scanning for IoT devices that are protected by known factory default user names and
passwords. Strong security controls should be something the industrial consumer has to
deliberately disable rather than deliberately enable.
Build the device using the most recent operating system that is technically viable and
economically feasible. Many IoT devices use Linux operating systems, but may not use
the most up-to-date operating system. Using the current operating system ensures that
known vulnerabilities will have been mitigated.
Use hardware that incorporates security features to strengthen the protection and
integrity of the device. For example, use computer chips that integrate security at the
transistor level, embedded in the processor, and provide encryption and anonymity.
Design with system and operational disruption in mind. Understanding what
consequences could flow from the failure of a device will enable developers,
manufacturers, and service providers to make more informed risk-based security
decisions. Where feasible, developers should build IoT devices to fail safely and securely,
so that the failure does not lead to greater systemic disruption.
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Promote Security Updates and
Vulnerability Management
Even when security is included at the design
stage, vulnerabilities may be discovered in
products after they have been deployed. These
flaws can be mitigated through patching, security
updates, and vulnerability management
strategies. In designing these strategies,
developers should consider the implications of a
device failure, the durability of the associated
product, and the anticipated cost of repair. In the
absence of the ability to deploy security updates,
manufacturers may be faced with the decision
between costly recalls and leaving devices with
known vulnerabilities in circulation.
SUGGESTED PRACTICES:
Consider ways in which to secure the device over network connections or through
automated means. Ideally, patches would be applied automatically and leverage
cryptographic integrity and authenticity protections to more quickly address vulnerabilities.
Consider coordinating software updates among third-party vendors to address
vulnerabilities and security improvements to ensure consumer devices have the complete
set of current protections.
Develop automated mechanisms for addressing vulnerabilities. In the software
engineering space, for example, there are mechanisms for ingesting information from
critical vulnerability reports sourced from the research and hacker communities in real time.
This allows developers to address those vulnerabilities in the software design, and respond
when appropriate.
Develop a policy regarding the coordinated disclosure of vulnerabilities, including
associated security practices to address identified vulnerabilities. A coordinated disclosure
policy should involve developers, manufacturers, and service providers, and include
information regarding any vulnerabilities reported to a computer security incident response
team (CSIRT). The US Computer Emergency Readiness Team (US-CERT), Industrial
Control Systems (ICS)-CERT, and other CSIRTs provide regular technical alerts, including
after major incidents, which provide information about vulnerabilities and mitigation.
FOCUS ON: NTIA Multi-
Stakeholder Process on Patching
and Updating
The National Telecommunications
and Information Administration
(NTIA) has convened a multi-
stakeholder process concerning the
“Internet of Things Upgradability and
Patching” to bring stakeholders
together to share the range of views
on security upgradability and
patching, and to establish more
concrete goals for industry-wide
adoption.
8. 8 of 17
Develop an end-of-life strategy for IoT products. Not all IoT devices will be indefinitely
patchable and updateable. Developers should consider product sunset issues ahead of
time and communicate to manufacturers and consumers expectations regarding the device
and the risks of using a device beyond its usability date.
9. 9 of 17
Build on
Recognized
Security Practices
Many tested practices used
in traditional IT and network
security can be applied to
IoT. These approaches can
help identify vulnerabilities,
detect irregularities, respond
to potential incidents, and
recover from damage or
disruption to IoT devices.
SUGGESTED PRACTICES:
Start with basic software security and cybersecurity practices and apply them to the
IoT ecosystem in flexible, adaptive, and innovative ways.
Refer to relevant Sector-Specific Guidance, where it exists, as a starting point from
which to consider security practices. Some federal agencies address security practices for
the unique sectors that they regulate. For example, the National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration (NHTSA) recently released guidance on Cybersecurity Best Practices for
Modern Vehicles that address some of the unique risks posed by autonomous or semi-
autonomous vehicles. Similarly, the Food and Drug Administration released draft
guidance on Postmarket Management of Cybersecurity in Medical Devices.
Practice defense in depth. Developers and manufacturers should employ a holistic
approach to security that includes layered defenses against cybersecurity threats,
including user-level tools as potential entry points for malicious actors. This is especially
valuable if patching or updating mechanisms are not available or insufficient to address a
specific vulnerability.
Participate in information sharing platforms to report vulnerabilities and receive timely
and critical information about current cyber threats and vulnerabilities from public and
private partners. Information sharing is a critical tool in ensuring stakeholders are aware of
threats as they arise3
. The Department of Homeland Security’s (DHS) National
Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center (NCCIC), as well as multi-state
and sector-specific information sharing and analysis centers (ISACs) and information
sharing and analysis organizations (ISAOs), are examples.
3
“Information Sharing,” National Cybersecurity and Communications Information Center.
FOCUS ON: NIST Cybersecurity Risk Management
Framework
The National Institute of Standards and Technology
(NIST) published a framework for cybersecurity risk
management that has been widely adopted by private
industry, integrated across sectors, and within
organizations. The framework is widely recognized as a
comprehensive touchstone for organizational cyber risk
management https://www.nist.gov/cyberframework. While
not specific to IoT, the risk framework provides a starting
point for considering risks and best practices.
10. 10 of 17
Prioritize Security
Measures According to
Potential Impact
Risk models differ substantially across
the IoT ecosystem. For example,
industrial consumers (such as nuclear
reactor owners and operators) will have
different considerations than a retail
consumer. The consequences of a
security failure across different
customers will also vary significantly.
Focusing on the potential
consequences of disruption, breach, or
malicious activity across the consumer
spectrum is therefore critical in
determining where particular security
efforts should be directed, and who is
best able to mitigate significant
consequences.
SUGGESTED PRACTICES:
Know a device’s intended use and environment, where possible. This awareness helps
developers and manufacturers consider the technical characteristics of the IoT device,
how the device may operate, and the security measures that may be necessary.
Perform a “red-teaming” exercise, where developers actively try to bypass the security
measures needed at the application, network, data, or physical layers. The resulting
analysis and mitigation planning should help prioritize decisions on where and how to
incorporate additional security measures.
Identify and authenticate the devices connected to the network, especially for
industrial consumers and business networks. Applying authentication measures for known
devices and services allows the industrial consumer to control those devices and services
that are within their organizational frameworks.
Should IoT security measures focus on the
IoT device?
Since the purpose of all IoT processes is to
take in information at a physical point and
motivate a decision based on that information
(sometimes with physical consequences),
security measures can focus on one or more
parts of the IoT process. As noted earlier, the
risks to IoT begin with the specific device, but
are certainly not limited to it. Developers,
manufacturers, and service providers should
consider specific risks to the IoT device as well
as process and service, and make decisions
based on relative impact to all three as to where
the most robust measures should be applied.
11. 11 of 17
Promote Transparency
across IoT
Where possible, developers and manufacturers need to know their supply chain, namely,
whether there are any associated vulnerabilities with the software and hardware components
provided by vendors outside their organization. Reliance on the many low-cost, easily
accessible software and hardware solutions used in IoT can make this challenging. Because
developers and manufactures rely on outside sources for low-cost, easily accessible software
and hardware solutions, they may not be able to accurately assess the level of security built into
component parts when developing and deploying network-connected devices. Furthermore,
since many IoT devices leverage open source packages, developers and manufacturers many
not be able to identify the sources of these component parts.
Increased awareness could help manufacturers and industrial consumers identify where and
how to apply security measures or build in redundancies. Depending on the risk profile of the
product in question, developers, manufacturers, and service providers will be better equipped to
appropriately mitigate threats and vulnerabilities as expeditiously as possible, whether through
patching, product recall, or consumer advisory.
SUGGESTED PRACTICES:
Conduct end-to-end risk assessments that account for both internal and third party
vendor risks, where possible. Developers and manufacturers should include vendors and
suppliers in the risk assessment process, which will create transparency and enable them
to gain awareness of potential third-party vulnerabilities and promote trust and
transparency. Security should be readdressed on an ongoing basis as the component in
the supply chain is replaced, removed or upgraded.
Consider creating a publicly disclosed mechanism for using vulnerability reports.
Bug Bounty programs, for example, rely on crowdsourcing methods to identify
vulnerabilities that companies’ own internal security teams may not catch.
Consider developing and employing a software bill of materials that can be used as a
means of building shared trust among vendors and manufacturers. Developers and
manufacturers should consider providing a list of known hardware and software
components in the device package in a manner which is mindful of the need to protect
intellectual property issues. A list can serve as valuable tool for others in the IoT
ecosystem to understand and manage their risk and patch any vulnerabilities immediately
following any incident.
12. 12 of 17
Connect Carefully
and Deliberately
IoT consumers, particularly in the industrial
context, should deliberately consider whether
continuous connectivity is needed given the use of
the IoT device and the risks associated with its
disruption. IoT consumers can also help contain
the potential threats posed by network connectivity
by connecting carefully and deliberately, and
weighing the risks of a potential breach or failure
of an IoT device against the costs of limiting
connectivity to the Internet.
In the current networked environment, it is likely
that any given IoT device may be disrupted during
its lifecycle. IoT developers, manufacturers, and
consumers should consider how a disruption will
impact the IoT device’s primary function and
business operations following the disruption.
SUGGESTED PRACTICES:
Advise IoT consumers on the intended purpose of any network connections. Direct
internet connections may not be needed to operate critical functions of an IoT device,
particularly in the industrial setting. Information about the nature and purpose of
connections can inform consumer decisions.
Make intentional connections. There are instances when it is in the consumer’s interest
not to connect directly to the Internet, but instead to a local network that can aggregate
and evaluate any critical information. For example, Industrial Control Systems (ICS)
should be protected through defense in depth principles as published by https://ics-
cert.us-cert.gov/recommended_practices.
Build in controls to allow manufacturers, service providers, and consumers to disable
network connections or specific ports when needed or desired to enable selective
connectivity. Depending on the purpose of the IoT device, providing the consumers with
guidance and control over the end implementation can be a sound practice.
Does every networked device
need continuous, automated
connection to the Internet?
In 2015, the Federal Trade
Commission published a guide
called “Start with Security: A Guide
for Businesses” to help them
determine this very question. While
it may be convenient to have
continuous network access, it may
not be necessary for the purpose of
the device – and systems; for
example, nuclear reactors, where a
continuous connection to the
internet opens up the opportunity
for an intrusion of potentially
enormous consequences.
13. 13 of 17
CONCLUSION
Our nation cannot afford a generation of IoT devices deployed with little consideration
for security. The consequences are too high given the potential for harm to our critical
infrastructure, our personal privacy, and our economy.
As DHS issues these principles, we recognize the efforts underway by our colleagues at other
federal agencies, and the work of private sector entities to advance architectures and institute
practices to address the security of the IoT. This document is a first step to strengthen those
efforts by articulating overarching security principles. But next steps will surely be required.
DHS identifies four lines of effort that should be undertaken across government and industry to
fortify the security of the IoT.
FOUR LINES OF EFFORT:
1 Coordinate across federal departments and agencies to
engage with IoT stakeholders and jointly explore ways to
mitigate the risks posed by IoT.
DHS with its federal partners will continue to engage with industry
partners to determine approaches that can further enhance IoT
security, and to promote understanding of evolving technology
trends that may address IoT risks. Future efforts will also focus on
updating and applying these principles, as best practices and
approaches are further refined and understood.
2 Build awareness of risks associated with IoT across
stakeholders.
It is important that stakeholders are aware of IoT risks so that they
can position themselves to address them. DHS will accelerate
public awareness, education, and training initiatives, in partnership
with other agencies, the private sector, and international partners.
DHS, together with other agencies, will also undertake initiatives
more directly tailored to particular sectors and individual
consumers.
3 Identify and advance incentives for incorporating IoT security.
Policymakers, legislators, and stakeholders need to consider ways
to better incentivize efforts to enhance the security of IoT. In the
current environment, it is too often unclear who bears responsibility
for the security of a given product or system. In addition, the costs
of poor security are often not borne by those best positioned to
increase security. DHS and all other stakeholders need to consider
14. 14 of 17
how tort liability, cyber insurance, legislation, regulation, voluntary
certification management, standards-settings initiatives, voluntary
industry-level initiatives, and other mechanisms could improve
security while still encouraging economic activity and
groundbreaking innovation. Going forward, DHS will convene with
partners to discuss these critical matters and solicit ideas and
feedback.
4 Contribute to international standards development processes
for IoT.
IoT is part of a global ecosystem, and other countries and
international organizations are beginning to evaluate many of
these same security considerations. It is important that IoT-related
activities not splinter into inconsistent sets of standards or rules. As
DHS becomes increasingly focused on IoT efforts, we must
engage with our international partners and the private sector to
support the development of international standards and ensure
they align with our commitment to fostering innovation and
promoting security.
DHS looks forward to these next collaborative steps. Together, we can, and must, address
these complex challenges. By doing so, we will ensure that our network-connected future is not
only innovative, but also secure and built to last.
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APPENDIX: GUIDANCE AND
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
The principles in this document have been developed based on information gathered from
industry reports, and through discussions with private industry, trade associations, non-
governmental entities, and Federal partners, especially with NIST and NTIA.
Department of Homeland Security
• https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/draft-lces-security-comments-508.pdf
• https://www.dhs.gov/publication/security-tenets-lces
• https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/security-tenets-lces-paper-11-20-15-
508.pdf
Other Federal Entities
• National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee
1. Final NSTAC Internet of Things Report
• NTIA
1. Notice and Request for Comments on the Benefits, Challenges, and Potential
Roles for the Government in Fostering the Advancement of the Internet of Things
a) Comments
2. Green Paper – Cybersecurity, Innovation and the Internet Economy, 2011
3. New Insights into the Emerging Internet of Things
4. Remarks of Deputy Assistant Secretary Simpson at Fostering the Advancement
of the Internet of Things Workshop, 9/9/2016
a) Announcement for Fostering the Advancement of the Internet of Things
Workshop
5. Internet Policy Task Force resource/review/cataloging of the benefits, challenges,
and potential roles for the government in fostering the advancement of the
Internet of Things.
• NIST
1. Cybersecurity Framework
2. Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) Program
a) CPS Public Working Group (PWG) draft Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS)
Framework Release 1.0
o Comments accepted through 9/2/2015
16. 16 of 17
3. Smart-Grid Program
4. International Technical Working Group on IoT-Enabled Smart City Framework
5. NIST Special Publication (SP) 800-183, Network of Things, 7/28/2016.
a) NIST news release
• Federal Trade Commission
1. FTC Staff Report, “Internet of Things: Privacy & Security in a Connected World,”
January 2015.
• United States Congress
1. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation committee
hearing, “The Connected World: Examining the Internet of Things.”
2. Senate unanimously bipartisan resolution (S. Res. 110) calling for a national
strategy to guide the development of the Internet of Things.
3. House Energy and Commerce Committee's "The Internet of Things: Exploring
the Next Technology Frontier"
• Government Accounting Office
1. GAO engagement with DHS: GAO is currently engaged with DHS on IoT, code
100435 [January 15, 2016 notification letter available via this link]
a) Status/entry in the most recent, June 3, 2016 List of Active GAO
Engagements Related to DHS
External Sources
The list of additional resources is provided solely as a reference and does not constitute an
endorsement by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). DHS does not endorse any
commercial product, service, or enterprise.
• Atlantic Council
1. Smart Homes and the Internet of Things –
http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/publications/issue-briefs/smart-homes-and-the-
internet-of-things
• I Am The Cavalry
1. Five Star Automotive Cyber Safety Framework – https://iamthecavalry.org/5star
2. Hippocratic Oath for Connected Medical Devices – https://iamthecavalry.org/oath
• Online Trust Alliance
1. Consumer Best Practices
• Industrial Internet Consortium: http://www.iiconsortium.org/IISF.htm
• Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP)
17. 17 of 17
1. Internet of Things Project
https://www.owasp.org/index.php/OWASP_Internet_of_Things_Project
2. Internet of Things Security Guidance
https://www.owasp.org/index.php/IoT_Security_Guidance
• Safecode.org relevant industry best practices www.safecode.org
• AT&T
1. Exploring IoT Security
• Symantec
1. An Internet of Things Reference Architecture
https://www.symantec.com/content/dam/symantec/docs/white-papers/iot-
security-reference-architecture-en.pdf