This document describes a study that prepared chitosan from chitin through deacetylation using different concentrations of sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Chitin was treated with 30-70% NaOH solutions at high temperature and pressure. The resulting chitosan was characterized through various tests. Chitosan prepared with 50% NaOH solution yielded the highest degree of deacetylation (80%) and solubility (90%), with a particle size and zeta potential matching commercial chitosan. The study demonstrates an effective method for preparing chitosan through chitin deacetylation.
Synthesis and Characterization of a New Cationic Surfactant Derived from 5-Ch...IJERA Editor
:In this paper, anovel cationic surfactant is synthesized by the alkylation reaction of 5-Chloro- 1H-indole-2,3-dioneunder the conditions of phase transfer catalysis and quaternizationby trimethylamine in acetone solution.Chemical structures of synthesized compounds were confirmed by 1HNMR and 13C NMR. The micellization of cationic surfactant in aqueous solution at room temperature has been reported using the conductivity of the measurements
Photochemical crosslinking of collagen and Poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) hydrogel ...IOSR Journals
Photochemical crosslinking is a best alternative method when compared to conventional crosslinking methods such as chemical and physical methods, by using vitamins like riboflavin and ascorbic acid as photochemical initiators to enhance the physicochemical properties of collagen poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) blend without any toxic by products. Collagen and poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) blends were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Swelling studies, Tensile testing and the surface properties were studied by Contact angle measurements and Microscopy. Collagen and PVP blended samples were irradiated with the UV light wavelength λ=300nm for 30 minutes by using 0.03% riboflavin and ascorbic acid as photosensitizers and the samples were air dried at room temperature. Collagen- PVP blended hydrogels showed good swelling properties and the lower contact angles indicate their hydrophilic nature. The photochemical crosslinking also improved the thermal stability of the hydrogels which can be confirmed by broad endothermic peak between 80-1800C in the thermoscan. The FTIR spectral changes clearly exhibited that these two polymers were strongly crosslinked and miscible.
Novel coumarin isoxazoline derivatives: Synthesis and study of antibacterial ...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
A highly efficient and mild protocol for the syntheses of ethyl-3-
[7-benzyloxy-4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-8-chromenyl]-5-aryl-4,5-dihydro-4-
isoxazole carboxylates and ethyl-3-[7-benzyloxy-3-chloro-4-methyl-2-
oxo-2H-8-chromenyl]-5-aryl-4,5-dihydro-4-isoxazole carboxylates in
good yields via [3 þ 2] cycloaddition of in situ–generated nitrile
oxides from 7-benzyloxy-4-methyl-coumarin hydroxymoylchlorides
and 7-benzyloxy-3-chloro-4-methyl-coumarin hydroxymoylchlorides
respectively with ethyl-3-aryl prop-2-enoate has been developed.
The new compounds are screened for antibacterial activity.
Austin Journal of Bioorganic & Organic Chemistry is a peer reviewed, open acc...Austin Publishing Group
Austin Journal of Bioorganic & Organic Chemistry is a peer reviewed, open access journal publishes manuscripts in the following areas but not limited to structures, synthesis, kinetics, organic synthesis, physical organic chemistry, supramolecular chemistry and chemical biology.
Austin Journal of Bioorganic & Organic Chemistry accepts original research articles, review articles, commentaries, Letters, perspectives, and rapid communication on all the aspects of Bioorganic & Organic Chemistry.
Synthesis and Characterization of a New Cationic Surfactant Derived from 5-Ch...IJERA Editor
:In this paper, anovel cationic surfactant is synthesized by the alkylation reaction of 5-Chloro- 1H-indole-2,3-dioneunder the conditions of phase transfer catalysis and quaternizationby trimethylamine in acetone solution.Chemical structures of synthesized compounds were confirmed by 1HNMR and 13C NMR. The micellization of cationic surfactant in aqueous solution at room temperature has been reported using the conductivity of the measurements
Photochemical crosslinking of collagen and Poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) hydrogel ...IOSR Journals
Photochemical crosslinking is a best alternative method when compared to conventional crosslinking methods such as chemical and physical methods, by using vitamins like riboflavin and ascorbic acid as photochemical initiators to enhance the physicochemical properties of collagen poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) blend without any toxic by products. Collagen and poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) blends were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Swelling studies, Tensile testing and the surface properties were studied by Contact angle measurements and Microscopy. Collagen and PVP blended samples were irradiated with the UV light wavelength λ=300nm for 30 minutes by using 0.03% riboflavin and ascorbic acid as photosensitizers and the samples were air dried at room temperature. Collagen- PVP blended hydrogels showed good swelling properties and the lower contact angles indicate their hydrophilic nature. The photochemical crosslinking also improved the thermal stability of the hydrogels which can be confirmed by broad endothermic peak between 80-1800C in the thermoscan. The FTIR spectral changes clearly exhibited that these two polymers were strongly crosslinked and miscible.
Novel coumarin isoxazoline derivatives: Synthesis and study of antibacterial ...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
A highly efficient and mild protocol for the syntheses of ethyl-3-
[7-benzyloxy-4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-8-chromenyl]-5-aryl-4,5-dihydro-4-
isoxazole carboxylates and ethyl-3-[7-benzyloxy-3-chloro-4-methyl-2-
oxo-2H-8-chromenyl]-5-aryl-4,5-dihydro-4-isoxazole carboxylates in
good yields via [3 þ 2] cycloaddition of in situ–generated nitrile
oxides from 7-benzyloxy-4-methyl-coumarin hydroxymoylchlorides
and 7-benzyloxy-3-chloro-4-methyl-coumarin hydroxymoylchlorides
respectively with ethyl-3-aryl prop-2-enoate has been developed.
The new compounds are screened for antibacterial activity.
Austin Journal of Bioorganic & Organic Chemistry is a peer reviewed, open acc...Austin Publishing Group
Austin Journal of Bioorganic & Organic Chemistry is a peer reviewed, open access journal publishes manuscripts in the following areas but not limited to structures, synthesis, kinetics, organic synthesis, physical organic chemistry, supramolecular chemistry and chemical biology.
Austin Journal of Bioorganic & Organic Chemistry accepts original research articles, review articles, commentaries, Letters, perspectives, and rapid communication on all the aspects of Bioorganic & Organic Chemistry.
Gelatin-grafted N- proflavine acryl amide was synthesized through two steps; firstly the Gelatin was grafted with
acrylic acid free radically using Ammonium per-sulfate at 60℃, Then it was modified to its corresponding acyl
chloride derivation, second step included the substitution with amino group of proflavine, in this research Gelatin
was used as a natural nontoxic, water soluble polymer as a drug carrier.
The prepared pro drug polymer was characterized by FTIR and 1H-NMR spectroscopies, Controlled drug release
was studied in different pH values at 37℃. Many advantages were obtained comparing with other known
methods.
Some physicochemical properties such as density, refractive index, solubility, conductance, dissociation constant etc. have been studied for some newly synthesized chalcones in different solvents at 308.15 K.
PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS OF NOVEL HYDROGELS PREPARED FROM THE BLEND OF GUAR G...msejjournal
This research work deals with the preparation of a series of hydrogels using renewable resources, in order
to decrease the adverse impact on the environment, and understand their swelling behavior. Hydrogels
were synthesized using guar gum and chitosan with glutaraldehyde as the cross-linking agent, protonated
with 98% conc. sulphuric acid. Concentration of chitosan was varied as 0, 12.5, 25, 37.5 and 50% (w/w) in
guar gum, while that of glutaraldehyde was varied as 0, 1.5, 3 and 6% (w/w) of the total quantity of guar
gum and chitosan. Prepared hydrogels were characterized for moisture content, equilibrium water
absorbency, re-swelling capacity, swelling ability in acidic (pH = 3) and basic (pH = 11) pH distilled
water, equilibrium saline water absorbency and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. It was
determined that moisture content, equilibrium water absorbency and equilibrium saline water absorbency
decreased with increased concentration of chitosan and glutaraldehyde, but they still had water swelling to
be classified as hydrogel. Re-swelling capacity of the hydrogels decreased with increased cycles of reswelling. Prepared hydrogels maintained high water swelling in acidic pH distilled water as compared to
basic pH distilled water. This hydrogels can be utilized as eco-friendly water manageable materials.
Application of Hydrotrophy in HPLC Hydrotrophic Solution, A Novel Cost Effect...ijtsrd
Hydrotrophy is a unique molecular phenomenon that posses the ability to increase the solubility of sparingly soluble and poorly soluble drugs in water. A hydrotrophic solution can be defined as adding a solute, that is Hydrotrope, eg urea to the primary one solvent and is used as mobile phase for HPLC. High solubility, easy availability, cost effectiveness, eco friendly are the major advantages which makes the solubilization technique superior. Here we use paracatamol and diclofenac sodium as example to review and conclude this topic. The current review takes the readers throughout a brief summary and features of hydrotropic agents and their different advances towards HPLC technique. It provides an insight of the future perspectives concerned with HPLC and Hydrotropism. Ahammed Unais V P | P K Sahoo "Application of Hydrotrophy in HPLC; Hydrotrophic Solution, A Novel Cost Effective and Eco-Friendly Mobile Phase for Solubilization of Poorly Water Soluble Drugs" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38222.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/analytical-chemistry/38222/application-of-hydrotrophy-in-hplc-hydrotrophic-solution--a-novel-cost-effective-and-ecofriendly-mobile-phase-for-solubilization-of-poorly-water-soluble-drugs/ahammed-unais-v-p
In this work, the capacity of encapsulation and subsequent release of the drug ampicillin was evaluated, for this, two different hydrogels were made by the microemulsion method, having different crosslinking agent based on polyurethane: P(IPDI) and P(HDI), the metal-organic framework (MOF) that was used inside the two composite hydrogels was MIL-53, which is a derivative of the hydrothermal synthesis of terephthalic acid and Al (III) ions. Characterization tests were carried out on the hydrogels, the FTIR sprectra were obtained to evaluate the encapsulation of the drug and the quantification by UV-Vis spectrophotometry to monitor the mass of ampicillin released in the two systems studied. Hydrogels based on C-P(HDI)-MIL53 show higher intermolecular interactions with encapsulated ampicillin, observed by the variation in the intensities of the FTIR signals related to the -NH, -OH, amide I and II bonds that make up the systems; in addition this type of hydrogel also exhibits a higher release of ampicillin than C-P(IPDI)-MIL53 hydrogel. These hydrogels can be studied as 3D culture systems or materials for wound healing, thus avoiding the formation of bacterial infections.
ABSTRACT- L-Ascorbic acid derivatives was synthesized on treatment with acetone and acetyl chloride afforded 5,6-acetal of L-ascorbic acid then benzylation of C-2 and C-3 hydroxyl groups of the lactone ring was accomplished using K2CO3 and benzyl bromide in DMF, then deblocking of the 5,6-O,O-protected derivative of L-Ascorbic acid with acetic acid and methanol gave 2,3-O,O-dibenzyl-L-Ascorbic acid. Subsequently mono-tosylation at 6 position of 2,3-O, O-dibenzyl-L-Ascorbic acid was carried out with addition of p-toluenetosylchloride (PTSC) in Pyridine and MDC solvent medium gave 2,3-O,O-dibenzyl-6-O-tosyl-L-Ascorbic acid. All the structures were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and Mass Spectroscopy.
Key-words- L-Ascorbic acid, 5,6-Acetal, Benzylation, Hydrolysis, Tosylation
Solubilisation of Quinazoline drugs by using Beta cyclodextrin complex formationRavindra Zirmire
Solubility of the Quinazoline related drugs was enhanced by usind complex formation method,and the Physico chemical characterisation of these drugs was carried out by simplest methods as UV spectroscopy,TLC,FTIR Spectroscopy.
Synthesis and Application of C-Phenylcalix[4]resorcinarene in Adsorption of C...Jacsonline.Org
Synthesis and Application of C-Phenylcalix[4]resorcinarene in Adsorption of Cr(III) and Pb(II), for more information visit our website http://jacsonline.org/
Synthesis and Characterization of Carboxymethyl Chitosan and its Effect on Tu...IOSR Journals
The Chitosan derivative named Carboxymethyl Chitosan was synthesized by direct Alkylation method. The Chitosan was obtained by Chemical method from White Prawn/Indian Prawn (FenneropenaeusIndicus) and was used for preparation of Carboxymethyl Chitosan. The Chitosan composition was found 51.17%Carbon, 41.61% Oxygen and 5.22% Nitrogen with 81.3% degree of deacetylation. The prepared Carboxymethyl Chitosan was characterized by SEM, FT-IR and TGA. The Carboxymethyl Chitosan examined as flocculant for turbidity removal of Indusriver water samples. The experimental condition was optimized and found that the maximum separation efficiency was achievedat pH-7 and 0.2 mg/L dose. The separation efficiency range placed between 81.2% and 87.1%. The total suspended solids and turbidity relation was also evaluated.
Chapter 13 Determination of riociguat using ninhydrin as a chromogen 2019Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
A simple method is described to determine the amount of riociguat in bulk and tablet formulation by visible spectrophotometry. Formation of a chromophore with max of 597 nm, due to the reaction between the aromatic amine groups present on riociguat and ninhydrin in citric acid medium forms the basis for the current method. Extension of conjugation due to attachment of two ninhydrin molecules to a riociguat molecule explains the noticed high intensity as well as max of the generated chromophore. Current ICH guidelines were followed to validate the method. The obtained regression equation (y = 0.0316x+0.001) has a good correlation coefficient (> 0.999) in the studied range of 5.0-30.0 μg mL-1. Due to lack of separation steps in the method, it is found to be rapid as well as simple. The recovery levels of riociguat were in the range of 99.87 – 100.06.
Visible Spectrophotometric Determination of Gemigliptin Using Charge Transfer...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
A visible spectrophotometric method was developed and validated for the determination of gemigliptin present in bulk drug and tablet formulation. It involves an indirect method of charge transfer complex formation in presence of NBS, metol and suphanilic acid. Gemigliptin was subjected to oxidation with excess amount of oxidant (NBS) and the unconsumed NBS oxidizes metol to give p-N-methylbenzoquinone monoamine (PNMM) which in turn forms a charge transfer complex with sulphanilic acid. Then validated the above developed method as per the current ICH guidelines. An excellent correlation coefficient (> 0.999) was found for the obtained regression equation
(y = –0.0302x + 0.928) in the range of 2.0–30.0 μg mL-1. The method was found to be simple and rapid because it does not involve any solvent extraction. The recovery levels of the drug were in the range 99.92 – 100.08.
Gelatin-grafted N- proflavine acryl amide was synthesized through two steps; firstly the Gelatin was grafted with
acrylic acid free radically using Ammonium per-sulfate at 60℃, Then it was modified to its corresponding acyl
chloride derivation, second step included the substitution with amino group of proflavine, in this research Gelatin
was used as a natural nontoxic, water soluble polymer as a drug carrier.
The prepared pro drug polymer was characterized by FTIR and 1H-NMR spectroscopies, Controlled drug release
was studied in different pH values at 37℃. Many advantages were obtained comparing with other known
methods.
Some physicochemical properties such as density, refractive index, solubility, conductance, dissociation constant etc. have been studied for some newly synthesized chalcones in different solvents at 308.15 K.
PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS OF NOVEL HYDROGELS PREPARED FROM THE BLEND OF GUAR G...msejjournal
This research work deals with the preparation of a series of hydrogels using renewable resources, in order
to decrease the adverse impact on the environment, and understand their swelling behavior. Hydrogels
were synthesized using guar gum and chitosan with glutaraldehyde as the cross-linking agent, protonated
with 98% conc. sulphuric acid. Concentration of chitosan was varied as 0, 12.5, 25, 37.5 and 50% (w/w) in
guar gum, while that of glutaraldehyde was varied as 0, 1.5, 3 and 6% (w/w) of the total quantity of guar
gum and chitosan. Prepared hydrogels were characterized for moisture content, equilibrium water
absorbency, re-swelling capacity, swelling ability in acidic (pH = 3) and basic (pH = 11) pH distilled
water, equilibrium saline water absorbency and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. It was
determined that moisture content, equilibrium water absorbency and equilibrium saline water absorbency
decreased with increased concentration of chitosan and glutaraldehyde, but they still had water swelling to
be classified as hydrogel. Re-swelling capacity of the hydrogels decreased with increased cycles of reswelling. Prepared hydrogels maintained high water swelling in acidic pH distilled water as compared to
basic pH distilled water. This hydrogels can be utilized as eco-friendly water manageable materials.
Application of Hydrotrophy in HPLC Hydrotrophic Solution, A Novel Cost Effect...ijtsrd
Hydrotrophy is a unique molecular phenomenon that posses the ability to increase the solubility of sparingly soluble and poorly soluble drugs in water. A hydrotrophic solution can be defined as adding a solute, that is Hydrotrope, eg urea to the primary one solvent and is used as mobile phase for HPLC. High solubility, easy availability, cost effectiveness, eco friendly are the major advantages which makes the solubilization technique superior. Here we use paracatamol and diclofenac sodium as example to review and conclude this topic. The current review takes the readers throughout a brief summary and features of hydrotropic agents and their different advances towards HPLC technique. It provides an insight of the future perspectives concerned with HPLC and Hydrotropism. Ahammed Unais V P | P K Sahoo "Application of Hydrotrophy in HPLC; Hydrotrophic Solution, A Novel Cost Effective and Eco-Friendly Mobile Phase for Solubilization of Poorly Water Soluble Drugs" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38222.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/analytical-chemistry/38222/application-of-hydrotrophy-in-hplc-hydrotrophic-solution--a-novel-cost-effective-and-ecofriendly-mobile-phase-for-solubilization-of-poorly-water-soluble-drugs/ahammed-unais-v-p
In this work, the capacity of encapsulation and subsequent release of the drug ampicillin was evaluated, for this, two different hydrogels were made by the microemulsion method, having different crosslinking agent based on polyurethane: P(IPDI) and P(HDI), the metal-organic framework (MOF) that was used inside the two composite hydrogels was MIL-53, which is a derivative of the hydrothermal synthesis of terephthalic acid and Al (III) ions. Characterization tests were carried out on the hydrogels, the FTIR sprectra were obtained to evaluate the encapsulation of the drug and the quantification by UV-Vis spectrophotometry to monitor the mass of ampicillin released in the two systems studied. Hydrogels based on C-P(HDI)-MIL53 show higher intermolecular interactions with encapsulated ampicillin, observed by the variation in the intensities of the FTIR signals related to the -NH, -OH, amide I and II bonds that make up the systems; in addition this type of hydrogel also exhibits a higher release of ampicillin than C-P(IPDI)-MIL53 hydrogel. These hydrogels can be studied as 3D culture systems or materials for wound healing, thus avoiding the formation of bacterial infections.
ABSTRACT- L-Ascorbic acid derivatives was synthesized on treatment with acetone and acetyl chloride afforded 5,6-acetal of L-ascorbic acid then benzylation of C-2 and C-3 hydroxyl groups of the lactone ring was accomplished using K2CO3 and benzyl bromide in DMF, then deblocking of the 5,6-O,O-protected derivative of L-Ascorbic acid with acetic acid and methanol gave 2,3-O,O-dibenzyl-L-Ascorbic acid. Subsequently mono-tosylation at 6 position of 2,3-O, O-dibenzyl-L-Ascorbic acid was carried out with addition of p-toluenetosylchloride (PTSC) in Pyridine and MDC solvent medium gave 2,3-O,O-dibenzyl-6-O-tosyl-L-Ascorbic acid. All the structures were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and Mass Spectroscopy.
Key-words- L-Ascorbic acid, 5,6-Acetal, Benzylation, Hydrolysis, Tosylation
Solubilisation of Quinazoline drugs by using Beta cyclodextrin complex formationRavindra Zirmire
Solubility of the Quinazoline related drugs was enhanced by usind complex formation method,and the Physico chemical characterisation of these drugs was carried out by simplest methods as UV spectroscopy,TLC,FTIR Spectroscopy.
Synthesis and Application of C-Phenylcalix[4]resorcinarene in Adsorption of C...Jacsonline.Org
Synthesis and Application of C-Phenylcalix[4]resorcinarene in Adsorption of Cr(III) and Pb(II), for more information visit our website http://jacsonline.org/
Synthesis and Characterization of Carboxymethyl Chitosan and its Effect on Tu...IOSR Journals
The Chitosan derivative named Carboxymethyl Chitosan was synthesized by direct Alkylation method. The Chitosan was obtained by Chemical method from White Prawn/Indian Prawn (FenneropenaeusIndicus) and was used for preparation of Carboxymethyl Chitosan. The Chitosan composition was found 51.17%Carbon, 41.61% Oxygen and 5.22% Nitrogen with 81.3% degree of deacetylation. The prepared Carboxymethyl Chitosan was characterized by SEM, FT-IR and TGA. The Carboxymethyl Chitosan examined as flocculant for turbidity removal of Indusriver water samples. The experimental condition was optimized and found that the maximum separation efficiency was achievedat pH-7 and 0.2 mg/L dose. The separation efficiency range placed between 81.2% and 87.1%. The total suspended solids and turbidity relation was also evaluated.
Chapter 13 Determination of riociguat using ninhydrin as a chromogen 2019Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
A simple method is described to determine the amount of riociguat in bulk and tablet formulation by visible spectrophotometry. Formation of a chromophore with max of 597 nm, due to the reaction between the aromatic amine groups present on riociguat and ninhydrin in citric acid medium forms the basis for the current method. Extension of conjugation due to attachment of two ninhydrin molecules to a riociguat molecule explains the noticed high intensity as well as max of the generated chromophore. Current ICH guidelines were followed to validate the method. The obtained regression equation (y = 0.0316x+0.001) has a good correlation coefficient (> 0.999) in the studied range of 5.0-30.0 μg mL-1. Due to lack of separation steps in the method, it is found to be rapid as well as simple. The recovery levels of riociguat were in the range of 99.87 – 100.06.
Visible Spectrophotometric Determination of Gemigliptin Using Charge Transfer...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
A visible spectrophotometric method was developed and validated for the determination of gemigliptin present in bulk drug and tablet formulation. It involves an indirect method of charge transfer complex formation in presence of NBS, metol and suphanilic acid. Gemigliptin was subjected to oxidation with excess amount of oxidant (NBS) and the unconsumed NBS oxidizes metol to give p-N-methylbenzoquinone monoamine (PNMM) which in turn forms a charge transfer complex with sulphanilic acid. Then validated the above developed method as per the current ICH guidelines. An excellent correlation coefficient (> 0.999) was found for the obtained regression equation
(y = –0.0302x + 0.928) in the range of 2.0–30.0 μg mL-1. The method was found to be simple and rapid because it does not involve any solvent extraction. The recovery levels of the drug were in the range 99.92 – 100.08.
1 functional characterization of chitin and chitosanDuy Thanh Tran
Chitin and its deacetylated derivative chitosan are natural polymers composed of randomly distributed -(1-4)-linked D-glucosamine (deacetylated unit) and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (acetylated unit). Chitin is insoluble in aqueous
media while chitosan is soluble in acidic conditions due to the free protonable amino groups present in the D-glucosamine
units. Due to their natural origin, both chitin and chitosan can not be defined as a unique chemical structure but as a family of polymers which present a high variability in their chemical and physical properties. This variability is related not
only to the origin of the samples but also to their method of preparation. Chitin and chitosan are used in fields as different
as food, biomedicine and agriculture, among others. The success of chitin and chitosan in each of these specific applications is directly related to deep research into their physicochemical properties. In recent years, several reviews covering
different aspects of the applications of chitin and chitosan have been published. However, these reviews have not taken
into account the key role of the physicochemical properties of chitin and chitosan in their possible applications. The aim
of this review is to highlight the relationship between the physicochemical properties of the polymers and their behaviour.
A functional characterization of chitin and chitosan regarding some biological properties and some specific applications
(drug delivery, tissue engineering, functional food, food preservative, biocatalyst immobilization, wastewater treatment,
molecular imprinting and metal nanocomposites) is presented. The molecular mechanism of the biological properties such
as biocompatibility, mucoadhesion, permeation enhancing effect, anticholesterolemic, and antimicrobial has been updated.
Chemical and Physical properties of Cassava Starch-Cm-Chitosan-Acrylic Acid Hydrogel prepared from radiation –induced crosslinking
Gatot Trimulyadi Rekso
Center for Application of Isotopes and Radiation- National Nuclear Energy Agency
Jl. Lebak Bulus Raya No. 49, Jakarta-Selatan, Indonesia
Corresponding author; e-mail; gatot2811@yahoo.com ,
Fax: +62-21-.7513270, HP ; 08129419442
Collagen-polyurethane-chitosan hydrogels were synthesized by modifying the chemical structure of the crosslinking agent, with the aim to test which one plays a better role in removing of lead ions from water through adsorption process. In the first instance, two chemical crosslinkers based on aqueous polyurethane prepolymers (PPU) were used, where the type of aliphatic diisocyanate: hexamethylene diisocyanate P(HDI) or isophoronadiisocyanate P(IPDI) was varied. Hydrogels were subsequently designed using type I collagen (C) and chitosan (Q) varying the type of crosslinker: CQ-P(HDI) and CQ-P(IPDI), respectively. Hydrogels were characterized by means of crosslinking index, infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric behavior (TGA) and swelling/degradation kinetics. Finally, tests were performed to determine the removal rate of Pb (II) ions in model waters. The results indicate that CQ-P(HDI) hydrogels have a higher degree of crosslinking, improving its resistance to the both thermal and hydrolytic degradation, and higher swelling capacity at acidic pH; compared to those derived from CQ-P(IPDI); however, these hydrogels do not show a decrement in the removal rate of Pb (II) ions from water, compared to the CQ hydrogel (without crosslinking), thus these innovative materials could be used as an alternative with potential use in the remediation of waters contaminated with lead ions.
Wastewater Treatment Process by Physico Chemical Methodsijtsrd
Contaminated water contains particles of different sizes which can be classified as dissolved 0.08 µm , colloidal 0.08 1 µm , supracolloidal 100 100 mm and settleable 100 µm . The type of treatment selected depends on the size of particles present in the wastewater. In practice, treatment efficiency also depends on particle size. Solids of the size that are visible to the naked eye can be separated either by settling under the influence of gravity or by flotation, depending on the relative densities of solids and water. They may also be easily separated by filtration. However, very fine particles of a colloidal nature called colloids, size 1 µm which have high stability are significant pollutants. The reason for this stability is that these particles have electrostatic surface charges of the same sign usually negative . This means that repulsive forces are created between them, preventing their aggregation and subsequent settling. It has therefore proved impossible to separate them by settling or flotation. It is not possible to separate these solids by filtration because they pass through any filter. However, separation by physico chemical treatments is possible. Physico chemical treatment of wastewater focuses primarily on the separation of colloidal particles. This is achieved through the addition of chemicals called coagulants and flocculants . These change the physical state of the colloids allowing them to remain in an indefinitely stable form and therefore form into particles or flocs with settling properties. Dr. Bhoopendra Singh "Wastewater Treatment Process by Physico-Chemical Methods" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd51862.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/51862/wastewater-treatment-process-by-physicochemical-methods/dr-bhoopendra-singh
Experimental study and calculation of the electron transfer coefficients on t...IJAEMSJORNAL
Chitosan (CH) consists of water-insoluble N-acetylglucosamine and D-glucosamine molecules and has a higher solubility at a pH below six. This studyevaluated the solubility of chitosan in solutions of organic acids for the formation of films. HyperChemTMsoftware was used to perform the quantum analysis. In the experimental trials, the total soluble mass (TSM) and the viscosity of the solutions were measured by capillary viscometer. The chitosan filmswere made by the plate melting method, and the filmcharacteristics were evaluated. A quantum simulation suggested that lactic acid (LA) has a greater stability to react with chitosan. It was then verified experimentally that LA is a better solvent for chitosan due to the increase in its viscosity. The chemical interaction between CH and LA in solution favors the polymerization of films with better physical properties. We thereforeconclude that the uniformity in the formation of films of this polymer depends on the chemical interaction between the CH and the acid and not on the degree of solubility of the polymer.
Fibrous Scaffold Produced By Rotary Jet Spinning TechniqueIJERA Editor
Poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA)/ poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL) mesh was produced by Rotary Jet Spinning (RJS)
process. RJS is a simple method which fabricates three-dimensional fibers by exploiting a high-speed rotating
nozzle o form a polymer jet which undergoes stretching before solidification without the need of high voltage.
Blend meshes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA),
differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and infrared spectroscopy Fourier transform (FTIR). SEM imagens
provides information about the morphological structure, which confirmed the production of fibers using RJS.
Data obtained by thermal analyzes indicated the immiscible property of PLLA/PCL blend and also the total
solvent evaporation. As a preliminary in vitro assay it was investigated using Vero cells, was not found any sign
suggesting cell toxicity, indicating biocompatibility. Thus, this report suggests the use of PCL/PLLA mesh as
fiber scaffold substrate for tissue engineering
Background: Cancer is a disease caused when cells divide uncontrollably and spread into the surrounding tissue. Changes to DNA cause cancer. It is one of the most common and largest killer diseases in the world. It usually affects physically, and the disease can alter one’s perspective on life and personality. Many treatment options are there to treat cancer. Among them, chemotherapy treatment may have more side effects like lethargy, esophagitis, nausea, vomiting, Fatigue, and insomnia, the most common problems among chemotherapy patients in India. Methods: A quasi-experimental study with a sample size of 60, out of which 30 subjects were in the experimental group and 30 were in the control group. A convenient sampling method was used to select the subjects. A structured questionnaire tool was used to collect the data. Result: The result of the study showed that, during pre-test in the study group, among 30 subjects 3(10%) had moderate Fatigue, 22(73.33%) had severe Fatigue, 5(16.67%) had worst Fatigue and 12(40%) had moderate insomnia, 18(60%) had severe insomnia and in control group among 30 subjects, 6(20%) had moderate Fatigue, 13(43.33%) had severe Fatigue, 11(36.67%) had a worst fatigue, and 14(46.67%) had moderate insomnia, 16(53.33%) had severe insomnia. With post-test, in experimental group, 14(46.67%) had no fatigue, 16(53.33%) had mild fatigue, 14(46.67%) had no insomnia, 16(53.33%) had mild insomnia, and in control group, 6(20%) had moderate fatigue, 13(43.33%) had extreme fatigue, 11(36.67%) had worst fatigue, and 14(46.67%) had moderate insomnia, 16(53.33%) had severe insomnia. Conclusion: The study concluded that clients who were receiving chemotherapy had fatigue and insomnia problems. The Warm water foot bath therapy is very effective in clients undergoing chemotherapy in reducing Fatigue and insomnia. A positive correlation between pre-test and post-test was found by using the Mann-Whitney test.
Key-words: Cancer, Chemotherapy, Foot bath, Health, Warm water
Background: Alcohol has long been a global social and medical issue. According to W.H.O report. Total 3.3 million people die from
alcohol abuse annually. Alcoholic liver disease (A.L.D.) ranges from steatosis to liver cirrhosis. Chronic heavy drinkers get hepatitis
or cirrhosis 15 20% of the time
Methods: This study was c onducted in the general medicine inpatient department at PGIMER & C . in Bhubaneswar, Odisha,
Indi a. All hospitali z ed patients with liver illness who had previously t aken alcohol were screened. Each patient's alcohol
consumption, including native alcoholic beverages, was recorded. To support the diagnosis, all standard and extra examination s
were carri ed out. The modified Kuppuswamy scale was used to determine s s ocioeconomic class.
Results: The study comprised 186 participants with a median age of 46. The gender ratio was 3:1, with 139 (74.7%) men. Urban
populations have a greater prevalence of alcohol ic liver disease (60.75%) than rural populations (39.24%). The l ower
s ocioeconomic c lass (50.53%) has the highest rate of alcoholic liver disease. Men drink more (>700 gm/wk) and married people
drink more. A woman who drinks 140 280 grams per week for 10 1 5 years is more likely to develop alcoholic liver disease than a
man who drinks >700 grams per week for 15 years.
Conclusions: In this study, we conclude d that the prevalence of A .L. about S .E. is of utmost importance in developing
population based st r ategies that effectively educate individuals on the need to modify their drinking habits. This is crucial to
mitigate the occurrence of alcohol consumption and its associated repercussions.
Key-words: Socioeconomic status, Hospitalized Patients, Alcoholic Liver Disease
Background: One of the most common disorders in this age group, abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB), is the primary cause of most gynaecological problems in adolescents. Unfortunately, epidemiological data on AUB in teenagers is scarce, especially in the Indian subcontinent. The PALM-COEIN classification, where PALM stands for structural reasons and COEIN for functional causes, was employed in this single-center prospective observational study to evaluate the relative contributions of several etiological factors in AUB. To comprehend the etiological, dermographic, and therapeutic factors affecting menorrhagia in patients going through adolescence. Methods: Enrollment for females with AUB between 10 and 19 occurred between January and December 2022. A thorough history, physical examination, and laboratory evaluation, which in every case comprised standard testing, hormone analysis, and abdominal and pelvic ultrasonography were used to determine the cause of AUB. MRIs and CT scans were performed when needed. Results: There were 190 patients enrolled in total. Functional factors comprised the predominant aetiology of AUB among adolescent females: Adenomyosis=01 (0.52%), Polyp=1 (0.52%). Coagulopathy=2 (1.05%), Leomyoma=01 (0.52%), Malignancy=1 (0.52%), and PALM=4 (2.11%). COEIN=186 (97.89%), ovulation disorder=175 (92.15%), endometrial=01 (0.52%), iatrogenic=6 (3.15%), non-specified=2 (1.05%), and iatrogenic=6 (3.15%). Conclusion: The most frequent cause of AUB in the adolescent population is ovulatory abnormalities. Even though they are extremely rare, structural factors must be ruled out. A helpful technique for evaluating patients with AUB systematically is the PALM-COEIN classification.
Key-words: PALM-COEIN, Leiomyoma, AUB, Polycystic ovarian syndrome, Hormonal therapy
Derived from the bacterium Proteus vulgaris , chondroitin ABC lyase is an enzyme that can be used in treating proteoglycans that
affect neural activity (communication, plasticity). Chondroitinase can be used for vision abnormalities and spinal injuries. The
biological activity of chondroitinase is due to its ability to act on chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) which are required for
normal functioning. Th is study aim s to examine various types and routes of administration of Chondr oitina se e n zymes. There is an
increasing application of chondro itin sulfate proteoglycans in spinal cord injury, vit reous attachment, and the management of
various carcinogenic conditions. Research must be done to create an effective chondroitinase delivery mech anism so that the
pharmacological activity seen in vitro and in preclinical research may be applied in the clinic. More studies are required to widen
the application of chondroitinase in therapeutics. In this review, chondroitinase ABC, B, and C are all di scuss ed. T he routes of
administration like caudal or ros tral, intracerebroventricular, hydrogels, and intrath ecal have been detailed. The current review
article highlights the different medical uses for chondroitinase, drug delivery methods for the enzym e, and chondroitinase
dispersion across bacteria. In conclusion, this study can reduce the chance of edema by the intracerebroventric ular route.
However, it is not effective for people due to the gyrencephalic anatomy of brain
Key-words: Chondroitinase, Chondroitin, Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans, Spinal Injuries, Ocular Abnormalities, Proteoglycans
Background: Maturing is a widespread peculiarity. Advanced age is not in itself a sickness however is an ordinary piece of human existence length. A guardian, like wise called a career, home wellbeing assistant or individual consideration assistant, is the individual answerable for furnishing their clients with day-to-day private consideration and help with exercises. Methods: Exploration approach: unmistakable methodology research plan: graphic study research plan. The setting of the review: provincial areas of Bagalkot region. Information assortment strategy: organized polls test. The example was chosen by an arbitrary inspecting procedure. The analyst arbitrarily chose Shirur town as a provincial setting and was chosen for enrolment of subjects. Results: The information score of guardians was 41.06%, with mean and SD of 12.32±3.925. These discoveries uncover those guardians had normal information for advanced-age medical conditions. The mentality score of guardians was 73.73%, with a mean and SD of 110.6±11.008. These discoveries uncovers that parental figures have concur capable demeanour in regards to the advanced age medical conditions. Conclusion: At last, a critical co-connection between the information and demeanour at 0.001 the discoveries uncovers that there is a moderate positive relationship between the information and disposition of the advanced age medical issues.
Key-words: Assess, Care Giver, Health Problems, Knowledge, Old Age
Background: Adolescent is one of the most rapid phases of human development. Anemia is a deficiency in the number of RBC in your body. RBC carry oxygen around your body using a particular protein called hemoglobin. Normal hemoglobin level in adolescent girls 13-15 g/dl. According to WHO, the hemoglobin level 10- 11.9 g/dl is considered mild anemia, 7-9 g/dl is considered moderate, and less than 7 g/dl is called severe anemia. Methods: The present study is pre-experimental among 60 adolescent girls, using a disproportional stratified random technique. One experimental group of clients was selected without randomization and no control group was used. The data was collected by using the structured close-ended knowledge questionnaire. The data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics regarding mean, frequency distribution, percentage, paired table t-test and chi-square test. Results: The overall findings reveal that the post-test knowledge mean score 26.24% with SD±5.94, which was 72% of the total score was more when compared to the pre-test knowledge mean score 12.98 with SD 5.94, which was 36.83% of total score. The calculated t-value of 24.91 was much higher than the table t-value 1.96 for the hypothesis. Conclusion: The study provides that VATP on knowledge regarding the preparation and use of moringa juice in managing anemia among adolescent girls was the scientific, logical and cost-effective strategy.
Key-words: Adolescent girls, Knowledge, VATP, Effectiveness, Socio-demographic variables.
Background: The research demonstrates that water birth comports and loosens mothers actually and intellectually. The buoyance lessens body weight and permits free development and situating to the mother. Buoyance and warm water upgrade uterine withdrawal and better blood flow, which builds uterine muscles' oxygenation, diminishes the mother's torment and increases maternal oxygenation of the child. Submersion of water assists with decreasing circulatory strain and additionally gives security, which hinders uneasiness or dread. Methods: The current review pre-trial study with 50, 4th-year B.Sc. Nursing is chosen through basic arbitrary methods. One gathering pre-test without control bunch configuration was utilized. Information was gathered through a self-directed, organized, shut, finished information survey. Data was examined by involving distinct and inferential measurements concerning mean rate by conveyance, matched "t" test, and Chi-square test for affiliation. Results: The pre-test reveals that out of 50 BSc 4th-year nursing students, the highest pre-test (62%) of BSc 4th-year nursing students had poor knowledge. Overall, the post-test knowledge score (22.6±4.19), 70.62% of the total score, was more than the pre-test knowledge score (8.76±3.95), 23.3%. The effectiveness of the assisted teaching programme, in this area, the mean knowledge score was 13.84 with SD±0.24, which was 43.25% of the total score. Hence, it indicates that the video-assisted teaching program effectively enhanced the knowledge of BSc 4th-year nursing students. Conclusion: This study concluded that video-assisted teaching programmes on knowledge regarding waterbirth among B.Sc 4th year Nursing students was the scientific, logical and cost-effective strategy.
Key-words: Effectiveness, Fourth year B.Sc. Nursing students, Knowledge, VATP, Water birth
Background: Post-menopausal women experience many physical, emotional, and mental symptoms during the post-menopausal period, and reflexology has grown into a complex therapeutic modality and has a range of effects. Reflexology will help put hormones back into a normal state and act like a process of emotional cleansing, relieving stress and restoring harmony to the body and soul. Hence, foot reflexology seems to be effective in treating post-menopausal symptoms. Methods: In the present study, pre-experimental i.e. one group pretest-posttest design, was adopted. The study was conducted on 30 post-menopausal women to assess their knowledge regarding foot reflexology. Samples were selected by using a convenient sampling technique. Data was collected using a structured knowledge questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The mean percentage of the pre-test score was 28%, and the post-test score was 76.65%. The mean and the standard deviation of the pre-test score were 5.60±1.71, and the mean and the standard deviation of the post-test score were 15.33±1.15. The total mean and standard deviation are 9.73±2.07 by comparing the pre-test and post-test scores. Hence, it was found that there is a significant difference between pre-test and post-test knowledge scores of post-menopausal women regarding foot reflexology. No significant association was found between post-test knowledge scores and socio-demographic variables on foot reflexology. Conclusion: The study concluded that a planned teaching program on knowledge regarding foot reflexology for post-menopausal women was a scientific, logical, and cost-effective strategy to reduce post-menopausal symptoms.
Key-words: Effectiveness, Foot reflexology, Post-menopausal women, Planned teaching program, Socio-demographic variables
Background: A 51-year-old woman had left lower abdomen pain for 18 hours with nausea and vomiting. Prior CT scans suggested pelvic neoplasms. Our hospital's emergency CT showed an enlarged uterus with cystic shadows, right adnexal cysts, and stomach fluid. Physical examination revealed left lower abdomen discomfort. A gynaecological examination revealed a painful, firm pelvic mass of 151210 cm. Further diagnosis is underway. Method: The patient underwent emergency exploratory laparotomy, discovering a twisted, swollen left ovary with a 540° rotation, classified as a benign cyst. It was found that the patient had congenital upper vaginal atresia and bilateral initial uteri. Pain was reduced after surgery, thanks to symptomatic treatment. An abnormal karyotype of 46, XX,1qh+ was found during genetic testing. Result: Fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina develop from the embryonic accessory mesonephric duct. MRKH syndrome is caused by bilateral accessory mesonephric duct dysplasia and disappearance of the uterus or vagina. MRKH has three types, with Type 1 lacking uterus or vagina. Due to ovarian cyst torsion, this Type 1 MRKH with double initial uterus and upper vaginal atresia needed left adnexa resection. Genetic testing showed a typical female karyotype. MRKH's complex aetiology incorporates chromosomal abnormalities, emphasizing early cytogenetic evaluation for personalized treatment and fertility assistance. Conclusion: Early cytogenetic testing for MRKH syndrome patients is crucial for determining the underlying cause and guiding personalized treatment plans to restore reproductive function and improve quality of life.
Key-words: Double primordial uterus; MRKH syndrome; Upper vaginal atresia; Torsion of left ovarian cyst pedicle
Background: Cell phones have advanced to the degree of becoming a necessary piece of individuals' lives. Cell phones are utilised for correspondence, diversion, efficiency, interpersonal interaction, and gaming. In addition to supplanting the conventional cells, cell phones have likewise supplanted personal computers and numerous other comparative gadgets. Individuals these days feel indistinguishable from their cell phones. In lined with the rising improvement of innovation and excessive utilisation of cell phones, one of the significant issues that scientists have noticed and are chipping away at is cell phone addiction. Methods: It was a graphic study directed among 100 nursing students aged 19-22 in B.V.V.S. Institute of Nursing Sciences Bagalkot. Information was gathered utilising a structured knowledge questionnaire to survey socio-demographic information. The Stanford Sleepiness Scale (Alertness Test) was utilised to evaluate the classroom alertness of the nursing students and the Cell phone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV) was utilised to assess the cell addiction of the nursing students. Results: An association was found between the year of studying and the classroom alertness of students (χ2 =3.9102) p<0.05. There was a significant negative correlation between cell phone addiction and classroom alertness of the nursing students, p<0.05. The r-value obtained was 0.80. Thus, the correlation between the two factors is seen as statistically significant. Conclusion In the wake of acquiring the consequences of the current work the scientist s saw a negati ve relationship between cell
pho ne addiction and the class room alertness of the students.
Key-words: Addiction, Alertness, Cell phone, Classroom, Phone addiction
Background: Chemical changes occur in the epididymis when the testicular sperm grows. When sperm and seminal fluids mix during ejaculation, a substance called semen is formed. The cervical mucus of a fertilized egg screens out the best possible sperm. For infertility, Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) can be necessary. Test sperm that are DNA efficient, normal, and motile using Swim Up. Sperm could be damaged by reactive oxygen species that are produced during centrifugation. All infertility treatments should take these factors into account. Methods: The in vitro fertilization (ICSI) procedure was administered to fifty male patients who were 35 years old or younger and tested positive for normozoospermia, asthenozoospermia, and oligozoospermia. After obtaining informed consent, a Swim-Up was performed using both the full semen and a washed pellet. With sperm obtained from both methods, six Metaphase-2 stages of oocytes (MII oocytes) were implanted in each patient. A Tri-gas Bench-top incubator was used to put each injected oocyte in its 37°C setting. Results: The study showed that the age differences were insignificant (p=0.722), but significant variations emerged in sperm concentration before processing (p=1.030) and after (p=1.064). Sperm morphology differences were evident before processing (p=0.004) and after (p=0.002). No significant differences were noted in the number of Day 3 cleavage stage embryos. Conclusion: The study concluded that there is no significant difference between the two techniques regarding sperm washing efficiency.
Key-words: Sperm preparation methods, Swim-up, Centrifugation, ICSI, Fertilization, Day 3 Embryo
Background: The third most common musculoskeletal symptom in orthopaedic clinical practice is a sore shoulder, which can cause significant morbidity. It has been reported that 7–27% of the general population has it, and 36–66% of overhead arm athletes have it. Pathophysiology includes functional, degenerative, and mechanical factors. Most shoulder pain is subacromial pain syndrome (SAPS), often known as ‘shoulder impingement syndrome’. Impingement hypothesis: shoulder joint structures mechanically clash. SAPS accounts for 36–48% of shoulder discomfort. Methods: This observational study was conducted in the Department of Orthopaedics, MKCG Medical College and Hospital, Berhampur, among Eastern Indian outpatients. The study included adult patients (ages 18–75) of both sexes who presented to MKCG Medical College and Hospital's OPD with shoulder pain from December 2020 to November 2022 and were diagnosed with Shoulder Impingement Syndrome (SIS). Thorough histories and clinical exams were done. The Department of Radiology, MKCG Medical College and Hospital, Berhampur, performed conventional shoulder MRIs on the selected participants. Results: Most cases and controls were Type-II (43.3%), followed by Type-I (28.3% and 30%, 29.2% of the total group). The study's least common acromial shape was type-IV, seen in 5% of cases and 10% of controls (7.5% of the sample). Fisher's exact test showed no significant connection between subacromial impingement and acromial shape (p=0.65). With a p-value of 0.045, cases had a significantly greater acromial width (8.12±2.16 mm) than controls (7.51±0.81 mm). Conclusion: Sub-acromial impingement was unrelated to acromion morphology. There was no correlation between acromial morphology and rotator cuff injuries.
Key-words: Shoulder Impingement Syndrome, Acromion Morphology, MRI
Impact of Acceptance and Mindfulness-Based Intervention as an Add-on Treatment for Skin Diseases-Acne, Eczema and Psoriasis
http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/SSR-IIJLS.2020.6.5.2
Seasonal Incidence and Varietal Response of Gram against Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) at Talwandi Sabo, Punjab
http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/SSR-IIJLS.2020.6.4.3
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Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
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Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874