In this work, the capacity of encapsulation and subsequent release of the drug ampicillin was evaluated, for this, two different hydrogels were made by the microemulsion method, having different crosslinking agent based on polyurethane: P(IPDI) and P(HDI), the metal-organic framework (MOF) that was used inside the two composite hydrogels was MIL-53, which is a derivative of the hydrothermal synthesis of terephthalic acid and Al (III) ions. Characterization tests were carried out on the hydrogels, the FTIR sprectra were obtained to evaluate the encapsulation of the drug and the quantification by UV-Vis spectrophotometry to monitor the mass of ampicillin released in the two systems studied. Hydrogels based on C-P(HDI)-MIL53 show higher intermolecular interactions with encapsulated ampicillin, observed by the variation in the intensities of the FTIR signals related to the -NH, -OH, amide I and II bonds that make up the systems; in addition this type of hydrogel also exhibits a higher release of ampicillin than C-P(IPDI)-MIL53 hydrogel. These hydrogels can be studied as 3D culture systems or materials for wound healing, thus avoiding the formation of bacterial infections.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on using chitosan-based nanoparticles for ocular drug delivery. It begins with an introduction to chitosan and how it can be used to improve drug transport and retention time in the eye. It then discusses the anatomy of the eye and describes common nanoparticle preparation methods like ionic gelation and solvent displacement. Applications of chitosan nanoparticles for ocular delivery are also mentioned, such as increasing drug transport across the cornea. In conclusion, future areas of research like new preparation techniques and controlled release formulations are highlighted.
A Novel Polymeric Prodrugs Synthesized by Mechanochemical Solid-State Copolym...inventionjournals
:We developed the novel polymeric prodrugs synthesized by mechanochemical solid-state copolymerization of glucose-based polysaccharides (dextran orglycogen) and the methacryloyloxy derivative of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). The copolymerization proceededreadily and each polymeric prodrug was quantitatively obtained within8 h reaction. The number average molecular weight (Mn) and polydispersity (H) of the polymeric prodrug synthesized from dextran was 24,000 g/mol and 5.10, respectively. The number average particle diameter of the polymeric prodrug derived from glycogen was 14.9 nm. The hydrolysis profiles of the polymeric prodrug synthesized from dextranapparently followed the first-order kinetics, and 100% drug release was observed under the experimental condition used. The polymeric prodrug derived from glycogen also continued to release 5-FU at the first-order rate up to 5 h, followed by its rate constant decreased gradually. These results suggest that lower accessibility of water molecules for the synthetic polymer chains inside the glycogen particle might cause the gradual decrease of drug release rate.
PLGA is a biodegradable synthetic polymer commonly used for tissue engineering scaffolds. It consists of lactic acid and glycolic acid monomers linked together. PLGA degrades through hydrolysis of its ester linkages into lactic acid and glycolic acid, which can be metabolized by the body. It has properties suitable for bone tissue engineering like biocompatibility and ability to be tuned to degrade at different rates depending on monomer ratios. PLGA has applications as sutures, fixation devices, and drug delivery systems due to its biodegradability and tunable properties. Future areas of research include modifying PLGA scaffold surfaces and adding hydroxyapatite to improve osteoconductivity and mechanical properties for load-
1. The document discusses optimizing the recovery of tandem core virus-like particles produced in Pichia pastoris yeast cells using improved lysis buffer conditions and a design of experiments approach. It evaluates parameters like detergent type and concentration, salt concentration, and solid content to minimize particle aggregation and maximize protein and product release.
2. A series of experiments are conducted to determine the optimal lysis buffer, analyzing responses like product release, protein release, and particle size distribution. Results show that glycerol is not needed in the buffer and Triton-X100 is a better detergent than others tested.
3. A design of experiments approach is used to compare the effects of salt, solid content, deter
This document summarizes a research project on studying the diffusion of self-assembled structures in water-soluble polymer solutions using dynamic light scattering. The project examines how the addition of polymers like polyethylene glycol and polyvinyl alcohol affects the diffusion of micelles formed by amphiphilic molecules like Pluronic P123, cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, and sodium dodecyl sulfate. Key results include measuring the diffusion coefficient of P123 micelles and observing the effect of adding polymers on the diffusion of P123, CTAB and SDS micelles. The goal is to understand how properties like size, charge and polymer type influence micelle diffusion through dilute polymer solutions.
Development and characterization of anionic liposaccharides for enhanced oralAdel Abdelrahim, PhD
The document describes the development and characterization of novel anionic liposaccharide derivatives for enhancing oral drug delivery. Liposaccharides containing d-glucose and lipoamino acids were synthesized. Their critical aggregation concentration and thermodynamic profiles were determined using isothermal titration microcalorimetry. The liposaccharides were found to be non-toxic and did not cause hemolysis or reduce cell viability. When mixed with the model drug tobramycin, one of the liposaccharides formed aggregates around 200 nm and increased tobramycin's partitioning between n-octanol and water, suggesting it may enhance the oral absorption of hydrophilic drugs.
Validation Of Radiation Sterilization Dose For Proteases Immobilized On Aldeh...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on using chitosan-based nanoparticles for ocular drug delivery. It begins with an introduction to chitosan and how it can be used to improve drug transport and retention time in the eye. It then discusses the anatomy of the eye and describes common nanoparticle preparation methods like ionic gelation and solvent displacement. Applications of chitosan nanoparticles for ocular delivery are also mentioned, such as increasing drug transport across the cornea. In conclusion, future areas of research like new preparation techniques and controlled release formulations are highlighted.
A Novel Polymeric Prodrugs Synthesized by Mechanochemical Solid-State Copolym...inventionjournals
:We developed the novel polymeric prodrugs synthesized by mechanochemical solid-state copolymerization of glucose-based polysaccharides (dextran orglycogen) and the methacryloyloxy derivative of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). The copolymerization proceededreadily and each polymeric prodrug was quantitatively obtained within8 h reaction. The number average molecular weight (Mn) and polydispersity (H) of the polymeric prodrug synthesized from dextran was 24,000 g/mol and 5.10, respectively. The number average particle diameter of the polymeric prodrug derived from glycogen was 14.9 nm. The hydrolysis profiles of the polymeric prodrug synthesized from dextranapparently followed the first-order kinetics, and 100% drug release was observed under the experimental condition used. The polymeric prodrug derived from glycogen also continued to release 5-FU at the first-order rate up to 5 h, followed by its rate constant decreased gradually. These results suggest that lower accessibility of water molecules for the synthetic polymer chains inside the glycogen particle might cause the gradual decrease of drug release rate.
PLGA is a biodegradable synthetic polymer commonly used for tissue engineering scaffolds. It consists of lactic acid and glycolic acid monomers linked together. PLGA degrades through hydrolysis of its ester linkages into lactic acid and glycolic acid, which can be metabolized by the body. It has properties suitable for bone tissue engineering like biocompatibility and ability to be tuned to degrade at different rates depending on monomer ratios. PLGA has applications as sutures, fixation devices, and drug delivery systems due to its biodegradability and tunable properties. Future areas of research include modifying PLGA scaffold surfaces and adding hydroxyapatite to improve osteoconductivity and mechanical properties for load-
1. The document discusses optimizing the recovery of tandem core virus-like particles produced in Pichia pastoris yeast cells using improved lysis buffer conditions and a design of experiments approach. It evaluates parameters like detergent type and concentration, salt concentration, and solid content to minimize particle aggregation and maximize protein and product release.
2. A series of experiments are conducted to determine the optimal lysis buffer, analyzing responses like product release, protein release, and particle size distribution. Results show that glycerol is not needed in the buffer and Triton-X100 is a better detergent than others tested.
3. A design of experiments approach is used to compare the effects of salt, solid content, deter
This document summarizes a research project on studying the diffusion of self-assembled structures in water-soluble polymer solutions using dynamic light scattering. The project examines how the addition of polymers like polyethylene glycol and polyvinyl alcohol affects the diffusion of micelles formed by amphiphilic molecules like Pluronic P123, cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, and sodium dodecyl sulfate. Key results include measuring the diffusion coefficient of P123 micelles and observing the effect of adding polymers on the diffusion of P123, CTAB and SDS micelles. The goal is to understand how properties like size, charge and polymer type influence micelle diffusion through dilute polymer solutions.
Development and characterization of anionic liposaccharides for enhanced oralAdel Abdelrahim, PhD
The document describes the development and characterization of novel anionic liposaccharide derivatives for enhancing oral drug delivery. Liposaccharides containing d-glucose and lipoamino acids were synthesized. Their critical aggregation concentration and thermodynamic profiles were determined using isothermal titration microcalorimetry. The liposaccharides were found to be non-toxic and did not cause hemolysis or reduce cell viability. When mixed with the model drug tobramycin, one of the liposaccharides formed aggregates around 200 nm and increased tobramycin's partitioning between n-octanol and water, suggesting it may enhance the oral absorption of hydrophilic drugs.
Validation Of Radiation Sterilization Dose For Proteases Immobilized On Aldeh...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
This study evaluated the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Syzygium jambos. Methanolic extracts and aqueous soluble fractions of S. jambos stem bark exhibited significant antioxidant activity. The chloroform and carbon tetrachloride soluble fractions showed mild antimicrobial activity against several bacteria. The chloroform soluble fraction also demonstrated moderate free radical scavenging activity. Overall, S. jambos extracts displayed antioxidant and limited antimicrobial effects, suggesting potential for further investigation into their bioactive properties.
1. Cefdinir microspheres were formulated using an emulsion solvent evaporation method to improve the drug's therapeutic efficacy by increasing its biological half-life and providing controlled release.
2. Microspheres of different drug to polymer ratios were produced and evaluated for particle size, drug loading, and in vitro drug release. Higher polymer ratios led to larger particle sizes and increased drug loading.
3. In vitro drug release studies showed all microsphere formulations provided sustained release over 12-20 hours, with an initial burst release of 60% of the drug within 5-10 hours, followed by slow release of the remaining drug over the study period. This biphasic release profile could achieve therapeutic drug levels while maintaining
IRJET - Preformulation Studuies on a Drug: MiconazoleIRJET Journal
This document summarizes preformulation studies conducted on the drug Miconazole nitrate. Miconazole nitrate is an antifungal drug used to treat fungal infections. The studies included determining the drug's organoleptic properties, solubility, maximum wavelength, calibration curve using UV-visible spectrophotometry, melting point, and partition coefficient. The results of these preformulation studies were within specified limits, providing important physicochemical characterization of Miconazole nitrate to inform the development of stable and effective dosage forms.
NIOSOMES (NON IONIC SURFACTANT VESICLES) PREPARATION AND STABILITY IN BIOLOGI...SriramNagarajan17
This document summarizes a research article that studied the preparation and stability of niosomes (non-ionic surfactant vesicles) in a biological environment. Niosomes were prepared using a thin film hydration technique with various non-ionic surfactants and cholesterol. 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein was encapsulated as a model drug and its release was measured under different conditions. The stability of niosomes was examined at various pH levels, temperatures, and in biological fluids like human plasma and serum. It was found that the vesicles were stable and released drug in a controlled manner, interacting with plasma proteins like albumin and immunoglobulin G.
Qualitative Evaluation and Wound Healing Potential of Selected Medicinal Plan...BRNSS Publication Hub
This document describes a study that evaluated the wound healing potential of three medicinal plants using an excision wound model on rats. Extracts of Artocarpus heterophyllus, Murraya koenigii, and Punica granatum were prepared and used to formulate ointments. The ointments and extracts were tested on excision wounds in rats and their effects on wound contraction and epithelization time were measured. Results found that the ointment containing 10% extracts of all three plants (formulation F3) showed the best wound healing potential compared to the other test groups and controls. Histopathological analysis further supported the wound healing effects.
This document discusses the application of polymers as pharmaceutical excipients in tablets and capsules. It begins by defining pharmaceutical excipients and explaining why they are needed in drug products. It then discusses the types of polymers commonly used as excipients, including examples like cellulose derivatives, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol, and starches. The document focuses on the use of polymers in conventional and controlled-release drug delivery applications, providing examples of depot and enteric-coated oral dosage forms. It also outlines various polymer-based drug release mechanisms and technologies like matrix systems, coatings, and osmotic pumps.
Experimental and theoretical solubility advantage screening of bi-component s...Maciej Przybyłek
This document describes an experimental and theoretical study to screen potential solubilizers for curcumin. In the experimental phase, the solubility of curcumin was measured in binary mixtures with 24 excipients. The highest solubility enhancement was found with pyrogallol, caffeine, theophylline, and nicotinamide. A theoretical QSPR model was then developed using molecular descriptors to predict solubility. This model was applied to screen over 230,000 compounds and predict solubility for curcumin analogs and naturally occurring turmerones to identify new excipients.
Combined effects of PEGylation and particle size on uptake of PLGA particles ...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective:
At the present study, relationship between phagocytosis of PLGA particles and combined effects of particle size and surface PEGylation was investigated.
Materials and Methods:
Microspheres and nanospheres (3500 nm and 700 nm) were prepared from three types of PLGA polymers (non-PEGylated and PEGylation percents of 9% and 15%). These particles were prepared by solvent evaporation method. All particles were labeled with FITC-Albumin. Interaction of particles with J744.A.1 mouse macrophage cells, was evaluated in the absence or presence of 7% of the serum by flowcytometry method.
Results:
The study revealed more phagocytosis of nanospheres. In the presence of the serum, PEGylated particles were phagocytosed less than non-PEGylated particles. For nanospheres, this difference was significant (P<0/05) and their uptake was affected by PEGylation degree. In the case of microsphere formulation, PEGylation did not affect the cell uptake. In the serum-free medium, the bigger particles had more cell uptake rate than smaller ones but the cell uptake rate was not influenced by PEGylation.
Conclusion:
The results indicated that in nanosized particles both size and PEgylation degree could affect the phagocytosis, but in micron sized particles just size, and not the PEGylation degree, could affect this.
This document discusses biodegradable polymers for drug delivery applications. It provides background on limitations of non-degradable systems and advantages of biodegradable polymers, which degrade into non-toxic components and avoid need for device removal. Common biodegradable polymers used are poly(lactic acid), poly(glycolic acid) and their copolymer poly(lactide-co-glycolide), which degrade via hydrolysis of bonds between monomers. These polymers were first developed as degradable sutures and have since been widely used to provide controlled release in applications like contraception and cancer treatment.
PLGA is a biodegradable and biocompatible copolymer of PLA and PGA that is widely used for controlled drug delivery. It can be synthesized via melt polycondensation or ring opening polymerization to produce copolymers of varying molecular weight and properties. PLGA nanoparticles are effectively used to encapsulate drugs and provide sustained release over time. The drug release kinetics from PLGA nanoparticles are dependent on factors like polymer composition, drug loading, particle size and shape. PLGA degrades via hydrolysis of its ester linkages into biocompatible monomers. Alpha-1 antitrypsin encapsulated in PLGA nanoparticles is a promising approach for pulmonary delivery to treat lung diseases.
The effect of conjugation on different polymers in bioadhesive films of losartanSriramNagarajan18
The document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of conjugating different polymers on the properties of buccal films containing the drug losartan potassium. Sodium alginate and chitosan were conjugated with cysteine and thioglycolic acid respectively, and films containing plain or conjugated polymers were prepared and evaluated. The conjugation was confirmed using FTIR and the polymers were found to contain thiol groups. Films were evaluated for properties like thickness, drug content, swelling, bioadhesion and drug permeation. Formulations containing conjugated polymers showed higher bioadhesion, swelling and longer drug permeation compared to films with plain polymers. The optimized formulations were found to be stable.
This study aimed to improve the antitumor compound furanoallocolchicinoid 2 by conjugating it with chitosan to reduce hydrophobicity and increase molecular weight. Researchers synthesized compound 4 by conjugating furanoallocolchicinoid 3 with chitosan. In vitro and in vivo testing found that compound 4 more effectively inhibited tumor cell proliferation and growth compared to compounds 2 and 3 due to its shielding from interactions with blood cells. The results demonstrate that cheap production and effectiveness of colchicine-chitosan conjugates can improve antitumor efficacy.
Formulation and Biological Evaluation of Some Selected Medicinal Plants for A...BRNSS Publication Hub
This document summarizes a research study that evaluated the anti-inflammatory potential of three medicinal plants - Artocarpus heterophyllus, Murraya koenigii, and Punica granatum. Extracts of the plants were prepared and their total phenol and flavonoid content was quantified. Ointment formulations containing 10% of each plant extract were developed. The ointments were evaluated for various parameters. Two rat models involving carrageenan-induced and histamine-induced edema were used to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts and ointments. The ointment containing A. heterophyllus extract showed the highest inhibition of edema in both models, indicating its potential as an anti
Ganoderma lucidum Triterpene and Polysaccharide Extraction for Medicinal Appl...Jacobsimmons007
The document describes a proposed two-stage extraction process to extract triterpenes and polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum mushroom biomass. The first stage uses a hot water extraction at 80°C and 3MPa to extract 1.56kg of polysaccharides. The second stage uses an ethanol extraction to extract 0.42kg of triterpenes. Economic analysis estimates the process could generate $26.9 million in profits annually running 5 batches per day.
TO STUDY THE ANALYSIS OF SOLID ORAL DOSAGE FORMS INCLUDING THE DIFFERENT MODE...SriramNagarajan19
Solid oral dosage forms provide a highly reproducible and convenient form of drug delivery. Generally easy to manufacture and stable, they are the most common form of self-medication. When Solid oral dosage forms is incorporated into polymers that are used to modify its physical state or control its release in the gastrointestinal tract. These formulations often present considerable challenges to the pharmaceutical chemist. Different techniques are utilized for the analysis of the solid oral dosage form. The one which is used in the modern times are Microscopy, X ray Powder Diffractions, Thermal Analysis, Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) Micro spectroscopy, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Imaging, Near-Infrared (NIR) Analysis, Raman Spectroscopy.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
1) Chitosan was grafted with hydrophobic amino acids (alanine, proline, tryptophan) using carbodiimide chemistry to produce amphiphilic chitosan nanocarriers.
2) These nanocarriers were characterized and found to self-assemble into spherical nanoparticles able to encapsulate the hydrophobic drug letrozole.
3) Drug release profiles, encapsulation efficiency, loading capacity, and cytotoxicity were evaluated and found to depend on the type of grafted amino acid.
Photochemical crosslinking of collagen and Poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) hydrogel ...IOSR Journals
Photochemical crosslinking is a best alternative method when compared to conventional crosslinking methods such as chemical and physical methods, by using vitamins like riboflavin and ascorbic acid as photochemical initiators to enhance the physicochemical properties of collagen poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) blend without any toxic by products. Collagen and poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) blends were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Swelling studies, Tensile testing and the surface properties were studied by Contact angle measurements and Microscopy. Collagen and PVP blended samples were irradiated with the UV light wavelength λ=300nm for 30 minutes by using 0.03% riboflavin and ascorbic acid as photosensitizers and the samples were air dried at room temperature. Collagen- PVP blended hydrogels showed good swelling properties and the lower contact angles indicate their hydrophilic nature. The photochemical crosslinking also improved the thermal stability of the hydrogels which can be confirmed by broad endothermic peak between 80-1800C in the thermoscan. The FTIR spectral changes clearly exhibited that these two polymers were strongly crosslinked and miscible.
In vitro experiments of prokaryotic and eukaryotic antimicrobial peptide cyto...AI Publications
These proteinaceous molecules, called antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), are a varied collection of antimicrobial peptides. The ability of AMPs to combat gut infections necessitates further study of the AMP-GI tract interaction. These peptides need to be tested in vitro for cytotoxicity before they may be considered for use in clinical infections. Using the MTT conversion assay, neutral red dye absorption assay, and a comparison to vancomycin, researchers examined the cytotoxicity of gallidermin, nisin A, natural magainin peptides, and melittin in two gastrointestinal cell types (HT29 and Caco-2). Sheep erythrocyte hemolytic activity was also studied, and the influence of AMPs on paracellular permeability was assessed using transepithelial resistance (TEER) and TEM. Gallidermin, nisin A, magainin I, magainin II, and melittin were the least cytotoxic AMPs. To our knowledge, only Melittin and NIS caused considerable hemolysis. There are two distinct ways that melittin and nisin differ in their ability to kill bacteria. It was the only AMP that had an effect on the permeability of the paracellular space. Intestinal tight junctions and cell–cell adhesion were destroyed by long-term melittin therapy, as were microvilli, cell debris, and cell–cell adhesion. Antimicrobial activity and low cytotoxicity make Gallidermin a promising therapeutic drug. The antibacterial properties of Melittin are limited, but its ability to transport poorly bioavailable medicines may be useful.
Collagen-polyurethane-chitosan hydrogels were synthesized by modifying the chemical structure of the crosslinking agent, with the aim to test which one plays a better role in removing of lead ions from water through adsorption process. In the first instance, two chemical crosslinkers based on aqueous polyurethane prepolymers (PPU) were used, where the type of aliphatic diisocyanate: hexamethylene diisocyanate P(HDI) or isophoronadiisocyanate P(IPDI) was varied. Hydrogels were subsequently designed using type I collagen (C) and chitosan (Q) varying the type of crosslinker: CQ-P(HDI) and CQ-P(IPDI), respectively. Hydrogels were characterized by means of crosslinking index, infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric behavior (TGA) and swelling/degradation kinetics. Finally, tests were performed to determine the removal rate of Pb (II) ions in model waters. The results indicate that CQ-P(HDI) hydrogels have a higher degree of crosslinking, improving its resistance to the both thermal and hydrolytic degradation, and higher swelling capacity at acidic pH; compared to those derived from CQ-P(IPDI); however, these hydrogels do not show a decrement in the removal rate of Pb (II) ions from water, compared to the CQ hydrogel (without crosslinking), thus these innovative materials could be used as an alternative with potential use in the remediation of waters contaminated with lead ions.
This study evaluated the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Syzygium jambos. Methanolic extracts and aqueous soluble fractions of S. jambos stem bark exhibited significant antioxidant activity. The chloroform and carbon tetrachloride soluble fractions showed mild antimicrobial activity against several bacteria. The chloroform soluble fraction also demonstrated moderate free radical scavenging activity. Overall, S. jambos extracts displayed antioxidant and limited antimicrobial effects, suggesting potential for further investigation into their bioactive properties.
1. Cefdinir microspheres were formulated using an emulsion solvent evaporation method to improve the drug's therapeutic efficacy by increasing its biological half-life and providing controlled release.
2. Microspheres of different drug to polymer ratios were produced and evaluated for particle size, drug loading, and in vitro drug release. Higher polymer ratios led to larger particle sizes and increased drug loading.
3. In vitro drug release studies showed all microsphere formulations provided sustained release over 12-20 hours, with an initial burst release of 60% of the drug within 5-10 hours, followed by slow release of the remaining drug over the study period. This biphasic release profile could achieve therapeutic drug levels while maintaining
IRJET - Preformulation Studuies on a Drug: MiconazoleIRJET Journal
This document summarizes preformulation studies conducted on the drug Miconazole nitrate. Miconazole nitrate is an antifungal drug used to treat fungal infections. The studies included determining the drug's organoleptic properties, solubility, maximum wavelength, calibration curve using UV-visible spectrophotometry, melting point, and partition coefficient. The results of these preformulation studies were within specified limits, providing important physicochemical characterization of Miconazole nitrate to inform the development of stable and effective dosage forms.
NIOSOMES (NON IONIC SURFACTANT VESICLES) PREPARATION AND STABILITY IN BIOLOGI...SriramNagarajan17
This document summarizes a research article that studied the preparation and stability of niosomes (non-ionic surfactant vesicles) in a biological environment. Niosomes were prepared using a thin film hydration technique with various non-ionic surfactants and cholesterol. 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein was encapsulated as a model drug and its release was measured under different conditions. The stability of niosomes was examined at various pH levels, temperatures, and in biological fluids like human plasma and serum. It was found that the vesicles were stable and released drug in a controlled manner, interacting with plasma proteins like albumin and immunoglobulin G.
Qualitative Evaluation and Wound Healing Potential of Selected Medicinal Plan...BRNSS Publication Hub
This document describes a study that evaluated the wound healing potential of three medicinal plants using an excision wound model on rats. Extracts of Artocarpus heterophyllus, Murraya koenigii, and Punica granatum were prepared and used to formulate ointments. The ointments and extracts were tested on excision wounds in rats and their effects on wound contraction and epithelization time were measured. Results found that the ointment containing 10% extracts of all three plants (formulation F3) showed the best wound healing potential compared to the other test groups and controls. Histopathological analysis further supported the wound healing effects.
This document discusses the application of polymers as pharmaceutical excipients in tablets and capsules. It begins by defining pharmaceutical excipients and explaining why they are needed in drug products. It then discusses the types of polymers commonly used as excipients, including examples like cellulose derivatives, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol, and starches. The document focuses on the use of polymers in conventional and controlled-release drug delivery applications, providing examples of depot and enteric-coated oral dosage forms. It also outlines various polymer-based drug release mechanisms and technologies like matrix systems, coatings, and osmotic pumps.
Experimental and theoretical solubility advantage screening of bi-component s...Maciej Przybyłek
This document describes an experimental and theoretical study to screen potential solubilizers for curcumin. In the experimental phase, the solubility of curcumin was measured in binary mixtures with 24 excipients. The highest solubility enhancement was found with pyrogallol, caffeine, theophylline, and nicotinamide. A theoretical QSPR model was then developed using molecular descriptors to predict solubility. This model was applied to screen over 230,000 compounds and predict solubility for curcumin analogs and naturally occurring turmerones to identify new excipients.
Combined effects of PEGylation and particle size on uptake of PLGA particles ...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective:
At the present study, relationship between phagocytosis of PLGA particles and combined effects of particle size and surface PEGylation was investigated.
Materials and Methods:
Microspheres and nanospheres (3500 nm and 700 nm) were prepared from three types of PLGA polymers (non-PEGylated and PEGylation percents of 9% and 15%). These particles were prepared by solvent evaporation method. All particles were labeled with FITC-Albumin. Interaction of particles with J744.A.1 mouse macrophage cells, was evaluated in the absence or presence of 7% of the serum by flowcytometry method.
Results:
The study revealed more phagocytosis of nanospheres. In the presence of the serum, PEGylated particles were phagocytosed less than non-PEGylated particles. For nanospheres, this difference was significant (P<0/05) and their uptake was affected by PEGylation degree. In the case of microsphere formulation, PEGylation did not affect the cell uptake. In the serum-free medium, the bigger particles had more cell uptake rate than smaller ones but the cell uptake rate was not influenced by PEGylation.
Conclusion:
The results indicated that in nanosized particles both size and PEgylation degree could affect the phagocytosis, but in micron sized particles just size, and not the PEGylation degree, could affect this.
This document discusses biodegradable polymers for drug delivery applications. It provides background on limitations of non-degradable systems and advantages of biodegradable polymers, which degrade into non-toxic components and avoid need for device removal. Common biodegradable polymers used are poly(lactic acid), poly(glycolic acid) and their copolymer poly(lactide-co-glycolide), which degrade via hydrolysis of bonds between monomers. These polymers were first developed as degradable sutures and have since been widely used to provide controlled release in applications like contraception and cancer treatment.
PLGA is a biodegradable and biocompatible copolymer of PLA and PGA that is widely used for controlled drug delivery. It can be synthesized via melt polycondensation or ring opening polymerization to produce copolymers of varying molecular weight and properties. PLGA nanoparticles are effectively used to encapsulate drugs and provide sustained release over time. The drug release kinetics from PLGA nanoparticles are dependent on factors like polymer composition, drug loading, particle size and shape. PLGA degrades via hydrolysis of its ester linkages into biocompatible monomers. Alpha-1 antitrypsin encapsulated in PLGA nanoparticles is a promising approach for pulmonary delivery to treat lung diseases.
The effect of conjugation on different polymers in bioadhesive films of losartanSriramNagarajan18
The document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of conjugating different polymers on the properties of buccal films containing the drug losartan potassium. Sodium alginate and chitosan were conjugated with cysteine and thioglycolic acid respectively, and films containing plain or conjugated polymers were prepared and evaluated. The conjugation was confirmed using FTIR and the polymers were found to contain thiol groups. Films were evaluated for properties like thickness, drug content, swelling, bioadhesion and drug permeation. Formulations containing conjugated polymers showed higher bioadhesion, swelling and longer drug permeation compared to films with plain polymers. The optimized formulations were found to be stable.
This study aimed to improve the antitumor compound furanoallocolchicinoid 2 by conjugating it with chitosan to reduce hydrophobicity and increase molecular weight. Researchers synthesized compound 4 by conjugating furanoallocolchicinoid 3 with chitosan. In vitro and in vivo testing found that compound 4 more effectively inhibited tumor cell proliferation and growth compared to compounds 2 and 3 due to its shielding from interactions with blood cells. The results demonstrate that cheap production and effectiveness of colchicine-chitosan conjugates can improve antitumor efficacy.
Formulation and Biological Evaluation of Some Selected Medicinal Plants for A...BRNSS Publication Hub
This document summarizes a research study that evaluated the anti-inflammatory potential of three medicinal plants - Artocarpus heterophyllus, Murraya koenigii, and Punica granatum. Extracts of the plants were prepared and their total phenol and flavonoid content was quantified. Ointment formulations containing 10% of each plant extract were developed. The ointments were evaluated for various parameters. Two rat models involving carrageenan-induced and histamine-induced edema were used to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts and ointments. The ointment containing A. heterophyllus extract showed the highest inhibition of edema in both models, indicating its potential as an anti
Ganoderma lucidum Triterpene and Polysaccharide Extraction for Medicinal Appl...Jacobsimmons007
The document describes a proposed two-stage extraction process to extract triterpenes and polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum mushroom biomass. The first stage uses a hot water extraction at 80°C and 3MPa to extract 1.56kg of polysaccharides. The second stage uses an ethanol extraction to extract 0.42kg of triterpenes. Economic analysis estimates the process could generate $26.9 million in profits annually running 5 batches per day.
TO STUDY THE ANALYSIS OF SOLID ORAL DOSAGE FORMS INCLUDING THE DIFFERENT MODE...SriramNagarajan19
Solid oral dosage forms provide a highly reproducible and convenient form of drug delivery. Generally easy to manufacture and stable, they are the most common form of self-medication. When Solid oral dosage forms is incorporated into polymers that are used to modify its physical state or control its release in the gastrointestinal tract. These formulations often present considerable challenges to the pharmaceutical chemist. Different techniques are utilized for the analysis of the solid oral dosage form. The one which is used in the modern times are Microscopy, X ray Powder Diffractions, Thermal Analysis, Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) Micro spectroscopy, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Imaging, Near-Infrared (NIR) Analysis, Raman Spectroscopy.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
1) Chitosan was grafted with hydrophobic amino acids (alanine, proline, tryptophan) using carbodiimide chemistry to produce amphiphilic chitosan nanocarriers.
2) These nanocarriers were characterized and found to self-assemble into spherical nanoparticles able to encapsulate the hydrophobic drug letrozole.
3) Drug release profiles, encapsulation efficiency, loading capacity, and cytotoxicity were evaluated and found to depend on the type of grafted amino acid.
Photochemical crosslinking of collagen and Poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) hydrogel ...IOSR Journals
Photochemical crosslinking is a best alternative method when compared to conventional crosslinking methods such as chemical and physical methods, by using vitamins like riboflavin and ascorbic acid as photochemical initiators to enhance the physicochemical properties of collagen poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) blend without any toxic by products. Collagen and poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) blends were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Swelling studies, Tensile testing and the surface properties were studied by Contact angle measurements and Microscopy. Collagen and PVP blended samples were irradiated with the UV light wavelength λ=300nm for 30 minutes by using 0.03% riboflavin and ascorbic acid as photosensitizers and the samples were air dried at room temperature. Collagen- PVP blended hydrogels showed good swelling properties and the lower contact angles indicate their hydrophilic nature. The photochemical crosslinking also improved the thermal stability of the hydrogels which can be confirmed by broad endothermic peak between 80-1800C in the thermoscan. The FTIR spectral changes clearly exhibited that these two polymers were strongly crosslinked and miscible.
In vitro experiments of prokaryotic and eukaryotic antimicrobial peptide cyto...AI Publications
These proteinaceous molecules, called antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), are a varied collection of antimicrobial peptides. The ability of AMPs to combat gut infections necessitates further study of the AMP-GI tract interaction. These peptides need to be tested in vitro for cytotoxicity before they may be considered for use in clinical infections. Using the MTT conversion assay, neutral red dye absorption assay, and a comparison to vancomycin, researchers examined the cytotoxicity of gallidermin, nisin A, natural magainin peptides, and melittin in two gastrointestinal cell types (HT29 and Caco-2). Sheep erythrocyte hemolytic activity was also studied, and the influence of AMPs on paracellular permeability was assessed using transepithelial resistance (TEER) and TEM. Gallidermin, nisin A, magainin I, magainin II, and melittin were the least cytotoxic AMPs. To our knowledge, only Melittin and NIS caused considerable hemolysis. There are two distinct ways that melittin and nisin differ in their ability to kill bacteria. It was the only AMP that had an effect on the permeability of the paracellular space. Intestinal tight junctions and cell–cell adhesion were destroyed by long-term melittin therapy, as were microvilli, cell debris, and cell–cell adhesion. Antimicrobial activity and low cytotoxicity make Gallidermin a promising therapeutic drug. The antibacterial properties of Melittin are limited, but its ability to transport poorly bioavailable medicines may be useful.
Collagen-polyurethane-chitosan hydrogels were synthesized by modifying the chemical structure of the crosslinking agent, with the aim to test which one plays a better role in removing of lead ions from water through adsorption process. In the first instance, two chemical crosslinkers based on aqueous polyurethane prepolymers (PPU) were used, where the type of aliphatic diisocyanate: hexamethylene diisocyanate P(HDI) or isophoronadiisocyanate P(IPDI) was varied. Hydrogels were subsequently designed using type I collagen (C) and chitosan (Q) varying the type of crosslinker: CQ-P(HDI) and CQ-P(IPDI), respectively. Hydrogels were characterized by means of crosslinking index, infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric behavior (TGA) and swelling/degradation kinetics. Finally, tests were performed to determine the removal rate of Pb (II) ions in model waters. The results indicate that CQ-P(HDI) hydrogels have a higher degree of crosslinking, improving its resistance to the both thermal and hydrolytic degradation, and higher swelling capacity at acidic pH; compared to those derived from CQ-P(IPDI); however, these hydrogels do not show a decrement in the removal rate of Pb (II) ions from water, compared to the CQ hydrogel (without crosslinking), thus these innovative materials could be used as an alternative with potential use in the remediation of waters contaminated with lead ions.
On the Modulation of Biocompatibility of Hydrogels with Collagen and Guar Gum...IIJSRJournal
In this work, we report the synthesis of molybdenum metal-organic frameworks (Mo-MOFs) using 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid and the amino acids L-phenylalanine, L- tryptophan, and L-histidine as ligands. They were incorporated in hydrogel matrixes comprised of collagen and guar gum to obtain composite hydrogels. The effect of chemical structure of Mo-MOFs on the structure, physicochemical properties and in vitro biocompatibility of hydrogels was studied. These biomaterials showed a super absorbent performance (higher than 2000 ± 169%) and a high degree of reticulation (higher than 75 ± 6%). The microstructure of the composites showed a granular morphology with some porosity. These composites were degraded entirely by hydrolysis at pH 5 and pH 7 at room temperature in time lapses shorter than 15 days. Also, they were biocompatible with porcine dermis fibroblasts not showing cytotoxic effects up to 48 h of incubation allowing its proliferation, and it was observed that the MOF containing L-tryptophan improved notably the biocompatibility of the collagen/guar gum matrix. Finally, the matrixes were tested as vehicles for cell encapsulation and release. The slow-release rates show that fibroblasts tend to remain inside the hydrogel matrixes. Thus, these materials are more suitable for cell scaffolds and tissue engineering applications such as wound healing dressings.
Formulation and Evaluation of Moxifloxacin Loaded Alginate Chitosan Nanoparti...pharmaindexing
This document describes the formulation and evaluation of moxifloxacin-loaded alginate-chitosan nanoparticles for treating tuberculosis. Moxifloxacin nanoparticles were prepared using an ionic gelation method with varying polymer ratios and drug concentrations. Formulation MF3, with a drug concentration of 50 mg, exhibited the highest encapsulation efficiency, drug loading, and rate of recovery. In vitro drug release from MF3 was sustained over 96 hours with no significant changes observed after 3 months of stability testing. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the nanoparticles had a discrete spherical structure without aggregation.
Incorporation of Se (IV) Complexes based on Amino Acids in Biomatrixes in Hyd...IIJSRJournal
Selenium is a non-metal that shows biological interest since it is responsible for modulating various proteins at the micronutrient level in living beings. In this work, new complexes based on the Se (IV) ion with amino acids such as phenylalanine (Se-F), histidine (Se-H) and tryptophan (Se-T) were hydrothermally synthesized and characterized. These were incorporated into biomatrixes based on semi-interpenetrated polymeric networks (Semi-IPN) of collagen-polyurethane-guar gum (CPGG) by the microemulsion process using a mass ratio of 1 wt.% with respect to collagen. The structural and crystalline characteristics that the selenium-amino acid complexes show a performance in modulating the properties of the biomatrixes under study. The results indicate that the incorporation of the complex decreases the crosslinking of the hydrogel, generating granular surfaces with porosity dependent on the type of amino acid. The CPGG Se-T biomatrix shows a swelling capacity of 10200 ± 1100 higher than the CPGG base matrix; while the CPGG Se-F and CPGG Se-T biomatrixes present slow degradation at both physiological and acidic pH. Interestingly, the matrix that includes the Se-F complex significantly stimulates the metabolic activity of L929 fibroblasts for up to 48 h, stimulating their proliferation. The fibroblasts encapsulated on these novel biomatrixes show recurrent release capacity for up to 7 days, where the structure of the CPGG Se-H biomatrix exhibits greater release from the encapsulated cells. These results demonstrate that these innovative biomatrixes could be used in biomedical applications such as dermal tissue regeneration and cell release for a specific biological fate.
Formulation and In-Vitro Evaluation of Fluconazole Loaded Microsponge Gel For...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document provides an overview of various polysaccharides including their sources, structures, and applications. It discusses structural polysaccharides like cellulose and pectin, marine polysaccharides such as alginate, microbial polysaccharides including pullulan and cyclodextrins. Cellulose is the most abundant natural polymer derived from plants. Pectin is extracted from citrus and contains galacturonic acid. Alginate is isolated from brown seaweed and forms gels with divalent cations. Chitosan is derived from chitin in insects and crustaceans. Pullulan is produced by Aureobasidium pullulans yeast fermentation. Cyclodextrins are derived from starch and can
Ligand and structure based drug design against antimicrobial resistance induc...Mohit Kumar
Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative, microaerophilic bacterium found usually in the stomach of a person with chronic gastritis and gastric ulcers. More than 50% of the world’s population harbor H. pylori in their upper gastrointestinal tract. About 85% of people infected with H. pylori never experience symptoms or complications. Individuals with chronic gastritis and infected with H. pylori have a 10 to 20% lifetime risk of developing peptic ulcers, MALT lymphoma, the pathogenesis of gastric cancer and several extra-gastric diseases. No vaccines are developed yet and the bacterial antibiotic resistance has been a growing concern. Helicobacter pylori produce virulence and antibiotic resistance through quorum sensing mechanisms by generating AI-2. Inhibition of quorum sensing would be a novel approach for the effective treatment of antibiotic-resistant strains of H. pylori. Chemical nature of AI-2 is furanosyl borate diester which is generated from 4,5-dihydroxy 2,3-pentanedione (DPD). But there are no synthetic congeners of AI-2 and DPD compounds tested against H. pylori till date. Therefore, it is the aim of the present study to design some potent AI-2 and DPD compounds under the framework of pharmacophore modeling.
The document describes the synthesis and evaluation of nitromethane substituted chalcone derivatives for their antimicrobial and antitubercular activity. Chalcones were synthesized from substituted acetophenones and aldehydes under basic conditions. Michael adducts were obtained by reacting the chalcones with nitromethane under Michael addition reaction conditions. The structures of the compounds were characterized using NMR and IR spectroscopy. Docking studies were performed to study the binding interactions of the compounds with various Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein targets. The compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antitubercular, anthelmintic and antimicrobial activity. Some compounds showed good activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and against various microorgan
This document describes research into synthesizing and evaluating Michael adducts derived from chalcones for biological activity. Michael adducts were synthesized by reacting chalcones with nitromethane under basic conditions. Various chalcones were first synthesized by reacting substituted acetophenones with substituted aldehydes under basic conditions. The resulting Michael adducts underwent molecular docking studies against various Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein targets as well as evaluation for anti-tubercular, anthelmintic, and antimicrobial activity. Several of the synthesized compounds showed promising anti-tubercular activity at 50μg/ml and good anthelmintic activity, suggesting electron donating groups aid activity.
Royal jelly accelerates recovery from oral mucositisBee Healthy Farms
Great news for cancer patients who suffer from oral mucositis. However, individuals undergoing this type of intense therapy also need to consume large quantities of propolis to protect their weakened immune system.
Removal of Ciprofloxacin (CIP) by bacteria isolated from hospital effluent wa...AI Publications
Most antibiotics are metabolized incompletely by patients after administration and enter the municipal sewage with the patients’ excretion. Therefore, studies on the biodegradability of some clinically important drugs can be taken as a very first step of an environmental risk assessment. The present study reports the biodegradation of CIP by Lactobacillus gesseri, Enterobacter sp., Bacillus sp., Bacillus subtilius and Micrococcus luteus which were isolated as CIP resistance, non pathogenic bacteria. The presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria was identified using the 16s rRNA sequencing. A 0.5ml of overnight starved bacterial suspensions was introduced into medium containing CIP at 5 ppm. Triplicate samples were incubated at 280C with shaking at 100ppm. A 0.5 ml of subsamples was removed at 2 days interval for a period of 14 days. Samples were subjected to High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses were carried out for each sample at the end of the 14 days to find structures of by-products. Complete degradation of CIP by L. gasserri was detected at the end of 14 days of incubation with average degradation rate of 0.182 ±0.15µg /day. Descending degradation rates were followed by Enterobacter sp. (0.75 ±0.03 d-1) and Bacillus sp. (0.41±0.02d-1) at 8 and 6 days respectively. However, clear cut degradation of CIP was not detected for B.subtilis and Micrococcus luteus respectively. Further, FTIR spectrum revealed that incubation of L. gesseri, Enterobacter sp. and Bacillus sp., changed the piperazine ring and quinolone part in the CIP structure while degradation occurred.
Removal of Ciprofloxacin (CIP) by bacteria isolated from hospital effluent wa...AI Publications
Most antibiotics are metabolized incompletely by patients after administration and enter the municipal sewage with the patients’ excretion. Therefore, studies on the biodegradability of some clinically important drugs can be taken as a very first step of an environmental risk assessment. The present study reports the biodegradation of CIP by Lactobacillus gesseri, Enterobacter sp., Bacillus sp., Bacillus subtilius and Micrococcus luteus which were isolated as CIP resistance, non pathogenic bacteria. The presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria was identified using the 16s rRNA sequencing. A 0.5ml of overnight starved bacterial suspensions was introduced into medium containing CIP at 5 ppm. Triplicate samples were incubated at 280C with shaking at 100ppm. A 0.5 ml of subsamples was removed at 2 days interval for a period of 14 days. Samples were subjected to High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses were carried out for each sample at the end of the 14 days to find structures of by-products. Complete degradation of CIP by L. gasserri was detected at the end of 14 days of incubation with average degradation rate of 0.182 ±0.15µg /day. Descending degradation rates were followed by Enterobacter sp. (0.75 ±0.03 d-1) and Bacillus sp. (0.41±0.02d-1) at 8 and 6 days respectively. However, clear cut degradation of CIP was not detected for B.subtilis and Micrococcus luteus respectively. Further, FTIR spectrum revealed that incubation of L. gesseri, Enterobacter sp. and Bacillus sp., changed the piperazine ring and quinolone part in the CIP structure while degradation occurred.
Biocompatibility of Poly (L-Lactic Acid) Synthesized In Polymerization Unit B...IJERA Editor
The absorbable polyacid is one of the most used and studied materials in tissue engineering. This work
synthesized a poly (L-lactic acid) (PLLA) through ring-opening polymerization and produced nanofibers by the
electrospinning process. The PLLA was analyzed by FTIR and the cytotoxicity was evaluated by the MTT assay
and Live/Dead®. The hemocompatibility was tested by platelet adhesion and hemolytic activity assay. The tests
were performed in contact with human mesenchymal cells at varying times. The high rates of cell viability and
proliferation shown by MTT and Live/Dead® tests demonstrate that this PLLA is a non-toxic material and the
hemocompatibility assay revealed that the biomaterial was also biocompatible. It was achieved as well the
successful production of electrospinning nanofibers, which can be converted for specific biomedical applications
in the future
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
PHYTOSOMES AND ELECTROSOMES of novel drug delivery system .pptxnthanuja0331
Introduction and methods of preparation, evaluation parameters of phytosomes, advantages , disadvantages and applications of phytosome and electrosomes. some of marketed products of phytosomes.
Does allicin combined with vitamin B-complex have superior potentials than α-...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Background: The current article aims to explore the protective potentials of α-tocopherol
alone and the combination of allicin and vitamin B-complex against lead-acetate
neurotoxicity on the cerebellar cortex.
Materials and methods: Forty rats were divided into four groups (n=10). Group 1 was the
control group. Group 2 received 10 mg/kg body weight (BW) of lead acetate. Group 3 was
exposed to 10 mg/kg BW of lead acetate plus a combination of allicin (100 mg/kg BW)
and vit. B-complex (40 mg/kg BW). Group 4 was administered lead acetate (10 mg/kg
BW) and α-tocopherol (100 mg/kg BW). The animals received treatment for sixty days by
oral gavage. All the groups were studied ultrastructurally and immunohistochemically with
glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP).
Results: The affected groups revealed shrunken and degenerated Purkinje cells with
irregular nuclei. The cytoplasm comprised several lysosomes, unhealthy mitochondria, and
dilated Golgi saccules. The myelinated nerve fibers demonstrated breaking of the myelin
sheaths, apparent vacuoles, and broad axonal spaces. Immunohistochemically, there was a
tremendous surge in GFAP-positive astrocytes in the lead acetate-treated group. These
histological and ultrastructural variations were ameliorated by the administration of α-
tocopherol and the combination of allicin and vit. B complex. Moreover, an apparent
decrease in the number of GFAP-positive astrocytes was obvious in the protected groups.
Conclusions: Although both α-tocopherol and the combination of allicin and vit. Bcomplex can be used as possible adjuvant therapies to ameliorate nervous system ailments
attributable to lead acetate, α-tocopherol showed more protective potential.
Key words: Allicin, Purkinje cells, Astrocytes, GFAP, Oligodendrocyte, Myelin Figure
Formulation and characterization of epigallocatechin gallate nanoparticlesRamkumar Ponnuraj
This document describes the formulation and characterization of Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) nanoparticles. EGCG was encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles using ionic gelation with sodium tripolyphosphate to improve its bioavailability. Different ratios of EGCG to chitosan were tested, and a 1:0.5 ratio showed the highest drug loading and encapsulation efficiency. The resulting nanoparticles were spherical with a size range of 198-385 nm. In vitro drug release and characterization studies demonstrated the nanoparticles were a promising delivery system for EGCG with improved absorption.
Formulation and invivo evaluation of mucoadhesive microspheres embedded clero...SriramNagarajan19
In this study an attempt was made to prepare mucoadhesive microcapsules of Clerodendrum phlomidis extract using alginate polymers for prolonged release. Encapsulation of extract into sodium alginate polymer was done by ionic-gelation technique. In vivo testing of the mucoadhesive microcapsules in diabetic albino rats demonstrated significant antidiabetic effect of extract. The hypoglycemic effect obtained by mucoadhesive microcapsules was for more than 16 h whereas plain CP extract produced an antidiabetic effect for only 4 h suggesting that mucoadhesive microcapsules are a valuable system for the long term delivery of CP extract. In-vivo data obtained over a 120-h period indicate that CP extract loaded alginate microspheres from batch F7 showed the better glycemic control than control and a commercial brand of the drug.
Similar to Characterization by FTIR and Ampicillin Release in Collagen-Polyurethane Hydrogels Coupled with Metal-Organic Frameworks (20)
In the early twentieth century, major representatives of the Jadid movement became active participants in the socio-political processes in the Turkestan region. Usmonkhoja Polatkhoja, a progressive from Bukhara, was one of the beams not only in the Emirate of Bukhara, but also in Turkestan. He first participated in the reforms and progressives, and later in the national liberation movements, and fought for the prosperity and independence of the country.This article provides information about Usmonkhoja's life and work in Jadidism, revolts, national liberation struggles, and emmigiration.
Flood is one of the natural disaster known to be part of the earth biophysical processes, which its occurrence can be devastating; due to mostly anthropogenic activities and climatological factors. The aim of the research is to identify and map the extent at which the impact of flood due to intense rainfall and rise in water in the study area using geospatial techniques and the specific objectives are to carry out terrain analysis of the study area and to generate flood indicator maps of the study area. The study analyzed rain fall data;, the drainage system and Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM 30m) of the area. ArcGIS 10.8 was to modelled and to generate the contributing factors map of the study area. The drainage system was generated through on-screen digitization of topographic map of scale 1:50,000 of Ondo South-West. The mean annual rainfall of Lagos State was generated in the ArcGIS environment from the rainfall data through spatial analysis tool. The SRTM was used in terrain analysis of the study area. The results generated showed the lowest mean annual rain fall of the area 1,700mm and the highest mean annual rain fall was 2,440mm. Digital elevation model (DEM), slope, flow direction were generated from the SRTM. Drainage density of the area was generated using the drainage system. The slope map of the entire area which are classified into five slope classes of very high (14%-48.5%) to high (7.6%-13.9%) to moderately high (4.2%-7.6%) to low (1.5%-4.2%) and very low (0. % - 1.2%).
Work study is a catch-all phrase encompassing a variety of methodologies, including method research and work measurement, that are applied in a variety of contexts and lead to a systematic assessment of all elements that affect the efficiency and economy of the situation under evaluation that is meant to be improved. The main aim of this study is to examine and enhance the process token in manufacturing a Perfume of the famous, well-known, aromatic, and beautiful Taif Roses. Some changes in the process has been suggested using method study and time study method which lead to reduction in process time, labor cost and production cost.
Workers are the maximum precious method of an association. Their importance to institutions requires not most effective the want to draw the trendy bents but additionally the need to preserve them for a long term. This paper specializes in reviewing the findings of former research carried out with the aid of colourful experimenters with the quit to identify determinants factors of hand retention. This exploration almost looked at the subsequent broad factors improvement openings, reimbursement, work- lifestyles balance, operation/ management, work terrain, social aid, autonomy, training and improvement.
Watering plants during the correct time is very important due to scientific reasons. Both underwatering, as well as overwatering, can lead to the growth of unhealthy plants or in extreme cases, the death of the plant/tree. These issues which are the case with most self-gardeners and plant lovers can be solved using the smart irrigation technique. The main purpose of this innovation is to assist plant lovers to continue their passion to grow plants at home with ease. Smart irrigation system helps in monitoring the moisture level which majorly affects plant growth besides other factors such as sunlight, fertility of the soil, etc. The digital planting pot has been designed in a way that it effectively incorporates the idea of smart irrigation. Arduino Uno R3 has been used as the main chip in this project along with a few other components like a soil moisture sensor, relay, and water pump. This project requires coding to synchronize all the components, and function properly. A required test has been carried out to review the functioning of the mechanism. The project was tested by once using the soil with enough moisture in the pot and then the soil with the least moisture. Both times, it worked exactly how it was supposed to function. When the soil with the least moisture was tested, there was a clear indication of a low level of moisture and accordingly, the water pump got triggered to water the plant, and when the soil with enough moisture was tested, there was again the clear indication of the correct level of moisture and the water pump was inactive. All the readings which were displayed on the LCD were checked back and forth during the project. The outcomes were the same as expected. Hence, it shows that every component in this project is actively functioning and the whole project is effectively designed.
Because of its accessibility and flexibility, cloud technology is among the most notable innovations in today's world. Having many service platforms, such as GoogleApps by Google, Amazon, Apple, and so on, is well accepted by large enterprises. Distributed cloud computing is a concept for enabling every-time, convenient, on-demand network access to processing resources including servers, storage devices, networks, and services that may be mutually configured. The major security risks for cloud computing as identified by the Cloud security alliance (CSA) have been examined in this study. Also, methods for resolving issues with cloud computing technology's data security and privacy protection were systematically examined.
This study's goal is to present Solutions for Determining the importance level of criteria in creating cultural resources’ attractiveness from tourists’ evaluation. Data were collected from 558 international tourists who chose Vietnam as the destination for tourism.
The study points out that we need to resolve challenges such as: building a safe, friendly destination, etc., destinations need to review and re-evaluate the services of their products and tourist attractions to prepare for the largest number of visitors and stimulate the domestic tourism market is a good solution: To boost the domestic tourism market, it is necessary to increase domestic flights and train connections to major tourist destinations.
A new convenient and efficient route for the synthesis of two very important hydroxo-bridged stepped-cubane copper complexes viz: [Cu4(bpy)4Cl2(OH)4]Cl2.6H2O (1) and [Cu4(phen)4Cl2(OH)4]Cl2.6H2O (2) have been obtained. This synthetic route from the mononuclear CubpyCl2 complex is easier, more reproducible and afforded the complex in a much higher yield than the other two previously reported procedures which were equally serendipitously discovered. The purity and formation of the complexes were confirmed with elemental (C,H,N) analysis and the details of the UV-Vis, Fourier transform infrared, electrospray ionization mass spectra of both complexes and the single crystal X-ray crystallography of 1 are presented and discussed. X-ray crystallography confirms the absolute structure of the complexes. The complexes were formed via the connection of four copper atoms to four hydroxide bridging ligands and four bipyridyl ligands with two chloride ligands. There are two coordinate environments around two pairs of copper atoms (CuN2ClO2 and CuN2O3) and each copper atom is pentacoordinate with square pyramidal geometry.
Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam., which is commonly known as jackfruit is a tropical fruit, belonging to Moraceae family, native to Western Ghats of India and common in Asia, Africa, and some regions in South America. It is known to be the largest edible fruit in the world. The Jackfruit is an extremely versatile and sweet tasting fruit that possess high nutritional value. Jackfruit is rich in nutrients including carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals. The jackfruit has diverse medicinal uses especially antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral properties, anticancer and antifungal activity, anthelminthic activity. Traditionally, this plant is used in the treatment of various diseases especially for treatment against inflammation, malarial fever, diarrhoea, diabetes and tapeworm infection. Jackfruit is a good natural source of phytochemicals such as phenolics, flavonoids and tannins, saponins. The health benefits of jackfruit have been attributed to its wide range of physicochemical applications. The use of jackfruit bulbs and its parts has also been reported since ancient times for their therapeutic qualities. The beneficial physiological effects may also have preventive application in a variety of pathologies.
Myogenic differentiation requires to be exactly explored for the effective treatment of fracture. The speed of healing is affected by skeletal muscle, linked to activation of specific myogenic transcription factors during the repair process. In previous study, we discovered that psoralen enhanced differentiation of osteoblast in primary mouse. In the current study, we show that psoralen stimulates myogenic differentiation through the secretion of factors to hone the quality of repair in fractured mice. 3-month old mice were treated with corn oil or psoralen followed by a tibial fracture surgery. Fractures were tested 7, 14, and 21 days respectively later by histology and images observation. Skeletal muscles including soleus muscle and posterior tibial muscle around the damaged bone were collected for quantitative real-time PCR, HE staining, as well as western blot. Daily treatment with psoralen at seven, fourteen days or twenty-one days improves protein or mRNA levels responsible for the whole myogenic differentiation process, makes the muscle fibers more tightly aligned, and promotes callus formation and development. This data shows that high levels of myogenic transcription factors in the process of fracture healing in mice foster the repair of damaged muscles, and indicates a pharmacological approach that targets myogenic differentiation to improve fracture repair. This also reflects the academic thought of "paying equal attention to both muscles and bones" in the prevention and treatment of fracture healing.
The current pandemic has generated the search for new reliable and economic alternatives for the detection of SARS-CoV-2, which produces the COVID-19 disease, one of the recommendations by the World Health Organization, is the detection of the virus by RT-qPCR methods from upper respiratory tract samples. The discomfort of the pharyngeal nasopharyngeal swab described by patients, the requirement of trained personnel, and the generation of aerosols, are factors that increase the risk of infections in this type of intake. It is known that the main means of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is through aerosols or small droplets, which is why saliva is important as a relevant means of detecting COVID-19. In this study, a modified method based on SARS-CoV-2 RNA release from saliva is described, avoiding the isolation and purification of the genetic material and its quantification of viral copies; the results are compared with paired pharyngeal/nasopharyngeal swab samples (EF/EN). Results showed good agreement in saliva samples compared to EF/EN samples. On average, a sensitivity for virus detection of 80% was demonstrated in saliva samples competing with EF/EN samples. The use of saliva is a reliable alternative for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 by means of RT-PCR in the first days of infection, having important advantages over the conventional method. Saliva still needs to be studied completely to evaluate the detection capacity of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid, however, the described process is viable, due to the decrease in materials and supplies, process times, the increment in the sampling and improvement of laboratory performance.
A recent study establishes that since 1970, there has been an ecological gap between human needs and the planet's resources, with annual resource demand exceeding the bio-productivity of the planet. Specifically, humanity utilises equivalent of 1.75 earths to produce the ecological resources used, with half of this attributable to food consumption. The present work therefore seeks to provide an empirically-based insight into the environmental sustainability of the EF of food consumption in Ijebu Ode. A descriptive cross-sectional approach was used, and primary data were collected from 400 systemically sampled households via structured questionnaires and analysed descriptively using Microsoft Excel and inferentially using mathematical models for calculating ecological footprints. Findings revealed that the household EF of food consumption in Ijebu Ode is 0.05gha per capita, with the footprint of cereal consumption (0.17gha; 37%) taking the major share, followed by meat with a footprint of 0.11gha (23.9%). As a result, it was concluded that Ijebu Ode has sustainable food consumption, which is necessary for its environmental sustainability. However, the sustenance of the former requires creating awareness of the need for sustainable consumption and prioritisation of integrated and population-wide policies and food intervention initiatives to encourage attitudinal change in favour of sustainable food consumption while fostering sustainable food production strategies amidst current environmental realities.
The symmetry occurs in most of the phenomena explained by physics, for example, a particle has positive or negative charges, and the electric dipoles that have the charge (+q) and (-q) which are at a certain distance (d), north or south magnetic poles and for a magnetic bar or magnetic compass with two poles: North (N) and South (S) poles, spins up or down of the electron at the atom and for the nucleons in the nucleus In this form, the particle should also have mass symmetry. For convenience and due to later explanations, I call this mass symmetry or mass duality as follows: mass and mass cloud. The mass cloud is located in the respective orbitals given by the Schrödinger equation. The orbitals represent the possible locations or places of the particle which are determined probabilistically by the respective Schröndiger equation.
Metal-organic molybdenum complexes were synthesized by the hydrothermal method using ammonium heptamolybdate as the metallic source, and as the organic ligand terephthalic acid (BDC) or bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET), obtained via glycolysis of poly(ethylene)terephthalate (PET). The BDC-Mo and BHET-Mo complexes were characterized by XRD, N2 physisorption, TGA, ATR-FTIR, SEM, XPS and their in vitro biocompatibility was tested by porcine fibroblasts viability. The results show that molybdates (MoO4-2) are coordinated to the carbonyl functional groups of BDC and BHET by urea bonding (-NH-CO-NH-) which is related to their high biocompatibility and high thermal stability. These organic molybdate complexes possess rectangular prism particles made up of rods arrays characteristics of molybdenum oxides (MoO3). The organic complexes BDC-Mo and BHET-Mo do not show to be cytotoxic for porcine dermal fibroblasts growing on their surface for up to 48 h of culture.
Exercise training with varying intensity increases maximal oxygen intake (VO2max), a strong predictor of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Purpose: The aim of this study was to find out the influence of low intensity aerobic training on the vo2 max in 11 to 14 years school girls in Hyderabad district. Methodology: The research scholar has randomly selected thirty (N=30) high school girls were selected as subjects and their age ranged between 11 to 14 years. The subjects were divided into two equal groups, each group consist of 15 total 30. Group one acted as experimental group (EG) and group two acted as control group (CG). The dependent variable vo2 max was selected and it is measured by manual test. Statistical Tool: The statistical tool paired sample ‘t’ test was used for analysing of the data and the obtained ‘t’ ratio was tested for significance at 0.05 level of confidence. Results: The analysis of the data revealed that there was a significant improvement on vo2 max by the application of low intensity aerobic.
Hybrid rice has the potential to outperform existing inbred rice and was said to have the potential to produce 14-20 % more yield. In response, Malaysia Government has introduced its very own first Hybrid Rice Variety knew as Kadaria 1 developed by MARDI. This is in line with one of the strategies outlined in Dasar Agromakanan Negara (DAN) 2011-2020 as an approach to increasing rice productivity within Malaysia. The next step would be developing our hybrid seed rice production system. Therefore, an experiment to determine the planting ratio and planting distance between 0025A (A)-a hybrid with MR283 (R)-inbreed variety was carried out. Planting ratios studied in this study were 2:4, 2:6, 2:8, and 2:10 while planting distance was 14 x 30 cm, 16 x 30 cm, and 18 x 30 cm. Statistical analyses suggested that yield R, yield A, and panicle number A were significantly affected by planting ratios while yield A was significantly affected by an interaction between planting distance and planting ratios. Panicle number A performed significantly higher at planting ratios of 2:4 compared to 2:10. Yield R shows higher significant performance under ratio 2:6 compared to 2:4 and 2:8. Relatively, yield A performed the best under planting distance of 18 x 30 cm. Furthermore, under this particular planting distance, the planting ratio of 2:10 shows the highest significant figure while 2:8 exhibits statistical parity. Both yield R and yield A were significantly affected by planting ratios and have a significant positive association with each other. Therefore, the planting ratio of 2:10 should be the best since it contributed to significantly highest value for yield A while yield R under 2:10 shows statistical parity with 2:6 which was the highest significant value. In conclusion, the combination of 2:10 with a planting distance of 18 x 30 cm was the best since it shows best potential for both yields A and yield R
This document summarizes a study on cassava production systems in the Tivaouane department of Senegal. Key findings include:
- Cassava is an important crop for food security but production in Senegal remains low compared to other African countries.
- The study examined farming practices through surveys of 85 producers in 8 communes across two agro-ecological zones.
- Analysis showed cassava is only grown during rainy season with traditional cultivation methods. Four of five recommended varieties were grown, with different varieties preferred in each zone.
Cassava plays an important role in improving food security and reducing poverty in rural areas. Despite its importance, its production in Senegal remains low compared to other African countries. Nowadays, it is confronted with numerous constraints. It is in this context that a study was conducted on the cassava production system in the Thiès "cassava granary" region, with the objective of examining farmers' cultivation practices. It was conducted in eight communes located in the department of Tivaouane, some of which are located in the Niayes agro-ecological zone and others in the central-northern groundnut basin. Surveys were conducted among the largest cassava producers in these communes. Analysis of the results showed that cassava is only grown in the rainy season with the same cultivation practices that have been used for years. Of the five varieties listed by the President of the Senegalese Cassava Interprofession, only four are grown in the areas surveyed. The Terrasse (43%) and Kombo (36%) varieties are grown more by our respondents in the Niayes area. Soya (75%) and Wallet "Parydiey" (20% of our sample) dominate in the central-northern groundnut basin.
We are witnessing very demanding and stressful times in which we live, and an occupation that is particularly exposed to stress and different working conditions is the job of a nurse. Exposing themselves to everyday challenges and stressful situations, nurses reach a stage of great emotional and physical exhaustion, lethargy, dissatisfaction, and poorer work achievements, which we know as burnout. The aim of this paper was to determine whether there is and to what extent professional burnout is present in nurses and technicians working in nursing homes across Slovenia and Croatia. The paper is answering the questions of the extent of the burnout influenced by individual characteristics (age, education, years of service and work experience at the current workplace). The study involved a validated questionnaire “The Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI)” to measure professional burnout. Surveying of the nurses was conducted online at their home institutions. The results show that all respondents have a medium or high level of professional burnout, while no one has a low level or shows no signs of burnout. In terms of age, the group from 55-65 years of age had the highest relative level of burnout in the age group category. With regard to education, the highest burnout was measured in registered nurses.
This document discusses hepatitis and its transmission through needlestick injuries. It covers the different types of hepatitis viruses, their epidemiology, risk factors, and transmission. Healthcare workers are at high risk of contracting hepatitis B and C through needlestick injuries involving contaminated needles and sharps. Dental professionals face increased risk due to exposure to blood and saliva. The document recommends vaccination, safe handling of needles and sharps, and post-exposure prophylaxis to prevent transmission of hepatitis viruses occupationally.
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Characterization by FTIR and Ampicillin Release in Collagen-Polyurethane Hydrogels Coupled with Metal-Organic Frameworks
1. Asian Journal of Applied Science and Technology (AJAST)
(Quarterly International Journal) Volume 4, Issue 2, Pages 108-114, April-June 2020
108 | P a g e Online ISSN: 2456-883X Website: www.ajast.net
Characterization by FTIR and Ampicillin Release in Collagen-Polyurethane
Hydrogels Coupled with Metal-Organic Frameworks
Nadia J. Amaya-Chantaca1
, Irene D. Reyes-Ruiz1
, Denis A. Cabrera-Munguía1
, Tirso E. Flores-Guía1
, Lucía F.
Cano-Salazar1
, Laura Espindola-Serna2
& Jesús A. Claudio Rizo1
*
1
Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Ing J.Cardenas Valdez S/N, República, 25280 Saltillo, Coahuila, México.
2
Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, Calle Dr. García Diego 168, Doctores, Cuauhtémoc, 06720, Ciudad de México, México.
E-mail: jclaudio@uadec.edu.mx1
*
DOI: 10.38177/ajast.2020.4214
Article Received: 03 May 2020 Article Accepted: 24 June 2020 Article Published: 30 June 2020
1. Introduction
Hydrogels are three-dimensional networks swollen in water comprised of polymers that have the ability to
absorb it, thanks to the polarity of their functional groups, some of the polar groups of these compounds are:
-CONH2, -OH, -COOH, SO3H, among others. Hydrogels are a versatile platform for drug delivery due to
their ability to encapsulate and protect drugs, providing a both controlled and sustained release of the
encapsulated drugs, depending on the properties of the hydrogel [1-5]
. In general, the mechanical properties of
the hydrogel must be regulated to support the load of the encapsulated drug, thus preventing the swollen 3D
matrix from breaking; it is also important to regulate the swelling and degradation behaviors of the matrix so
that the drug has a release favorable profile. In this sense, research focused on the development of hydrogels
that meet these requirements is a recent boom area.
Hydrogels derived from biopolymers such as collagen show excellent therapeutic performance due to their
high biocompatibility and because the degradation products of these matrices are not toxic to the host
organism. However, it is necessary to regulate the mechanical properties and the swelling/degradation
behaviors for these matrices to be used as drug delivery systems. In this sense, crosslinking of collagen with
polyurethane represents an alternative to regulate these properties [6-8]
.
The reactive isocyanate groups of the polyurethane react with the primary amino groups of collagen to
generate crosslinking urea bonds; the generation of these bonds allows to regulate the mechanical properties
and the swelling/degradation profiles of the hydrogels obtained; besides allowing the encapsulation of
therapeutic molecules such as dexamethasone, observing controlled release profiles of such drug [6-8]
.
Recently, the incorporation of inorganic particles with the capacity to adsorb bioactive molecules within the
ABSTRACT
In this work, the capacity of encapsulation and subsequent release of the drug ampicillin was evaluated, for this, two different hydrogels were made
by the microemulsion method, having different crosslinking agent based on polyurethane: P(IPDI) and P(HDI), the metal-organic framework (MOF)
that was used inside the two composite hydrogels was MIL-53, which is a derivative of the hydrothermal synthesis of terephthalic acid and Al (III)
ions. Characterization tests were carried out on the hydrogels, the FTIR sprectra were obtained to evaluate the encapsulation of the drug and the
quantification by UV-Vis spectrophotometry to monitor the mass of ampicillin released in the two systems studied. Hydrogels based on
C-P(HDI)-MIL53 show higher intermolecular interactions with encapsulated ampicillin, observed by the variation in the intensities of the FTIR
signals related to the -NH, -OH, amide I and II bonds that make up the systems; in addition this type of hydrogel also exhibits a higher release of
ampicillin than C-P(IPDI)-MIL53 hydrogel. These hydrogels can be studied as 3D culture systems or materials for wound healing, thus avoiding the
formation of bacterial infections.
Keywords: Hydrogels, Chemical crosslinking, Collagen, Polyurethane, MOF, Ampicillin.
2. Asian Journal of Applied Science and Technology (AJAST)
(Quarterly International Journal) Volume 4, Issue 2, Pages 108-114, April-June 2020
109 | P a g e Online ISSN: 2456-883X Website: www.ajast.net
hydrogels based on biopolymers, represents a strategy to ensure a controlled release of the therapeutic,
improving the biomedical performance of the hydrogel [9-13]
. In this sense, the metal-organic frameworks
(MOFs), which are coordination polymers based on metal ions and organic ligands, attract attention for this
application due to their high surface area and adsorptive capacity. MOFs have continued to be used for
encapsulation and controlled release of various molecules of therapeutic interest [14-18]
. With this in mind, the
generation of composite hydrogels that include MOF with encapsulated drugs represents a potential
alternative for the design of materials with improved biomedical application.
Ampicillin is a broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic; the development of hydrogels that have the ability to
release this antibiotic would represent an alternative to generate hydrogels with potential application in the
healing of chronic wounds. With this in mind, in the present work it is contemplated to adsorb this antibiotic
in the MOF MIL-53, (derived from the hydrothermal synthesis of Al (III) ions with terephatyl acid); and the
subsequent generation of composite hydrogels (polyurethane crosslinked collagen matrices with
encapsulated MOF/ampicillin). The study evaluates the effect of varying the chemical structure of the
polyurethane crosslinker, (based on polyethylene glycol (1000 g mol-1
) with hexamethylenediisocyanate (P
(HDI)) or isophorone diisocyanate P (IPDI)), on the encapsulation capacity of MOF/ampicillin and the
release of the antibiotic. The encapsulation capacity of MOF/ampicillin inside the collagen-polyurethane
was evaluated by FTIR and the release of ampicillin was monitored by UV-vis spectrophotometry.
2. Experimental Methodology
2.1 Synthesis of hydrogels based on collagen-polyurethane coupled with MOF/ampicillin
Type I collagen from bovine tendon was extracted as previously reported [19]
. Crosslinkers based on aqueous
polyurethane dispersions were synthesized using polyethylene glycol (PEG) (1000 g/mol),
hexamethylenediisiocinate (P(HDI)) or isophoronadiisocyanate (P(IPDI)), as reported in the literature [7]
.
For the synthesis of MIL53, aluminum nitrate nonahydrate (Al(NO3)3•9H2O) are mixed with terephthalic
acid (HOOC-C6H4-COOH, BDC) in a 1:2 molar ratio, respectively, in 50 mL of water distilled until
complete dissolution. The above mixture is placed in a 100 mL capacity hydrothermal synthesis reactor,
which is placed in an oven at 200ºC for 3 days. The reactor is then allowed to cool to room temperature, the
white precipitate is filtered under vacuum and washed with distilled water to neutral pH. The solid is dried at
80 ° C for 24 h. Ampicillin adsorption on MIl-53 was carried out by adding 500 µg of antibiotic in a 50%
ethanol solution and over 1 mg of MOF; the mixture was left to stand for 1 h and was subsequently filtered
to recover MOF/ampicillin.
The composite hydrogels were synthesized using the plate microemulsion method, for this: 1 ml of a
standardized collagen solution (6 mg/mL) was crosslinked using a 15 weight % (wt.%) ratio of crosslinking
agent P (HDI) or P (IPDI), as the case may be. The crosslinking reaction was carried out at pH 7.0 at 4 ° C for
2h. Subsequently, once the viscosity of the systems increased, 1 mg of MIL-53 containing 500 µg de
ampicillin adsorbed was added and vortexed until correct dispersion. The formation of the composite
3. Asian Journal of Applied Science and Technology (AJAST)
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110 | P a g e Online ISSN: 2456-883X Website: www.ajast.net
hydrogels loaded with ampicillin was carried out at 37 ° C for 18 h. In Table 1, the compositions and
designations of the composite hydrogels prepared in this work are presented.
Table 1. Formulation of the composite hydrogels under study
Bovine Type I
collagen (6
mg/mL)/mL
Type of
crosslinker used in
15 wt.% ratio
MOF
MIL-53/
mg
Ampicillin/µg Hydrogel designation
1 P(HDI) 1 ------- C-P(HDI)-MIL53
1 P(IPDI) 1 ------- C-P(IPDI)-MIL53
1 P(HDI) 1 500 C-P(HDI)-MIL53/A
1 P(IPDI) 1 500 C-P(IPDI)-MIL53/A
2.2 Characterization of composite hydrogels
To assay the chemical structure of composite hydrogels and the MOF/ampicillin encapsulation, ATR-FTIR
spectra with a Frontier, Perkin Elmer system, were recorded on fresh hydrogel composites at 16 cm−1
of
resolution in a range from 3600 to 650 cm−1
, using an average of 16 scans.
2.3 Evaluation of ampicillin release
For drug release, a composite hydrogel of each formulation was taken and placed in a 50 ml Falcon tube,
adding 10 mL of 1X phosphate buffer solution (PBS), and then were taken 3 mL aliquots in a time of 2 and
5 hours, respectively, at 37ºC. Ampicillin quantification was performed using a calibration curve of known
concentration standards. Detection readings were made at 410 nm employing a Lambda 35 Perkin-Elmer
(UV-VIS) spectrophotometer.
2.4 Data analysis
The mean and standard deviation (SD) are presented for each data set. Data sets were compared using
analysis of variance (ANOVA). The difference of the means was checked with a Fisher Minimum
Significant Difference test and was considered statistically significant at level p < 0.05.
3. Results and Discussion
The study of the encapsulation capacity of molecules with therapeutic interest in collagen-polyurethane
hydrogels, determines the interaction of the chemical structure of the encapsulated component with the
chemical structures of the polymeric networks that make up the hydrogel. In this sense, for the drug
ampicillin (500 µg / hydrogel) in hydrogels based on collagen-polyurethane, it was evaluated by FTIR. The
FTIR spectra of the studied systems are shown in figure 1:
4. Asian Journal of Applied Science and Technology (AJAST)
(Quarterly International Journal) Volume 4, Issue 2, Pages 108-114, April-June 2020
111 | P a g e Online ISSN: 2456-883X Website: www.ajast.net
Figure 1. Evaluation of the encapsulation capacity of MOF MIL-53 with adsorbed ampicillin on
collagen-polyurethane hydrogels by FTIR
The chemical structure of the starting hydrogel was considered as a study variable in order to know its
influence on the encapsulation capacity and subsequent release of the drug; for this, two different hydrogels
were made by modifying the crosslinker based on polyurethane: P (IPDI) rigid polymeric structure with
aliphatic rings present in its skeleton, and P(HDI) aliphatic linear flexible polymeric structure; the MOF that
was used for the two systems was MIL-53 derived from the hydrothermal synthesis of terephthalic acid and
Al (III) ions.
The encapsulation and/or loading of amoxicillin in composite matrices can be elucidated by observing the
intensities of the bands among 3600-3000 cm-1
corresponding to the -NH and OH bonds of the polymeric
components used such as collagen as base matrix and the crosslinking polyurethane; systems that include
amoxicillin show a decrease in this band indicating the presence of short-range intermolecular interactions
such as hydrogen bridges between these matrix polymer bonds and the N-H, NH-C=O and OH groups
present in the chemical structure of the antibiotic.
On the other hand, also a decrement in the intensities of the vibrations associated with the amide I and II
modes of collagen at 1640 and 1550 cm-1
, respectively, is appreciated when the drug is encapsulated in the
matrix (C-P(HDI)-MIL53/A and C-P(IPDI)-MIL53/A spectra), again indicating the presence of short-range
interaction with the amide functional group of collagen. The band around 920 cm-1
in all the studied
hydrogels is associated to the Al-O bond present in the incorporated MIL-53 structure; where it is important
to note that in C-P(HDI)-MIL53 a decrease in the intensity of this signal is observed with respect to the
C-P(IPDI)-MIL53; indicating that the aliphatic linear polymeric matrix experiences higher adsorption
interactions with the MOF MIL-53; related to the freedom of movement that exists in the polymeric system;
this is not so evident in the P(IPDI)-MIL53 hydrogel since the stiffness of the aliphatic rings in the
crosslinker polymer skeleton limits the adsorption interactions with MOF. Finally, systems that include
amoxicillin C-P(HDI)-MIL53/ and C-P(IPDI)-MIL53/A show a small band at 855 cm-1
related to Al-N
5. Asian Journal of Applied Science and Technology (AJAST)
(Quarterly International Journal) Volume 4, Issue 2, Pages 108-114, April-June 2020
112 | P a g e Online ISSN: 2456-883X Website: www.ajast.net
interactions, showing that the metal-organic structure has the ability to adsorb the coupled drug and also to
interact with the -NH groups of the polymers that make up matrix.
The effect of these intermolecular interactions related to encapsulation in the matrix in the hydrogel state is
decisive for the release capacity of the encapsulated drug [15-18]
. The crosslinked matrix with P(HDI) shows
greater effect to regulate the encapsulation of ampicillin in a uniform way, because there are no aliphatic
regions related to steric impediments that tend to agglomerate ampicillin, as in the case of the material that
includes P(IPDI). Also, it is interesting to highlight that a high presence of these intermolecular interactions
with the encapsulated components could be associated with the drug release capacity by modifying the pH,
temperature or ionic strength, factors associated with the alteration of said intermolecular interactions
stimulating the release of the drug [9, 16-18]
.
In this way, the work contemplated the monitoring of the mass of ampicillin released in the systems under
study by UV-Vis spectrophotometry, for which an ampicillin calibration curve was performed. The
calibration equation was used to evaluate the amount of ampicillin released in systems incubated at 37ºC for
a time of 2 and 5 hours. The calibration equation determined for the study is:
Absorbance (410 nm) = (5X10-5
) µg Ampicillin + 0.0015, with a linear correlation factor of 0.9204.
Figure 2 reveals the percentage of ampicillin released (considering an initial mass of 500 µg), the results
indicate that 63 ± 6 % and 81 ± 8 % of ampicillin released for C-P(IPDI)-MIL53/A and C-P(HDI)-MIL53/A,
respectively, at 2 hours; and 72 ± 5 % and 86 ± 6 % for C-P(IPDI)-MIL53/A and C-P(HDI)-MIL53/A,
respectively at 5 hours of incubation. Statistically significant differences were found when comparing the
ampicillin release values of C-P(HDI)-MIL53/A with respect to C-P(IPDI)-MIL53/A, at both incubation
times evaluated.
Figure 2. Results of ampicillin release from collagen-polyurethane and MIL-53 metal-organic frameworks
based hydrogels
6. Asian Journal of Applied Science and Technology (AJAST)
(Quarterly International Journal) Volume 4, Issue 2, Pages 108-114, April-June 2020
113 | P a g e Online ISSN: 2456-883X Website: www.ajast.net
The results indicate that the C-P(HDI)-MIL53 matrix shows increased release capacity of the encapsulated
ampicillin. The release of ampicillin within these matrices is carried out by a swelling-diffusion process [9]
,
where the matrix in a first stage is swollen and the water adsorbed by the hydrogels alters the encapsulation
balances of the drug, to later release it to the outside by a secondary process of diffusion. Therefore, matrices
that have a high swelling capacity can promote rapid diffusion of encapsulated bioactive molecules. In the
research group it has been reported that collagen matrices crosslinked by P(HDI)-based polyurethanes tend
to have higher swelling capacity than those derived from P(IPDI), thus promoting swelling and diffusion of
the encapsulated drug. The water molecules that enter the matrix tend to destabilize the intermolecular
interactions that keep the drug encapsulated, thus stimulating the release by swelling.
The chemical structure of the polyurethane crosslinker is decisive in the release capacity of the ampici llin
coupled in the MOF MIL-53; the rigid cyclic regions present in the C-P(IPDI)-MIL53 prevents both the
water molecules from entering the matrix; limiting the release capacity, however these regions also have a
direct interaction with the chemical structure of the antibiotic that keeps it more strongly encapsulated
providing a less release than in the C-P(HDI)-MIL53 hydrogel that does not have aliphatic cyclic regions.
From a chemical point of view, it is interesting to control the release of the antibiotic due to the composition
of the chemical structure of the hydrogel. This strategy can be exploited for biomedical applications where
systems that retain the antibiotic are required to avoid contamination of systems with encapsulated cells, or
for a sustained release that prevents the formation of infections when the hydrogel is used as a wound
dressing for tissue healing for specific time.
4. Conclusion
The development of hydrogels that have the encapsulation capacity of drugs with therapeutic interest and
subsequent release capacity of these, is a promising research topic to develop hydrogels with improved
biomedical application. In this work, it studied the encapsulation and release capacity of ampicillin in
hydrogels based on collagen-polyurethane and MIL-53. The chemical structure of polyurethane was
modified to evaluate its effect on the study variables. Hydrogels based on C-P(HDI)-MIL53 show higher
intermolecular interactions with encapsulated ampicillin, observed by the variation in the intensities of the
FTIR signals related to the -NH, -OH, amide I and II bonds that make up the systems; in addition this type of
hydrogel also exhibits a higher release of ampicillin. The rigid aliphatic structures present in the C-P (IPDI)
-MIL53 hydrogel limit the release of the drug, however they ensure the drug favorable encapsulation. These
hydrogels can be studied as 3D culture systems or materials for wound healing, thus avoiding the formation
of bacterial infections.
References
[1] G. S. Alvarez, C. Helary, A. M. Mebert, X. Wang, T. Coradin and M. F. Desimone, J. Mater. Chem. B, 2014, 2,
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[2] D. Wallace, Adv. Drug Delivery Rev., 2003, 55, 1631–1649.
[3] M. R. Blatchley and S. Gerecht, Biomed. Mater., 2015, 10, 034001.
7. Asian Journal of Applied Science and Technology (AJAST)
(Quarterly International Journal) Volume 4, Issue 2, Pages 108-114, April-June 2020
114 | P a g e Online ISSN: 2456-883X Website: www.ajast.net
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