Concrete is the most widely used construction material. Among all ingredients of concrete, aggregates form the major portion; further there exists a challenge in attaining the structural light weight concrete utilizing the waste. Among the natural waste coconut shells can suitably replace these natural aggregates. The compression testing on cube and split tensile test on cylinder were performed to authenticate its feasibility. Concrete is reinforced with steel bars to negate its weak tension carrying capacity. However, due to higher cost and non-renewability of steel, nowadays attempts were made to provide a low-cost, sustainable material. The feasibility for the usage of locally procured bamboo as reinforcement is tested to evaluate its Elasticity and ultimate strength. The axial compression test on various columns were performed comparing its axial deformation, Energy absorption capacity, ultimate load, displacement ductility and degradation in stiffness.
Performance of Beam Incorporating with Locally Available ReinforcementQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT : This study comparatively evaluated the flexural performance and deformation characteristics of concrete beams reinforced with bamboo, cane and the twisted steel rebar. The yield strength (YS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and the elongation of nine specimens of the three materials were determined using a universal testing machine. Nine beams of concrete strength 22 MPa at age 28 days were constructed separately reinforced with steel, bamboo, and cane bars, while the stirrups were steel bars. The beams were subjected to centre-point flexural loading according to ASTM C0293 to evaluate the flexural strength. The tensile strength of bamboo and rattan bars was 43% and 13% of that of steel in the same order. The elongation of bamboo, rattan and steel were 11.5%, 14% and 15.7% respectively. The experimental flexural strength of bamboo and cane reinforced concrete beams was 34% and 26% respectively of the conventional steel RC beams. The remarkable gap between the flexural capacities of the natural rebar and that of steel can be traced not only to the tensile strength but also the weak bonding at the bar-concrete interface. It can be concluded that the bamboo bars are suitable rebar for non-load bearing and lightweight RC flexural structures, while more pre-strengthening treatment is required more importantly for rattan for improved interfacial bonding and load-carrying capacity.
EFFECT OF STEEL AND POLYPROPYLENE FIBER ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETEIAEME Publication
This experimental work describes the mechanical properties of Hybrid Fibre Reinforced concrete(HFRC).HFRC is prepared by adding any two fibres to the conventional concrete to make it a composite mixture and that derives benefits from each of the added fibre and exhibits significant response. The fibres which are used in the present experimental work is steel fibres and polypropylene fibres. Here the polypropylene fibres helps in resists initial cracks and shrinkage ,steel fibres helps in increase the strength of concrete. In present work M30 grade of concrete can be prepared according to the IS 10262:2009 reference code. these steel and polypropylene fibres are added by 50% each with different hybridization from 0% to 1.5%.For calculating strength parameters specimens are casted and cured for 28 days and tested in the lab for Compressive Test, Tensile Test, Flexural test. From the present investigation the strength parameter increases with the percentage of increase in fibre. Therefore here the hybrid ratio of 1.5% gives the more result when compared to other hybrid ratio.
The idea of using bamboo as possible reinforcement has gained popularity. Bamboo, as a fast growing renewable material with a simple production process, is expected to be a sustainable alternative for more traditional structural materials, such as concrete, steel and timber. The diminishing wood resource and reduction in natural forests, particularly in the tropics, have focused world attention on the need to identify a substitute building material that should be renewable, environment friendly and widely available. The tensile strength of bamboo fiber can be comparable to that of steel, and the average fracture toughness of bamboo can be higher than that of aluminum alloy. Bamboo grows at rapid rates, it almost grows to its full size in a few months and finishes developing within five years. Bamboo is the world’s fastest growing woody plant. It grows approximately 7.5 to 40cm a day, with world record being 1.2m in 24 hours in Japan. Bamboo grows three times faster than most other species. Commercially important species of bamboo usually mature in four or five years in time.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The installation of Helical Confinement in the Compression Zone of reinforced High Strength Concrete beams is also investigated in this study. Helical Confinement is more effective than the rectangular ties, Compression Longitudinal reinforcement and steel fibers in increasing the strength and ductility of Confined Concrete. A total number of 3 Specimens were casted. The Pitch distance for helical confinement of two specimens is 50mm, 60mm and the Pitch distance for normal confinement is 50mm. The Specimen is of a size of 600mm X 300mm X 300mm. It contains of 8 mm dia bar as longitudinal reinforcement and 6mm dia bar as transverse reinforcement. M 40 and Fe 500 Grade steels were used. After 28 Days of Curing. The Specimens were taken out and allowed to dry and tested under universal testing machine of capacity 1000 KN. The Effect of Yield strength ductility, were studied from Stress – Strain and Load – Displacement Curves. This Study Concluded the Helical Reinforcement is an effective method for increasing the Strength and Ductility of Reinforcement High Strength Concrete Beam.
The installation of Helical Confinement in the Compression Zone of reinforced High Strength Concrete beams is also investigated in this study. Helical Confinement is more effective than the rectangular ties, Compression Longitudinal reinforcement and steel fibers in increasing the strength and ductility of Confined Concrete. A total number of 3 Specimens were casted. The Pitch distance for helical confinement of two specimens is 50mm, 60mm and the Pitch distance for normal confinement is 50mm. The Specimen is of a size of 600mm X 300mm X 300mm. It contains of 8 mm dia bar as longitudinal reinforcement and 6mm dia bar as transverse reinforcement. M 40 and Fe 500 Grade steels were used. After 28 Days of Curing. The Specimens were taken out and allowed to dry and tested under universal testing machine of capacity 1000 KN. The Effect of Yield strength ductility, were studied from Stress – Strain and Load – Displacement Curves. This Study Concluded the Helical Reinforcement is an effective method for increasing the Strength and Ductility of Reinforcement High Strength Concrete Beam.
Performance of Beam Incorporating with Locally Available ReinforcementQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT : This study comparatively evaluated the flexural performance and deformation characteristics of concrete beams reinforced with bamboo, cane and the twisted steel rebar. The yield strength (YS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and the elongation of nine specimens of the three materials were determined using a universal testing machine. Nine beams of concrete strength 22 MPa at age 28 days were constructed separately reinforced with steel, bamboo, and cane bars, while the stirrups were steel bars. The beams were subjected to centre-point flexural loading according to ASTM C0293 to evaluate the flexural strength. The tensile strength of bamboo and rattan bars was 43% and 13% of that of steel in the same order. The elongation of bamboo, rattan and steel were 11.5%, 14% and 15.7% respectively. The experimental flexural strength of bamboo and cane reinforced concrete beams was 34% and 26% respectively of the conventional steel RC beams. The remarkable gap between the flexural capacities of the natural rebar and that of steel can be traced not only to the tensile strength but also the weak bonding at the bar-concrete interface. It can be concluded that the bamboo bars are suitable rebar for non-load bearing and lightweight RC flexural structures, while more pre-strengthening treatment is required more importantly for rattan for improved interfacial bonding and load-carrying capacity.
EFFECT OF STEEL AND POLYPROPYLENE FIBER ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETEIAEME Publication
This experimental work describes the mechanical properties of Hybrid Fibre Reinforced concrete(HFRC).HFRC is prepared by adding any two fibres to the conventional concrete to make it a composite mixture and that derives benefits from each of the added fibre and exhibits significant response. The fibres which are used in the present experimental work is steel fibres and polypropylene fibres. Here the polypropylene fibres helps in resists initial cracks and shrinkage ,steel fibres helps in increase the strength of concrete. In present work M30 grade of concrete can be prepared according to the IS 10262:2009 reference code. these steel and polypropylene fibres are added by 50% each with different hybridization from 0% to 1.5%.For calculating strength parameters specimens are casted and cured for 28 days and tested in the lab for Compressive Test, Tensile Test, Flexural test. From the present investigation the strength parameter increases with the percentage of increase in fibre. Therefore here the hybrid ratio of 1.5% gives the more result when compared to other hybrid ratio.
The idea of using bamboo as possible reinforcement has gained popularity. Bamboo, as a fast growing renewable material with a simple production process, is expected to be a sustainable alternative for more traditional structural materials, such as concrete, steel and timber. The diminishing wood resource and reduction in natural forests, particularly in the tropics, have focused world attention on the need to identify a substitute building material that should be renewable, environment friendly and widely available. The tensile strength of bamboo fiber can be comparable to that of steel, and the average fracture toughness of bamboo can be higher than that of aluminum alloy. Bamboo grows at rapid rates, it almost grows to its full size in a few months and finishes developing within five years. Bamboo is the world’s fastest growing woody plant. It grows approximately 7.5 to 40cm a day, with world record being 1.2m in 24 hours in Japan. Bamboo grows three times faster than most other species. Commercially important species of bamboo usually mature in four or five years in time.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The installation of Helical Confinement in the Compression Zone of reinforced High Strength Concrete beams is also investigated in this study. Helical Confinement is more effective than the rectangular ties, Compression Longitudinal reinforcement and steel fibers in increasing the strength and ductility of Confined Concrete. A total number of 3 Specimens were casted. The Pitch distance for helical confinement of two specimens is 50mm, 60mm and the Pitch distance for normal confinement is 50mm. The Specimen is of a size of 600mm X 300mm X 300mm. It contains of 8 mm dia bar as longitudinal reinforcement and 6mm dia bar as transverse reinforcement. M 40 and Fe 500 Grade steels were used. After 28 Days of Curing. The Specimens were taken out and allowed to dry and tested under universal testing machine of capacity 1000 KN. The Effect of Yield strength ductility, were studied from Stress – Strain and Load – Displacement Curves. This Study Concluded the Helical Reinforcement is an effective method for increasing the Strength and Ductility of Reinforcement High Strength Concrete Beam.
The installation of Helical Confinement in the Compression Zone of reinforced High Strength Concrete beams is also investigated in this study. Helical Confinement is more effective than the rectangular ties, Compression Longitudinal reinforcement and steel fibers in increasing the strength and ductility of Confined Concrete. A total number of 3 Specimens were casted. The Pitch distance for helical confinement of two specimens is 50mm, 60mm and the Pitch distance for normal confinement is 50mm. The Specimen is of a size of 600mm X 300mm X 300mm. It contains of 8 mm dia bar as longitudinal reinforcement and 6mm dia bar as transverse reinforcement. M 40 and Fe 500 Grade steels were used. After 28 Days of Curing. The Specimens were taken out and allowed to dry and tested under universal testing machine of capacity 1000 KN. The Effect of Yield strength ductility, were studied from Stress – Strain and Load – Displacement Curves. This Study Concluded the Helical Reinforcement is an effective method for increasing the Strength and Ductility of Reinforcement High Strength Concrete Beam.
This project discusses with Basalt fiber reinforced concrete. And the report present the art of knowledge of basalt fiber, it is relatively new material Basalt is an igneous rock. Basalt fiber reinforced concrete offers more characteristics such as lightweight and good fire resistance and strength. In future it is very beneficial for construction industry. Many applications of basalt fiber are residential industrial, highway and bridges. The information in this report has been compiled from reports of test programs by various researchers and represents current opinion.
In this study, fourteen reinforced concrete beams were tested to investigate the shear behavior of lightweight fiber reinforced concrete beams. Lightweight Expanded Clay Aggregate (LECA) was used as a partial and full replacement to the normal weight aggregate. The experimental program included three lightweight concrete beams with partial replacement of aggregate, nine lightweight concrete beams with full replacement of aggregate, and two normal weight control beams. In each group one beam was cast using steel fiber concrete, one with polypropylene fiber concrete, and one without fibers. The effects of parameters such as weight of concrete, type of fibers, area of stirrups, and shear span to depth ratio (a/d) on the beams behavior are presented. The response of the tested beams is analyzed in terms of mode of failure, deflection, strain, cracking load, and ultimatecapacity. The test results are compared to those estimated from different design codes for lightweight concrete structures.
Comparatives study of M20 grade conventional concrete pavement with M20 grade...IJSRD
This project work involves an experimental and laboratory study of the Polypropylene fibers with two types of admixtures those are Quarry dust and Fly ash on the mechanical properties of the concrete used in the rigid pavement. In this experimental study involves two types of concrete mixes were prepared individually. Polypropylene fiber of 1% to 3% with Quarry dust of 0.1% to 0.3% and Polypropylene fiber of 1% to 4% with Fly ash of 0.1% to 0.4% by weight of cement were added to the mixes. After that a comparative analysis has been carried out for conventional concrete to that of the fiber reinforced in relation to their compressive, split tensile and flexural properties. By the experimental work the compressive, split tensile and flexural strengths are proportionally increased both Polypropylene + Quarry dust and Polypropylene +Fly ash usage. It is observed that the optimum dosages of Polypropylene + Quarry dust is 3% + 0.3% Polypropylene +Fly ash is 4%+ 0.4% by weight of cement. In this project cost analysis is also determined for conventional concrete and fiber reinforced with admixtures individually using experimental test reports. By analyzing the cost it was found that Polypropylene reinforced concrete with quarry dust pavement is economical than Polypropylene reinforced concrete with Fly ash pavement.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
An Experimental Study on Compressive Strength of Steel Fibre Reinforced High ...IJERD Editor
Steel fiber reinforced concrete (S F R C) is a composite material developed to reduce the brittleness
of concrete and dramatically increases its ductility. Steel fiber reinforced concrete (S F R C) is used extensively
to line the tunnels and other underground structures, to increase the thickness of pavements, and to repair and
strengthen various structures. Increasing utilization of lightweight materials in structural applications is making
pumice stone a very popular raw material. More than the target means strength of M 50 concrete is achieved
with 10 percent and 20 percent replacement of natural coarse aggregate by pumice aggregate, silica fume and
with 1% & 1.5 percent of fiber. The compressive strength of pumice concrete is seen to increase with the fiber
content and reaches an optimum value at 1.5% of fiber content and afterwards it gets decreased for various
contents of pumice.
Experimental study on behaviour of concrete using steel fiber as a tensile ma...KavinKumarR3
Concrete is widely used in all over the world. It gives a compression strength and when it is collaborate with the steel the tension strength is increased. Traditional reinforcement will takes time. So by using the steel fibers in the concrete it will gives the high strength and durability. The fiber will leads to compensate the weakness in the concrete. Steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) is successfully used in the slabs, flooring, and even in beams. The formation has proved the high tensile strength when it added in the concrete.
This research investigated the effect of adding pegs along the bamboo
reinforcement in order to increase the bonding strength of bamboo reinforcement.
Present experiment employed 24 beam specimens, sized 18 cm x 28 cm x160 cm. The
variations of the concrete materials were 23 MPa and 31 MPa with 6 cm and 12 cm
peg spaces, and reinforcement ratio of 0.8% and 1.6%. Two Control specimens
conducted without pegs along the beam were made from 23 MPa concrete strength
with reinforcement ratio 0.8%, and a 31 MPa concrete beam with 1.6% reinforcement
ratio. By using pegs along the reinforcements, all specimens showed higher strength
capacity of beam structures. Moreover, the addition of pegs caused the bamboo to
reach 70% of its maximum strength.
Self-compacting concrete is high performance concrete which is highly flowable, non-segregating, spread on its
own weight and doesn‟t need any compaction. This paper deals with flow and strength characteristics such as
compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength and impact strength of Self-compacting concrete
with various percentages of waste plastic fibres like 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.20%, 1.3% and
1.4% is added by weight of cement. The mix proportion for M40 grade of concrete was done by using Nan Su
method (Cement: GGBS: Fine aggregate: Course aggregate 1: 0.705: 3.34: 2.62). Water powder (W/P) ratio
0.36, cement content 280kg/m3
, GGBS 220 kg/m3 was calculated and maintained as constant throughout the
experimental work for all eight mixes, only the superplastizers dosage was varied for different percentage of
fibres. In this experimental investigation one control mix and eight (8) different mixes were considered. Totally
81 Cube, beam, Cylindrical specimens and square plates were casted, cured and tested as per IS specifications.
For determining impact strength drop weight method was used. The results obtained indicate that fresh
(workability) characteristics satisfy the lower and upper limit as suggested by EFNARC. The tests on hardened
properties indicate that the compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength was improved
proportionally with the addition of waste plastic fibers upto 1.0% by weight of cement and then decreases. The
impact strength improved proportionally with addition of fibres upto 1.2% by weight of cement and then
decreases
A Study on Effect of Sizes of aggregates on Steel Fiber Reinforced ConcreteIJERD Editor
Plain, unreinforced concrete is a brittle material, with a low tensile strength, limited ductility and
little resistance to cracking. In order to improve the inherent tensile strength of concrete there is a need of
multidirectional and closely spaced reinforcement, which can be provided in the form of randomly distributed
fibers. Steel fiber is one of the most commonly used fibers The present experimental study considers the effect
of aggregate size and steel fibers on the modulus of elasticity of concrete. Crimped steel fibers at volume
fraction of 0%.0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% were used. Study on effect of volume fraction of fibers and change of
aggregate size on the modulus of elasticity of concrete was also deemed as an important part of present
experimental investigation. This work aims in studying the mechanical behavior of concrete in terms of modulus
of elasticity with the change of aggregate size reinforced with steel fibers of different series for M30 and M50
grade concretes. The results obtained show that the addition of steel fiber improves the modulus of elasticity of
concrete. It was also analyzed that by increasing the fiber volume fraction from 0%, to 1.5% there was a healthy
effect on modulus of elasticity of Steel Fiber Reinforced concrete.
Due to increase in construction activities there is increase in demand for concrete, which leads to over use of natural resource. Hints, conservation of natural resource is necessary thing. Among the waste generated it is presumed that 10% to 15% of waste hazardous and increasing at the rate of 2% to5% per year resulting in environmental pollution and effect to living beings. These wastes can be utilized as alternative construction material, so that would be one of the consistent ways of disposal. This paper attempts to study the strength parameters such as compressive and tensile strength of paper sludge ash (15% and 20%) as partial replacement of cement, M-sand (50% and 60%) of partial replacement of fine aggregate for a design mix of M25.
Effects of Carbon Nanotubes on the Compressive and Flexural Strength and Micr...LidaN16
Abstract—The needs of the human communities to build low weight, high strength and durable structures
have increased the demand for composite materials, including sandwich structures. In this case, sandwich
panels are used in situations requiring high mechanical strength, low weight, sound insulation and thermal
insulation properties. In this study, carbon nanotubes-reinforced composite honeycomb sandwich panels
were constructed using silicone molding. To determine the role of carbon nanotubes on the compressive
and bending behavior of sandwich panels, different amount of nanotubes was added to the epoxy resin.
Also, different thicknesses were tested to determine the role of core wall thickness on the compressive and
bending behavior of sandwich panels. The results showed that the compressive strength of honeycomb panels has a direct relation with the increase in the percentage of carbon nanotubes and the thickness of the
wall. The compressive strength of sandwich panels increased from 42 up to 54 MPa with increasing carbon
nanotubes from 0.025 up to 0.075 wt %. The compressive strength of sandwich panels with 5 mm honeycomb wall thickness and reinforced with 0.025, 0.05, and 0.075 wt % of carbon nanotubes compared to
sandwich panels with 2.5 mm honeycomb wall thickness was respectively 2.4, 2.1, and 2.2 times. The flexural strength of 5-mm honeycomb wall thickness and reinforced with 0.025, 0.05, and 0.075 wt % of carbon
nanotubes compared to sandwich panels with 2.5 mm honeycomb wall thickness, were respectively 3, 2.7,
and 2.7 times.
This project discusses with Basalt fiber reinforced concrete. And the report present the art of knowledge of basalt fiber, it is relatively new material Basalt is an igneous rock. Basalt fiber reinforced concrete offers more characteristics such as lightweight and good fire resistance and strength. In future it is very beneficial for construction industry. Many applications of basalt fiber are residential industrial, highway and bridges. The information in this report has been compiled from reports of test programs by various researchers and represents current opinion.
In this study, fourteen reinforced concrete beams were tested to investigate the shear behavior of lightweight fiber reinforced concrete beams. Lightweight Expanded Clay Aggregate (LECA) was used as a partial and full replacement to the normal weight aggregate. The experimental program included three lightweight concrete beams with partial replacement of aggregate, nine lightweight concrete beams with full replacement of aggregate, and two normal weight control beams. In each group one beam was cast using steel fiber concrete, one with polypropylene fiber concrete, and one without fibers. The effects of parameters such as weight of concrete, type of fibers, area of stirrups, and shear span to depth ratio (a/d) on the beams behavior are presented. The response of the tested beams is analyzed in terms of mode of failure, deflection, strain, cracking load, and ultimatecapacity. The test results are compared to those estimated from different design codes for lightweight concrete structures.
Comparatives study of M20 grade conventional concrete pavement with M20 grade...IJSRD
This project work involves an experimental and laboratory study of the Polypropylene fibers with two types of admixtures those are Quarry dust and Fly ash on the mechanical properties of the concrete used in the rigid pavement. In this experimental study involves two types of concrete mixes were prepared individually. Polypropylene fiber of 1% to 3% with Quarry dust of 0.1% to 0.3% and Polypropylene fiber of 1% to 4% with Fly ash of 0.1% to 0.4% by weight of cement were added to the mixes. After that a comparative analysis has been carried out for conventional concrete to that of the fiber reinforced in relation to their compressive, split tensile and flexural properties. By the experimental work the compressive, split tensile and flexural strengths are proportionally increased both Polypropylene + Quarry dust and Polypropylene +Fly ash usage. It is observed that the optimum dosages of Polypropylene + Quarry dust is 3% + 0.3% Polypropylene +Fly ash is 4%+ 0.4% by weight of cement. In this project cost analysis is also determined for conventional concrete and fiber reinforced with admixtures individually using experimental test reports. By analyzing the cost it was found that Polypropylene reinforced concrete with quarry dust pavement is economical than Polypropylene reinforced concrete with Fly ash pavement.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
An Experimental Study on Compressive Strength of Steel Fibre Reinforced High ...IJERD Editor
Steel fiber reinforced concrete (S F R C) is a composite material developed to reduce the brittleness
of concrete and dramatically increases its ductility. Steel fiber reinforced concrete (S F R C) is used extensively
to line the tunnels and other underground structures, to increase the thickness of pavements, and to repair and
strengthen various structures. Increasing utilization of lightweight materials in structural applications is making
pumice stone a very popular raw material. More than the target means strength of M 50 concrete is achieved
with 10 percent and 20 percent replacement of natural coarse aggregate by pumice aggregate, silica fume and
with 1% & 1.5 percent of fiber. The compressive strength of pumice concrete is seen to increase with the fiber
content and reaches an optimum value at 1.5% of fiber content and afterwards it gets decreased for various
contents of pumice.
Experimental study on behaviour of concrete using steel fiber as a tensile ma...KavinKumarR3
Concrete is widely used in all over the world. It gives a compression strength and when it is collaborate with the steel the tension strength is increased. Traditional reinforcement will takes time. So by using the steel fibers in the concrete it will gives the high strength and durability. The fiber will leads to compensate the weakness in the concrete. Steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) is successfully used in the slabs, flooring, and even in beams. The formation has proved the high tensile strength when it added in the concrete.
This research investigated the effect of adding pegs along the bamboo
reinforcement in order to increase the bonding strength of bamboo reinforcement.
Present experiment employed 24 beam specimens, sized 18 cm x 28 cm x160 cm. The
variations of the concrete materials were 23 MPa and 31 MPa with 6 cm and 12 cm
peg spaces, and reinforcement ratio of 0.8% and 1.6%. Two Control specimens
conducted without pegs along the beam were made from 23 MPa concrete strength
with reinforcement ratio 0.8%, and a 31 MPa concrete beam with 1.6% reinforcement
ratio. By using pegs along the reinforcements, all specimens showed higher strength
capacity of beam structures. Moreover, the addition of pegs caused the bamboo to
reach 70% of its maximum strength.
Self-compacting concrete is high performance concrete which is highly flowable, non-segregating, spread on its
own weight and doesn‟t need any compaction. This paper deals with flow and strength characteristics such as
compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength and impact strength of Self-compacting concrete
with various percentages of waste plastic fibres like 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.20%, 1.3% and
1.4% is added by weight of cement. The mix proportion for M40 grade of concrete was done by using Nan Su
method (Cement: GGBS: Fine aggregate: Course aggregate 1: 0.705: 3.34: 2.62). Water powder (W/P) ratio
0.36, cement content 280kg/m3
, GGBS 220 kg/m3 was calculated and maintained as constant throughout the
experimental work for all eight mixes, only the superplastizers dosage was varied for different percentage of
fibres. In this experimental investigation one control mix and eight (8) different mixes were considered. Totally
81 Cube, beam, Cylindrical specimens and square plates were casted, cured and tested as per IS specifications.
For determining impact strength drop weight method was used. The results obtained indicate that fresh
(workability) characteristics satisfy the lower and upper limit as suggested by EFNARC. The tests on hardened
properties indicate that the compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength was improved
proportionally with the addition of waste plastic fibers upto 1.0% by weight of cement and then decreases. The
impact strength improved proportionally with addition of fibres upto 1.2% by weight of cement and then
decreases
A Study on Effect of Sizes of aggregates on Steel Fiber Reinforced ConcreteIJERD Editor
Plain, unreinforced concrete is a brittle material, with a low tensile strength, limited ductility and
little resistance to cracking. In order to improve the inherent tensile strength of concrete there is a need of
multidirectional and closely spaced reinforcement, which can be provided in the form of randomly distributed
fibers. Steel fiber is one of the most commonly used fibers The present experimental study considers the effect
of aggregate size and steel fibers on the modulus of elasticity of concrete. Crimped steel fibers at volume
fraction of 0%.0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% were used. Study on effect of volume fraction of fibers and change of
aggregate size on the modulus of elasticity of concrete was also deemed as an important part of present
experimental investigation. This work aims in studying the mechanical behavior of concrete in terms of modulus
of elasticity with the change of aggregate size reinforced with steel fibers of different series for M30 and M50
grade concretes. The results obtained show that the addition of steel fiber improves the modulus of elasticity of
concrete. It was also analyzed that by increasing the fiber volume fraction from 0%, to 1.5% there was a healthy
effect on modulus of elasticity of Steel Fiber Reinforced concrete.
Due to increase in construction activities there is increase in demand for concrete, which leads to over use of natural resource. Hints, conservation of natural resource is necessary thing. Among the waste generated it is presumed that 10% to 15% of waste hazardous and increasing at the rate of 2% to5% per year resulting in environmental pollution and effect to living beings. These wastes can be utilized as alternative construction material, so that would be one of the consistent ways of disposal. This paper attempts to study the strength parameters such as compressive and tensile strength of paper sludge ash (15% and 20%) as partial replacement of cement, M-sand (50% and 60%) of partial replacement of fine aggregate for a design mix of M25.
Effects of Carbon Nanotubes on the Compressive and Flexural Strength and Micr...LidaN16
Abstract—The needs of the human communities to build low weight, high strength and durable structures
have increased the demand for composite materials, including sandwich structures. In this case, sandwich
panels are used in situations requiring high mechanical strength, low weight, sound insulation and thermal
insulation properties. In this study, carbon nanotubes-reinforced composite honeycomb sandwich panels
were constructed using silicone molding. To determine the role of carbon nanotubes on the compressive
and bending behavior of sandwich panels, different amount of nanotubes was added to the epoxy resin.
Also, different thicknesses were tested to determine the role of core wall thickness on the compressive and
bending behavior of sandwich panels. The results showed that the compressive strength of honeycomb panels has a direct relation with the increase in the percentage of carbon nanotubes and the thickness of the
wall. The compressive strength of sandwich panels increased from 42 up to 54 MPa with increasing carbon
nanotubes from 0.025 up to 0.075 wt %. The compressive strength of sandwich panels with 5 mm honeycomb wall thickness and reinforced with 0.025, 0.05, and 0.075 wt % of carbon nanotubes compared to
sandwich panels with 2.5 mm honeycomb wall thickness was respectively 2.4, 2.1, and 2.2 times. The flexural strength of 5-mm honeycomb wall thickness and reinforced with 0.025, 0.05, and 0.075 wt % of carbon
nanotubes compared to sandwich panels with 2.5 mm honeycomb wall thickness, were respectively 3, 2.7,
and 2.7 times.
Ultimate Behavior of Lightweight High Strength Concrete Filled Steel Tube (LW...IOSR Journals
Strength and ductility of concrete members can be significantly improved with lateral confinement, usually achieved by using a steel tube casing. The concrete confinement can be utilized to make bridge lighter and have longer spans. In addition, a significant portion of the load carried concrete bridge girders is the self-weight of the girders and deck. If all or part of the girder and deck can be made using high strength lightweight concretes, there is a potential for appreciable economic savings since the self-weight could be reduced by as much as 15-20%. The study described herein investigates the static nonlinear behavior of lightweight high strength concrete filled steel tube (LWHCFST) bridges up to failure. The current study had two specific goals. The first was to experimentally determine the static modulus of elasticity of confined high strength lightweight concrete mixture. The second was to develop a nonlinear finite element computer program to study the ultimate behavior of a filled tube (LWHCFST) example bridge. The nonlinear stress-strain behavior of confined high strength lightweight concrete is evaluated experimentally by the authors and is used to help establish a comparison between the ultimate behavior of the bridge using confined normal weight concrete and confined high strength lightweight concrete. The ultimate strength of the bridge is related to the occurrence of an equivalent failure mechanism. The study indicated that the use of (LWHCFST) is beneficial for extending bridge girder lengths
This paper involves an experimental investigation on the flexural behaviour of curved beams and comparison of its results with conventional beams. Curved beams of size 1200 x 150 x 100 mm with varying initial curvature as 4000mm, 2000mm and the concrete strength as M40 is considered. Various reinforcement are provided in the curved beams to predict which reinforcement detail would give more resistant over maximum loading. The material properties of cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and the compressive strength of concrete cube were found out. A total of 12 specimens of curved beams were casted with various combination of reinforcement along with three control specimens. The beams are tested under two point loading both horizontally and vertically. The deflection and maximum moment carrying capacity are investigated to understand its strength. Also analytical modelling is done to determine the ultimate moment carrying capacity using Finite Element Software ABAQUS to compare with the experimental model.
Performance of Self Compacting High Strength Fiber Reinforced Concrete (SCHSFRC)IOSR Journals
In this experimental study the changes on some mechanical properties of self compacting concrete
specimen produced by silica fume, metakaolin, fly ash and steel fibers were investigated. The main objective of
this is to obtain ductile Self Compacting High Strength Concrete (SCHSC) which flows under its own weight
and homogeneity while completely filling any formwork and passing around congested reinforcement. The Self
Compacting High Strength Concrete produced by using silica fume, metakaolin, fly ash, steel fibers and
Polycarboxylatether base superplasticizer. Three types of steel fibers were used in the experiments and volume
fractions of steel fiber were 0.5% to 4.0 %. Addition of silica fume, metakaolin and fly ash into the concrete
were 2.5 %, 2.5 % and 10 % by weight of cement content respectively. Water/cement ratio was 0.29.
Compressive strength and split tensile strength tests were made on hardened concrete specimens.
Strength Evaluation of Steel-Nylon Hybrid Fibre Reinforced ConcreteIJERA Editor
When fibres like steel, glass, polypropylene, nylon, carbon, aramid, polyester, jute, etc are mixed with concrete known as fibre reinforced concrete. To overcome the deficiencies of concrete; fibres are added to improve the performance of concrete. In this research hybrid reinforced concrete is made by using steel and nylon 6 fibres. The inclusion of both steel and nylon 6 fibres are used in order to combine the benefits of both fibers; structural improvements provided by steel fibers and the resistance to plastic shrinkage improvements provided by nylon fibers. So the aim of this project is to investigate the mechanical properties (compressive strength, flexure strength and split tensile strength) of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete under compression, flexure & tension. The total volume of fibre was taken 0.75 % of total volume of concrete. In this experimental work, four different concrete mix proportions were casted with fibres and one mix without fibres. Four different mix combinations of steel- nylon 6 fibres were 100-00%, 75-25%, 50-50% and 25-75%. Superplasticizer was used in all mixes to make concrete more workable. The results shown that compressive, split tensile and flexural strength of hybrid fibre reinforced concrete increase by increasing quantity of steel and nylon 6 fibres. The increase in compressive and tensile strength due to incorporation of steel fibre is greater than that of using nylon fibre. For the nylon 6 fibres, adding more fibres into the concrete has a limited improvement on splitting tensile strength. Inclusion of nylon 6 fibres along with steel fibres results in considerable improvement in flexural strength as compared to solo steel fibre.
Properties of Cement Concrete Reinforced With Bamboo-Strip-Mat IOSRJMCE
Bamboo is very cheap, easily available, and available in ample quantity. Bamboo is cultivated in farm by farmers. Bamboo is having very good mechanical properties which attract many researchers to use it as reinforcing material in concrete. From bamboo small thin strips were prepared. These strips were tied together in two directions to form a bamboo-strip-mat. All these strips while making bamboo-strip-mat was tied together with small thin Mild Steel wire to ensure their position in mat formation. In this paper study is presented using bamboo-strip-mat as reinforcement in cement concrete prismatic section at bottom side. Concrete beams thus produced in laboratory were tested in flexure; results obtained were presented in this paper. Bamboo strips were prepared from old age bamboo.
Experimental Study on Performance of Concrete M30 with Partial Replacement of...IJERA Editor
In this research work experiments have been conducted with collection of materials required and the data required for mix design are obtained by sieve analysis and specific gravity test. Sieve analysis is carried out from various fine aggregates (FA) and coarse aggregates (CA) samples and the sample which suits the requirement is selected. Specific gravity tests are carried out for fine and coarse aggregate. The various materials used were tested as per Indian standard specifications. On the basis of the experimental studies carried out on M30 grade concrete as partial replacement of coarse aggregates with sea shells and coconut shells, the following conclusions are drawn from the above experiment we conclude that comparing to traditional concrete, compressive strength of 10% (5% + 5%) of coconut shells (5%) and sea shells (5%) increased. whereas the compressive strength of the concrete cubes has gradually decreased from addition of 10% (5% + 5%) of coconut shells and sea shells. Hence for economical view 10% is preferable and in the perspective of compressive strength 10% is suggested. Thus, 10% replacement coconut shells and sea shells are recommended for both heavy weight and light weight concrete production.
Productivity Development in the Construction Industry by International Compar...civejjour
A downward trend on productivity growth rates has been observed since the 1970s of the twentieth century
for construction sectors of western industrial countries. Despite conflicting evidence, numerous recent
economic studies on growth research suggest that innovation and technology are significant drivers for
productivity and growth. According to the OECD the lack or low level of employees' skills and qualifications
might be in different ways a possible explanation for the observed slowdown of productivity growth. In this
context, intrafirm behaviour has long been recognized as a potentially important driver for productivity.
Results from surveys show that management practices have become more structured, in the sense of involving
more data collection and analysis. Furthermore, a strong positive correlation between the measured
management quality and firm performance can be observed. Studies suggest that there is a positive
association between human skills and productivity
Enhancing Rainwater Harvesting through Pervious Pavement System Based on the ...civejjour
Pervious pavements are widely used in stormwater management practices due to their porosity.
However, the longevity and infiltration capacity could be greatly reduced with time due to
clogging issues. DakeRechsand manufactures pervious bricks from desert sand based on
principle of surface-free energy treatment. The pavers are made from desert sand that can
withstand against temperatures as high as 100 degrees Celsius and also handling freeze-thaw
cycle testing. This product range contains silica as the base material, has good anti-slippery
performance when wet. And observations showed that the there is less chance of black ice
formation on the brick surface, due to air-permeable propertities of the material. The company
has completed hundreds of projects mainly in China. Utilizing breathable desert sand using the
surface free energy is something not mastered before and DakeRechsand introduces an ecofriendly, sediment-free, recyclable, and much efficient technology to enhance rainwater
harvesting and water conservation.
Stormwater Runoff Treatment and Infiltration via Silica-Sand based Pervious P...civejjour
Stormwater runoff samples were collected from a roadway in Beijing and were analysed for turbidity, pH,
TSS, TDS, COD, TP, TN, as well as metals Pb, Al, Zn, Fe, Cd, and Mn. The results showed that runoff
pollutant concentrations were relatively high. TSS, Zn, Fe, and Al concentrations exceeded the benchmark
values set by USEPA, indicating a high level of concern about impairing receiving water quality and the
need for pollution prevention measures. Also, most pollutant concentrations exceeded the those in
Nationwide Urban Runoff Program (NURP) study. The collected runoff samples were treated through two
bench-scale facilities composed of sand-based pervious bricks, subbase materials, and two types of
500mm-thick subsoils. The infiltration capacity of the brick is above 0.025 cm/s, and good water retention
and recharge properties was achieved with the help of subbase and subsoils. On the other hand, the
average removal of TSS, TP, and TN reached 81.8%, 64.1%, and 64.4%, respectively. The average
removal rates of Pb, Al, Zn, Fe, and Cd also reached 50%-99.2%. The sand-based pervious brick is
featured with micron-level pores. The paver system significantly reduced stormwater runoff pollutant
concentrations and good removal rates were acheived comparing to many pervious pavers with larger
pores.
The Impact of Aspect Ratio on the Behaviour of Rigid Water Storage Tankscivejjour
Ubiquitous reinforced concrete water storage tanks are quite popular and widely used in Palestine as in
elsewhere in the world; they form pivotal components of major bulk-water carrier systems. In essence, they
form lifelines to many communities; the water storage concept is as old as civilization itself. Location and
land availability often dictate the topology of the tank’s structure. They may be either shallow and stubby
or deep yet slender or anywhere in between having an aspect ratio dictated by overall site conditions. In
all cases adequate structural analysis is mandatory.
The Dynamics of Man's History and Economic Development: A Refocus on Ecologic...civejjour
Man’s history and developmental endeavour have been advancing alongside a trail of
ecological ramifications and climate change. Since prehistoric times, scientists have not
recorded an accelerated shift in ecology during any other epoch beside that of modern man
on the planet. The paper seeks to explore how man’s history and development affects ecology
and climate. It uses desk analysis to recollect data from global assessment reports and runs a
One paired Sample Means t-Test, 1 tailed, 8 df, at Pearson Correlation value 0.458 and 0.5
level. Findings show that, there is global climate change, seen in global warming trends; and
imbalance in ecological footprint, seen in depletion of air, water and land sinks. The t-Test
reveals significant net loss of global forest cover. The study also, found that at present,
processes of development generally tend to damage ecology. Therefore, the study
recommends a refocus to sustainable means of development.
Cost Effective Methods in Construction Engineeringcivejjour
The economic impact of construction cost overrun is a possible loss of the economic justification for the
project. The financial impact of a cost overrun results in demand for construction investment credits.
Therefore reliable estimates of construction cost are an important aspect to the contemporary construction
companies especially during the conceptual phase of lifecycle management. In this paper a cost-effective
analysis is done using one of the cost effective construction technique called Rat Trap Bond versus Flemish
bond and when estimated with CPWD 2012 schedule of rates it is proved that Low cost techniques such as
rat trap bond provides better cost effectiveness as compared to conventional Flemish bond construction
method.
Geotechnical Characterization on the Soyo Road Section using Electrical Resis...civejjour
The need for near-surface soils and rocks characterization at planned construction sites, using geophysical
techniques, has grown rapidly during the last few decades to map the variations in the soil stiffness and the
depth to bedrock. Although borehole data are important in geotechnical engineering, providing
information on stability and strength of soils and rocks, it is limited to a few points. To take borehole data
on the hole construction site becomes necessary increase the borehole density, which makes the project
very expensive. Geophysical techniques have the advantage in collecting information of large volume of
soils and rocks in its natural state. The Soyo Road was opened to traffic in 2017 but, due to the lack on
soils and rocks physic-mechanical properties information, there is still to complete a section of about 700
meters in the mangrove zone. Geophysical techniques were applied with the main goal of providing
technical information, essential for the completion of the targeted road section. Electrical resistivity data
was recorded along a profile of 820m long, using forty-two electrodes20-meter spaced, under pole-dipole
array. Seismic measurements were taken using twenty-four geophones, 5-meter spaced, 115-meter length
spread. Five seismic spreads were connected, generating a seismic line of 575-meters long. Measured
geophysical data were processed using EarthImager 2D, SeisImager/2D and SeisImager/SWpackages.
Electrical resistivity section shows two zones, the first associated with unconsolidated and/or poorly
consolidated soils, composed by clay, silt, sandy, carbonated rocks mixed with sloth and organic clay and,
the second associated with rock, composed by clay, all them saturated with marine saltwater. Seismic
refraction section shows an interface separating non-compacted soils and unconsolidated rocks to
compacted soils. Multi-channel analysis of surface waves model shows an alternating sequence of
horizontal horizons in the investigated first ≈25-meter depth, composed by non-compacted soils and/or
unconsolidated rocks and compacted soils. Due to its shear velocity values the site is constituted by soft
and stiff soils, composed by homogeneous organic matter and elements of mineral origin, responsible for
the ruptures and landslides that occurred and for the sinking of the structures built on the site.
The Impact of Aspect Ratio on the Behaviour of Rigid Water Storage Tankscivejjour
Ubiquitous reinforced concrete water storage tanks are quite popular and widely used in Palestine as in
elsewhere in the world; they form pivotal components of major bulk-water carrier systems. In essence, they
form lifelines to many communities; the water storage concept is as old as civilization itself. Location and
land availability often dictate the topology of the tank’s structure. They may be either shallow and stubby
or deep yet slender or anywhere in between having an aspect ratio dictated by overall site conditions. In
all cases adequate structural analysis is mandatory.
Incorporating Participatory Planning and Quality Function Deployment in Urban...civejjour
Urban Planning is a technical process concerned with the control of the use of land and design of urban
environment to guide and ensure the orderly development of settlements and communities. Outcomes from
the urban planning process are detailed plans. In Bahrain the detailed plans are developed through a
lengthy two-stage process, namely, design and implementation. During this lengthy process the documented
design variations were found to be the main cause for implementation delay. In addition, it was discovered
that land owners exclusion from the urban planning process caused major disagreements, between the
urban planning authorities and the land owners. Accordingly, this paper presents an investigation into the
applied urban planning process in Bahrain, and proposes a solution that incorporates Quality Function
Deployment (QFD) technique. The study is based on face-to-face interviews, questionnaire, Delphi method,
and a case study (North Tubli). The results of this study concluded that using participatory planning and
QFD within the urban planning process enables evaluation of the different alternative plans, based on
scientific and systematic procedures. In addition, it ensures that land owners and community members
requirements are satisfied.
Biogas Technology as a Sustainable Domestic Organic Waste Management Measure ...civejjour
Solid waste management especially residential organic waste management is one of the most important
problems after the water quality in developing countries all over the world. There are many waste
management techniques for the disposal of these wastes. Attaining sustainability goals is the challenge
faced by each of these techniques. This paper presents the evaluation study of the biogas technology as a
sustainable domestic organic waste management measure. The evaluation method is detailed and the
perception of the biogas users with respect to different aspects of sustainability is presented here. The
technological benefits and bottle necks were also reviewed in this paper.
STUDYING THE EFFECTS OF AIRCRAFT NOISE AROUND ABU DHABI INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT...civejjour
The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of aircraft noise pollution on community and workers’
health near Abu Dhabi International Airport. This study was conducted in residential neighborhoods and
employment areas living and working within a 25-km radius of the airport with high exposure to aircraft
noise and in matched control areas far from the airport (outside the 25-km radius) and are unaffected by
aircraft noise. Data was collected by conducting a revealed-preference face-to-face interview surveys
among the residents and the workers nea rand far from Abu Dhabi International Airport during the months
of September and December 2014. A total of 5,070 residents in both areas (2,579 near the airport and
2,492 far from the airport) and 1,995 workers in both areas (995 near the airport and 1,000 far from the
airport) were interviewed and completed the questionnaire. Binomial Logit Regression Model was used to
determine the impact of aircraft noise on community and workers’ health. After controlling for
confounders, the health of the residents adjacent to the airport who have been chronically exposed to high
aircraft noise level are found to be worse than the control group. The results show that residents from the
noise exposure area have a high level of noise stress, hypertension, headache, general disturbance, loss of
sleep/insomnia, and hearing problems than the matched control area. On the other hand, aircraft noise
pollution near Abu Dhabi Airport has no negative impact on workers adjacent to the airport. The impact of
aircraft noise on community health should not restrain the growth of air travel industry in the city as this
growth is essential and beneficial to the whole nation’s economy. The reduction of aircraft noise level in
the exposed area could be achieved by imposing policies, codes of practices, and action noise plans to
assess and evaluate land use management as an effective tool for mitigating aircraft noise. Future research
should assess community health based on self-reported physician diagnosed blood pressure; and hearing,
stress, headache diagnostic examination.
Studying the Effects of Aircraft Noise Around Abu Dhabi International Airport...civejjour
The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of aircraft noise pollution on community and workers’
health near Abu Dhabi International Airport. This study was conducted in residential neighborhoods and
employment areas living and working within a 25-km radius of the airport with high exposure to aircraft
noise and in matched control areas far from the airport (outside the 25-km radius) and are unaffected by
aircraft noise. Data was collected by conducting a revealed-preference face-to-face interview surveys
among the residents and the workers nea rand far from Abu Dhabi International Airport during the months
of September and December 2014. A total of 5,070 residents in both areas (2,579 near the airport and
2,492 far from the airport) and 1,995 workers in both areas (995 near the airport and 1,000 far from the
airport) were interviewed and completed the questionnaire. Binomial Logit Regression Model was used to
determine the impact of aircraft noise on community and workers’ health. After controlling for
confounders, the health of the residents adjacent to the airport who have been chronically exposed to high
aircraft noise level are found to be worse than the control group. The results show that residents from the
noise exposure area have a high level of noise stress, hypertension, headache, general disturbance, loss of
sleep/insomnia, and hearing problems than the matched control area. On the other hand, aircraft noise
pollution near Abu Dhabi Airport has no negative impact on workers adjacent to the airport. The impact of
aircraft noise on community health should not restrain the growth of air travel industry in the city as this
growth is essential and beneficial to the whole nation’s economy. The reduction of aircraft noise level in
the exposed area could be achieved by imposing policies, codes of practices, and action noise plans to
assess and evaluate land use management as an effective tool for mitigating aircraft noise. Future research
should assess community health based on self-reported physician diagnosed blood pressure; and hearing,
stress, headache diagnostic examination.
Evaluation of the Superplasticizer Effect on the Concrete Compressive Strengt...civejjour
Concrete is the most important material in the civil engineering. The concrete compressive strength is a
non-linear function of the concrete age and some constituents. These constituents include cement, blast
furnace slag, fly ash, superplasticizer, coarse aggregate and fine aggregate. The superplasticizers are
among elements which are important in increasing the concrete compressive strength and we are going to
analyze here using the tree-classification decision algorithm. The decision trees, usually, are used in
classification of a bunch of data. J48 is one of the most favoured ones. The decision trees are developed
using information entropy on a collection of training data. J48 is a recursive algorithm that combines the
remaining of the following data sets and continues normalizing the output data using the separation
process until a uniform classification result obtains. This article evaluates the superplasticizer effect on the
concrete compressive strength using the tree-classification decision algorithm.
Towards Innovate Methods of Construction Cost Management and Controlcivejjour
Project cost is one of the three main challenges for the construction manager, where the success of a
project is judged by meeting the criteria of cost with budget, schedule on time, and quality as specified by
the owner. Many projects experience extensive delays and thereby exceed initial time and cost estimate.
Available information, good estimating practice and experienced personnel are some of the factors found
to have considerable impact on estimation accuracy. The successful execution of construction projects and
keeping them within estimated cost and prescribed schedules depend on a methodology that requires sound
engineering judgment. So the research aim is to conduct research study and process of exploring the
existing model related to above three types of estimate and their contribution to civil engineering cost
management and control especially getting motivated with the verification and validation component of
CRASP methodology. The objective of this paper or scope of this research in this paper is to conduct
literature study and review towards exploring innovative techniques such as Artificial Intelligence
Techniques or Expert System Techniques available and applicable to make decision making or decision
support regarding construction cost management and control at three levels: (i) before the actual civil
engineering project design begins (ii) after detailed design but before execution and (iii) during project
execution
Incorporating Participatory Planning and Quality Function Deployment in Urban...civejjour
Urban Planning is a technical process concerned with the control of the use of land and design of urban
environment to guide and ensure the orderly development of settlements and communities. Outcomes from
the urban planning process are detailed plans. In Bahrain the detailed plans are developed through a
lengthy two-stage process, namely, design and implementation. During this lengthy process the documented
design variations were found to be the main cause for implementation delay. In addition, it was discovered
that land owners exclusion from the urban planning process caused major disagreements, between the
urban planning authorities and the land owners. Accordingly, this paper presents an investigation into the
applied urban planning process in Bahrain, and proposes a solution that incorporates Quality Function
Deployment (QFD) technique. The study is based on face-to-face interviews, questionnaire, Delphi method,
and a case study (North Tubli). The results of this study concluded that using participatory planning and
QFD within the urban planning process enables evaluation of the different alternative plans, based on
scientific and systematic procedures. In addition, it ensures that land owners and community members
requirements are satisfied.
Biogas Technology as a Sustainable Domestic Organic Waste Management Measure ...civejjour
Solid waste management especially residential organic waste management is one of the most important
problems after the water quality in developing countries all over the world. There are many waste
management techniques for the disposal of these wastes. Attaining sustainability goals is the challenge
faced by each of these techniques. This paper presents the evaluation study of the biogas technology as a
sustainable domestic organic waste management measure. The evaluation method is detailed and the
perception of the biogas users with respect to different aspects of sustainability is presented here. The
technological benefits and bottle necks were also reviewed in this paper.
Studying the Effects of Aircraft Noise Around Abu Dhabi International Airport...civejjour
The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of aircraft noise pollution on community and workers’
health near Abu Dhabi International Airport. This study was conducted in residential neighborhoods and
employment areas living and working within a 25-km radius of the airport with high exposure to aircraft
noise and in matched control areas far from the airport (outside the 25-km radius) and are unaffected by
aircraft noise. Data was collected by conducting a revealed-preference face-to-face interview surveys
among the residents and the workers nea rand far from Abu Dhabi International Airport during the months
of September and December 2014. A total of 5,070 residents in both areas (2,579 near the airport and
2,492 far from the airport) and 1,995 workers in both areas (995 near the airport and 1,000 far from the
airport) were interviewed and completed the questionnaire. Binomial Logit Regression Model was used to
determine the impact of aircraft noise on community and workers’ health. After controlling for
confounders, the health of the residents adjacent to the airport who have been chronically exposed to high
aircraft noise level are found to be worse than the control group. The results show that residents from the
noise exposure area have a high level of noise stress, hypertension, headache, general disturbance, loss of
sleep/insomnia, and hearing problems than the matched control area. On the other hand, aircraft noise
pollution near Abu Dhabi Airport has no negative impact on workers adjacent to the airport. The impact of
aircraft noise on community health should not restrain the growth of air travel industry in the city as this
growth is essential and beneficial to the whole nation’s economy. The reduction of aircraft noise level in
the exposed area could be achieved by imposing policies, codes of practices, and action noise plans to
assess and evaluate land use management as an effective tool for mitigating aircraft noise. Future research
should assess community health based on self-reported physician diagnosed blood pressure; and hearing,
stress, headache diagnostic examination.
Evaluation of Performance of High Calcium Fly Ash as a Mineral Filler in Mix ...civejjour
In the present research work, traditional mineral filler, high calcium Fly Ash, is used in the mix design of
micro surfacing is evaluated with possibility of replacing it with other environmental friendly and cost
effective selected fillers. The chemical analysis and material testing performed on high calcium Fly Ash
filler indicate its suitability for incorporation in the mix design. The optimum mix design for microsurfacing
Type II and Type III is determined through trial and error method. Also, the performance of a laboratory
design mix is evaluated with field application. The field experimentation indicate that the mineral filler
showed good performance for the test conducted on field after 24 hours and 6 months of application. The
results evaluated in the field for skid resistance and surface texture indicate high calcium Fly Ash can be
utilized for microsurfacing of road pavement.
Intelligent Transportation System Based Traffic Congestion Modeling for Urban...civejjour
This study attempts to make use of traffic behaviour on the aggregate level to estimate congestion on urban
arterial and sub-arterial roads of a city exhibiting heterogeneous traffic conditions by breaking the route
into independent segments and approximating the origin-destination based traffic flow behaviour of the
segments. The expected travel time in making a trip is modelled against sectional traffic characteristics
(flow and speed) at origin and destination points of road segments, and roadway and segment traffic
characteristics such as diversion routes are also tried in accounting for travel time. Predicted travel time is
then used along with free flow time to determine the state of congestion on the segments using a congestion
index (CI). A development of this kind may help in understanding traffic and congestion behaviour
practically using easily accessible inputs, limited only to the nodes, and help in improving road network
planning and management.
The Impact of Waiting Time on Pedestrian Violations at Signalized Intersectionscivejjour
The phenomenon that pedestrian violates traffic signals at intersections and crosses with danger is
universal. This study aims to find out the influence of the waiting time of pedestrians at an intersection and
the three main factors of pedestrian violations. In this study, 13 intersections and 1075 violations sample
were collected in Suzhou China, which had different maximum waiting times. The validation would use the
complementary video data. There are several factors, which have great influence on the proportion of
pedestrian violations, such as the age, sex, arrive time, red phase, conflicting traffic volume and the length
of volume crosswalks. Additionally, The significance of pedestrian maximum waiting time was highlighted
in the end. For the purpose of reducing dangerous pedestrian behaviors at signalized intersections,
minimizing waiting times is supposed to be one proper way.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
zkStudyClub - Reef: Fast Succinct Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Regex ProofsAlex Pruden
This paper presents Reef, a system for generating publicly verifiable succinct non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs that a committed document matches or does not match a regular expression. We describe applications such as proving the strength of passwords, the provenance of email despite redactions, the validity of oblivious DNS queries, and the existence of mutations in DNA. Reef supports the Perl Compatible Regular Expression syntax, including wildcards, alternation, ranges, capture groups, Kleene star, negations, and lookarounds. Reef introduces a new type of automata, Skipping Alternating Finite Automata (SAFA), that skips irrelevant parts of a document when producing proofs without undermining soundness, and instantiates SAFA with a lookup argument. Our experimental evaluation confirms that Reef can generate proofs for documents with 32M characters; the proofs are small and cheap to verify (under a second).
Paper: https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1886
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
The Metaverse and AI: how can decision-makers harness the Metaverse for their...Jen Stirrup
The Metaverse is popularized in science fiction, and now it is becoming closer to being a part of our daily lives through the use of social media and shopping companies. How can businesses survive in a world where Artificial Intelligence is becoming the present as well as the future of technology, and how does the Metaverse fit into business strategy when futurist ideas are developing into reality at accelerated rates? How do we do this when our data isn't up to scratch? How can we move towards success with our data so we are set up for the Metaverse when it arrives?
How can you help your company evolve, adapt, and succeed using Artificial Intelligence and the Metaverse to stay ahead of the competition? What are the potential issues, complications, and benefits that these technologies could bring to us and our organizations? In this session, Jen Stirrup will explain how to start thinking about these technologies as an organisation.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
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STUDY ON BEHAVIOUR OF COMPRESSION MEMBER WITH BAMBOO AS REINFORCEMENT AND COCONUT SHELL AS AGGREGATE
1. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal(CiVEJ) Vol.3,No.1, March 2016
DOI:10.5121/civej.2016.3101 1
STUDY ON BEHAVIOUR OF COMPRESSION
MEMBER WITH BAMBOO AS REINFORCEMENT
AND COCONUT SHELL AS AGGREGATE
A. Joshua Daniel1
and S. Sivakamasundari2
1,2
Department of Civil Engineering, SRM University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
ABSTRACT
Concrete is the most widely used construction material. Among all ingredients of concrete, aggregates form
the major portion; further there exists a challenge in attaining the structural light weight concrete utilizing
the waste. Among the natural waste coconut shells can suitably replace these natural aggregates. The
compression testing on cube and split tensile test on cylinder were performed to authenticate its feasibility.
Concrete is reinforced with steel bars to negate its weak tension carrying capacity. However, due to higher
cost and non-renewability of steel, nowadays attempts were made to provide a low-cost, sustainable
material. The feasibility for the usage of locally procured bamboo as reinforcement is tested to evaluate its
Elasticity and ultimate strength. The axial compression test on various columns were performed comparing
its axial deformation, Energy absorption capacity, ultimate load, displacement ductility and degradation in
stiffness.
KEYWORDS
Bamboo Reinforcement, Compression Test, Split Tension, Column, Coconut Shell Aggregate, Different
Length, Energy, Ductility, Stiffness
1. INTRODUCTION
Concrete is the most widely used material in building construction. The demand for concrete had
increased in the last few decades. Among the entire constituent in concrete, aggregates form the
major portion, which set off an increased demand for coarse aggregate. Coarse aggregate are
generally the crushed natural stone which are non-renewable in nature. Further there exit a
challenge in attaining the light weight concrete utilizing the waste. Structural light weight
concrete should have a density less than 2000 kg/m3
and compressive strength more than 20
N/mm2
[1]. This is generally achieved by replacing the coarse aggregate with light weight
aggregate.
Among the several wastes that are available around the world, coconut shells can suitably replace
the natural aggregate in concrete. [2, 3] found that the coconut shell concrete can able to achieve
its full strain capacity under shear loading. [4, 5] experimentally found that the bond strength of
coconut shell concrete is much higher than the bond strength estimated by BS 8110 and IS
456:2000. A lot of research work has been carried out on the optimum replacement of coconut
shell aggregate and has proved to be an appropriate replacement for coarse aggregate achieving
the requirement for structural light weight concrete.
Concrete is very strong in compression but weak in tension. To overcome this concrete are
reinforced with steel bars. However the use of steel as reinforcing material has several
disadvantages like higher cost, non-renewability of steel and is responsible for the major emission
2. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal(CiVEJ) Vol.3,No.1, March 2016
2
of greenhouse gas. Several attempts were made by the researcher to provide a low-cost
sustainable material. In this regards vegetable fibres were studied in the past which include jute
[6, 7], coconut coir [8, 9], sisal [10], babadua [11], date palm [12], raffia palms [13], bamboo [14,
15] and bamboo fibres [16]. Although most of these studies yielded good result, bamboo is
superior to other natural reinforcing materials.
Bamboo is a fast growing wood like material belongs to the grass family Poaceae. The tensile
strength of bamboo is very high and for some species, its ultimate tensile strength is same as the
yield strength of mild steel. The strength to specific weight ratio of bamboo is six times higher
than that of the steel. Bamboo can take tension as well as compression load, whereas other
vegetable reinforcing materials cannot carry compression loading. Furthermore, the energy
required to produce one cubic meter per unit stress of bamboo is 50 times lower than the energy
required by steel [17]. Due to these properties had attracted many researchers for using bamboo
as reinforcement in concrete. Mansur et al., [18] experimentally evaluated the feasibility of using
bamboo in the form of woven mesh as reinforcement in cement mortar. This study indicates that
the inclusion of bamboo mesh imparts considerable ductility and toughness to the mortar, with
significant increase in tensile, flexural and impact strength. Ghavami [14] experimentally found
out that, the ultimate load carrying capacity of bamboo reinforced concrete is increased four times
for bamboo reinforced concrete when compared with unreinforced concrete. Further, the author
found that the bonding between bamboo and concrete is lower than that of steel and concrete
which reduces its tension carrying capacity. Prasad et al., [19] used bamboo reinforced cement–
sand mortar panels for the construction of low cost housing in hilly region. Adom – Asmoah [20]
recommends the usage of steel stirrups to improve its load carrying capacity.
No literature review is available replacing the coarse aggregate with coconut shell and steel with
bamboo as reinforcement to obtain a integral structural light weight concrete with coconut shell
as coarse aggregate and renewable bamboo as reinforcement. The axial compression test on steel
reinforced concrete columns with conventional concrete, steel reinforced concrete columns with
coconut shell concrete and bamboo reinforced concrete column with coconut shell concrete are
performed to compare its axial deformation, ultimate load, energy dissipation capacity,
displacement ductility and degradation in stiffness.
2. SELECTION AND PREPARATION OF BAMBOO STRIPS
The current research primarily aims at performing the axial load test on column replacing coconut
shell as coarse aggregate and bamboo as reinforcement. The bamboo culm from the local market
(SP-Dera) are procured considering the guidelines such as the samples procured are between 3 to
5 years of age, having a brownish appearance and samples which are been cut in winter season.
Thereafter bamboo stripes of desired size are made from these bamboo culms using lathe
machine.
2.1. Moisture Content
The optimum hours of oven drying (at 100˚C) is calculated on the samples to determine the
percentage reduction in moisture content. Table 1 shows the initial weight of the bamboo
specimens and the corresponding reduction in weight after 2hours, 4hours, 6hours and 8hours of
testing. Figure 1 shows the average percentage reduction in moisture content for different hours
of drying.
3. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal(CiVEJ) Vol.3,No.1, March 2016
3
From the above table it is been observed that beyond 6hours of oven drying, weight of the
specimen remains the same. From Figure 1 it is been noticed that the graph follows a linear path
beyond 6hours of oven drying. Hence the compression test and tension test were performed on
8hours of oven dried bamboo.
Table 1. Moisture test on bamboo specimen
Description Initial Weight Weight After 2 Hours of Drying
Sample No. In Kg In N In Kg
%
Reduction
Average
1 0.13 1.2 0.11 11.0
10.82 0.14 1.4 0.13 10.7
3 0.15 1.5 0.13 10.8
Description Initial Weight Weight After 4 Hours of Drying
Sample No. In Kg In N In Kg
%
Reduction
Average
1 0.15 1.5 0.12 21.4
19.92 0.19 1.8 0.15 19.1
3 0.18 1.8 0.15 19.3
Description Initial Weight Weight After 6 Hours of Drying
Sample No. In Kg In N In Kg
%
Reduction
Average
1 0.15 1.4 0.09 28.7
27.82 0.12 1.2 0.08 27.2
3 0.15 1.4 0.07 27.6
Description Initial Weight Weight After 8 Hours of Drying
Sample No. In Kg In N In Kg
%
Reduction
Average
1 0.13 1.2 0.10 28.00
302 0.12 1.1 0.08 31.00
3 0.10 1.1 0.10 31.00
Figure 1. Average percentage reduction in moisture after oven drying
4. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal(CiVEJ) Vol.3,No.1, March 2016
4
3. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
The test is conducted in a 2000 kN compression testing machine (CTM). The load is applied
gradually from zero up to failure. Figure 2 shows the compression test on bamboo specimen.
(a) Test Setup (b) Failure Pattern
Figure 2. Compression test on 8 hour of oven dried bamboo
The direct tension test is conducted in a 40 Ton universal testing machine (UTM). The load is
applied gradually from zero. For each increment, the reading in extensometer is measured till
failure. Figure 3 shows the direct tension test on bamboo.
(a) Test setup (b) Failure pattern
Figure 3. Direct tension test on 8 hour of oven dried bamboo
The current research primarily aims at performing the axial compression test on column replacing
coconut shell as coarse aggregate. The concrete grade of M25 mix, designed as per Indian
standards (IS 10262:2009) is used in this study to determine the compression strength of cube and
split tensile strength of cylinder after 7 days, 14 days and 28 days. The Indian standard specifies
(IS 456:2000) the characteristics compressive strength, Young’s modulus and flexure strength are
given by 25 N/mm2
, 25000 N/mm2
and 3.5 N/mm2
respectively. The conventional concrete used
for this study has a mix proportion of 1: 2.22: 3.66 and that of the coconut shell concrete [5] is 1:
1.47: 0.65. Figure 4 shows the compression test on cube and Figure 5 shows the split tensile
testing on cylinder.
Figure 4. Compression testing on cube
5. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal(CiVEJ) Vol.3,No.1, March 2016
5
Bamboo is cut into 4 parts diameter wise along length and was made as a reinforcement of
diameter 12mm. An epoxy resin was applied over the bamboo and is allowed to dry. The bamboo
was tied with binding wire with 2.54cm thread and made as reinforcement. The scope of the work
involves, studying the behaviour on square column with 120mm cross section of varying height.
Three columns was casted for each arrangement (conventional concrete with steel reinforcement
referred as “Type A”, coconut shell concrete with steel reinforcement referred as “Type B” and
coconut shell concrete with treated bamboo reinforcement referred as “Type C”). These
specimens are de-moulded after 24 hours and then they are cured in water for 28 days. Axial
compression test is performed on steel and bamboo reinforced columns of height 1000 mm and
1300mm. The loading frame with 40T capacity is used to perform the compression test. The
prepared specimen was erected in the loading frame to simulate the hinged condition. To the top
plate proving ring was attached to measure the load. The compression test set up is shown in
Figure 6. The load is applied axially in a step of 1000N and for each load step; the axial
compression by means of dial gauge were taken, till the column could resist the load.
Figure 5. Split tensile strength of cylinder
Figure 6. Loading frame for testing the column
6. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal(CiVEJ) Vol.3,No.1, March 2016
6
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The results of the tests conducted on the bamboo strips and on the column specimen elements
described in Section 2 are presented in this section. Based on these results relevant discussions
are provided.
4.1. Compression And Tension Testing On Bamboo
Compression and tensile test is conducted on the locally procured bamboo strips to determine the
ultimate strength and elasticity parameters of the bamboo as reinforcement. Few specimens are
tested for this purpose. From Table 2 and Table 3 the average compressive and tensile strength is
calculated as 48.16 N/mm2
and 94.45 N/mm2
respectively.
Table 2. Compression test on bamboo after 8 hour of oven drying
The direct tensile test is conducted on the bamboo to determine the modulus of elasticity. Table 4,
shows the direct tensile test on bamboo and the corresponding Figure 7 shows the stress – strain
graph for bamboo specimen after 8 hours of oven drying. The modulus of elasticity of bamboo is
25700 N/mm2
.
Table 3. Result for direct tension test on bamboo after 8 hour of oven drying
Trial
Diameter
of
specimen
in mm
Area
in
mm2
(A)
Load in
N
(P)
Tensile
stress in
N/mm2
P/A
Average
tensile
stress in
N/mm2
Type of failure
1 D = 9.16 66.47 6082.2 91.50 94.45 Splitting failure
Table 4. Direct tension test on bamboo after 8 hour of oven drying
Trail
Load in kN
(P)
Dimension of
bamboo in
mm
Area in
mm2
(A)
Compressive
stress in
N/mm2
(P/A)
Average
compressive
stress in
N/mm2
1 65
1570
41.40
48.162 67 42.60
3 95 60.5
Load in
N
(P)
Diameter of
specimen in
mm
Area in
mm2
(A)
Stress in
N/mm²
(P/A)
Extensometer
reading in mm
Strain
×10-4
Modulus of
elasticity in
N/mm²
981
D = 9.2 66.47
15.42 0.06 6
2.57 × 104
1962 30.84 0.13 13
2943 46.24 0.21 21
3924 61.68 0.29 29
4905 77.10 0.35 35
5886 92.52 0.44 44
7. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal(CiVEJ) Vol.3,No.1, March 2016
7
Figure 7. Stress – strain curve for bamboo after 8 hour of oven drying
4.2. Compression And Split Tension Testing On Concrete
Compression and split tensile test is conducted on the conventional and coconut shell concrete
after 7 days, 14 days and 28 days of curing.
Table 5. Compressive strength on cube
Description
Compression strength in N/mm2
Days of curing
7 Days 14 Days 28 Days
Conventional concrete 21.1 25.53 28.2
Coconut shell concrete 18.8 23.9 26.4
Table 5 shows the compression strength of cube. Conventional concrete attained the compression
strength of 25 N/mm2
after 14 days of curing where as coconut shell concrete attains the
estimated strength after 28 days of curing. Table 6 shows the corresponding split tensile strength
of the specimen. After 28 days of curing split tensile strength is almost the same for conventional
and coconut shell concrete.
Table 6. Split tensile strength on cylinder
Description
Split tensile strength in N/mm2
Days of curing
7 Days 14 Days 28 Days
Conventional concrete 1.43 2.74 2.86
Coconut shell concrete 1.12 2.49 2.62
Compression and tensile test is conducted on the locally procured bamboo strips to determine the
ultimate strength and elasticity parameters of the bamboo as reinforcement. Few specimens are
tested for this purpose. From Table 2 and Table 3 the average compressive and tensile strength is
calculated as 48.16 N/mm2
and 94.45 N/mm2
respectively.
The direct tensile test is conducted on the bamboo to determine the modulus of elasticity. Table 4,
shows the direct tensile test on bamboo and the corresponding Figure 7 shows the stress – strain
graph for bamboo specimen after 8 hours of oven drying. The modulus of elasticity of bamboo is
25700 N/mm2
.
8. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal(CiVEJ) Vol.3,No.1, March 2016
8
4.3. Testing On Column
Axial compression test is performed on steel and bamboo reinforced columns of two different
length. Totally 18 columns were casted which includes 6 numbers of reinforced concrete columns
with conventional concrete, 6 numbers of steel reinforced concrete columns with coconut shell
concrete and 6 numbers of bamboo reinforced concrete column with coconut shell concrete. The
load – deformation behaviour of columns under axial compression are shown in Figure 8 and
Figure 9 for 1m and 1.3m respectively. It is observed from this figures that, the area under the
load–deformation curves for Type A is more than that of the Type B and Type C which indicates
that the Type A has the high energy absorption capacity, which is evident from the Table 7 and
Table 8.
Figure 8. Load – deflection curve for 1m column under axial compression
Figure 9. Load – deflection curve for 1.3m column under axial compression
Table 7. Energy absorption for 1m column
Energy (J)
Type A EA 815.7
Type B EB 735.2
Type C EC 530.3
9. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal(CiVEJ) Vol.3,No.1, March 2016
9
Table 8. Energy absorption for 1.3m column
Energy (J)
Type A EA 1210.6
Type B EB 1114.4
Type C EC 849.9
From above table for each case it is observed that as the height of the column increases energy
absorption capacity increases. From Table 7 it is evident that, energy absorption capacity of Type
B and Type C is 90% and 65% of Type A whereas, from Table 8 it is clear that irrespective of
change in height, almost a similar variation is been observed (92% and 70%). From Figure 8 and
Figure 9 it is noticeable that the ultimate deformation of Type B column is higher that Type A
and Type C which is evident from the Table 9 and Table 11.
Table 9. Comparison of ultimate displacement of 1m column
1 m Column
Remark
Displacement (Type A) in mm 6.321
Type B 7.125 % Variation w.r.t Type A 13 Increase
Type C 6.89 % Variation w.r.t Type A 9 Increase
From above table Type B and Type C column has a variation of 13% and 9% however due to
decrease in yield deformation the displacement ductility of Type A is higher when compared with
other arrangement. From Table 10 it is observed that the displacement ductility of Type A and
Type B column is 82% and 42% higher, when compared with that of Type C column.
Irrespective of variation in height the ultimate deformation of Type B column is higher that Type
A and Type C which is evident from the Table 11. From Table 11 it is observed that the
displacement increases by 1% for Type B column and decreases by 2% Type C column however
due to decrease in yield deformation the displacement ductility of Type A is higher when
compared with other arrangement.
Table 10. Comparison in displacement ductility of 1m column
Type of Specimen
Ductility
1m
Type A 17.37 1.82
Type B 13.89 1.46
Type C 9.53 1.00
Table 11. Comparison of ultimate displacement of 1.3m column
1.3 m Column
Remark
Displacement (Type A) in mm 10.826
Type B 10.97 % Variation w.r.t Type A 1 Increase
Type C 10.642 % Variation w.r.t Type A 2 Decrease
From Table 12 it is observed that there is a vast variation in displacement ductility of Type A and
Type B column when compared with that of Type C column.
10. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal(CiVEJ) Vol.3,No.1, March 2016
10
Table 12. Comparison in displacement ductility of 1.3m column
Type of
Specimen
Ductility
1.3 m
Type A 13.58 3.27
Type B 12.87 3.10
Type C 4.15 1.00
Figure 10 and Figure 11 shows the degradation of stiffness by plotting a graph between P/PU –
Stiffness for 1m and 1.3m respectively. The variation in stiffness between the initial and ultimate
load for 1m and 1.3m is shown in the corresponding Table 13. It is been evident that the
percentage degradation in stiffness of Type C is less than Type A and Type B column, which is
authenticated from the non-dimensional graph (Figure 12 and Figure 13) from which it is
apparent that the slope of Type C is lesser than Type A and Type B column which marks the
lowest degradation in stiffness.
Figure 10. P/PU Vs Stiffness for 1m Length of Column
Figure 11. P/PU Vs Stiffness for 1.3m Length of Column
11. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal(CiVEJ) Vol.3,No.1, March 2016
11
Figure 12. Non-Dimensional Graphs for Columns of 1m Length
Figure 13. Non-Dimensional Graphs for Columns of 1.3m Length
Figure 14. Average Value of First Crack Load
12. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal(CiVEJ) Vol.3,No.1, March 2016
12
Figure 15. Average Value of Ultimate Crack Load
Table 13. Comparison of Degradation in Stiffness
1m Column
Type
Stiffness kN/mm
% Degradation in Stiffness
Initial Ultimate load
A 54.95 34.80 36.66
B 38.99 26.67 31.60
C 27.66 20.32 26.55
1.3m Column
Type Stiffness kN/mm % Degradation in Stiffness
Initial Ultimate load
A 25.09 18.47 26.38
B 23.47 14.13 39.79
C 16.18 12.69 21.60
The average value of first crack load and ultimate load for different arrangement of column is
shown in the corresponding Figure 14 and 15. It is observed that the first crack load for
corresponding to Type B and Type C column remains same irrespective of change in height.
From Figure 15 it is observed that the ultimate crack load of Type C column remains same
irrespective of change in height.
3. CONCLUSIONS
In this study the prospect of utilization of bamboo and coconut shell as a replacement for
reinforcement and aggregate has been evaluated through a series of experimental investigations
on 18 columns, which includes 6 numbers of steel reinforced concrete columns with conventional
concrete (Type A), 6 numbers of steel reinforced concrete columns with coconut shell concrete
(Type B) and 6 numbers of bamboo reinforced concrete column with coconut shell concrete
(Type C). The tests performed in the due course of this research include moisture test on bamboo,
compression and tensile test of bamboo specimen to estimate the Young’s Modulus. Further
compression and split tensile test were performed for conventional concrete and coconut shell
concrete finally the axial load test on columns were carried out. The conclusion drawn from the
axial test on column were summarised below:
13. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal(CiVEJ) Vol.3,No.1, March 2016
13
1. Energy absorption capacity enhance with increase in height of column, further the energy
absorption capacity of Type A column is higher than other configuration
2. Ultimate displacement of Type B column is superior when compared with Type A and
Type C configuration
3. With decrease in yield deformation the displacement ductility of Type A column is
superior to other configuration
4. Degradation in stiffness of Type C column is the least among its configuration which
marks an lesser slope in non dimensional graph for Type C column
5. Irrespective of change in height the average value of first crack load in Type B and Type
C column remain the same. Whereas the average ultimate load in Type C column remains
identical
REFERENCES
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