This study analyzed bubble deck slabs with elliptical hollow balls strengthened with glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets using finite element analysis. Bubble deck slabs replace concrete in the middle with hollow balls to reduce weight. Elliptical balls have higher load capacity than spherical balls but also higher deformation. The study aimed to reduce deformation of bubble deck slabs with elliptical balls using GFRP sheets. Models of bubble deck slabs with and without GFRP sheets were analyzed under load using ANSYS software. Results showed that GFRP sheets reduced deformation and increased load capacity compared to slabs without GFRP. Slabs with elliptical balls and GFRP sheets made of higher strength M30 concrete also performed better
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A REVIEW ON STRENGTHENING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS USING GLASS FIBER REIN...Ijripublishers Ijri
Worldwide, a great deal of research is currently being conducted concerning the use of fiber reinforced plastic wraps,
laminates and sheets in the repair and strengthening of reinforced concrete members. Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP)
application is a very effective way to repair and strengthen structures that have become structurally weak over their life
span. FRP repair systems provide an economically viable alternative to traditional repair systems and materials.
Experimental investigations on the flexural and shear behavior of RC beams strengthened using continuous glass fiber
reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets are carried out. Externally reinforced concrete beams with epoxy-bonded GFRP sheets
were tested to failure using a symmetrical two point concentrated static loading system. Two sets of beams were casted
for this experimental test program. In SET I three beams weak in flexure were casted, out of which one is controlled
beam and other two beams were strengthened using continuous glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets in flexure.
In SET II three beams weak in shear were casted, out of which one is the controlled beam and other two beams were
strengthened using continuous glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets in shear. The strengthening of the beams
is done with different amount and configuration of GFRP sheets.
Comparison of glass fiber reinforced concrete & geopolymer concrete with ...eSAT Journals
Abstract In the world most commonly used as well as durable material is concrete. In the field of concrete technology, glass fiber reinforced concrete (GFRC) is the recently introduced material. GFRC has many advantages such as light weight material, steel reinforcement corrosion free and structural deterioration free. So, these are the reason the researchers all over the globe are attempting to develop high performance concrete with the use of glass fibers as well as admixtures. While the combination of fly ash, alkaline liquids, fine and coarse aggregate and glass fibers resulted in the product called as Glass Fiber Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete (GFRGC). This product has many advantages such as high early strength, corrosion and sulphate resistance and low shrinkage. The present work has compared the compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength for GFRC and GFRGC. From this comparison it is observed that except for the flexural strength the normal concrete with the addition of glass fibers shown good results as compared to the geopolymer concrete with the addition of glass fibers. This work is only an accumulation of information about GFRC and the research work which is already carried out by other researchers. Key Words: GFRC, GC, Geopolymer Concrete, Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete, Glass Fiber Reinforcement
Optimization of percentages of steel and glass fiber reinforced concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract Cementitious matrices are the fragile materials that possess a low tensile strength. The addition of fibers randomly distributed in these matrices improves their resistance to cracking, substantially. However, the incorporation of fibers into a plain concrete disrupts the granular skeleton and quickly causes problems of mixing as a result of the loss of mixture workability that will be translated into a difficult concrete casting in site. This study was concerned on the one hand with optimizing the fibers reinforced concrete mixes in the fresh state, and on the other hand with assessing the mechanical behaviour of this mixture in the hardened state, in order to establish a compromise between the two states . In this paper optimization of fibers by using different percentages in steel and glass fiber reinforced concrete of grade M 70 have been studied. It optimizes 1.5% for steel Fiber content and 1% for glass fiber content by the volume of cement is used in concrete. Keywords: fibers, fragile materials, cracking, substantially
STUDY ON BEHAVIOUR OF COMPRESSION MEMBER WITH BAMBOO AS REINFORCEMENT AND COC...civej
Concrete is the most widely used construction material. Among all ingredients of concrete, aggregates form
the major portion; further there exists a challenge in attaining the structural light weight concrete utilizing
the waste. Among the natural waste coconut shells can suitably replace these natural aggregates. The
compression testing on cube and split tensile test on cylinder were performed to authenticate its feasibility.
Concrete is reinforced with steel bars to negate its weak tension carrying capacity. However, due to higher
cost and non-renewability of steel, nowadays attempts were made to provide a low-cost, sustainable
material. The feasibility for the usage of locally procured bamboo as reinforcement is tested to evaluate its
Elasticity and ultimate strength. The axial compression test on various columns were performed comparing
its axial deformation, Energy absorption capacity, ultimate load, displacement ductility and degradation in
stiffness.
EFFECT OF CARBON LAMINATION ON THE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE STRUCTURESIAEME Publication
This work consists of preparation and testing of different structural model like cubes, Beams and Columns. They are tested for Compression test, Flexural test and Split tensile Test. The comparison between Laminated and un-laminated Structural Models was made in order to know how much strength gain after testing of these structural models, so by which the rehabilitation of any structure can be done without demolishing it with less weight to strength ratio.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A REVIEW ON STRENGTHENING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS USING GLASS FIBER REIN...Ijripublishers Ijri
Worldwide, a great deal of research is currently being conducted concerning the use of fiber reinforced plastic wraps,
laminates and sheets in the repair and strengthening of reinforced concrete members. Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP)
application is a very effective way to repair and strengthen structures that have become structurally weak over their life
span. FRP repair systems provide an economically viable alternative to traditional repair systems and materials.
Experimental investigations on the flexural and shear behavior of RC beams strengthened using continuous glass fiber
reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets are carried out. Externally reinforced concrete beams with epoxy-bonded GFRP sheets
were tested to failure using a symmetrical two point concentrated static loading system. Two sets of beams were casted
for this experimental test program. In SET I three beams weak in flexure were casted, out of which one is controlled
beam and other two beams were strengthened using continuous glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets in flexure.
In SET II three beams weak in shear were casted, out of which one is the controlled beam and other two beams were
strengthened using continuous glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets in shear. The strengthening of the beams
is done with different amount and configuration of GFRP sheets.
Comparison of glass fiber reinforced concrete & geopolymer concrete with ...eSAT Journals
Abstract In the world most commonly used as well as durable material is concrete. In the field of concrete technology, glass fiber reinforced concrete (GFRC) is the recently introduced material. GFRC has many advantages such as light weight material, steel reinforcement corrosion free and structural deterioration free. So, these are the reason the researchers all over the globe are attempting to develop high performance concrete with the use of glass fibers as well as admixtures. While the combination of fly ash, alkaline liquids, fine and coarse aggregate and glass fibers resulted in the product called as Glass Fiber Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete (GFRGC). This product has many advantages such as high early strength, corrosion and sulphate resistance and low shrinkage. The present work has compared the compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength for GFRC and GFRGC. From this comparison it is observed that except for the flexural strength the normal concrete with the addition of glass fibers shown good results as compared to the geopolymer concrete with the addition of glass fibers. This work is only an accumulation of information about GFRC and the research work which is already carried out by other researchers. Key Words: GFRC, GC, Geopolymer Concrete, Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete, Glass Fiber Reinforcement
Optimization of percentages of steel and glass fiber reinforced concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract Cementitious matrices are the fragile materials that possess a low tensile strength. The addition of fibers randomly distributed in these matrices improves their resistance to cracking, substantially. However, the incorporation of fibers into a plain concrete disrupts the granular skeleton and quickly causes problems of mixing as a result of the loss of mixture workability that will be translated into a difficult concrete casting in site. This study was concerned on the one hand with optimizing the fibers reinforced concrete mixes in the fresh state, and on the other hand with assessing the mechanical behaviour of this mixture in the hardened state, in order to establish a compromise between the two states . In this paper optimization of fibers by using different percentages in steel and glass fiber reinforced concrete of grade M 70 have been studied. It optimizes 1.5% for steel Fiber content and 1% for glass fiber content by the volume of cement is used in concrete. Keywords: fibers, fragile materials, cracking, substantially
STUDY ON BEHAVIOUR OF COMPRESSION MEMBER WITH BAMBOO AS REINFORCEMENT AND COC...civej
Concrete is the most widely used construction material. Among all ingredients of concrete, aggregates form
the major portion; further there exists a challenge in attaining the structural light weight concrete utilizing
the waste. Among the natural waste coconut shells can suitably replace these natural aggregates. The
compression testing on cube and split tensile test on cylinder were performed to authenticate its feasibility.
Concrete is reinforced with steel bars to negate its weak tension carrying capacity. However, due to higher
cost and non-renewability of steel, nowadays attempts were made to provide a low-cost, sustainable
material. The feasibility for the usage of locally procured bamboo as reinforcement is tested to evaluate its
Elasticity and ultimate strength. The axial compression test on various columns were performed comparing
its axial deformation, Energy absorption capacity, ultimate load, displacement ductility and degradation in
stiffness.
EFFECT OF CARBON LAMINATION ON THE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE STRUCTURESIAEME Publication
This work consists of preparation and testing of different structural model like cubes, Beams and Columns. They are tested for Compression test, Flexural test and Split tensile Test. The comparison between Laminated and un-laminated Structural Models was made in order to know how much strength gain after testing of these structural models, so by which the rehabilitation of any structure can be done without demolishing it with less weight to strength ratio.
Experimental study on behaviour of concrete using steel fiber as a tensile ma...KavinKumarR3
Concrete is widely used in all over the world. It gives a compression strength and when it is collaborate with the steel the tension strength is increased. Traditional reinforcement will takes time. So by using the steel fibers in the concrete it will gives the high strength and durability. The fiber will leads to compensate the weakness in the concrete. Steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) is successfully used in the slabs, flooring, and even in beams. The formation has proved the high tensile strength when it added in the concrete.
Fibers are usually used in concrete to control cracking due to plastic shrinkage and to drying shrinkage. They also reduce the permeability of concrete and thus reduce bleeding of water. Some types of fibers produce greater impact–, abrasion–, and shatter–resistance in concrete. Generally fibers do not increase the flexural strength of concrete, and so cannot replace moment–resisting or structural steel reinforcement. Indeed, some fibers actually reduce the strength of concrete.
The amount of fibers added to a concrete mix is expressed as a percentage of the total volume of the composite (concrete and fibers), termed "volume fraction" (Vf). Vf typically ranges from 0.1 to 3%. The aspect ratio (l/d) is calculated by dividing fiber length (l) by its diameter (d). Fibers with a non-circular cross section use an equivalent diameter for the calculation of aspect ratio. If the fiber's modulus of elasticity is higher than the matrix (concrete or mortar binder), they help to carry the load by increasing the tensile strength of the material. Increasing the aspect ratio of the fiber usually segments the flexural strength and toughness of the matrix. However, fibers that are too long tend to "ball" in the mix and create workability problems.
Some recent research[where?] indicated that using fibers in concrete has limited effect on the impact resistance of the materials.[1][2] This finding is very important since traditionally, people think that ductility increases when concrete is reinforced with fibers. The results also indicated that the use of micro fibers offers better impact resistance to that of longer fibers.[1]
The High Speed 1 tunnel linings incorporated concrete containing 1 kg/m³ of polypropylene fibers, of diameter 18 & 32 μm, giving the benefits noted below.
This presentation is a small description about need of bubble deck slab and how its different from solid slab and hollow core slab with literature reviews taken from different research papers.
AN INVESTIGATION ON GLASS FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE USING ECO SANDVikaas Balaji
WE HAVE FOUND THAT BY ADDING 2% AND 4% OF GLASS FIBRE IN CONCRETE MIX AND INSTEAD OF RIVER SAND AND M-SAND WE HAVE USED ECO SAND TO ACHIEVE STRENGTH IN CONCRETE IN RESPECTIVE DAYS (7 AND 28 DAYS)
Experimental study on behaviour of concrete using steel fiber as a tensile ma...KavinKumarR3
Concrete is widely used in all over the world. It gives a compression strength and when it is collaborate with the steel the tension strength is increased. Traditional reinforcement will takes time. So by using the steel fibers in the concrete it will gives the high strength and durability. The fiber will leads to compensate the weakness in the concrete. Steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) is successfully used in the slabs, flooring, and even in beams. The formation has proved the high tensile strength when it added in the concrete.
Fibers are usually used in concrete to control cracking due to plastic shrinkage and to drying shrinkage. They also reduce the permeability of concrete and thus reduce bleeding of water. Some types of fibers produce greater impact–, abrasion–, and shatter–resistance in concrete. Generally fibers do not increase the flexural strength of concrete, and so cannot replace moment–resisting or structural steel reinforcement. Indeed, some fibers actually reduce the strength of concrete.
The amount of fibers added to a concrete mix is expressed as a percentage of the total volume of the composite (concrete and fibers), termed "volume fraction" (Vf). Vf typically ranges from 0.1 to 3%. The aspect ratio (l/d) is calculated by dividing fiber length (l) by its diameter (d). Fibers with a non-circular cross section use an equivalent diameter for the calculation of aspect ratio. If the fiber's modulus of elasticity is higher than the matrix (concrete or mortar binder), they help to carry the load by increasing the tensile strength of the material. Increasing the aspect ratio of the fiber usually segments the flexural strength and toughness of the matrix. However, fibers that are too long tend to "ball" in the mix and create workability problems.
Some recent research[where?] indicated that using fibers in concrete has limited effect on the impact resistance of the materials.[1][2] This finding is very important since traditionally, people think that ductility increases when concrete is reinforced with fibers. The results also indicated that the use of micro fibers offers better impact resistance to that of longer fibers.[1]
The High Speed 1 tunnel linings incorporated concrete containing 1 kg/m³ of polypropylene fibers, of diameter 18 & 32 μm, giving the benefits noted below.
This presentation is a small description about need of bubble deck slab and how its different from solid slab and hollow core slab with literature reviews taken from different research papers.
AN INVESTIGATION ON GLASS FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE USING ECO SANDVikaas Balaji
WE HAVE FOUND THAT BY ADDING 2% AND 4% OF GLASS FIBRE IN CONCRETE MIX AND INSTEAD OF RIVER SAND AND M-SAND WE HAVE USED ECO SAND TO ACHIEVE STRENGTH IN CONCRETE IN RESPECTIVE DAYS (7 AND 28 DAYS)
STUDY ON BEHAVIOUR OF COMPRESSION MEMBER WITH BAMBOO AS REINFORCEMENT AND COC...civejjour
Concrete is the most widely used construction material. Among all ingredients of concrete, aggregates form the major portion; further there exists a challenge in attaining the structural light weight concrete utilizing the waste. Among the natural waste coconut shells can suitably replace these natural aggregates. The compression testing on cube and split tensile test on cylinder were performed to authenticate its feasibility. Concrete is reinforced with steel bars to negate its weak tension carrying capacity. However, due to higher cost and non-renewability of steel, nowadays attempts were made to provide a low-cost, sustainable material. The feasibility for the usage of locally procured bamboo as reinforcement is tested to evaluate its Elasticity and ultimate strength. The axial compression test on various columns were performed comparing its axial deformation, Energy absorption capacity, ultimate load, displacement ductility and degradation in stiffness.
This is a presentation on the future technology called bubble deck technology. The weight of slab is reduced by large amount albeit it serves nearly same purpose for load and deflection.
In this study, fourteen reinforced concrete beams were tested to investigate the shear behavior of lightweight fiber reinforced concrete beams. Lightweight Expanded Clay Aggregate (LECA) was used as a partial and full replacement to the normal weight aggregate. The experimental program included three lightweight concrete beams with partial replacement of aggregate, nine lightweight concrete beams with full replacement of aggregate, and two normal weight control beams. In each group one beam was cast using steel fiber concrete, one with polypropylene fiber concrete, and one without fibers. The effects of parameters such as weight of concrete, type of fibers, area of stirrups, and shear span to depth ratio (a/d) on the beams behavior are presented. The response of the tested beams is analyzed in terms of mode of failure, deflection, strain, cracking load, and ultimatecapacity. The test results are compared to those estimated from different design codes for lightweight concrete structures.
Effects of Carbon Nanotubes on the Compressive and Flexural Strength and Micr...LidaN16
Abstract—The needs of the human communities to build low weight, high strength and durable structures
have increased the demand for composite materials, including sandwich structures. In this case, sandwich
panels are used in situations requiring high mechanical strength, low weight, sound insulation and thermal
insulation properties. In this study, carbon nanotubes-reinforced composite honeycomb sandwich panels
were constructed using silicone molding. To determine the role of carbon nanotubes on the compressive
and bending behavior of sandwich panels, different amount of nanotubes was added to the epoxy resin.
Also, different thicknesses were tested to determine the role of core wall thickness on the compressive and
bending behavior of sandwich panels. The results showed that the compressive strength of honeycomb panels has a direct relation with the increase in the percentage of carbon nanotubes and the thickness of the
wall. The compressive strength of sandwich panels increased from 42 up to 54 MPa with increasing carbon
nanotubes from 0.025 up to 0.075 wt %. The compressive strength of sandwich panels with 5 mm honeycomb wall thickness and reinforced with 0.025, 0.05, and 0.075 wt % of carbon nanotubes compared to
sandwich panels with 2.5 mm honeycomb wall thickness was respectively 2.4, 2.1, and 2.2 times. The flexural strength of 5-mm honeycomb wall thickness and reinforced with 0.025, 0.05, and 0.075 wt % of carbon
nanotubes compared to sandwich panels with 2.5 mm honeycomb wall thickness, were respectively 3, 2.7,
and 2.7 times.
This paper deals with the experimental study on the variation in the load carrying capacity between concrete filled GFRP box beams of size 1200x150x200 mm is predicted by varying thickness of GFRP box beams as 4mm, 6mm and the concrete strength as M40. The material properties of cement, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate would be found out. The compressive strength of concrete cube would be found out to confirm the strength – grade 40. Study results showed that in addition to many advantages due to its formation, the Box Beam showed superior physical and mechanical properties. It was found that the flexural strength and fracture toughness values of Composite beams significantly increased stiffness when compared to reference values. Flexural two point load would be applied on the box beams filled with plain concrete. The experimental test was performed to find the flexural strength, load carrying capacity, deflection, load deflection relationship, load strain relationship and stiffness ratio for various thickness of box beams. The analytical Study was performed by using ANSYS to evaluate the deformation of the specimen. The experimental study of beams showed that the box beam having higher thickness will increase the load carrying capacity and stiffness and also decrease the deflection. In ANSYS by varying both thickness of GFRP box as well as grade of concrete is analysed. The proposed finite element model shows increased resistance to deformation when concrete is used as infill material and the deformation decreases when the grade of concrete and thickness of box beam increases
introduction
types of hollow slab systems
bubble deck slab??
materials used
types of bubble deck slab
schematic design
structural properties
production and carryout
advantages,disadvantages
applications
Experimental study on Torsion behavior of Flange beam with GFRPIJSRD
The Study deals with experimental study using glass fiber polymers in civil science. Repairing represents an important aspect of the construction industry and its importance is increasing due to surrounding conditions or geoenvironmental degradations, increased service loads, reduced ability (to hold or do something) due to (old/allowing to get old/getting older), worsening because of poor construction materials and work quality’s and need for seismic-related have demanded the need for repair and rehabilitation of existing structures. Fiber reinforced polymers has been utilized effectively as a part of numerous applications such as low weight, high quality and capacity to last. Numerous past examination chips away at torsion strengthening were centered on strong rectangular RC Beams with distinctive strip designs and diverse sorts of fiber. Distinctive models were produced to torsion test for strengthening of RC beams and effectively utilized for approval of the test works.In the present work test study was done with a specific end goal to have a superior comprehension the conduct of torsion reinforcing of strong RC flanged T-Beam. A RC T-beam is deliberately examined and intended for torsion like a RC rectangular beam; the impact of cement on flange is disregarded by codes. In the present study impact of width in changing so as to oppose torsion is concentrated on flange width of controlled bars. Alternate specification considered is reinforcing and fiber orientations.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The idea of using bamboo as possible reinforcement has gained popularity. Bamboo, as a fast growing renewable material with a simple production process, is expected to be a sustainable alternative for more traditional structural materials, such as concrete, steel and timber. The diminishing wood resource and reduction in natural forests, particularly in the tropics, have focused world attention on the need to identify a substitute building material that should be renewable, environment friendly and widely available. The tensile strength of bamboo fiber can be comparable to that of steel, and the average fracture toughness of bamboo can be higher than that of aluminum alloy. Bamboo grows at rapid rates, it almost grows to its full size in a few months and finishes developing within five years. Bamboo is the world’s fastest growing woody plant. It grows approximately 7.5 to 40cm a day, with world record being 1.2m in 24 hours in Japan. Bamboo grows three times faster than most other species. Commercially important species of bamboo usually mature in four or five years in time.
RECYCLING OF CONCRETE FROM DEMOLISHED CONSTRUCTION WASTEVISHNU VIJAYAN
Construction industry is the second largest industry in the world due to rapid growth in the constriction lots of waste are generated in many of the places in the world. There might be some specific dumping point or land filling process is a there but most of the concrete wastes dumping unclearly throwing and dumping out from the site after the constriction or demolition a damaged building or in a specific reason to demolishing a building all aspects lots of concrete waste are produced in order to this we are planning to partial replacement of concrete waste with rick husk ash as a replacement material to check the properties of concrete. We choose one demolished building site and collected concrete waste to check the present properties of the material like compressive strength and flexural properties, specific gravity etc. After the concrete replacement with rice husk to identify the overall properties of the collected samples.
A study on the analysis and modeling of multipurpose concert center by the in...VISHNU VIJAYAN
In this project we made a sincere attempt to propose a multipurpose auditorium by considering the limitations of existing halls for the same purpose. Our college does not have a separate building for an auditorium. The existing halls have so many limitations such as improper visibility, audibility issues and also in architectural views. An auditorium is a room built to enable the audience to hear and watch various of activities and can also used as an indoor stadium. The project deals with the drafting, modeling, designing, analysis, and estimation using BIM software. BIM (Building Information Modeling) is an intelligent 3d model supported by various software that can be efficiently used for planning, designing, constructing and managing building and infra-structure. Plinth area of proposed auditorium is 8500sqft with a seating capacity of 900nos, Height of the auditorium will be at two levels ,safe bearing capacity of the soil is taken as 200KN/M², Hence the footing is designed as isolated type. All the plans are drawn by using the AUTOCADD 2015.The auditorium is planned as per the guidelines given in the National Building Code (NBC). Design as per IS 456-2000 Plain and reinforced code of practice and the reinforced concrete IS 456-1978 is followed and structural element are done using Staad pro.V8i software ,code of practice for acoustical design of auditorium and cafeteria halls .Telescopic grandstand chairs are introduced for accomplishing the auditorium as multipurpose.
Planning and design of facilities for ships to discharge or receive cargo and passengers.
REQUIREMENTS OF A GOOD HARBOR
Classification of Harbor
Littoral drift
coastal current
Break water
Classification of breakwaters:
A structure consists of two parts, one which is supported on the other. The lower part in contact with the soil is called foundation and the upper part, the superstructure.
Thus the foundation of a structure may be defined as part of structure which is in contact with ground (usually placed below the ground), which transmit the load of structure together with imposed load and wind load to the ground.
STUDY ON SUSTAINABLE AND COST EFFECTIVE BUILDING CONSTRUCTION IN HOUSING SECTORVISHNU VIJAYAN
This project is deals with the study of cost effective construction Techniques in residential projects by Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana Gramin Scheme (PMAY-G),. In rural areas there is a huge demand for affordable houses. The government of India launched PMAY-G scheme to provide financial assistance to some of the weakest sections of society for them to upgrade or construct a house of respectable quality for their personal living. The government giving 2 to 3 lakhs for the beneficiaries as a financial support, each house must have the area to350 to 700 Sq.ft.and 3 months of time margin to complete the work.But in the real situation is different PMAY-G beneficiaries doesn’t complete their homes with in the cost, with in the stipulated time, the final result of the house construction becomes incomplete or partially complete in order to avoid such situation, An effective and proper planning must be required, The rural housing scheme will help achieve housing for all by 2022 in Rural areas across the country.
An Experimental Study on Chitosan for Water TreatmentVISHNU VIJAYAN
Vishnu Vijayan et al (2018) 'An Experimental Study on Chitosan for Water Treatment’, International Journal of Current Advanced Research, 07(5), pp. 12242-12247.DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.24327/ijcar.2018.12247.2145
Mechanical Strength of Concrete using Bottom Ash as Fine AggregateVISHNU VIJAYAN
Vishnu Vijayan, Achu V, Riyana M S ,Mechanical Strength of Concrete using Bottom Ash as Fine Aggregate, International Journal of Current Engineering And Scientific Research, April 2018, Volume 5, Issue 4, p-ISSN: 2393-8374,o-ISSN: 2394-0697; GICID: n/d; DOI: 10.21276/ijcesr.
A comparative study on sustainable building construction with conventional re...VISHNU VIJAYAN
Vishnu Vijayan, Geethu Elsa Thomas, Athira Madhu ,A comparative study on sustainable building construction with conventional residential building, International Journal of Current Engineering And Scientific Research, April 2018, Volume 5, Issue 4, p-ISSN: 2393-8374,o-ISSN: 2394-0697; GICID: n/d; DOI: 10.21276/ijcesr
Surveying instruments; chains, tapes, steel bands, their types & uses.
Ranging & Chaining of Survey lines. Field work & Plotting of Chain survey,Leveling,General principle. Types of levels and their temporary and permanent adjustments. Methods of levelling. Reduction of levels, Precise levelling and Trigonometric Leveling.
Theodolite.
Types and uses of theodolites. Temporary and permanent adjustments. Measurement of horizontal and vertical angles.
,ranging & chaining of survey lines. field work & p ,surveying instruments ,chains ,tapes ,steel bands ,their types & uses. ,leveling ,general principle. types of levels and their tempo ,precise levelling and trigonometric leveling. total station ,edm ,modern surveying instrument
Aggregates: Review of types; sampling and testing; effects on properties of concrete, production of artificial aggregates.
Cements: Review of types of cements, chemical composition; properties and tests, chemical and physical process of hydration,Blended cements.Properties of fresh concrete - basics regarding fresh concrete –
mixing, workability, placement, consolidation, and curing,
segregation and bleeding
Chemical Admixtures: types and classification; actions and
interactions; usage; effects on properties of concrete
Mineral Admixtures: Flyash, ground granulated blast furnace slag,
metakaolin, rice-husk ash and
silica fume; chemical composition; physical characteristics; effects
on properties of concrete; advantages and disadvantages.
Proportioning of concrete mixtures: Factors considered in the design of mix . BIS Method, ACI method.,Properties of hardened concrete: Strength- compressive tensile
and flexure - Elastic properties - Modulus of elasticity - Creep-
factors affecting creep, effect of creep - shrinkage- factors affecting
shrinkage, plastic shrinkage, drying shrinkage, autogeneous
shrinkage, carbonation shrinkage ,Durability of concrete: Durability concept; factors affecting,
reinforcement corrosion; fire resistance; frost damage; sulfate
attack; alkali silica reaction; concrete in sea water, statistical quality
control, acceptance criteria as per BIS code.
Non-destructive testing of concrete: Surface Hardness, Ultrasonic,
Penetration resistance, Pull-out test, chemical testing for chloride
and carbonation- core cutting - measuring reinforcement cover
Special concretes - Lightweight concrete- description of various
types -High strength concrete - Self compacting concrete -Roller
compacted concrete – Ready mixed concrete – Fibre reinforced
concrete - polymer concrete
Special processes and technology for particular types of
structure - Sprayed concrete; underwater concrete, mass concrete;
slip form construction, Prefabrication technology
BIDDING-TENDER-CONTRACT
TENDERING PROCEDURE – AWARD OF TENDERS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF CONTRACTS
Types of contracts
MEASUREMENT BOOK
Security deposit
CONTRACT DOCUMENT
Earnest money deposit (EMD)
Qualification of contractors
IMPORTANT CLAUSES IN CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS
Scientific management means the application of science and scientific techniques in management. According to Taylor, “scientific management means knowing exactly what you want men to do and seeing that they do it in the best and cheapest way.”
Principles of scientific Management by F.W Taylor
Principles of scientific Management by Fayol
TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS:
CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS
TIME VALUE OF MONEY
TECHNO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
Economic analysis:
COMPUTER CAPABILITIES IN MANAGEMENT
IPMI USES
COMPUTERISED SYSTEMS
SOFTWARE TOOLS & APPLICATIONS
COMPONENT PARTS OF A SCAFFOLDING
TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING
Single scaffolding or Brick layer’s scaffolding.
Double scaffolding or Mason’s scaffolding.
Cantilever or needle scaffolding.
Suspended scaffolding.
Trestle scaffolding.
Steel scaffolding.
Patented scaffolding.
SHORING
Types of Shoring
UNDERPINNING
Building failures – General reasons – classification – Causes of
failures in RCC and Steel structures, Failure due to Fire, Wind and
Earthquakes.
Foundation failure – failures by alteration, improper maintenance,
overloading.
Retrofitting of structural components - beams, columns and slabs
Introduction to quality, Contributions of quality Gurus, Quality control tools, Cost
of Quality, Taguchi loss function, Basic concepts of TQM, Principles of Total
Quality Management, Total quality control, Quality assurance, Vendor rating,
Quality improvement programmes, Quality planning, Quality function deployment,
Six sigma approach, Failure mode & effect analysis, TPM, BPR , Quality standards.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
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A Study on Strengthening of Bubble Deck Slab with Elliptical Balls by using GFRP Sheets
1. IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 6, Issue 01, 2018 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 659
A Study on Strengthening of Bubble Deck Slab with Elliptical Balls by
using GFRP Sheets
Jasna Jamal1 Vishnu Vijayan2
1,2
Assistant Professor
1,2
Department of Civil Engineering
1
KITS, Kerala, India 2
BMCE, Kerala, India
Abstract— Bubble deck slab technology is a method of
virtually eliminating concrete from the middle section of the
slab and thereby reduce disadvantages caused by self-weight
of the concrete. HDPE hollow balls replace the ineffective
concrete in the slab. Generally HDPE spherical and elliptical
balls were used for Bubble deck slab construction. Bubble
deck slab with elliptical ball have better load carrying
capacity than spherical balls .But the deformation of bubble
deck slab with elliptical ball is greater than bubble deck slab
with spherical balls. We have to reduce the deformation of
bubble deck slab with elliptical balls by GFRP strengthening.
Finite element analysis (FEA) was carried out by using the
FEA software ANSYS .The bubble deck slabs with elliptical
balls and bubble deck slabs with elliptical balls having GFRP
sheets were subjected to uniformly distributed load with
proper boundary conditions. The analysis was done on bubble
deck slab using both M25 and M30 grade of concrete. Total
deformation, Directional deformation and Equivalent stress
(von-Mises stress) were studied. Then the results of bubble
deck slab with elliptical balls and bubble deck slabs with
elliptical balls having GFRP sheets were compared.
Key words: Bubble Deck Slab, Finite Element Analysis
(FEA), Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP), High
Density Polyethylene (HDPE), ANSYS, Hollow Recycled
Plastic Balls
I. INTRODUCTION
The invention of a new type of hollow core slabs was a
breakthrough at the turn of 20th and 21st centuries. Bubble
deck slab technology is an innovatory method of virtually
eliminating all concrete from the middle of a floor slab,
thereby reducing dead weight and increasing the efficiency of
the floor by using recycled hollow plastic balls. Bubble deck
is the invention of Jorgen Bruenig in 1990’s, who developed
the first biaxial hollow core slab (now known as bubble deck)
in Denmark.
The main obstacle with concrete constructions in
case of horizontal slabs is the high weight, which limits the
span. So the major developments of reinforced concrete have
focused on enhancing the span reducing the weight or
overcoming concrete's natural weakness in tension. In a
general way, the slab was designed only to resist vertical load.
However, as people are getting more interest of residential
environment recently, noise and vibration of slab are getting
more important, as the span is increased, the deflection of the
slab is also increased. Therefore, the slab thickness should be
increase. Increasing the slab thickness makes the slabs
heavier, and will increased column and foundations size.
Thus, it makes buildings consuming more materials such as
concrete and steel reinforcement. Increase the self-weight of
the slab due to increase in thickness. So many studies were
conducted for to reduce the disadvantages caused by self-
weight of the concrete.
For past few decades, several attempts have been
made to create biaxial slabs with hollow cavities in order to
reduce the self-weight. But there have a chance of stress
concentration in corner of hollow cavities. Stress
concentration in hollow cavities leads to severe crack
generation in slabs. Most attempts have consisted of laying
blocks of a less heavy material like expanded polystyrene
between the bottom and top reinforcement, while other types
including waffle slabs or grid slabs. These types, only waffle
slabs can be regarded to have a certain use in the market. But
the use will always be very limited due to reduced resistances
towards shear, local punching and fire. After this, many
studies have been conducted in concrete slabs to reduce the
self-weight. Though many materials have been selected for
the study related to this, materials like polypropylene and
polyethylene were found ideal because of reduced weight and
act as good crack arrester. Then materials like polypropylene
and polyethylene were used for creation of hollow plastic
balls. These hollow plastic balls are introduced in the middle
portion of the slab between top and bottom reinforcement,
thereby reducing self-weight of the slab. To avoid the
disadvantages which were caused by increasing self-weight
of the slabs, the bubble deck slab technology was suggested.
Behaviour of bubble deck slab is influenced by the
ratio of bubble diameter to slab thickness. The reinforcements
are placed as two meshes one at the bottom part and one at
the upper part that can be tided or welded. The distance
between the bars are kept corresponding to the dimensions of
the bubbles that are to be provided between the top and
bottom meshes. In this technology it locks ellipsoids between
the top and bottom reinforcement meshes, thereby creating a
natural cell structure, acting like a solid slab. High Density
Polyethylene (HDPE) hollow spheres replace the ineffective
concrete in the center of the slab, thus decreasing the dead
weight and increasing the efficiency of the floor.
II. MATERIALS DESCRIPTION PROPERTIES
A. Concrete
The Concrete is made of standard Portland cement with a
maximum aggregate size of ¾ inch. No plasticizers are
necessary. Concrete of M25, M30 and above grades are used
for bubble deck slab construction.
B. Steel
The steel reinforcement is of grade Fe 415, Fe 500 strength
or higher is generally used. The steel is fabricated in two
forms. Meshed layer for lateral support and diagonal girder
for vertical support of the bubble. The same grade of steel is
used in both in top and bottom.
C. Hollow Plastic Balls
Generally recycled plastic balls are used, because to reduce
wastage of plastics instead of burning the plastics and also
2. A Study on Strengthening of Bubble Deck Slab with Elliptical Balls by using GFRP Sheets
(IJSRD/Vol. 6/Issue 01/2018/175)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 660
reduce the environmental pollution. Cost of plastic ball is
very low. The plastic balls don’t react chemically with
concrete or reinforcement. Generally hollow plastic balls
made from high density polyethylene.
D. GFRP Sheet
Three layers of 2mm thick GFRP sheets provided throughout
the base area of bubble deck slab, layers are bonded by using
epoxy. Modulus of elasticity is 20.23Gpa, poisons ratio 0.223
E. Material Properties
For concrete, steel and HDPE following material properties
have been used.
M25
M30
Concrete
Modulus of
Elasticity(Ec)
in MPa
25000 30x105
Compressive ultimate
strength(fck) in MPa
25 30
Poisson’s ratio (µ) 0.2 0.2
Steel
Modulus of
Elasticity(Es)
in MPa
200000 2.18x1011
Tensile yield stress(fy)
in MPa
415 550
Poisson’s ratio (µ) 0.3 0.28
HDPE
Modulus of Elasticity
in MPa
1030 1030
Poisson’s ratio (µ) 0.4 0.4
Table 1: Material Properties
III. NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION
In this section, the structural behaviour of bubble deck slab
with elliptical balls and bubble deck slab with elliptical balls
having GFRP sheets were investigated using finite element
package ANSYS. The finite element method is extensively
used to study the behaviour of the structure such as Total
deformation, Directional deformation and Equivalent stress.
The finite element method is the discretization of the
structural member in to finite number of element by
imaginary line or by surface. The interconnected element may
have different size and shape and connected at finite number
of points called nodes. The test parameters included
diameters of ball, slab thickness, width of the slab are
provided into ANSYS.
A. Numerical Modeling
Three dimensional bubble deck slab with elliptical balls were
modelled with the dimension of (1730x1350x230). The void
is of elliptical shape with dimension of (180x240) mm and is
assumed to be made of High Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
elliptical balls. Reinforcements are provided in two forms.
That is meshed layer and diagonal girder. The reinforcements
are placed as two meshes one at the bottom part and one at
the upper part that can be tided or welded. Meshed layer
having diameter of 10mm and provided for lateral support.
Reinforcement provided for vertical support is termed as
vertical reinforcement (diagonal girder) having diameter of
12mm. Bubble deck slab with elliptical balls having GFRP
sheets were modelled with the same dimension.
Fig. 1: Bubble Deck Slab with Elliptical Balls
Fig. 2: Bubble Deck Slab with Elliptical Balls Having GFRP
Sheet
B. Meshing
Bubble deck slab were modelled using tetra mesh, which is a
four noded mesh. Tetra mesh is used in bubble deck slab due
to irregular geometry of the slab.
Fig. 3: Meshed Model of Bubble Deck Slab with Elliptical
Balls
Fig. 4: Meshed Model of Bubble Deck Slab with Elliptical
Balls Having GFRP Sheet
C. Boundary Conditions & Loading
In Bubble deck slab Provide hinged support at one end and
roller support at another end. Load is applied over the top area
as areal load (UDL). The load was applied on an incremental
method and analysis is carried out.
3. A Study on Strengthening of Bubble Deck Slab with Elliptical Balls by using GFRP Sheets
(IJSRD/Vol. 6/Issue 01/2018/175)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 661
Fig. 5: Boundary Conditions & Loading
IV. RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS
The finite element analysis is performed to analyze the bubble
deck slab with elliptical balls and bubble deck slab with
elliptical balls having GFRP sheets of M25 and M30 grade
concrete. Through this analysis structural behaviour of
bubble deck slab with spherical and elliptical balls were
studied. Results obtained from analysis are given below.
Fig. 6: Total Deformation of Bubble Deck Slab with
Elliptical Balls of M25 Grade Concrete
Fig. 7: Directional Deformation of Bubble Deck Slab with
Elliptical Balls of M25 Grade Concrete
Fig. 8: Total Deformation of Bubble Deck Slab with
Elliptical Balls of M30 Grade Concrete
Fig. 9: Directional Deformation of Bubble Deck Slab with
Elliptical Balls of M30 Grade Concrete
Fig. 10: Equivalent Stress of Bubble Deck Slab with
Elliptical Balls of M30 Grade Concrete
Fig. 11: Total Deformation of Bubble Deck Slab with
Elliptical Balls Having GFRP Sheet of M30 Grade Concrete
4. A Study on Strengthening of Bubble Deck Slab with Elliptical Balls by using GFRP Sheets
(IJSRD/Vol. 6/Issue 01/2018/175)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 662
Fig. 12: Total Deformation of Bubble Deck Slab with
Elliptical Balls Having GFRP Sheet of M30 Grade Concrete
Fig. 13: Total Deformation of Bubble Deck Slab with
Elliptical Balls Having M25 Grade Concrete
Fig. 14: Total Deformation of Bubble Deck Slab with
Elliptical Balls Having GFRP Sheet of M25 Grade Concrete
Fig. 15: Equivalent Stress of Bubble Deck Slab with
Elliptical Balls Having GFRP Sheets of M30 Grade
Concrete
The analysis was done on bubble deck slab using
both M25 and M30 grade of concrete. Total deformation,
Directional deformation and Equivalent stress (Von Mises
stress) were studied. The load-deflection values for various
bubble deck slab using M25 and M30 grade of concrete
obtained are tabulated in table 2.
Load
(kN)
Deflection values in mm
Bubble deck slab of
M25 grade concrete
Bubble deck slab of
M30 grade concrete
Elliptical
balls
Slab
having
GFRP
sheets
Elliptical
balls
Slab
having
GFRP
sheets
100 0.7128 0.0225 0.5372 0.00561
125 1.3431 0.0235 0.9918 0.01235
175 3.4920 0.6521 1.3638 0.02531
300 6.3228 2.1001 2.6035 0.08251
350 6.8188 3.1079 3.5375 0.87022
Table 2: Load Deflection Values of Bubble Deck Slab
From the above load-deflection values, bubble deck
slab with spherical and elliptical balls of M30 grade concrete
shows better performance than bubble deck slab with
spherical and elliptical balls of M25 grade concrete.
Bubble deck slab with elliptical balls using
M30grade concrete carried the stress of about 35.14MPa by
applying the uniformly distributed load of about 350kN and
causes the deflection of 3.537mm.The bubble deck slab with
elliptical balls having GFRP sheets using M30 concrete
carried the stress of about 39.99MPa by applying the
uniformly distributed load of about 350kN and causes the
deflection of 0.8702mm.
V. CONCLUSIONS
Bubble deck slab technology is an innovatory method of
virtually eliminating all concrete from the middle of a floor
slab, thereby reducing dead weight and increasing the
efficiency of the floor by using recycled hollow plastic balls.
This new prefabricated construction technology using bubble
deck slab is recently applied in many industrial projects in the
world. This technology is widely used for the construction of
multi-storeyed buildings. Bubble deck slab technology
reduces the loads on the columns, walls, foundations and
entire part of the building. Bubble deck uses less concrete
than traditional concrete floor systems.
Analysis was performed on the bubble deck slab
with elliptical balls and bubble deck slab with elliptical balls
having GFRP sheets of grade M25 and M30.The results have
concluded that
Bubble deck slab with elliptical balls having GFRP
sheets have better load carrying capacity compared to
that of bubble deck slab with elliptical balls
Bubble deck slab with elliptical balls having GFRP
sheets shows less deflection compared to that of bubble
deck slab with elliptical balls.
Bubble deck slab with elliptical balls and bubble deck
slab with elliptical ball having GFRP sheets of M30
grade concrete shows better performance than M25
grade concrete.
5. A Study on Strengthening of Bubble Deck Slab with Elliptical Balls by using GFRP Sheets
(IJSRD/Vol. 6/Issue 01/2018/175)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 663
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author thank Mr. Achu Vijayan (BMCE), my parents and
my friends for their valuable time spending with me for the
completion of this project.
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