In this study, fourteen reinforced concrete beams were tested to investigate the shear behavior of lightweight fiber reinforced concrete beams. Lightweight Expanded Clay Aggregate (LECA) was used as a partial and full replacement to the normal weight aggregate. The experimental program included three lightweight concrete beams with partial replacement of aggregate, nine lightweight concrete beams with full replacement of aggregate, and two normal weight control beams. In each group one beam was cast using steel fiber concrete, one with polypropylene fiber concrete, and one without fibers. The effects of parameters such as weight of concrete, type of fibers, area of stirrups, and shear span to depth ratio (a/d) on the beams behavior are presented. The response of the tested beams is analyzed in terms of mode of failure, deflection, strain, cracking load, and ultimatecapacity. The test results are compared to those estimated from different design codes for lightweight concrete structures.
STUDY ON BEHAVIOUR OF COMPRESSION MEMBER WITH BAMBOO AS REINFORCEMENT AND COC...civej
Concrete is the most widely used construction material. Among all ingredients of concrete, aggregates form
the major portion; further there exists a challenge in attaining the structural light weight concrete utilizing
the waste. Among the natural waste coconut shells can suitably replace these natural aggregates. The
compression testing on cube and split tensile test on cylinder were performed to authenticate its feasibility.
Concrete is reinforced with steel bars to negate its weak tension carrying capacity. However, due to higher
cost and non-renewability of steel, nowadays attempts were made to provide a low-cost, sustainable
material. The feasibility for the usage of locally procured bamboo as reinforcement is tested to evaluate its
Elasticity and ultimate strength. The axial compression test on various columns were performed comparing
its axial deformation, Energy absorption capacity, ultimate load, displacement ductility and degradation in
stiffness.
This study experimentally investigated the effect of steel fibers on the flexural behavior and ductility of high-strength concrete hollow beams. Eight square beams (four solid and four hollow) were cast with concrete containing 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, or 1.5% steel fibers by volume. The hollow beams had a central square hole that reduced the cross-sectional area by about 28%. All beams were tested under four-point bending until failure. Test results showed that beams with steel fibers failed in flexure, while the beam without fibers failed in flexural-shear. In general, hollow beams exhibited better ductility than solid beams. Hollow beams with up to 1.0% fibers had lower cracking, yielding,
This study investigated the compressive strength of reinforced concrete columns wrapped with different hybrid fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) configurations. Four 150x380mm concrete columns were tested: one unconfined control column and three wrapped with different combinations of glass, basalt, and jute FRP. The column wrapped with two layers each of basalt, glass, and jute FRP (CBGJ) achieved the highest compressive strength, reaching 1000kN and exceeding the unconfined column's strength by 25%. Analysis of the load-displacement and load-strain behaviors showed that the CBGJ wrapping configuration resulted in higher displacement and strain values compared to the other specimens. The results indicate that hybrid FRP wrapping can significantly
This document summarizes an article that discusses the behavior of hollow circular steel tubes under axial and eccentric compression loading, both with and without glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) jacketing. Twelve steel tube specimens were tested under different loading conditions. Finite element analysis was also conducted using ANSYS software. The results showed that GFRP jacketing effectively arrested elephant foot buckling in steel tubes under both loading conditions. It also enhanced the stiffness, ultimate load capacity, and ductility of unwrapped tubes. However, more than two layers of GFRP wrapping led to undesirable inward buckling of the tubes.
A Study on Repair Materials and Mesh Bonding Techniques Used To Repair Concre...IJERA Editor
In this work it is proposed to study the behavior of repaired concrete beams. The effectiveness of various repair materials was studied. Also different repair techniques were tried and results were compared. Plain concrete beams of dimensions 150mm x 150mm x 700mm were casted. The beams were failed in flexure with two point loading. The failed beams were repaired using various methods and techniques. The repair technique adopted was external bonding of steel meshes of various types with various repair materials. Beams repaired with Epoxy + SBR + Cement (RESC) without any mesh bonding giving better results. Almost all the mesh bonding repair techniques adopted were giving more than 100% regain of load carrying capacity of the original beams.
The document summarizes an experimental study that investigated the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with various materials and techniques. Eight beams were tested with different strengthening approaches, including carbon fiber reinforced polymer sheets, glass fiber reinforced polymer sheets, steel plates, or combinations of these materials. Beams were preloaded to induce cracking before strengthening. The strengthened beams were then reloaded to failure. The study aimed to evaluate the flexural properties, failure loads, stiffness, and ductility of beams strengthened with different materials and techniques. In general, strengthening increased yield and ultimate loads but reduced beam ductility compared to the unstrengthened control beam.
This document summarizes an experimental study that investigated the flexural behavior of concrete beams reinforced with different types of reinforcing bars, including glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP), carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP), and high-tensile steel (HTS) bars. Fifteen beams were tested under static load with variations in reinforcement type and concrete strength. The results were analyzed to compare failure modes, moment capacity, deflection, crack formation, and strains between the different beams. In general, the GFRP and CFRP beams exhibited higher deflections, wider cracking, and more brittle failures compared to the steel reinforced beams. The study aims to better understand the structural response of concrete beams reinforced with fiber reinforced polymer bars
EFFECT OF CARBON LAMINATION ON THE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE STRUCTURESIAEME Publication
This work consists of preparation and testing of different structural model like cubes, Beams and Columns. They are tested for Compression test, Flexural test and Split tensile Test. The comparison between Laminated and un-laminated Structural Models was made in order to know how much strength gain after testing of these structural models, so by which the rehabilitation of any structure can be done without demolishing it with less weight to strength ratio.
STUDY ON BEHAVIOUR OF COMPRESSION MEMBER WITH BAMBOO AS REINFORCEMENT AND COC...civej
Concrete is the most widely used construction material. Among all ingredients of concrete, aggregates form
the major portion; further there exists a challenge in attaining the structural light weight concrete utilizing
the waste. Among the natural waste coconut shells can suitably replace these natural aggregates. The
compression testing on cube and split tensile test on cylinder were performed to authenticate its feasibility.
Concrete is reinforced with steel bars to negate its weak tension carrying capacity. However, due to higher
cost and non-renewability of steel, nowadays attempts were made to provide a low-cost, sustainable
material. The feasibility for the usage of locally procured bamboo as reinforcement is tested to evaluate its
Elasticity and ultimate strength. The axial compression test on various columns were performed comparing
its axial deformation, Energy absorption capacity, ultimate load, displacement ductility and degradation in
stiffness.
This study experimentally investigated the effect of steel fibers on the flexural behavior and ductility of high-strength concrete hollow beams. Eight square beams (four solid and four hollow) were cast with concrete containing 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, or 1.5% steel fibers by volume. The hollow beams had a central square hole that reduced the cross-sectional area by about 28%. All beams were tested under four-point bending until failure. Test results showed that beams with steel fibers failed in flexure, while the beam without fibers failed in flexural-shear. In general, hollow beams exhibited better ductility than solid beams. Hollow beams with up to 1.0% fibers had lower cracking, yielding,
This study investigated the compressive strength of reinforced concrete columns wrapped with different hybrid fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) configurations. Four 150x380mm concrete columns were tested: one unconfined control column and three wrapped with different combinations of glass, basalt, and jute FRP. The column wrapped with two layers each of basalt, glass, and jute FRP (CBGJ) achieved the highest compressive strength, reaching 1000kN and exceeding the unconfined column's strength by 25%. Analysis of the load-displacement and load-strain behaviors showed that the CBGJ wrapping configuration resulted in higher displacement and strain values compared to the other specimens. The results indicate that hybrid FRP wrapping can significantly
This document summarizes an article that discusses the behavior of hollow circular steel tubes under axial and eccentric compression loading, both with and without glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) jacketing. Twelve steel tube specimens were tested under different loading conditions. Finite element analysis was also conducted using ANSYS software. The results showed that GFRP jacketing effectively arrested elephant foot buckling in steel tubes under both loading conditions. It also enhanced the stiffness, ultimate load capacity, and ductility of unwrapped tubes. However, more than two layers of GFRP wrapping led to undesirable inward buckling of the tubes.
A Study on Repair Materials and Mesh Bonding Techniques Used To Repair Concre...IJERA Editor
In this work it is proposed to study the behavior of repaired concrete beams. The effectiveness of various repair materials was studied. Also different repair techniques were tried and results were compared. Plain concrete beams of dimensions 150mm x 150mm x 700mm were casted. The beams were failed in flexure with two point loading. The failed beams were repaired using various methods and techniques. The repair technique adopted was external bonding of steel meshes of various types with various repair materials. Beams repaired with Epoxy + SBR + Cement (RESC) without any mesh bonding giving better results. Almost all the mesh bonding repair techniques adopted were giving more than 100% regain of load carrying capacity of the original beams.
The document summarizes an experimental study that investigated the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with various materials and techniques. Eight beams were tested with different strengthening approaches, including carbon fiber reinforced polymer sheets, glass fiber reinforced polymer sheets, steel plates, or combinations of these materials. Beams were preloaded to induce cracking before strengthening. The strengthened beams were then reloaded to failure. The study aimed to evaluate the flexural properties, failure loads, stiffness, and ductility of beams strengthened with different materials and techniques. In general, strengthening increased yield and ultimate loads but reduced beam ductility compared to the unstrengthened control beam.
This document summarizes an experimental study that investigated the flexural behavior of concrete beams reinforced with different types of reinforcing bars, including glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP), carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP), and high-tensile steel (HTS) bars. Fifteen beams were tested under static load with variations in reinforcement type and concrete strength. The results were analyzed to compare failure modes, moment capacity, deflection, crack formation, and strains between the different beams. In general, the GFRP and CFRP beams exhibited higher deflections, wider cracking, and more brittle failures compared to the steel reinforced beams. The study aims to better understand the structural response of concrete beams reinforced with fiber reinforced polymer bars
EFFECT OF CARBON LAMINATION ON THE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE STRUCTURESIAEME Publication
This work consists of preparation and testing of different structural model like cubes, Beams and Columns. They are tested for Compression test, Flexural test and Split tensile Test. The comparison between Laminated and un-laminated Structural Models was made in order to know how much strength gain after testing of these structural models, so by which the rehabilitation of any structure can be done without demolishing it with less weight to strength ratio.
This document summarizes an experimental study on the behavior of interior beam-column joints in reinforced concrete frames wrapped with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP). Sixteen beam-column joint specimens were tested under cyclic loading, with variations in reinforcement detailing per Indian codes IS 456-2000 and IS 13920-1993, and use of FRP wrapping and fiber-reinforced concrete. The results showed that joints designed according to IS 13920-1993 had smaller cracks and higher load capacity than those per IS 456-2000. FRP wrapping and fiber-reinforced concrete improved joint ductility, increasing maximum deflection by up to 25% compared to unwrapped specimens. Specimens with two layers of FRP wrapping and 0.
Retrofitting Of Reinforced Concrete Column by Steel JacketingIJERA Editor
Reinforced concrete structures often require strengthening to increase their capacity to sustain additional loads,
due to change in use that resulted in additional live loads, deterioration of the load carrying elements, design
errors, construction problems during erection, aging of structure itself or upgrading to confirm to current code
requirements. These situations may require additional concrete elements or the entire concrete structure to be
strengthened, repaired or retrofitted. Common methods for strengthening columns include concrete jacketing,
fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) jacketing and steel jacketing. All these methods have been shown to effectively
increase the axial load capacity of columns.
The experimental study was carried out on RC column on designed and detailed using IS 456:2000 provisions.
The concrete mix design being performed after conducting numerous material test and cube test to validate
expected strength as per specified grade of concrete. The trial testing conducted to estimate load at 1st crack and
failure load for normal RC column with capturing displacement using dial gauges at regular load increment in
UTM. The loading conditions are decided based on failure load to induce cracks in column under 85% loading
of the failure one. In all fifteen specimen casted and tested with three samples for failure load estimation, three
samples each for plate jacketing & angle battening system and three samples each for plate jacketing & angle
battening with column preloaded to 85% of its failure load. The angle batten system proves to be better
compared to full plate retrofitting in terms of load carrying capacity and enhancing confinement effect.
The document describes an experimental study that evaluated the flexural behavior of steel fiber reinforced high strength self-compacting concrete slabs. Six concrete slabs were tested with varying concrete types (ordinary, self-compacting, high strength self-compacting) and steel fiber volume fractions (0%, 0.75%, 1.5%). Test results found that using self-compacting concrete and adding steel fibers improved flexural resistance and led to more ductile failure. The high strength self-compacting concrete slab with 1.5% steel fibers showed the highest ultimate load capacity, an 18.8% increase over the non-fiber slab. A finite element analysis was able to reasonably model the slab test results.
A Review On Strengthening Of RCC Square Columns with Reinforced Concrete Jack...IRJET Journal
This document reviews strengthening of reinforced concrete square columns with reinforced concrete jacketing. It discusses how RC jacketing leads to uniformly increased strength and stiffness of columns. The durability of the original column is also improved with RC jacketing compared to other techniques. The review examines factors that influence the bond between the column and jacket, such as surface preparation, dowel bars, and transverse reinforcement. It concludes that RC jacketing is an effective and economical retrofitting technique that increases load capacity and improves structural performance of columns.
Performance of Beam Incorporating with Locally Available ReinforcementQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT : This study comparatively evaluated the flexural performance and deformation characteristics of concrete beams reinforced with bamboo, cane and the twisted steel rebar. The yield strength (YS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and the elongation of nine specimens of the three materials were determined using a universal testing machine. Nine beams of concrete strength 22 MPa at age 28 days were constructed separately reinforced with steel, bamboo, and cane bars, while the stirrups were steel bars. The beams were subjected to centre-point flexural loading according to ASTM C0293 to evaluate the flexural strength. The tensile strength of bamboo and rattan bars was 43% and 13% of that of steel in the same order. The elongation of bamboo, rattan and steel were 11.5%, 14% and 15.7% respectively. The experimental flexural strength of bamboo and cane reinforced concrete beams was 34% and 26% respectively of the conventional steel RC beams. The remarkable gap between the flexural capacities of the natural rebar and that of steel can be traced not only to the tensile strength but also the weak bonding at the bar-concrete interface. It can be concluded that the bamboo bars are suitable rebar for non-load bearing and lightweight RC flexural structures, while more pre-strengthening treatment is required more importantly for rattan for improved interfacial bonding and load-carrying capacity.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation on the Behaviour of Strength and Durability...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of an experimental investigation on the strength and durability of concrete when using a combination of steel fiber, glass fiber, and fly ash. Various concrete mixes were prepared by replacing cement with different percentages (0-30%) of fly ash and adding different volumes (0-1.5%) of steel and glass fibers. The compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, and workability of the mixes were then tested. The results showed that compressive strength reached its highest when cement was replaced with 10% fly ash and 1.5% fibers were added. Split tensile strength was maximized with 10% fly ash and 1.2% fibers. Flexural strength increased the most with
Ultimate Behavior of Lightweight High Strength Concrete Filled Steel Tube (LW...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes research on the ultimate behavior of lightweight high strength concrete filled steel tube (LWHCFST) bridges. The researchers conducted compression tests on LWHCFST cylinders to determine the concrete's strength and modulus of elasticity. They then used finite element analysis to model an example arch bridge made with hollow steel tubes, normal strength concrete filled steel tubes, and LWHCFST. The analysis found that the bridge failed under the highest load when made with LWHCFST, indicating it can support longer spans than alternatives while maintaining strength. In conclusion, LWHCFST is beneficial for bridge design by reducing weight without compromising load capacity.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
IRJET-Performance evaluation of Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete Beams with Ba...IRJET Journal
This study evaluated the performance of steel fiber reinforced concrete beams containing bagasse ash. Beams were cast using a mix design of M20 concrete with a water-cement ratio of 0.53. Cement in the mix was partially replaced with 10% bagasse ash. Steel fibers of 1% volume fraction were added. Beams were tested under two-point loading. Test results showed that beams containing steel fibers and bagasse ash had a 35% increase in ultimate load capacity and improved ductility compared to conventional concrete beams without fibers or ash. The addition of steel fibers and bagasse ash improved beam stiffness, energy absorption, and cracking resistance. Therefore, the study demonstrated that steel fiber reinforced concrete with bagasse ash can enhance
IRJET- An Experimental Study on Replacement of Steel with Bamboo as Reinforce...IRJET Journal
This study investigated replacing steel reinforcement with bamboo in concrete beams. Various tests were conducted on steel-reinforced and bamboo-reinforced concrete beams, including tensile tests, double shear tests, and flexural tests at 7 and 28 days.
The results showed that bamboo reinforcement had approximately 50% lower tensile and shear strength compared to steel. However, bamboo-reinforced concrete beams achieved flexural strengths nearly equivalent to steel-reinforced beams. While bamboo is less dense than steel, leading to higher flexibility, it can provide sufficient reinforcement for applications with lower loads such as roof slabs and shelters. Using bamboo instead of steel offers cost and environmental benefits by reducing pollution from steel production.
Flexure Behaviour of Ferrocement Strengthened RC beamsIEI GSC
Presentation on Flexure Behaviour of Ferrocement Strengthened RC beams by Akshay Dhariwal & Prof Sunil Raiyani, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad at #33NCCE 33rd National Convention of Civil Engineers at #IEIGSC
This document discusses fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) and its durability in marine structures. It provides background on how fibers suppress crack formation in concrete and improve its fracture toughness. The document reviews literature on how the addition of fibers enhances various mechanical properties of concrete. It also discusses considerations for mixing FRC, including how fiber type, volume, and size can impact dispersion. Finally, it presents properties of different fiber materials commonly used to reinforce concrete.
Experimental study on behaviour of concrete using steel fiber as a tensile ma...KavinKumarR3
Concrete is widely used in all over the world. It gives a compression strength and when it is collaborate with the steel the tension strength is increased. Traditional reinforcement will takes time. So by using the steel fibers in the concrete it will gives the high strength and durability. The fiber will leads to compensate the weakness in the concrete. Steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) is successfully used in the slabs, flooring, and even in beams. The formation has proved the high tensile strength when it added in the concrete.
IRJET - A Review Paper on Comparative Study of Lightweight Concrete and Reinf...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of lightweight concrete and compares it to reinforced concrete. It discusses that lightweight concrete has a lower density than conventional concrete, which reduces dead load and transportation costs. The main types of lightweight concrete are no-fines concrete, lightweight aggregate concrete, and aerated concrete. The document summarizes several studies that found lightweight concrete to have lower compressive strength but adequate properties for structural use. It provides information on the density, modulus of elasticity, flexural strength, and other properties of lightweight concrete. The conclusion is that lightweight concrete is an economical alternative to normal weight concrete for construction.
Strengthening structures via external bonding of advanced fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composite is becoming very
popular worldwide during the past decade because it provides a more economical and technically superior alternative
to the traditional techniques in many situations as it offers high strength, low weight, corrosion resistance, high fatigue
resistance, easy and rapid installation and minimal change in structural geometry. Although many in-situ RC beams
are continuous in construction, there has been very limited research work in the area of FRP strengthening of continuous
beams.
IRJET- A Review: Effect of Carbon Fiber on Different Mixes of ConcreteIRJET Journal
The document reviews research on the effect of adding carbon fibers to concrete mixes. It summarizes several studies that tested how different percentages of carbon fiber content affected the compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths of various concrete grades. The studies found that carbon fibers increased strength properties like compressive strength by up to 2%, flexural strength by up to 45%, and tensile strength by up to 11%. Higher fiber contents of 0.75-1.0% produced the largest improvements in strength, especially at later curing periods of 14-28 days. Carbon fibers improved durability, cracking resistance, and other concrete properties.
Evaluating the application limits of Unreinforced & Steel Fiber Reinforced Co...MECandPMV
OUTLINE OF THE PRESENTATION
1. Recent tunnel cases with unreinforced and Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete tunnel linings
2. Existing Design Codes and Design Recommendations framework
3. Numerical analyses of the unreinforced concrete tunnel linings under static and seismic loading conditions. T1 & T2 tunnels of Maliakos - Kleidi Motorway and T26 tunnel of Athens - Patras Motorway in Greece.
4. Numerical analyses of SFRC tunnel linings under static loading conditions.
5. Some critical thoughts about the geostatic loads on to the tunnel final linings.
6. Some critical thoughts about the ground elastic modulus for the design of tunnel linings
7. Conclusions
STUDY ON EFFECT OF HYBRID FRP LAMINATES WRAPPED EXTERNALLY (U-WRAP) ON REINFO...IAEME Publication
Recently fibre reinforced polymer composite material namely glass FRP, carbon FRP, basalt FRP etc, is being used as strengthening material. Each technique has its own merits and limitations. Experimental study have been conducted on Reinforced concrete beams which are externally strengthened with GFRP and CFRP as double layer one above the other and it is referred as Hybrid FRP techniques is attained with epoxy resin as adhesive compound. All the ingredients in the beam specimens were maintained with same consistency. A total six beams were cast for the experimental investigation. Out of that three were kept as control specimens and the remaining three were strengthened with double layer of CFRP and GFRP in the U-Wrap pattern. From the overall experimental investigation it can be observed that there is an appreciable increase in ultimate load carrying capacity of the beams strengthened with hybrid FRP laminates.
This Report covers the technique of retrofitting of existing as well as worn out structures using FRP laminates. Thermal stresses are imposed into the samples to mimic fire in a building. It is then tested for strength, repaired using 250 gsm glass fiber reinforced polymer and then tested for strength again. It was observed that the lost strength of the samples subjected to thermal stresses was regained.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete with Par...IRJET Journal
This document discusses an experimental investigation into steel fiber reinforced concrete with partial replacement of coarse aggregate by cupola slag. The following key points are discussed:
1. Steel fibers were added to concrete to improve properties like strength and ductility. Cupola slag, a byproduct from cast iron manufacturing, was used to partially replace coarse aggregate.
2. Tests were conducted to study the effect of adding hooked steel fibers and varying amounts of cupola slag on the mechanical properties of concrete, including compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength.
3. A literature review presented research on the use of steel fibers to enhance concrete properties and studies investigating the use of cupola slag as a partial replacement for
STUDY ON BEHAVIOUR OF COMPRESSION MEMBER WITH BAMBOO AS REINFORCEMENT AND COC...civejjour
Concrete is the most widely used construction material. Among all ingredients of concrete, aggregates form the major portion; further there exists a challenge in attaining the structural light weight concrete utilizing the waste. Among the natural waste coconut shells can suitably replace these natural aggregates. The compression testing on cube and split tensile test on cylinder were performed to authenticate its feasibility. Concrete is reinforced with steel bars to negate its weak tension carrying capacity. However, due to higher cost and non-renewability of steel, nowadays attempts were made to provide a low-cost, sustainable material. The feasibility for the usage of locally procured bamboo as reinforcement is tested to evaluate its Elasticity and ultimate strength. The axial compression test on various columns were performed comparing its axial deformation, Energy absorption capacity, ultimate load, displacement ductility and degradation in stiffness.
IRJET- Study on the Effect of Biaxial Geo-Grid on Fiber Reinforced ConcreteIRJET Journal
1) An experimental study was conducted to investigate the mechanical properties of fiber reinforced concrete with the addition of biaxial geogrid.
2) Cube, cylinder, and beam specimens were tested with and without geogrid and steel fibers. The geogrid was placed inside cylindrical molds and on top of beam specimens before pouring concrete.
3) Test results found that geogrid confinement alone increased compressive strength by 6% and splitting tensile strength by 37% compared to conventional concrete. The addition of steel fibers further increased strengths, with 1.5% fibers and geogrid giving the best performance overall.
This document summarizes an experimental study on the behavior of interior beam-column joints in reinforced concrete frames wrapped with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP). Sixteen beam-column joint specimens were tested under cyclic loading, with variations in reinforcement detailing per Indian codes IS 456-2000 and IS 13920-1993, and use of FRP wrapping and fiber-reinforced concrete. The results showed that joints designed according to IS 13920-1993 had smaller cracks and higher load capacity than those per IS 456-2000. FRP wrapping and fiber-reinforced concrete improved joint ductility, increasing maximum deflection by up to 25% compared to unwrapped specimens. Specimens with two layers of FRP wrapping and 0.
Retrofitting Of Reinforced Concrete Column by Steel JacketingIJERA Editor
Reinforced concrete structures often require strengthening to increase their capacity to sustain additional loads,
due to change in use that resulted in additional live loads, deterioration of the load carrying elements, design
errors, construction problems during erection, aging of structure itself or upgrading to confirm to current code
requirements. These situations may require additional concrete elements or the entire concrete structure to be
strengthened, repaired or retrofitted. Common methods for strengthening columns include concrete jacketing,
fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) jacketing and steel jacketing. All these methods have been shown to effectively
increase the axial load capacity of columns.
The experimental study was carried out on RC column on designed and detailed using IS 456:2000 provisions.
The concrete mix design being performed after conducting numerous material test and cube test to validate
expected strength as per specified grade of concrete. The trial testing conducted to estimate load at 1st crack and
failure load for normal RC column with capturing displacement using dial gauges at regular load increment in
UTM. The loading conditions are decided based on failure load to induce cracks in column under 85% loading
of the failure one. In all fifteen specimen casted and tested with three samples for failure load estimation, three
samples each for plate jacketing & angle battening system and three samples each for plate jacketing & angle
battening with column preloaded to 85% of its failure load. The angle batten system proves to be better
compared to full plate retrofitting in terms of load carrying capacity and enhancing confinement effect.
The document describes an experimental study that evaluated the flexural behavior of steel fiber reinforced high strength self-compacting concrete slabs. Six concrete slabs were tested with varying concrete types (ordinary, self-compacting, high strength self-compacting) and steel fiber volume fractions (0%, 0.75%, 1.5%). Test results found that using self-compacting concrete and adding steel fibers improved flexural resistance and led to more ductile failure. The high strength self-compacting concrete slab with 1.5% steel fibers showed the highest ultimate load capacity, an 18.8% increase over the non-fiber slab. A finite element analysis was able to reasonably model the slab test results.
A Review On Strengthening Of RCC Square Columns with Reinforced Concrete Jack...IRJET Journal
This document reviews strengthening of reinforced concrete square columns with reinforced concrete jacketing. It discusses how RC jacketing leads to uniformly increased strength and stiffness of columns. The durability of the original column is also improved with RC jacketing compared to other techniques. The review examines factors that influence the bond between the column and jacket, such as surface preparation, dowel bars, and transverse reinforcement. It concludes that RC jacketing is an effective and economical retrofitting technique that increases load capacity and improves structural performance of columns.
Performance of Beam Incorporating with Locally Available ReinforcementQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT : This study comparatively evaluated the flexural performance and deformation characteristics of concrete beams reinforced with bamboo, cane and the twisted steel rebar. The yield strength (YS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and the elongation of nine specimens of the three materials were determined using a universal testing machine. Nine beams of concrete strength 22 MPa at age 28 days were constructed separately reinforced with steel, bamboo, and cane bars, while the stirrups were steel bars. The beams were subjected to centre-point flexural loading according to ASTM C0293 to evaluate the flexural strength. The tensile strength of bamboo and rattan bars was 43% and 13% of that of steel in the same order. The elongation of bamboo, rattan and steel were 11.5%, 14% and 15.7% respectively. The experimental flexural strength of bamboo and cane reinforced concrete beams was 34% and 26% respectively of the conventional steel RC beams. The remarkable gap between the flexural capacities of the natural rebar and that of steel can be traced not only to the tensile strength but also the weak bonding at the bar-concrete interface. It can be concluded that the bamboo bars are suitable rebar for non-load bearing and lightweight RC flexural structures, while more pre-strengthening treatment is required more importantly for rattan for improved interfacial bonding and load-carrying capacity.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation on the Behaviour of Strength and Durability...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of an experimental investigation on the strength and durability of concrete when using a combination of steel fiber, glass fiber, and fly ash. Various concrete mixes were prepared by replacing cement with different percentages (0-30%) of fly ash and adding different volumes (0-1.5%) of steel and glass fibers. The compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, and workability of the mixes were then tested. The results showed that compressive strength reached its highest when cement was replaced with 10% fly ash and 1.5% fibers were added. Split tensile strength was maximized with 10% fly ash and 1.2% fibers. Flexural strength increased the most with
Ultimate Behavior of Lightweight High Strength Concrete Filled Steel Tube (LW...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes research on the ultimate behavior of lightweight high strength concrete filled steel tube (LWHCFST) bridges. The researchers conducted compression tests on LWHCFST cylinders to determine the concrete's strength and modulus of elasticity. They then used finite element analysis to model an example arch bridge made with hollow steel tubes, normal strength concrete filled steel tubes, and LWHCFST. The analysis found that the bridge failed under the highest load when made with LWHCFST, indicating it can support longer spans than alternatives while maintaining strength. In conclusion, LWHCFST is beneficial for bridge design by reducing weight without compromising load capacity.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
IRJET-Performance evaluation of Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete Beams with Ba...IRJET Journal
This study evaluated the performance of steel fiber reinforced concrete beams containing bagasse ash. Beams were cast using a mix design of M20 concrete with a water-cement ratio of 0.53. Cement in the mix was partially replaced with 10% bagasse ash. Steel fibers of 1% volume fraction were added. Beams were tested under two-point loading. Test results showed that beams containing steel fibers and bagasse ash had a 35% increase in ultimate load capacity and improved ductility compared to conventional concrete beams without fibers or ash. The addition of steel fibers and bagasse ash improved beam stiffness, energy absorption, and cracking resistance. Therefore, the study demonstrated that steel fiber reinforced concrete with bagasse ash can enhance
IRJET- An Experimental Study on Replacement of Steel with Bamboo as Reinforce...IRJET Journal
This study investigated replacing steel reinforcement with bamboo in concrete beams. Various tests were conducted on steel-reinforced and bamboo-reinforced concrete beams, including tensile tests, double shear tests, and flexural tests at 7 and 28 days.
The results showed that bamboo reinforcement had approximately 50% lower tensile and shear strength compared to steel. However, bamboo-reinforced concrete beams achieved flexural strengths nearly equivalent to steel-reinforced beams. While bamboo is less dense than steel, leading to higher flexibility, it can provide sufficient reinforcement for applications with lower loads such as roof slabs and shelters. Using bamboo instead of steel offers cost and environmental benefits by reducing pollution from steel production.
Flexure Behaviour of Ferrocement Strengthened RC beamsIEI GSC
Presentation on Flexure Behaviour of Ferrocement Strengthened RC beams by Akshay Dhariwal & Prof Sunil Raiyani, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad at #33NCCE 33rd National Convention of Civil Engineers at #IEIGSC
This document discusses fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) and its durability in marine structures. It provides background on how fibers suppress crack formation in concrete and improve its fracture toughness. The document reviews literature on how the addition of fibers enhances various mechanical properties of concrete. It also discusses considerations for mixing FRC, including how fiber type, volume, and size can impact dispersion. Finally, it presents properties of different fiber materials commonly used to reinforce concrete.
Experimental study on behaviour of concrete using steel fiber as a tensile ma...KavinKumarR3
Concrete is widely used in all over the world. It gives a compression strength and when it is collaborate with the steel the tension strength is increased. Traditional reinforcement will takes time. So by using the steel fibers in the concrete it will gives the high strength and durability. The fiber will leads to compensate the weakness in the concrete. Steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) is successfully used in the slabs, flooring, and even in beams. The formation has proved the high tensile strength when it added in the concrete.
IRJET - A Review Paper on Comparative Study of Lightweight Concrete and Reinf...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of lightweight concrete and compares it to reinforced concrete. It discusses that lightweight concrete has a lower density than conventional concrete, which reduces dead load and transportation costs. The main types of lightweight concrete are no-fines concrete, lightweight aggregate concrete, and aerated concrete. The document summarizes several studies that found lightweight concrete to have lower compressive strength but adequate properties for structural use. It provides information on the density, modulus of elasticity, flexural strength, and other properties of lightweight concrete. The conclusion is that lightweight concrete is an economical alternative to normal weight concrete for construction.
Strengthening structures via external bonding of advanced fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composite is becoming very
popular worldwide during the past decade because it provides a more economical and technically superior alternative
to the traditional techniques in many situations as it offers high strength, low weight, corrosion resistance, high fatigue
resistance, easy and rapid installation and minimal change in structural geometry. Although many in-situ RC beams
are continuous in construction, there has been very limited research work in the area of FRP strengthening of continuous
beams.
IRJET- A Review: Effect of Carbon Fiber on Different Mixes of ConcreteIRJET Journal
The document reviews research on the effect of adding carbon fibers to concrete mixes. It summarizes several studies that tested how different percentages of carbon fiber content affected the compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths of various concrete grades. The studies found that carbon fibers increased strength properties like compressive strength by up to 2%, flexural strength by up to 45%, and tensile strength by up to 11%. Higher fiber contents of 0.75-1.0% produced the largest improvements in strength, especially at later curing periods of 14-28 days. Carbon fibers improved durability, cracking resistance, and other concrete properties.
Evaluating the application limits of Unreinforced & Steel Fiber Reinforced Co...MECandPMV
OUTLINE OF THE PRESENTATION
1. Recent tunnel cases with unreinforced and Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete tunnel linings
2. Existing Design Codes and Design Recommendations framework
3. Numerical analyses of the unreinforced concrete tunnel linings under static and seismic loading conditions. T1 & T2 tunnels of Maliakos - Kleidi Motorway and T26 tunnel of Athens - Patras Motorway in Greece.
4. Numerical analyses of SFRC tunnel linings under static loading conditions.
5. Some critical thoughts about the geostatic loads on to the tunnel final linings.
6. Some critical thoughts about the ground elastic modulus for the design of tunnel linings
7. Conclusions
STUDY ON EFFECT OF HYBRID FRP LAMINATES WRAPPED EXTERNALLY (U-WRAP) ON REINFO...IAEME Publication
Recently fibre reinforced polymer composite material namely glass FRP, carbon FRP, basalt FRP etc, is being used as strengthening material. Each technique has its own merits and limitations. Experimental study have been conducted on Reinforced concrete beams which are externally strengthened with GFRP and CFRP as double layer one above the other and it is referred as Hybrid FRP techniques is attained with epoxy resin as adhesive compound. All the ingredients in the beam specimens were maintained with same consistency. A total six beams were cast for the experimental investigation. Out of that three were kept as control specimens and the remaining three were strengthened with double layer of CFRP and GFRP in the U-Wrap pattern. From the overall experimental investigation it can be observed that there is an appreciable increase in ultimate load carrying capacity of the beams strengthened with hybrid FRP laminates.
This Report covers the technique of retrofitting of existing as well as worn out structures using FRP laminates. Thermal stresses are imposed into the samples to mimic fire in a building. It is then tested for strength, repaired using 250 gsm glass fiber reinforced polymer and then tested for strength again. It was observed that the lost strength of the samples subjected to thermal stresses was regained.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete with Par...IRJET Journal
This document discusses an experimental investigation into steel fiber reinforced concrete with partial replacement of coarse aggregate by cupola slag. The following key points are discussed:
1. Steel fibers were added to concrete to improve properties like strength and ductility. Cupola slag, a byproduct from cast iron manufacturing, was used to partially replace coarse aggregate.
2. Tests were conducted to study the effect of adding hooked steel fibers and varying amounts of cupola slag on the mechanical properties of concrete, including compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength.
3. A literature review presented research on the use of steel fibers to enhance concrete properties and studies investigating the use of cupola slag as a partial replacement for
STUDY ON BEHAVIOUR OF COMPRESSION MEMBER WITH BAMBOO AS REINFORCEMENT AND COC...civejjour
Concrete is the most widely used construction material. Among all ingredients of concrete, aggregates form the major portion; further there exists a challenge in attaining the structural light weight concrete utilizing the waste. Among the natural waste coconut shells can suitably replace these natural aggregates. The compression testing on cube and split tensile test on cylinder were performed to authenticate its feasibility. Concrete is reinforced with steel bars to negate its weak tension carrying capacity. However, due to higher cost and non-renewability of steel, nowadays attempts were made to provide a low-cost, sustainable material. The feasibility for the usage of locally procured bamboo as reinforcement is tested to evaluate its Elasticity and ultimate strength. The axial compression test on various columns were performed comparing its axial deformation, Energy absorption capacity, ultimate load, displacement ductility and degradation in stiffness.
IRJET- Study on the Effect of Biaxial Geo-Grid on Fiber Reinforced ConcreteIRJET Journal
1) An experimental study was conducted to investigate the mechanical properties of fiber reinforced concrete with the addition of biaxial geogrid.
2) Cube, cylinder, and beam specimens were tested with and without geogrid and steel fibers. The geogrid was placed inside cylindrical molds and on top of beam specimens before pouring concrete.
3) Test results found that geogrid confinement alone increased compressive strength by 6% and splitting tensile strength by 37% compared to conventional concrete. The addition of steel fibers further increased strengths, with 1.5% fibers and geogrid giving the best performance overall.
A REVIEW ON STRENGTHENING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS USING GLASS FIBER REIN...Ijripublishers Ijri
Worldwide, a great deal of research is currently being conducted concerning the use of fiber reinforced plastic wraps,
laminates and sheets in the repair and strengthening of reinforced concrete members. Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP)
application is a very effective way to repair and strengthen structures that have become structurally weak over their life
span. FRP repair systems provide an economically viable alternative to traditional repair systems and materials.
Experimental investigations on the flexural and shear behavior of RC beams strengthened using continuous glass fiber
reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets are carried out. Externally reinforced concrete beams with epoxy-bonded GFRP sheets
were tested to failure using a symmetrical two point concentrated static loading system. Two sets of beams were casted
for this experimental test program. In SET I three beams weak in flexure were casted, out of which one is controlled
beam and other two beams were strengthened using continuous glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets in flexure.
In SET II three beams weak in shear were casted, out of which one is the controlled beam and other two beams were
strengthened using continuous glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets in shear. The strengthening of the beams
is done with different amount and configuration of GFRP sheets.
A Study on Effect of Sizes of aggregates on Steel Fiber Reinforced ConcreteIJERD Editor
Plain, unreinforced concrete is a brittle material, with a low tensile strength, limited ductility and
little resistance to cracking. In order to improve the inherent tensile strength of concrete there is a need of
multidirectional and closely spaced reinforcement, which can be provided in the form of randomly distributed
fibers. Steel fiber is one of the most commonly used fibers The present experimental study considers the effect
of aggregate size and steel fibers on the modulus of elasticity of concrete. Crimped steel fibers at volume
fraction of 0%.0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% were used. Study on effect of volume fraction of fibers and change of
aggregate size on the modulus of elasticity of concrete was also deemed as an important part of present
experimental investigation. This work aims in studying the mechanical behavior of concrete in terms of modulus
of elasticity with the change of aggregate size reinforced with steel fibers of different series for M30 and M50
grade concretes. The results obtained show that the addition of steel fiber improves the modulus of elasticity of
concrete. It was also analyzed that by increasing the fiber volume fraction from 0%, to 1.5% there was a healthy
effect on modulus of elasticity of Steel Fiber Reinforced concrete.
This document summarizes an experimental investigation on using ferrocement to repair reinforced concrete beams. Three sets of RC beams were tested to failure and then repaired with different ferrocement layer configurations. Beams in set 1 were repaired with a 0.5 inch layer on three sides. Set 2 beams had two 1 inch layers on the bottom and one 1 inch layer on two sides. Set 3 beams had a total of 1 inch layer on three sides. The repaired beams were re-tested and their cracking loads, ultimate loads, and deflections were compared to the original beams. Test results showed that beams with two bottom layers of ferrocement overlay performed comparatively better in strengthening the beams. The study demonstrated that ferrocement layers can
Performance of Self Compacting High Strength Fiber Reinforced Concrete (SCHSFRC)IOSR Journals
In this experimental study the changes on some mechanical properties of self compacting concrete
specimen produced by silica fume, metakaolin, fly ash and steel fibers were investigated. The main objective of
this is to obtain ductile Self Compacting High Strength Concrete (SCHSC) which flows under its own weight
and homogeneity while completely filling any formwork and passing around congested reinforcement. The Self
Compacting High Strength Concrete produced by using silica fume, metakaolin, fly ash, steel fibers and
Polycarboxylatether base superplasticizer. Three types of steel fibers were used in the experiments and volume
fractions of steel fiber were 0.5% to 4.0 %. Addition of silica fume, metakaolin and fly ash into the concrete
were 2.5 %, 2.5 % and 10 % by weight of cement content respectively. Water/cement ratio was 0.29.
Compressive strength and split tensile strength tests were made on hardened concrete specimens.
This study investigated the mechanical and durability properties of high strength concrete (HPC) using silica fume and steel fiber additions. The concrete mixtures contained 10% silica fume replacement of cement by weight, and steel fiber contents of 1%, 1.5%, and 2% by volume. Testing showed that HPC with 2% steel fiber provided the highest compressive, split tensile, and flexural strengths. Impact resistance and modulus of elasticity also increased with higher steel fiber content. Addition of silica fume and steel fiber improved the bond strength and reduced chloride permeability compared to normal concrete. This experimental investigation demonstrated that using silica fume and steel fiber can enhance the mechanical and durability characteristics of high strength
IRJET- Effect of Fiber Addition on Mechanical Properties of ConcreteIRJET Journal
The document discusses the effect of adding different types and amounts of steel fibers and glass fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete. Tests were conducted on concrete specimens with 0%, 1%, 2%, and 3% volume fractions of steel fibers to measure their compressive strength and split tensile strength after 28 days. The results showed that compressive strength and split tensile strength increased as the steel fiber content increased, with the 3% fiber volume fraction specimens exhibiting the highest strengths. Similar tests also examined the effect of 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6% glass fiber volume fractions. Both steel and glass fibers improved the mechanical properties of concrete compared to normal concrete without fibers.
Behaviour of Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete Beam under Cyclic LoadingIOSR Journals
Abstract: This paper describes the influence of steel fibre distribution on the ultimate strength of concrete
beams. An experimental & analytical investigation of the behaviour of concrete beams reinforced with
conventional steel bars and steel fibres under cyclic loading is presented. It is now well established that one of
the important properties of steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) is its superior resistance to cracking and
crack propagation. As a result of this ability to arrest cracks, fibre composites possess increased extensibility
and tensile strength, both at first crack and at ultimate load and the fibres are able to hold the matrix together
even after extensive cracking. The net result of all these is to impart to the fibre composite pronounced post –
cracking ductility which is unheard of in ordinary concrete. The transformation from a brittle to a ductile type
of material would increase substantially the energy absorption characteristics of the fibre composite and its
ability to withstand repeatedly applied, shock or impact loading. Tests on conventionally reinforced concrete
beam specimens, containing steel fibres in different proportions, have been conducted to establish loaddeflection
curves. It was observed that SFRC beams showed enhanced properties compared to that of RC beams
with steel fibres. The experimental investigations are validated with the analytical studies carried out by finite
element models using ANSYS.
Keywords: Steel fiber, concrete, properties, crack, ductility, technology.
Investigations on Properties of Light Weight Cinder Aggregate ConcreteIJERD Editor
This document summarizes an investigation into the properties of concrete made with cinder aggregate as a partial or full replacement for conventional aggregates. Cinder is a lightweight byproduct of steel manufacturing that can be used to create lighter weight concrete. Tests were conducted replacing granite coarse aggregate with 0-100% cinder aggregate, and river sand fine aggregate with 0-50% cinder powder. Results showed compressive strength was highest with 40% cinder coarse aggregate replacement, but strength generally decreased as replacement levels increased. Tensile strength also decreased with higher cinder replacement. Density of cinder concrete mixes was lower than conventional mixes. The study concluded cinder can be used to create lighter concrete, though strengths are sometimes reduced compared to conventional mixes.
This paper deals with the effect of using recycled concrete aggregate as a partial
replacement of coarse aggregate in self-compacting concrete, on the structural
behavior of reinforced concrete corbels. From the previous researches, there is no
studies deals with the effect of using this type of aggregate on the structural behavior
of corbels, and also the use of RCA has an economical and environmental benefits
Three replacement ratios were considered 25%, 50% and 75%. All mixes (with and
without RCA) have almost same compressive strength at age of 28days which is equal
to (35MPa) with a tolerance of (±3MPa).For this purpose, an eleven reinforced
concrete corbels were cast and divided in to three groups (A, Band C). Each group
deals with specific problem. Different parameters which effect the behavior of corbels
were studied and include replacement ratios of natural coarse aggregate by recycled
concrete aggregate (RCA), amount of horizontal reinforcement (Ah) and amount of
main tension reinforcement (Asmain).
In order to get same compressive strength of concrete mixes made with natural
and with recycled concrete aggregates, the quantity of cement was increased by
(1.25%, 3.75% and 10%) for mixes containing (25%, 50% and 75%) recycled
concrete aggregate respectively compared with SCC made with natural coarse
aggregate.
The experimental results of corbels show that the ultimate load capacity of corbels
in group Atested with a/d of 0.34 and made from SCC with (25%, 50 and 75%) RCA
was decreased by (2.22%, 7.4%, and 12.34%) respectively compared with corbel
made from SCC without RCA. While in group B, all corbels casted with 50%RCA and
have the same main tension reinforcement, a/d=0.34, corbel dimensions and concrete
compressive strength and the only difference was in the amount of horizontal
reinforcement. The results showed that when the amount of horizontal reinforcement
(stirrups) was increased from zero to 2Ø6mm, the ultimate load increased
This document summarizes a study on the performance of steel fibre reinforced interlocking hollow concrete blocks used as load bearing walls. The blocks were designed with interlocking ends and hollow portions to reduce weight and facilitate placement of electrical and plumbing utilities. Masonry walls were constructed using these blocks, locally available solid blocks, and hollow blocks to compare their load carrying capacities. Tests on concrete cubes, cylinders and beams with and without steel fibres showed that addition of steel fibres increased the compressive, splitting tensile and flexural strengths. Walls built with the steel fibre reinforced hollow blocks exhibited a 22% higher load carrying capacity and suffered less cracking compared to walls using solid or hollow blocks without fibres. The study concluded that these lightweight
This document summarizes a study that assessed the fresh and hardened properties of self-consolidating concrete (SCC) containing steel, polypropylene, and hybrid fibers at various high temperatures. Four SCC mixtures were tested: a control without fibers, one with 1% polypropylene fibers, one with 1% steel fibers, and one with 0.5% of each steel and polypropylene fibers. All mixtures met standards for workability and passing ability. The inclusion of fibers slightly reduced workability. Mechanical properties generally increased with temperature up to 200°C then decreased at higher temperatures. Fiber-reinforced SCC exhibited improved spalling resistance compared to plain SCC.
ppt on high performance concrete (steel fibre)9597639444
1) Steel fiber reinforced concrete has higher strength and durability than conventional concrete due to the inclusion of short, randomly distributed steel fibers.
2) Testing showed that concrete cubes with 5% steel fibers by weight had a 13.55% increase in compressive strength over conventional concrete.
3) Columns made with 5% steel fibers could carry over 14% more load than conventional concrete columns before failure. The addition of steel fibers improves several properties of concrete including flexural strength, impact resistance, and fatigue resistance.
1) Steel fiber reinforced concrete has higher strength and durability than conventional concrete due to the inclusion of short, randomly distributed steel fibers.
2) Testing showed that concrete cubes with 5% steel fibers by weight had a 13.55% increase in compressive strength over conventional concrete.
3) Columns made with 5% steel fibers could carry over 14% more load than conventional concrete columns before failure. The addition of steel fibers improves properties like flexural strength, impact resistance, fatigue resistance, and permeability.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
This document presents an experimental and analytical study comparing the structural behavior of composite concrete slabs with profiled steel decking. 18 full-scale slab specimens were tested under different shear span lengths to evaluate the longitudinal shear bond strength between the concrete and steel deck. The experimental results were compared to analytical calculations using the m-k method and partial shear connection method from Eurocode 4. The m-k method was found to provide a more conservative estimate of load-carrying capacity than the partial shear connection method, with generally good agreement between experimental and analytical values.
IRJET-Experimental behavior of Concrete under Compression Load with Steel Fib...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the experimental behavior of concrete under compression load when partially replacing cement with steel fiber and ferrocement. The research involved casting and testing cylinders and cubes of M25 grade concrete with different mixes - some with steel fiber and ferrocement additions and others without. The results showed that concrete with a 0.5% addition of steel fiber and no ferrocement layers had the highest ultimate strain and a 16% increase in compressive strength compared to plain concrete cubes. The research concluded that steel fiber and ferrocement additions can improve the performance and properties of concrete under compression loads.
IRJET- Review on Steel Concrete Composite ColumnIRJET Journal
1. The document reviews research on steel-concrete composite columns, where steel columns are infilled with concrete. Wire mesh is welded inside steel columns to improve bond between steel and concrete.
2. Three composite columns and three reinforced concrete columns of the same size were tested and compared. The composite columns showed better structural behavior than reinforced concrete columns in terms of ultimate strength, ductility, energy absorption capacity, and stiffness.
3. The literature review discussed previous research on composite columns that found infilling concrete inside steel tubes improves tensile strength and load capacity compared to hollow steel tubes. Previous studies also showed that composite columns experienced less damage than steel-only columns under the same loads.
Similar to Shear Behavior of Lightweight Fiber Reinforced Concrete Beams (20)
In order to study the WGS on an industrial scale at a low pressure, the modeling andsimulation of a WGS reactor operating at a pressure close to Patm and processing an industrial charge in the presence of a high temperature shift catalyst (Fe2O3/Cr2O3) were performed. The Profiles of the carbon monoxide conversion, temperature and pressure along the reactor were obtained. The effect of several operating parameters (inlet temperature, H2O/CO ratio) on the conversion of carbon monoxide along the reactor has been determined. The estimated catalytic mass to convert 60.5% of the carbon monoxide contained in the inlet is 170.76 t. The pressure drops in the reactor are not negligible and the maximum temperaturereached is without any harmful effect on the catalyst. The choice of an optimal inlet temperature and a high H2O/CO ratio improves the conversion of carbon monoxide.
As we are all aware,therecent discovery of the Higgs boson has revealed a highly massive particle, the value of which lies between 125and 126.5 GeV/c2.. According to the basic concepts of Quantum Mechanics, and in full compliance with the Uncertainty Principle and Yukawa intuitions, we were able to calculate the maximum limit of the Higgs boson‟s field of action. From the calculations show that the Higgs boson presents a range of action really very small, namely 9.8828∙10-16[cm], that is slightly smaller than 10-15[cm]. This value is justified by the considerable mass that the Higgs bosonacquires, in perfect agreement with the Uncertainty Principle.
The document presents the results of calculations of parameters of turbulent fluid flow in a pipe with a circular cross-section. Graphs and mathematical functions show how total pressure, velocity, vorticity, turbulent length, dissipation, viscosity, energy, and time change along the length of the pipe for different mass flow rates. A transition from laminar to turbulent flow occurs at around 2/5 the length of the pipe from the inlet. Parameters generally increase with mass flow rate and distance along the pipe, while turbulent time decreases. Functions are given to describe the variation of each parameter within different sections of the pipe.
This document summarizes a study that analyzes magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of Newtonian and non-Newtonian nanofluids passing over a magnetic sphere. Nanofluids containing alumina or copper nanoparticles in water or oil bases were examined. Governing equations for continuity, momentum, and energy were derived and non-dimensionalized. The equations were transformed into similarity equations using a stream function and solved numerically. Results showed that increasing the magnetic parameter decreases velocity and temperature. Newtonian nanofluid velocity and temperature were higher than non-Newtonian. Copper-water nanofluid also had higher values than alumina-water.
Building materials used for the walls of simple houses in lower-middle-class areas in Indonesia are currently dominated by brick. This study proposes that soil-paper blocks coated with calcium silicate board may be a suitable alternative, with high embodied energy and density. The research aims to obtain an optimal wall thickness to provide protection against cooling and embodied energy in low income houses, as well as against the temperature conditions in these buildings in highland and lowland areas. Determination of wall thickness is performed by simulation of a 9 m2 building model with thick variables. Cooling calculations involved the use of Archipak software. Temperature measurements were carried out using a data logger on a sample of soil-paper blocks. The results indicate that the optimal wall thickness for protection against cooling and embodied energy is 8 cm. Soil-paper block has a lower density than brick. The use of calcium silicate boards does not affect the internal temperature of a low income house, but they can be used as protection against rainwater and as a substitute for wall plastering.
Adaptive-optimal control involves re-identification of the machining process and the model obtained is used to calculate the optimal process parameters.
Optimal control characterizes the addiction of the technical and economic indicators to process parameters. Characteristic for performance technical indicators is that their dependence to parameter values of process has a limitative, what leads to one of the following conclusions, appropriately or inappropriately, and therefore can serve as restrictions in optimization problem.
Economic indicators have a continuous dependence of process parameters and therefore they are used as objective functions.
Knowledge management (KM) has become an effective way of managing organization‟s intellectual capital or, in other words, organization‟s full experience, skills and knowledge that is relevant for more effective performance in future. The paper proposes a knowledge management to achieve a competitive control of the machining systems. Then an application of Knowledge Management in engineering has been attempted to explain. The model can be used by the manager for the choosing of competitive orders.
1) The document evaluates the effect of varying mole ratios of reactants on the yield of ceftriaxone sodium synthesis. Ceftriaxone sodium was synthesized by reacting 7-ACT and MAEM, then with sodium salt.
2) Testing showed that increasing the mole ratio of MAEM increased the yield up to a ratio of 1:2, where the yield was 72.17% and purity was 99.32%. However, further increasing the ratio did not increase yield.
3) The highest mole ratio of 1:2 produced the highest yield while maintaining high purity. This suggests that a 1:2 mole ratio of reactants could be optimal for industrial scale ceftriaxone sodium production.
The challenges of river water quality management are so enormous, due to the unpredictive modes of contamination. Monitoring different sources of pollutant load contribution to the river basin is also quite tasking, resulting to laborious and expensive process which sometimes lead to analytical errors. This study deals with the assessment of the physico– chemicaland bacteriological parameters of water samples from River Amba during the period of August 2017 to January 2018 and developing regression models. Water quality Parameters such as Temperature, Turbidity (NTU), Suspended solids (mg/l), Colour, Total solids, Total dissolved solids, Electrical conductivity (μs/cm), pH, Hardness, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), and Total Coliform were obtained and compared with water quality standards. The results of the water quality analysis of the study in comparison with drinking water quality standard issued byWorld Health Organization(WHO) and National Agency for Food and Drug Administration Control (NAFDAC) revealed that most of the water quality parameters were not adequate to pronounce the water potable. Hence adequate water treatment processes should be employed to make the water fit for consumption and other domestic uses. Statistical analysis was done, in which the systematic correlation and regressionanalysis showed a significant linear relationship between different pairs of water quality parameters. The highest correlation coefficient between different pairs of parameters obtained is (r = 0.999), resulting from the correlation between TS and SS. Multiple regression analysis was also carried out and regression equations were developed. It was observed that the parameters studied had a positive correlation with each other.
Time, in the globalized world, is one of the most important factors about the economy, science and health. Mankind has made various efforts to use time efficiently for many years. In these studies transport came to the fore and it has become indispensable. In the light of today's technological conditions, air transport is developing at an increasing rate. Every day many aircrafts are produced, which have different speeds, weight and volume, for serve to transport. Therefore to make structures for easy and safe transport need a stable soil. Particularly suitable areas for the airport grounds in cities today, not being physically proper that construction of the airport made on soil with low bearing capacity, swelling potential of an expansive soil, settlement of soil etc, areas. In this study, soil problems encountered in the construction of airports will be explained and a summary of studies on the solution of these problems will be presented.
People in a big city as Antananarivo, capital of Madagascar, have leads to take street foods for their daily nutritional needs. This food habits may be a risk for consumers due to contaminations from street environment and bad practices related to hygiene. This study aimed to examine the quality and safety of street vended foods in Antananarivo, on January 2016 to December 2017.Six hundred and sixty two samples including 126samples of melting salads, 70 beef skewers, 54 chicken skewers, and typical Malagasy foods as : mofoanana (67 samples), mofogasy (64 samples), ramanonaka (64), makasaoka (66), mofoakondro (62) and kobandravina(89);were randomly collected from the streetvendors in Antananarivo marketsto evaluate their bacteriological quality.International Methods (ISO) was adopted for to find the load of Total Aerobic Bacteria andEnterobateriaceae,Escherichia coli and to search pathogen bacteria as Salmonella, Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli O157H7 and Bacillus cereus in these foods.The results revealed that the mean values ofthe Total Aerobic Bacteria count was 0.1x106- 4.8x106cfu/g. Enterobacteriaceaecount range from 0.4x102 to 1.9x102cfu/g. Escherichia coli count range from 0.04x102cfu/g. to 0.19 x102cfu/g.Salmonellawas only present in melting salads, beef skewers and chicken skewers samples. Bacillus cereus count range from 0,1x102 to 1,5x102cfu/g. Campylobacter jejuniwas only present in samples of ramanonaka and kobandravina. Two strains of presumptive Eschercichia coli O157 H7 (βglucuronidase -) were isolated. PCR method was used to confirm the identity of these two isolates. A high contamination above 106 cfu/g food and the presence of potential pathogens bacteria could be hazardous. Systematic inspections and training of food vendors on food hygiene and application of hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) has been recognised as measures to guarantee improvement of the quality of street foods.
In order to clean up soils contaminated with hydrocarbons, the bioremediation activity of Pseudomonas putida was studied. Pseudomonas putida is a bacterium that can withstand the harshest environmental conditions. It is able to metabolize a wide range of petroleum hydrocarbons which is used as a source of carbon and energy. Given the potential of this microorganism, an experiment wasconducted on this strain.
For the isolation of this microorganism, a sample ofsoil from the Vakinankaratra region in the urban commune of Antsirabe II, Madagascar was microbiologically analysed. The bacterial identification was based on a study of the morphological, physicochemical and sequential analysis of the 16S rDNA gene.
Scored tablets provide dose flexibility, ease of swallowing and cost savings. However, some problems with scored tablets can be confronted like difficulty of breaking, unequally breaking and loss of mass upon breaking. This paper investigates the effect of score lines on the density distribution using continuum modelling. In keeping with previous work in the pharmaceutical field, a modified Drucker Prager Cap model is described briefly and used in the simulations. Coulomb friction is included between powder and tools. The microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) Vivapur® 102 was used to identify the model parameters using experimental tests with instrumented die, shear cell and diametrical crushing. The obtained results indicate that simulations may be useful not only to determine density distributions within tablets, but also may provide indications about performance of score lines.
The document discusses using solar chimneys to reduce heating loads in cold climates. It summarizes previous research on solar chimneys and their impact on ventilation. The author models a school building in a cold climate with and without a solar chimney using energy simulation software. The results show that with a solar chimney, the indoor temperature reached 22°C without mechanical heating, within the comfort range. By applying passive solar techniques like solar chimneys, architectural projects can save energy without large costs.
The control of motor rotation speed by the change of resistor resistance value in armature circuit is called ‘resistor control”. For the regulation of resistance value R0, included in armature winding circuit, we can use various technical solutions. The most used solution is the discrete variation of armature added resistance value by shunting its parts with contactors contacts. Nowadays, the change of resistor resistance in armature circuit can be realized by shunting with a given porosity γ of resistor R0 trough electronic keys. In this paper, we study the design of control system represented on figure 1.
A poultry yield prediction model have then designed using a data mining and machine learning technique called Classification and Regression Tree (CART) algorithm. The developed model has been optimized and pruned using the Reduced Error Pruning (REP) algorithm to improve prediction accuracy. An algorithm to make the prediction model flexible and capable of making predictions irrespective of poultry size or population has been proposed. The model can be used by poultry farmers to predict yield even before a breeding season. The model can also be used to help farmers take decisions to ensure desirable yield at the end of the breeding season.
Today, Web site design is used to make sites useful to users, with accessible functions, resources and information. Therefore, that design involves use of methodologies that allow an adequate structuring of them resources and organization, permitting users to access them quickly, easily and intuitively. This research consisted of a usability study oriented to website structure designers using a methodology based on concepts of ontology design. This study includes a planning to evaluate the design and the structure of website in aspects such as: ease of use, efficient access to information and performance on the tasks focused to total satisfaction of end user. Heuristic tests were used as diagnostic tools to evaluate usability of website design structures; these were supported by a heuristic evaluation guide and in the Sirius methodology[3]. The results obtained from them, allowed us to detect opportunities for improvement and optimization in website design, and in refining the Web interface oriented to end users.
Acceptance of a website is determined by various factors, one of the most important is the organization that allows users to access to functions, resources and information that it contains. This work consisted of a study of comparative usability between a website designed using principles of linguistics and design of ontologies and other using a strategy of a commercial product. A plan was designed and applied to evaluate the following aspects of website: ease of use, efficiency to access its information, efficacy to perform tasks and user satisfaction. Heuristic and user tests were used as diagnostic tools in usability evaluations, and an observation guide was made by an external evaluator as a complement to previous tests. The results clearly shown that is better use the proposed website design methodology. This allows to create site more structured, functional and with greater ease of access to resources that it contain.
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Shear Behavior of Lightweight Fiber Reinforced Concrete Beams
1. International Journal of Innovation Engineering and Science Research
Open Access
Volume 1 Issue 1 November 2017 5|P a g e
ABSTRACT
Shear Behavior of Lightweight Fiber Reinforced
Concrete Beams
Ali Magdy1
, Ghada Diaa2
, and Hany Abdalla1
1
Structural Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, CairoUniversity, Cairo, Egypt
2
Housing and Building National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
In this study, fourteen reinforced concrete beams were tested to investigate the shear behavior of lightweight
fiber reinforced concrete beams. Lightweight Expanded Clay Aggregate (LECA) was used as a partial and full
replacement to the normal weight aggregate. The experimental program included three lightweight concrete
beams with partial replacement of aggregate, nine lightweight concrete beams with full replacement of aggregate,
and two normal weight control beams. In each group one beam was cast using steel fiber concrete, one with
polypropylene fiber concrete, and one without fibers. The effects of parameters such as weight of concrete, type
of fibers, area of stirrups, and shear span to depth ratio (a/d) on the beams behavior are presented. The
response of the tested beams is analyzed in terms of mode of failure, deflection, strain, cracking load, and
ultimatecapacity. The test results are compared to those estimated from different design codes for lightweight
concrete structures.
KEYWORDS -lightweight concrete; shear behavior; failure mode; cracking load; ultimate load
I. INTRODUCTION
The use of lightweight concrete (LWC) has increased rapidly in the last few years especially in the
Western countries. While lightweight concrete derives considerable appeal from an improved
strength-to-weight ratio, this material also boasts enhanced thermal insulation, fire resistance, and
acoustic insulation properties. Lightweight concrete has thermal conductivity values half that of normal
weight concrete (Chandra and Berntsson 2003) due chiefly to its low density and pore structure which
traps air – being a poor conductor of heat. This low value means that heat does not easily penetrate
through the material thus reducing a building’s interior heating and/or cooling requirements, a
reduction most welcome amid rising energy costs and growing concerns on climate change.
Although lightweight concrete is able to improve some properties of normal weight concrete,
inevitably, trade-offs are made with others. From a structuralstand point, a lower modulus of elasticity
causes member deflections to be greater than in normal weight concrete counterparts. In addition,
lightweight concretes have lower tensile strengths and a subsequently reduced shear resistance (ACI
213R-03). This is in lieu of the improved interfacial transition zone in lightweight aggregate concrete.
A smaller net solid area in aerated concretes may also be a contributing factor to its lower tensile
strength. These limitations do not necessarily diminish the value of lightweight concrete since the
weaknesses can be overcome with appropriate structural design and detailing.
Already, internationally recognized building codes of practice acknowledge the role and
potential of lightweight aggregate concrete by allowing the structural use of the material with
associated design guidelines and equations suggested. However much of these design provisions are
modified forms of normal weight concrete requirements and have remained unchanged based on
research and data on lightweight concrete obtained in the 1950’s.
Past studies have shown that the addition of steel fibers into the concrete matrix will enhance
the shear strength and ductility in reinforced concrete (RC) members (e.g. Batson et al. 1972,
Narayanan and Darwish 1987). Steel fibers increase shear resistance by providing post-cracking
diagonal tension resistance across the crack surfaces. They also control crack spacing, similar to the
2. Ali Magdy et al.“Shear Behavior of Lightweight Fiber Reinforced Concrete Beams”
Volume 1 Issue 1 November 2017 6|P a g e
effect of stirrups, and this leads to reduced crack widths and an increase in shear resistance through
aggregate interlock (Kwak et al. 2002). The use of steel fibers to enhance the shear response is
particularly attractive in high strength concrete (Wafa and Ashour 1992) and lightweight concrete
(Balaguru and Foden 1996), where the brittleness and suddenness of matrix failure is more
pronounced compared to normal strength concrete. Several researchers have studied the shear
performance of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) beams with normal and high strength matrices
(e.g. Narayanan and Darwish 1987, Ashour et al. 1992, Kwak et al. 2002); however, the influence of
steel fibers on shear strength of beams with lightweight aggregate has not been established, and very
limited work on lightweight concrete with fibers has been reported (Swamy et al. 1993).
The advantages of using LWC in construction include its low density and low thermal
conductivity. This leads to a reduction in dead load, faster building rates, and saving in air
conditioning systems. However, the low shaear capacity of LWC results in reduction in the ultimate
strength of such beams. The use of different types of fibers has been investigated to overcome such
reduction in shear strength of LWC beams.
II. RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE:
This research was carried out for the following purposes:
1. To evaluate the effect of different types of fibers on enhancing the shear capacity of
lightweight concrete beams.
2. To compare the obtained test results with various design Codes recommendations.
III. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
To achieve the main aim of the current study, an experimental program consisted of fabricating and
testingfourteen reinforced concrete beams: Three beams contain light-weight expanded clay
aggregates (LECA) as a partial replacement to the normal weight coarse aggregates with a
percentage equals 50%. The unit weight of this type of concrete ranged between 1860 kg/m³ to 2000
kg/m³. Nine beams contain light-weight expanded clay aggregates (LECA) as a full replacement to the
normal weight coarse aggregates with a percentage equals 100%. The unit weight of this type of
concrete ranged between 1650 kg/m³ to 1700 kg/m³. The other two beams were cast with normal-
weight concrete for comparison purposes.
3.1 Mix Proportions and Materials
Eight concrete mixes were designed in this research. Two mixes (No. 1 and 2) were normal unit
weights (control mixes). Mix No. 2 possessed normal unit weight with steel fibers. Intended
compressive strength was 30 MPa for all mixes. Table (1) shows the details of the eight mixes. The
used cement was Ordinary Portland Cement type CEM I – 42.5 complied with the Egyptian Standard.
In the lightweight aggregate mixes, silica fume having a silica content of 96.5%, a specific gravity of
2.15 and specific surface area of 20000 cm²/gm was used as an additive to the cement with the case
of polypropylene fiber only. Silica fume was added by a ratio of 10% of the cement content in mix No.
5 and No. 8. Local dolomite crushed stone size 10 mm and natural sand were used as coarse and
fine aggregates, respectively, in mixes 1 and 2. While, in the lightweight aggregate mixes (mixes 3 to
5), coarse and light-weight expanded clay aggregates (LECA) were used as partial replacements to
the normal- weight coarse aggregate, with a percentage equals 50% and 100% (by volume). The
used coarse LECA had a volume weight of 600kg/m³ and a specific weight of 1.0, while the fine LECA
possessed a volumeweight of 1100 kg/m³ and a specific weight of 1.6. In addition, a high range water
reducing and set retarding concrete admixture of modified synthetic dispersion basis (complies with
ASTM C 494 Type G and BS 5075 Part 3) was used in the designed normal weight and lightweight
3. Ali Magdy et al.“Shear Behavior of Lightweight Fiber Reinforced Concrete Beams”
Volume 1 Issue 1 November 2017 7|P a g e
mixes for reducing the amount of the mixing water. The used dosage of the admixture was 1% of the
binding material. It must be mentioned that the amounts of water listed in Table 1 included the
absorbed water by the coarse and fine aggregates. Finally, it should be mentioned also that the
workability of the designed eight mixes was adjusted to be maintained at the same level. Slump tests
were carried out on the fresh concrete and all mixes recorded slump values of 70 mm ± 20 mm.
Table 1: Proportions of Concrete Mixes
Mix
No.
Type of
Concrete
Cement
(kg/m³)
Silica
Fume
(kg/m³)
Coarse Agg.
(kg/m³)
Fine
Agg.
(kg/m³
)
Fiber
(kg/m³)
Water
(kg/m³)
Admix.
(kg/m³)
Dolomite LECA Sand
1 NW 350 ---- 1224 ---- 612 ---- 180 3.5
2 NW 350 ---- 1224 ---- 612
SF-
78.6
180 3.5
3 50-LW 350 ---- 381.32 235.4 612 ---- 180 3.5
4 50-LW 350 ---- 381.32 235.4 612
SF-
78.6
180 3.5
5 50-LW 350 35 381.32 235.4 612
PPF-
9.1
180 3.5
6 100-LW 350 ---- ---- 470.77 612 ---- 180 3.5
7 100-LW 350 ---- ---- 470.77 612
SF-
78.6
180 3.5
8 100-LW 350 35 ---- 470.77 612
PPF-
9.1
180 3.5
3.2 Details of the Test Beams
A total number of fourteen reinforced concrete beams divided to five groups (A, B, C, D and E) were
fabricated and tested in this study. Table 2 shows the main properties of the tested beams. In group
A; beam B1 was cast with mix No. 1 and beam S1 was cast with mix No. 2 (normal-weight concrete).
In group B; beam B2 was cast with mix No. 3, beam S2 was cast with mix No. 4, and of lightweight
aggregate, beam P2 was cast with mix No. 5 with reduced-weight concrete (partial replacement of
lightweight aggregate). In groups C, D, and E; beams B3, B4, B5 were cast with mix No. 6 and beams
S3, S4, S5 were cast with mix No. 7 and beams P3, P4, P5 were cast with mix No. 8 (full replacement
of lightweight aggregate). In addition, theshear span was 600 mm (shear span to depth ratio ≈ 2.2) for
all groups except group E which had shear span equals to 275 mm (shear span to depth ratio =1).
The steel fibers used in this research were 30mm long with an aspect ratio of 50 and ultimate
tensile strength of 1000MPa. The polypropylene fibers were 12mm long with an aspect ratio of 50 and
ultimate tensile strength 440MPa, Fig. 1.
All the beams were 2000 mm long, 1800 mm span, 150 mm width and 300 mm total depth, with an
effective depth equals to 275 mm. The main tensile reinforcing bars were 3 Φ 16 (high tensile steel
400/600) while the compression reinforcement was 2 Φ 8 (mild steel 280/420). The shear
reinforcement (stirrups) was of diameter 6 mm (mild steel 280/420) at a spacing of 200 mm for group
A, B, C, and E. In group D the shear reinforcement was ofdiameter 8 mm (mild steel 280/420). The
deometry and reinforcement details of the tested beams are shown Figure 2. Six standard cubes of
150x150x150 mm and six standard cylinders of 300 mm height and 150 mm diameter were cast with
4. Ali Magdy et al.“Shear Behavior of Lightweight Fiber Reinforced Concrete Beams”
Volume 1 Issue 1 November 2017 8|P a g e
the test beams to determine the actual concrete compressive strength and splitting strength of each
beam.
Table 2: Main Properties of the Test Beams
Group
Beam
Ident.
Mix No.
Stirrups
/m'
Type of Concrete
Mix.
Designation
Concrete
Strength,
MPa
A
B1 1 5Φ6 Normal-weight NC 41
S1 2 5Φ6 Normal-weight 50-SFLW 37
B
B2 3 5Φ6
50% Lightweight
agg.
50-LWC 26
S2 4 5Φ6
50% Lightweight
agg.
50-SFLW 27
P2 5 5Φ6
50% Lightweight
agg.
50-PPFLW 29
C
B3 6 5Φ6
100% Lightweight
agg.
100-LWC 22
S3 7 5Φ6
100% Lightweight
agg.
100-SFLW 18
P3 8 5Φ6
100% Lightweight
agg.
100-PPFLW 19
D
B4 6 5Φ8
100% Lightweight
agg.
100-LWC 22
S4 7 5Φ8
100% Lightweight
agg.
100-SFLW 18
P4 8 5Φ8
100% Lightweight
agg.
100-PPFLW 19
E
B5 6 5Φ6
100% Lightweight
agg.
100-LWC 22
S5 7 5Φ6
100% Lightweight
agg.
100-SFLW 18
P5 8 5Φ6
100% Lightweight
agg.
100-PPFLW 19
Figure 1: Hooked steel fiber 30mm length, Polypropylene FIBERMESH® 30012mm length
5. Ali Magdy et al.“Shear Behavior of Lightweight Fiber Reinforced Concrete Beams”
Volume 1 Issue 1 November 2017 9|P a g e
Figure 2: Geometry and Reinforcement Details of the Tested Beams
3.3 Instrumentation and Testing
The tests were performed using a 5000 kN hydraulic compressive machine. The mid-span deflection
was measured for the tested beams using linear variable displacement transducer (LVDT). Similarly,
the mid-shear span deflection and the mid-shear span deflection were measured using linear variable
displacement transducer (LVDT). Strains were measured at the mid-span of the tensile steel by using
10 mm electrical strain gauges. Two 6mm electrical strain gauges were mounted on the vertical leg of
the second left and right stirrups. Two LVDTs were attached in the maximum left and right shear
regions at an angle of 45°. The strain gauges and LVDTs were connected to a data acquisition
system. Figure 3 illustrates a schematic view of the loading setup and instrumentation of the tested
beams. Also, Fig. 4 presents a general view of the test setup.
Figure 3: Test Setup and Instrumentation of the Tested Beams
As shown in Figures 3 and 4, each beam was acted upon by symmetrical two vertical
concentrated loads. In all groups spacing between the two loads were 600 mm except group E
wherethe spacing was 1250 mm.
The measurements and observations were recorded at each load level. The test was
continued after the ultimate load in order to assess the post peak behavior of the tested beams.
6. Ali Magdy et al.“Shear Behavior of Lightweight Fiber Reinforced Concrete Beams”
Volume 1 Issue 1 November 2017 10|P a g e
Figure 4: General View of the Test Setup
IV. Experimental Results
Table 3 illustrates the results of the compression and splitting tests of the specimens (cubes 150 x
150 x 150 mm for compressive strength and cylinders 150 mm diameter and 300 mm height for
splitting strength and modulus of elasticity) which were cast with the test beams. These specimens
were tested on the same day of testing of their beams. It must be mentioned that each value listed in
Table 3 is the average of the test results of three specimens.
The compressive strength of mix No. 1, which was made of normal weight concrete, was 40.8
MPa while the splitting strength was 3.32 MPa, i.e. the splitting strength was 8.1% the compressive
strength. In the same NW with steel fiber mix No. 2, the compressive strength was 35.5 MPa while the
splitting strength was 2.75 MPa i.e. the splitting strength was 8.1% of the compressive strength. On
the other hand, for the LW concrete partial replacement, mix No. 3, the compressive strength was
25.56 MPa and the splitting strength was 1.8 MPa, i.e. the splitting strength was 7% of the
compressive strength.
Table 3: Actual Compressive Strength and Splitting Strength of the Specimens of the Test Beams
Beam Ident. Type of Concrete
Actual Comp.
Strength,
MPa
Actual Splitting
Tensile Strength,
MPa
Ratio Splitting
Tensile strength/
Comp. Strength
B1 (mix no. 1) Normal aggregate 40.8 3.32 8%
S1 (mix no. 2)
Steel fiber with
normal aggregate
35.5 2.75 7.75%
B2 (mix no. 3)
Partial
replacement
aggregate
25.56 1.8 7%
S2 (mix no. 4)
SF with partial
replacement
aggregate
26.66 2.37 9%
7. Ali Magdy et al.“Shear Behavior of Lightweight Fiber Reinforced Concrete Beams”
Volume 1 Issue 1 November 2017 11|P a g e
P2 (mix no. 5)
PPF with partial
replacement
aggregate
28.6 2.18 7.6%
B3, B4, B5 (mix no. 6)
Full replacement
aggregate
21.35 2.01 9.4%
S3, S4, S5 (mix no. 7)
SF with full
replacement
aggregate
16.8 1.8 10.7%
P3, P4, P5 (mix no. 8)
PPF with full
replacement
aggregate
18.96 2.21 11.7%
The results indicate that, the light-weight concrete shows smaller tensile strength than the
normal-weight concrete. In partial replacement and full replacementLECA aggregate, the splitting
tensile strength of the reduced-weight concrete was 54%, and 61%, respectively, of that of normal-
weight concrete.
Results of the Tested Beams
Theexperemental results are shown for mode of failure; load-deflection relationship; load-strain
relationship; cracking load, and ultimate load for the tested beams. Table 4 lists the cracking and
ultimate loads. In general, the results show that light weight concrete has smaller cracking and
ultimate loads than normal weight concrete.
Modes of Failure
Figures 5shows the cracking pattern of all the tested beams. As shown in this figure and Table 4, the
cracking behavior of the tested beams followed different trends based on the studied variables.
Table 4: Cracking Loads and Ultimate Loads of the Tested Beam
Group Beam Ident. First Cracking load (kN) Ultimate load (kN)
A
B1 114 195.77
S1 155 217.93
B
B2 108 137.97
S2 123 197.16
P2 113 197.17
C
B3 67 119.68
S3 97 177.67
P3 103 166.01
D
B4 87 139.71
S4 75 149.71
P4 99 149.17
E
B5 79 193.96
S5 91 235.59
P5 130 277.26
For all beam the first crack started at the beam mid-span. This crack was followed by inclined shear
cracks which extended rapidly across the section leading to sudden failure.
8. Ali Magdy et al.“Shear Behavior of Lightweight Fiber Reinforced Concrete Beams”
Volume 1 Issue 1 November 2017 12|P a g e
Group A, beamB1 Group A, beam S1
B1
Group B, beam B2 Group B, beam S2
Group D, beam B4 Group D, beam S4
9. Ali Magdy et al.“Shear Behavior of Lightweight Fiber Reinforced Concrete Beams”
Volume 1 Issue 1 November 2017 13|P a g e
Figure 5: Failure Shape of Tested Beams
Deflection of the tested beams
The deflection behavior of the tested beams are shown infigures 6 to 8.For beams B1 to B5 without
fibers, Fig. 6, beam B4 with 100% aggregate replacement and Φ8 stirrups showed the highest
deflection before failure. This was due to the increase in stirrups diameter, which delayed the
complete shear failure. Beam B5 had the maximum ultimate load among other beams due to the
decrease in shear span and hence reduction in the applied moment.
For beams with steel or polypropylene fiber, there was an increase in the ultimate shear resistance of
compared to beams without fibers. Also for beams with fibers, the brittle failure mode changed to
ductile. Figure 7 shows that beam S2 with steel fibers and 50% aggregate replacement showed less
deflection than beams S3 and S4 with 100% replacement. The same findings are applied in case of
polypropylene fiber as shown in Fig.8.
Figure 6: Load Mid-span Deflection Relationships of All groups without Fibers
Group D, beam P4 Group E, beam B5
Group E, beam S5 Group E, beam P5
10. Ali Magdy et al.“Shear Behavior of Lightweight Fiber Reinforced Concrete Beams”
Volume 1 Issue 1 November 2017 14|P a g e
Figure 7: Load Mid-span Deflection Relationships of All groups with Steel Fibers
Figure 8: Load Mid-span Deflection Relationships of All groups with Polypropylene Fibers
Tensile Steel Strain
Figures 9 to 11 show the results of the steel tensile strainat the beam mid span. It can be seen from
Fig.9 that in case of concrete without fibers, the normal weight beam B1 had the most ductile behavior
compared to the light weight concrete beams. Beam B3 with 100% aggregate replacement
experienced the largest strain at any load stage. Figure 10 shows that normal weight beam S1 with
steel fiber had the most ductile behavior compared to all the tested beams. Comparing the results of
beams B3 and S3, it can be shown that steel fibers enhance the ductility and help to delay the
complete failure of the beam. The results show that the increase in stirrups diameter has the same
positive effects as the steel fibers on the behavior of lightweight beams.
.
11. Ali Magdy et al.“Shear Behavior of Lightweight Fiber Reinforced Concrete Beams”
Volume 1 Issue 1 November 2017 15|P a g e
Figure 9: Load Tension Steel Strain Relationships of All groups without Fibers
Figure 10: Load Tension Steel Strain Relationships of All groups with Steel Fibers
Figure 11: Load Tension Steel Strain Relationships of All groups with Polypropylene Fibers
Effect of weight of concrete
Figures 6 to 9 show the deflection and strain results for beams without fibers. Beam B1 has a control
normal weight mix, while beams B2 to B5 have lightweight concrete mixture with different
12. Ali Magdy et al.“Shear Behavior of Lightweight Fiber Reinforced Concrete Beams”
Volume 1 Issue 1 November 2017 16|P a g e
replacement ratio or stirrups size. Comparing the results of beam B1 with those of the LW beams, the
following remarks can be made:
Due to the brittleness of the LW concrete, beams B2 to B5 experienced a sudden shear failureat
lower ultimate load compared to B1 .
The LW concrete beams showed higher deflection than B1.
Reductions in the ultimate load were observed in LW concrete beamscompared to the NW. The
ultimate load of B2 was 70% of that of B1. The ultimate load of B3 was 61% of the ultimate load of
B1. Also, for beam with steel fiber, the ultimate load of S2 was 90% of that of S1.
Adding steel fibers to lightweight concrete helps to restore the ultimate capacity of beams.
Ultimate capacity of beam S2 with 50% aggregate replacement and with steel fibers was 197.2
kN compared to 195.8 kN for NW beam B1. Beam S3 with steel fibers and full LECA aggregate
strength had an ultimate load of 91% of the control beam B1.
Effect of stirrup ratio
Comparing the results of B3 and B4 in Fig. 6 showshat increasing the stirrups bar size from 6mm to
8mm has the effect of reducing the mid span deflection and increasing the ultimate beam capacity.
The shear capacity oflightweight beam B4 is 17% higher than that of beam B3 with 6mm stirrups.
Comparing the results of beam B4 with the normal weight B1 shows that the increase in stirrups size
was not enough to substitutethe reduction in ultimate capacity due to the use of lightweight concrete.
The ultimate capacity of beam B4 was 71% of beam B1, Table 4. On the contrary, when using 50%
aggregate replacement and steel fibers (beam S2) the ultimate capacity exceeded that of the control
beam B1.
Effect of Shear-Span-to-Depth Ratio
Comparing the results of beam B3 with full aggregate replacement where a/d=2.2 and B5 with
a/d=1.0, it can be seen that the shear failure load of B3 was 119.68 kN where that for B5 was 193.96,
Table 4. The ultimate moment capacity of beam B3 was 35.9 kN.mcompared to 26.67 kN.mfor B5.
This is due to fact that the failure in beam B3 was flexural shear failure where as in beam B5 the small
shear span led to a clear shear failure at the beam ends. Using steel or polypropylene fibers in light
beams with a/d=1.0 increased the ultimate capacity by 21% and 43%, respectively.
Shear Strength of lightweight concrete according to design codes
Concrete shear strength of the tested beams was compared to those proposed by different
international codes, e.g. ACI 318-14, BS 8110, and Eurocode 2. The shear strength of lightweight
concrete can be estimated according to the follows equations.
ACI 318-14 (2014):
Vc = 0.166 fc
′ bw d(1)
Where,
for and for where is the concrete
density.
𝑓𝑐
′
= specified compressive strength of concrete, MPa.
𝑏 𝑤= web width, mm. 𝑑 = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of longitudinal tension
reinforcement, mm.
Eurocode 2 (1999):
13. Ali Magdy et al.“Shear Behavior of Lightweight Fiber Reinforced Concrete Beams”
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(2)
Where, 𝑉𝑙𝑅𝑑 ,𝑐 design value of the shear resistance of a lightweight concrete member with shear
reinforcement,𝑓𝑦𝑤𝑑 design yield strength of the shear reinforcement, coefficient accounts for the
state of the stress in compression chord, 𝑣1strength reduction factor for concrete cracked in shear.
𝑓𝑐𝑑 is the design compressive strength of concrete, is the angle between concrete compression strut
and the beam axis perpendicular to the shear force.
BS 8110-2:1985
(3)
Where, 𝑏 𝑣breadth of the member, or for T-, I-, and L-beam, the breadth of the rib,𝐴 𝑠 area of
reinforcement,𝑑 effective depth to the centroid of the steel ares𝐴 𝑠 ,𝑓𝑐𝑢 characteristic strength of
concrete, partial safety factor for strength of materials.These result show that the three codes
underestimate the concrete shear strength of partial and full replacement lightweight concrete beams.
Comparison results are shown in Table 5.
Table 5 Comparison of experimental results with other design codes
Beam 𝑎
𝑑
Stirrup diameter
(mm)
𝑉𝑢,𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡
(𝑘𝑁)
𝑉𝑢,𝑐𝑜𝑑𝑒 (𝑘𝑁) 𝑉𝑢,𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 /𝑉𝑢,𝑐𝑜𝑑𝑒
ACI Euro BS ACI Euro BS
B2
50% LW
2.2 6 69 35.85 36.51 34.24 1.92 1.89 1.75
B3
100% LW
2.2 6 60 31.54 31.75 31.35 1.90 1.89 1.89
B4
100% LW
2.2 8 70 42.2 56.42 44.14 1.65 1.24 1.59
V. Conclusions
This research investigated the shear behavior of light weight reinforced concrete and lightweight fiber
reinforced concrete (FRC). A fixed amount of fibers (1.0% by volume) of steel and polypropylene
fibers was used in FRC beams. LECA aggregate was used to replace the normal weight aggregate to
produce partial or full lightweight concrete. The following conclusions can be drawn from the outcome
of this study:
1. The ultimate shear strength of normal weight concrete beams and lightweight concrete beams
increase by adding fibers to the mix.
2. The load deflection characteristics and the crack pattern of the lightweight concrete beams
tested in this experimental program were similar to the expected behavior of normal weight
concrete beams with and without fibers.
3. Decreasing the shear span to depth ratio a/d increases the shear strength of steel and
polypropylene fiber reinforced light weight concretebeams.
4. Because of the low modulus of elasticity of polypropylene fiber, beams reinforced with this
material have larger deflections and wider cracks than beams reinforced with steel fiber.
14. Ali Magdy et al.“Shear Behavior of Lightweight Fiber Reinforced Concrete Beams”
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6. The use of end hooked steel and polypropylene fibers in volume fraction 1% did not influence
the compressive strength of lightweight concrete. Polypropylene decreased the compressive
strength of lightweight concrete full replacement because of high volume fraction which caused
segregation and low workability. Adding 10% of silica fume had the effect of enhancing the
compressive strength.
7. The tensile strength of LWC and NC were improved by using steel and Polypropylene fibers.
8. The results showed that both types of fibers improved the ductility behavior for normal and
lightweight concrete beams compared to beams without fibers.
9. Increasing the area of stirrups was found to have more effect in increasing the shear capacity of
lightweight concrete than adding steel or polypropylene fibers.
10. The shear strength of lightweight concrete estimated by different international codes are very
conservative when compared to the shear strength obtained from the experimental tests in this
research.
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