Abstract: This paper covers various approaches for modelling of automatic voltage regulator for unbalanced radial distribution systems. Power loss indices are first found at each branch except source bus. The bus that has the highest power loss index will picked as the best location for the voltage regulators placement. To obtain the tap position of the voltage regulators that maintain the voltages within the limits of the unbalanced radial distribution systems by minimizing an objective function, consisting of power loss. Various techniques are used to find the selection of tap position of the voltage regulators. We have also cover the loss minimization using various techniques in unbalance radial distribution system.
The use of distributed generation (DG) within distribution systems has increased for the last two decades due to worldwide increase in demand for electricity and governmental policy change from “conventional” energy to “green” energy. High levels of penetration of DG have many significant benefits but also come with many drawbacks such as voltage drop and power losses. This study presents the impact of DG at different locations in a distribution feeder in terms of the feeder voltage profile. A radial distribution system is simulated using PSCAD/EMTDC simulation software while changing the size and location of DG in the system. The obtained results are used for better understanding on the impact of DG on voltage profile in radial distribution feeder.
Simulation and Design of SRF based Control Algorithm for Three Phase Shunt Ac...idescitation
Active power filters are effective in mitigating line
current harmonics and compensating for the reactive power
in the line. There are basically two types of Active Power
Filters (APFs): shunt type and series type. Shunt active power
filters (SAPFs) represent the most important and most widely
used filters in industrial purposes, this is due not only to the
fact that eliminate the harmonic current but also they are
suitable for a wide range of power ratings. In this paper,
Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) theory is employed to
calculate compensating currents while the three phase source
is feeding a highly non-linear load. The main objective is to
study and investigate the performance of Shunt active power
filter using SRF theory. The algorithm is simulated under
M ATLAB
7.8
environment
using
Simulinkand
SimPowerSystems toolbox. The results shown are within the
IEEE Standard 512-1992.
This document discusses shunt active power filters (SAPF). It begins with an introduction to harmonics and their negative effects. It then discusses different filter types, focusing on SAPF. The SAPF uses the P-Q theory to calculate compensation currents that are opposite the load harmonics to eliminate distortions. The key blocks of SAPF are instantaneous power calculation, reference current calculation, PWM converter, and DC voltage regulator. SAPF provides benefits like compensating a wide range of harmonics dynamically while improving power quality but requires precise current tracking and has switching frequency limitations. SAPF has applications in power systems, FACTS devices, and power electronic converters.
Power Quality Improvement in 3-Φ Power System with Shunt Active filter using ...AI Publications
Research paper focuses on enhancement of the power quality, Harmonic reduction and Reactive power compensation . Power quality problems became the foremost important concern now a days. Active filters with synchronous detection methodologies are vividly employed in distribution system to be sure that the harmonics generated by non-linear loads is reduced and leads to less voltage distortion and leads to lesser power superiority problems. The three physical characteristics that mostly underline the power quality and a power quality issues are Voltage, Current and Frequency. Harmonics is defined as a disturbance demonstrated in current or voltage or frequency waveforms which result in devastation, or failure of final equipment ..This paper examines the control of Shunt Active Power Filter with Synchronous Detection Method . Simulation results using MATLAB SIMULINK demonstrates the application of these methods to the control of Active Power Filter . Moreover, this work shows that how the power quality improvement in 3 phase is done with Synchronous Detection Method .
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
report of Improvement of the Electric Power Quality Using Series Active and S...Vikram Rawani
The increase of nonlinear loads due to the proliferation of electronic equipment causes power quality in the power system to deteriorate. Harmonic current drawn from a supply by the nonlinear load results in the distortion of the supply voltage waveform at the point of common coupling (PCC) due to the source impedance. Both distorted current and voltage may cause end-user equipment to malfunction, conductors to overheat and may reduce the efficiency and life expectancy of the equipment connected at the PCC.
POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT IN DC DRIVES BY SUPPRESSINGAravind Naragund
This document discusses techniques for improving power quality in DC drives by suppressing harmonics. It examines passive filters, shunt active filters, sinusoidal pulse width modulation, and selective harmonic elimination. Simulation results using MATLAB show that total harmonic distortion of voltage (THDV) and current (THDI) are reduced when applying these techniques to different ratings of DC motors. THDV and THDI are further reduced when using higher pulse converters up to 96 pulses. In conclusion, power quality is improved by reducing harmonics using filters and multipulse converters.
This document discusses the performance analysis of a three-phase four-wire shunt active power filter (SAPF). It first introduces power quality issues caused by nonlinear loads and defines active power filters as emerging devices that can effectively diminish harmonic pollution. It then presents the mathematical model of a SAPF using instantaneous reactive power theory. The performance of a three-phase four-wire SAPF is analyzed using proportional-integral (PI) and proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers. Simulation results in MATLAB verify the SAPF can compensate for harmonics and reactive power when controlled by PI and PID controllers.
The use of distributed generation (DG) within distribution systems has increased for the last two decades due to worldwide increase in demand for electricity and governmental policy change from “conventional” energy to “green” energy. High levels of penetration of DG have many significant benefits but also come with many drawbacks such as voltage drop and power losses. This study presents the impact of DG at different locations in a distribution feeder in terms of the feeder voltage profile. A radial distribution system is simulated using PSCAD/EMTDC simulation software while changing the size and location of DG in the system. The obtained results are used for better understanding on the impact of DG on voltage profile in radial distribution feeder.
Simulation and Design of SRF based Control Algorithm for Three Phase Shunt Ac...idescitation
Active power filters are effective in mitigating line
current harmonics and compensating for the reactive power
in the line. There are basically two types of Active Power
Filters (APFs): shunt type and series type. Shunt active power
filters (SAPFs) represent the most important and most widely
used filters in industrial purposes, this is due not only to the
fact that eliminate the harmonic current but also they are
suitable for a wide range of power ratings. In this paper,
Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) theory is employed to
calculate compensating currents while the three phase source
is feeding a highly non-linear load. The main objective is to
study and investigate the performance of Shunt active power
filter using SRF theory. The algorithm is simulated under
M ATLAB
7.8
environment
using
Simulinkand
SimPowerSystems toolbox. The results shown are within the
IEEE Standard 512-1992.
This document discusses shunt active power filters (SAPF). It begins with an introduction to harmonics and their negative effects. It then discusses different filter types, focusing on SAPF. The SAPF uses the P-Q theory to calculate compensation currents that are opposite the load harmonics to eliminate distortions. The key blocks of SAPF are instantaneous power calculation, reference current calculation, PWM converter, and DC voltage regulator. SAPF provides benefits like compensating a wide range of harmonics dynamically while improving power quality but requires precise current tracking and has switching frequency limitations. SAPF has applications in power systems, FACTS devices, and power electronic converters.
Power Quality Improvement in 3-Φ Power System with Shunt Active filter using ...AI Publications
Research paper focuses on enhancement of the power quality, Harmonic reduction and Reactive power compensation . Power quality problems became the foremost important concern now a days. Active filters with synchronous detection methodologies are vividly employed in distribution system to be sure that the harmonics generated by non-linear loads is reduced and leads to less voltage distortion and leads to lesser power superiority problems. The three physical characteristics that mostly underline the power quality and a power quality issues are Voltage, Current and Frequency. Harmonics is defined as a disturbance demonstrated in current or voltage or frequency waveforms which result in devastation, or failure of final equipment ..This paper examines the control of Shunt Active Power Filter with Synchronous Detection Method . Simulation results using MATLAB SIMULINK demonstrates the application of these methods to the control of Active Power Filter . Moreover, this work shows that how the power quality improvement in 3 phase is done with Synchronous Detection Method .
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
report of Improvement of the Electric Power Quality Using Series Active and S...Vikram Rawani
The increase of nonlinear loads due to the proliferation of electronic equipment causes power quality in the power system to deteriorate. Harmonic current drawn from a supply by the nonlinear load results in the distortion of the supply voltage waveform at the point of common coupling (PCC) due to the source impedance. Both distorted current and voltage may cause end-user equipment to malfunction, conductors to overheat and may reduce the efficiency and life expectancy of the equipment connected at the PCC.
POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT IN DC DRIVES BY SUPPRESSINGAravind Naragund
This document discusses techniques for improving power quality in DC drives by suppressing harmonics. It examines passive filters, shunt active filters, sinusoidal pulse width modulation, and selective harmonic elimination. Simulation results using MATLAB show that total harmonic distortion of voltage (THDV) and current (THDI) are reduced when applying these techniques to different ratings of DC motors. THDV and THDI are further reduced when using higher pulse converters up to 96 pulses. In conclusion, power quality is improved by reducing harmonics using filters and multipulse converters.
This document discusses the performance analysis of a three-phase four-wire shunt active power filter (SAPF). It first introduces power quality issues caused by nonlinear loads and defines active power filters as emerging devices that can effectively diminish harmonic pollution. It then presents the mathematical model of a SAPF using instantaneous reactive power theory. The performance of a three-phase four-wire SAPF is analyzed using proportional-integral (PI) and proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers. Simulation results in MATLAB verify the SAPF can compensate for harmonics and reactive power when controlled by PI and PID controllers.
Analysis of Shunt APF (Active PowerFilter)Rajesh Dunna
The document analyzes a shunt active power filter based on instantaneous reactive power theory to compensate for harmonics from nonlinear loads. It describes the basic principle and control method of the shunt active power filter, including current tracking, PWM control, and harmonic compensation simulation. The results show the filter can detect harmonics well and enhance power quality by reducing total harmonic distortion below 5%.
This document discusses the use of a series active power filter to improve power quality by reducing harmonic distortion. It begins by introducing the issues caused by nonlinear loads connected to power systems, such as harmonic distortion. It then describes series active power filters and their advantages over passive filters. The document presents simulation results from MATLAB that demonstrate a series active power filter significantly reduces total harmonic distortion in a system, lowering it from 30.93% without a filter to 0.27% with the filter. It concludes the filter is effective at mitigating harmonics and improving power quality.
SRF THEORY BASED STATCOM FOR COMPENSATION OF REACTIVE POWER AND HARMONICSIAEME Publication
The power electronic devices like converters and inverters inject harmonic currents into AC
system due to their non linear characteristics. These devices draw high amount of reactive power
from source. The commencement of Nonlinear Load into the ac power system will have the effect of
harmonics. The presence of harmonics in system it will effected with power quality problems. Due
to this high amount of power losses and disoperation of power electronics devices is caused, along
with this Harmonics have a number of undesirable effects like Voltage disturbances. These
harmonics are needed to mitigate for Power Quality Enhancement in distributed system. Here the
device called STATCOM is one of the FACTS Devices which can be used to mitigate the harmonics
and reactive power compensation. The voltage source converter is core of the STATCOM and the
hysteresis current control is indirect method of controlling of VSC. In this paper we implement with
SRF based STATCOM control. SRF theory is implemented for the generation of controlling
reference current signals for controller of STATCOM. The Matlab\Simulink based model is
developed and simulation results are showed for linear and nonlinear load conditions.
Power System Harmonic Compensation Using Shunt Active Power FilterIJERA Editor
This paper shows the method of improving the power quality using shunt active power filter. The proposedtopic comprises of PI controller, filter hysteresis current control loop, dc link capacitor. The switching signal generation for filter is fromhysteresis current controller techniques. With the all these element shunt active power filter reduce the total harmonic distortion. Thispaper represents the simulation and analysis of the using three phase three wire system active filter to compensate harmonics .Theproposed shunt active filter model uses balanced non-linear load. This paper successfully lowers the THD within IEEE norms and satisfactorily works to compensatecurrent harmonics.
Application Of Shuntactive Power Filter Paper Presentationguestac67362
The document describes a shunt active power filter combined with a small series reactor that can compensate multiple non-linear loads on a three-phase power system. The loads consist of both harmonic current sources and harmonic voltage sources, along with significant unbalanced components. The shunt active power filter directly controls the grid current to be sinusoidal and in phase with the grid voltage. Simulation results show the filter is able to handle predominantly harmonic voltage sources as well as unbalanced loads, resulting in sinusoidal, symmetrical grid currents.
Application of Active Power Filter for Power Factor Correction of Nonlinear L...Pravin Sonwane
This document summarizes the application of active power filters for power factor correction of nonlinear loads. It discusses that nonlinear loads draw distorted current from power sources, resulting in high harmonic distortion and low power factor. Traditional passive filters have limitations, including parallel resonances. Active power filters provide dynamic compensation of harmonics and reactive power. They automatically adapt to changes and load fluctuations, compensating multiple harmonic orders without being affected by network changes. Active filters take up less space than passive components and improve power quality problems caused by nonlinear loads.
The compensatation of unbalanced 3 phase currents in transmission systems on ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A study of hysteresis band current control scheme for shunt active power filt...Asoka Technologies
This paper analyzes harmonic currents produced by nonlinear loads and examines the role of shunt active power filters (APF) in mitigating these harmonics. It compares different control techniques for the APF including hysteresis current control, PI control, and adaptive hysteresis control. Simulation results using MATLAB show that the APF is effective at compensating current harmonics in the system. Key areas addressed are harmonic suppression, hysteresis current control, PI control, power systems, and shunt active power filters.
Voltage Regulators Placement in Unbalanced Radial Distribution Systems for Lo...paperpublications3
Abstract: The Automatic Voltage Regulators (AVRs) help to reduce energy loss and improve the power quality of electric utilities. This paper presents selection of optimal location and tap setting for voltage regulators in Unbalanced Radial Distribution Systems (URDS). Power loss index (PLI) is used for the selection of optimal location of voltage regulators which will first found at each branch except source bus and the bus that has the highest power loss index are picked as the best location for the voltage regulators placement. Particle swarm optimization (PSO), is used for selecting the tap position of voltage regulator in an unbalanced radial distribution system. This algorithm makes the initial selection and tap position setting of the voltage regulators to minimize power losses and provide a good voltage profile along the distribution network and then reduce the total cost to obtain the maximum net savings. The effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated on a test system of IEEE 33 bus unbalanced radial distribution systems.
Keywords:Unbalanced Radial Distribution Systems (URDS), Load Flow, Power loss index(PLI),Particle swarm optimization(PSO), Voltage Regulator placement, Loss minimization, cost saving.
Harmonics created by nonlinear loads such as arc furnaces, cycloconverters and motor drives destroys the power quality in the system. They not only affect the working of adjacent loads but also shorten the life of power equipment by creating excessive losses. ‘Shunt Active Power Filter’ is a modern addition to family of compensating devices. It has superior qualities over its contemporaries namely SVCs and STATCOMs. It not only mitigates harmonics within the allowable limits defined by IEEE Std 519-1992, but also compensates unbalancing and reactive power in the system. Consequently, only active power is supplied by the source thus power factor approaches unity. A fully functional Simulink model of Shunt Active Power Filter has been designed based on ‘Instantaneous Power Theory’ or ‘p-q Theory’. The results of simulation comply with all the features described by the theory, justifying employment of SAPF in the industry.
Distribution Static Synchronous Compensator (DSTATCOM) is a shunt compensating device which is used
to improve current profile by exchanging of reactive power with unbalanced and nonlinear load. DSTATCOM is a
shunt compensating device used for power quality improvement in distribution systems. Relevant solutions are
applied for harmonics, fluctuation of voltage, voltage deviation, unbalance of three phase voltage and current and
frequency deviation. Different controlling schemes such as Phase Control Method (PCM), Fryze Power Theory
(FPT), Synchronous Reference Frame Theory (SRFT) and Instantaneous Reactive Power Theory (IRPT) are used
for reactive power compensation with the help of Voltage source Inverter (VSI). In this project we are going to
balance the source current using different control schemes. The results of different source currents are compared
with a different control schemes in terms of active and reactive power and in terms of Total Harmonic Distortion
(THD) for nonlinear load using Fryze Power Theory (FPT) and Instantaneous Reactive Power Theory (IRPT).
Reference currents are generated by the different control schemes have been dynamically traced in a hysteresis
current controller. The performance of DSTATCOM for different control schemes is validated for load balancing
and harmonic elimination by using simulation models in MATLAB/SIMULINK
This document describes simulations carried out on Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) technology. Key points:
- DPFC is derived from Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) but eliminates the common DC link between shunt and series converters. Active power is exchanged through the transmission line using third-harmonic frequency components.
- DPFC has advantages over UPFC of lower cost due to lower component ratings/isolation for series converter, and higher reliability due to redundancy of series converters.
- Detailed simulations were performed on a two-machine system to illustrate DPFC's control features and ability to increase power transfer capability and improve system reliability compared to conventional systems. Laboratory tests validated the DPFC operating principle and
presentation of Conference On Electrical And Electronic Engineering 2015sager alswed
The designed three phase SAPF based on instantaneous p-q theory was simulated in MATLAB /SIMULINK by using different load conditions i.e. R-L load, suddenly connected R-L load, and additional unbalance R load. Its application was successfully proved and the validity achieved by minimizing the harmonics and improving PF as summarized in Table 2. Consequently, the supply current is almost pure sinusoidal. THD observed was fund to be within the prescribed limits of 5% as recommended by IEEE-519 standard.
A power conditioner is a device that improves the quality of power delivered to electrical loads. It regulates voltage levels and filters out problems like noise, transients, and power factor issues to provide clean AC power. Power conditioners vary in size and functionality depending on their intended use, from small units that mount on circuit boards to large industrial models. They help ensure equipment receives stable power that meets specifications, as real-world power supplies can deviate from ideals with fluctuations, harmonics, impedance variations, and other quality issues.
In any power system, unexpected outages of lines or transformers occur due to faults or other disturbances. These events, referred to as contingencies, may cause significant overloading of transmission lines or transformers. Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) controllers provide a new facilities, both in steady state power flow control and dynamic stability control. Thyrister Controlled Series Capacitor (TSCS) based FACTS device for minimize the losses and power flow in long distance transmission line. The problem of determining the optimal TCSC parameters is formulated as an optimization problem and a N-R method based approach is applied to solve the Optimal Power Flow (OPF) problem. Programme is done on 3 bus system by N-R method.
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Performance enhancement of shunt active power filter with fuzzy and hysteresi...Asoka Technologies
This paper proposes fuzzy and hysteresis controllers based three phase Shunt Active Power Filter
for current harmonic compensation to improve the performance of 3ɸ supply system feeding
non- linear loads. The Shunt Active Power Filter is used to eliminate current harmonics. The dc
link control strategy is based on the fuzzy logic controller. Gating pulses for the Shunt Active
Filter is generated using Hysteresis current controller based Pulse width modulation technique.
The proposed model is simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK. Simulation results show that the
dynamic behavior is better than the conventional Proportional- Integral (PI) controller and is
found to be more robust for changes in load.
A Shunt Active Power Filter for 12 Pulse Converter Using Source Current Detec...IAES-IJPEDS
A shunt Active Power Filter (APF) with current detection at the source side
is considered as a closed-loop system from the view of the whole power
distribution system, which is expected with better harmonics filtering
performance compared with conventional current detection methods such as
load current detection and open loop control. This paper introduces an
efficient source current detection method (direct) control scheme to mitigate
the grid current harmonics generated by the twelve pulse converter. The
proposed system uses Control Rectifier (12 –pulse converter) which
efficiently regulates the DC voltage by varying the angle of each 6 pulse
converter. Moreover, the proposed system uses three winding transformer
which eliminates the harmonics during equal angles switching at each six
pulse converter which in turn simplifies the operation of the SAPF. The
proposed system is simulated in MATLAB SIMULINK to evaluate the
performance of the proposed system.
This document discusses using a modified cuckoo search algorithm to optimally place automatic voltage regulators (AVRs) in distribution systems. It aims to minimize total active power losses and voltage deviations at nodes by determining the optimal locations and tap settings of AVRs. The algorithm is tested on standard 15-node, 33-node and 69-node test systems and is shown to find better results than existing placement methods. Key aspects of the problem formulation include defining objectives like savings maximization and voltage stability index calculation. The modified cuckoo search algorithm is based on the breeding behavior of cuckoos and aims to find the optimal AVR placement and settings.
To Study, Analysis and Implementation of Power Quality Improvement Using DSTA...ijtsrd
This project illustrates the execution of a three stage delivery static compensator DSTATCOM by using a back propagation BP control algorithm for its capacities, such as load balancing and zero voltage management of reactive power compensation under non linear loads. We use BP based control algorithm to obtain the critical dynamic weight estimate here. And the BP based control algorithm is often used for estimating the receptive power portions of the load streams necessary for estimating the reference source streams. Regulation of power efficiency devices through neural networks is the new area of study in the field of power engineering. The extraction of the harmonic components defines the output of the balancing instruments. Here we use DSTATCOM and UPFC as balancing instruments. A DSTATCOM model is developed using a computerized signal processor and its implementation is focused on various working conditions. The execution of DSTATCOM is found to be suitable for various kinds of burdens with the proposed control algorithm. The BP based control algorithm is used to derive the fundamental weighted value of the active and reactive power components of the load present. Back propagation algorithm trained by the sample will detect the power quality signal issue in real time. Continuity, differentiability, non decreasing momotomy are the key features of this algorithm. The process of UPFC is close to that of DSTATCOM, although the only difference is that it does not have the device shut down in worse circumstances. The simulation model is developed with ANFIS and its output is studied under different operating conditions. The output of ANFIS is found to be satisfactory with the proposed control algorithm for different types of loads. The suggested method shall be checked by the results of MATLAB Simulink. Rohit Mishra | Ashish Bhargava "To Study, Analysis and Implementation of Power Quality Improvement Using DSTATCOM with ANN (Back Propagation Algorithm)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47521.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/47521/to-study-analysis-and-implementation-of-power-quality-improvement-using-dstatcom-with-ann-back-propagation-algorithm/rohit-mishra
This document discusses short-circuit calculations and selective coordination for electrical systems. It explains that short-circuit studies are required by the National Electrical Code to properly size overcurrent protection devices and ensure system coordination. The document provides guidance on calculating available short-circuit current values at different points in a system using the point-to-point method, which accounts for sources of fault current and impedances of system components. It also addresses variables that affect fault current values, such as transformer impedance, motor contribution, and utility voltage tolerance.
Analysis of Shunt APF (Active PowerFilter)Rajesh Dunna
The document analyzes a shunt active power filter based on instantaneous reactive power theory to compensate for harmonics from nonlinear loads. It describes the basic principle and control method of the shunt active power filter, including current tracking, PWM control, and harmonic compensation simulation. The results show the filter can detect harmonics well and enhance power quality by reducing total harmonic distortion below 5%.
This document discusses the use of a series active power filter to improve power quality by reducing harmonic distortion. It begins by introducing the issues caused by nonlinear loads connected to power systems, such as harmonic distortion. It then describes series active power filters and their advantages over passive filters. The document presents simulation results from MATLAB that demonstrate a series active power filter significantly reduces total harmonic distortion in a system, lowering it from 30.93% without a filter to 0.27% with the filter. It concludes the filter is effective at mitigating harmonics and improving power quality.
SRF THEORY BASED STATCOM FOR COMPENSATION OF REACTIVE POWER AND HARMONICSIAEME Publication
The power electronic devices like converters and inverters inject harmonic currents into AC
system due to their non linear characteristics. These devices draw high amount of reactive power
from source. The commencement of Nonlinear Load into the ac power system will have the effect of
harmonics. The presence of harmonics in system it will effected with power quality problems. Due
to this high amount of power losses and disoperation of power electronics devices is caused, along
with this Harmonics have a number of undesirable effects like Voltage disturbances. These
harmonics are needed to mitigate for Power Quality Enhancement in distributed system. Here the
device called STATCOM is one of the FACTS Devices which can be used to mitigate the harmonics
and reactive power compensation. The voltage source converter is core of the STATCOM and the
hysteresis current control is indirect method of controlling of VSC. In this paper we implement with
SRF based STATCOM control. SRF theory is implemented for the generation of controlling
reference current signals for controller of STATCOM. The Matlab\Simulink based model is
developed and simulation results are showed for linear and nonlinear load conditions.
Power System Harmonic Compensation Using Shunt Active Power FilterIJERA Editor
This paper shows the method of improving the power quality using shunt active power filter. The proposedtopic comprises of PI controller, filter hysteresis current control loop, dc link capacitor. The switching signal generation for filter is fromhysteresis current controller techniques. With the all these element shunt active power filter reduce the total harmonic distortion. Thispaper represents the simulation and analysis of the using three phase three wire system active filter to compensate harmonics .Theproposed shunt active filter model uses balanced non-linear load. This paper successfully lowers the THD within IEEE norms and satisfactorily works to compensatecurrent harmonics.
Application Of Shuntactive Power Filter Paper Presentationguestac67362
The document describes a shunt active power filter combined with a small series reactor that can compensate multiple non-linear loads on a three-phase power system. The loads consist of both harmonic current sources and harmonic voltage sources, along with significant unbalanced components. The shunt active power filter directly controls the grid current to be sinusoidal and in phase with the grid voltage. Simulation results show the filter is able to handle predominantly harmonic voltage sources as well as unbalanced loads, resulting in sinusoidal, symmetrical grid currents.
Application of Active Power Filter for Power Factor Correction of Nonlinear L...Pravin Sonwane
This document summarizes the application of active power filters for power factor correction of nonlinear loads. It discusses that nonlinear loads draw distorted current from power sources, resulting in high harmonic distortion and low power factor. Traditional passive filters have limitations, including parallel resonances. Active power filters provide dynamic compensation of harmonics and reactive power. They automatically adapt to changes and load fluctuations, compensating multiple harmonic orders without being affected by network changes. Active filters take up less space than passive components and improve power quality problems caused by nonlinear loads.
The compensatation of unbalanced 3 phase currents in transmission systems on ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A study of hysteresis band current control scheme for shunt active power filt...Asoka Technologies
This paper analyzes harmonic currents produced by nonlinear loads and examines the role of shunt active power filters (APF) in mitigating these harmonics. It compares different control techniques for the APF including hysteresis current control, PI control, and adaptive hysteresis control. Simulation results using MATLAB show that the APF is effective at compensating current harmonics in the system. Key areas addressed are harmonic suppression, hysteresis current control, PI control, power systems, and shunt active power filters.
Voltage Regulators Placement in Unbalanced Radial Distribution Systems for Lo...paperpublications3
Abstract: The Automatic Voltage Regulators (AVRs) help to reduce energy loss and improve the power quality of electric utilities. This paper presents selection of optimal location and tap setting for voltage regulators in Unbalanced Radial Distribution Systems (URDS). Power loss index (PLI) is used for the selection of optimal location of voltage regulators which will first found at each branch except source bus and the bus that has the highest power loss index are picked as the best location for the voltage regulators placement. Particle swarm optimization (PSO), is used for selecting the tap position of voltage regulator in an unbalanced radial distribution system. This algorithm makes the initial selection and tap position setting of the voltage regulators to minimize power losses and provide a good voltage profile along the distribution network and then reduce the total cost to obtain the maximum net savings. The effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated on a test system of IEEE 33 bus unbalanced radial distribution systems.
Keywords:Unbalanced Radial Distribution Systems (URDS), Load Flow, Power loss index(PLI),Particle swarm optimization(PSO), Voltage Regulator placement, Loss minimization, cost saving.
Harmonics created by nonlinear loads such as arc furnaces, cycloconverters and motor drives destroys the power quality in the system. They not only affect the working of adjacent loads but also shorten the life of power equipment by creating excessive losses. ‘Shunt Active Power Filter’ is a modern addition to family of compensating devices. It has superior qualities over its contemporaries namely SVCs and STATCOMs. It not only mitigates harmonics within the allowable limits defined by IEEE Std 519-1992, but also compensates unbalancing and reactive power in the system. Consequently, only active power is supplied by the source thus power factor approaches unity. A fully functional Simulink model of Shunt Active Power Filter has been designed based on ‘Instantaneous Power Theory’ or ‘p-q Theory’. The results of simulation comply with all the features described by the theory, justifying employment of SAPF in the industry.
Distribution Static Synchronous Compensator (DSTATCOM) is a shunt compensating device which is used
to improve current profile by exchanging of reactive power with unbalanced and nonlinear load. DSTATCOM is a
shunt compensating device used for power quality improvement in distribution systems. Relevant solutions are
applied for harmonics, fluctuation of voltage, voltage deviation, unbalance of three phase voltage and current and
frequency deviation. Different controlling schemes such as Phase Control Method (PCM), Fryze Power Theory
(FPT), Synchronous Reference Frame Theory (SRFT) and Instantaneous Reactive Power Theory (IRPT) are used
for reactive power compensation with the help of Voltage source Inverter (VSI). In this project we are going to
balance the source current using different control schemes. The results of different source currents are compared
with a different control schemes in terms of active and reactive power and in terms of Total Harmonic Distortion
(THD) for nonlinear load using Fryze Power Theory (FPT) and Instantaneous Reactive Power Theory (IRPT).
Reference currents are generated by the different control schemes have been dynamically traced in a hysteresis
current controller. The performance of DSTATCOM for different control schemes is validated for load balancing
and harmonic elimination by using simulation models in MATLAB/SIMULINK
This document describes simulations carried out on Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) technology. Key points:
- DPFC is derived from Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) but eliminates the common DC link between shunt and series converters. Active power is exchanged through the transmission line using third-harmonic frequency components.
- DPFC has advantages over UPFC of lower cost due to lower component ratings/isolation for series converter, and higher reliability due to redundancy of series converters.
- Detailed simulations were performed on a two-machine system to illustrate DPFC's control features and ability to increase power transfer capability and improve system reliability compared to conventional systems. Laboratory tests validated the DPFC operating principle and
presentation of Conference On Electrical And Electronic Engineering 2015sager alswed
The designed three phase SAPF based on instantaneous p-q theory was simulated in MATLAB /SIMULINK by using different load conditions i.e. R-L load, suddenly connected R-L load, and additional unbalance R load. Its application was successfully proved and the validity achieved by minimizing the harmonics and improving PF as summarized in Table 2. Consequently, the supply current is almost pure sinusoidal. THD observed was fund to be within the prescribed limits of 5% as recommended by IEEE-519 standard.
A power conditioner is a device that improves the quality of power delivered to electrical loads. It regulates voltage levels and filters out problems like noise, transients, and power factor issues to provide clean AC power. Power conditioners vary in size and functionality depending on their intended use, from small units that mount on circuit boards to large industrial models. They help ensure equipment receives stable power that meets specifications, as real-world power supplies can deviate from ideals with fluctuations, harmonics, impedance variations, and other quality issues.
In any power system, unexpected outages of lines or transformers occur due to faults or other disturbances. These events, referred to as contingencies, may cause significant overloading of transmission lines or transformers. Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) controllers provide a new facilities, both in steady state power flow control and dynamic stability control. Thyrister Controlled Series Capacitor (TSCS) based FACTS device for minimize the losses and power flow in long distance transmission line. The problem of determining the optimal TCSC parameters is formulated as an optimization problem and a N-R method based approach is applied to solve the Optimal Power Flow (OPF) problem. Programme is done on 3 bus system by N-R method.
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Performance enhancement of shunt active power filter with fuzzy and hysteresi...Asoka Technologies
This paper proposes fuzzy and hysteresis controllers based three phase Shunt Active Power Filter
for current harmonic compensation to improve the performance of 3ɸ supply system feeding
non- linear loads. The Shunt Active Power Filter is used to eliminate current harmonics. The dc
link control strategy is based on the fuzzy logic controller. Gating pulses for the Shunt Active
Filter is generated using Hysteresis current controller based Pulse width modulation technique.
The proposed model is simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK. Simulation results show that the
dynamic behavior is better than the conventional Proportional- Integral (PI) controller and is
found to be more robust for changes in load.
A Shunt Active Power Filter for 12 Pulse Converter Using Source Current Detec...IAES-IJPEDS
A shunt Active Power Filter (APF) with current detection at the source side
is considered as a closed-loop system from the view of the whole power
distribution system, which is expected with better harmonics filtering
performance compared with conventional current detection methods such as
load current detection and open loop control. This paper introduces an
efficient source current detection method (direct) control scheme to mitigate
the grid current harmonics generated by the twelve pulse converter. The
proposed system uses Control Rectifier (12 –pulse converter) which
efficiently regulates the DC voltage by varying the angle of each 6 pulse
converter. Moreover, the proposed system uses three winding transformer
which eliminates the harmonics during equal angles switching at each six
pulse converter which in turn simplifies the operation of the SAPF. The
proposed system is simulated in MATLAB SIMULINK to evaluate the
performance of the proposed system.
This document discusses using a modified cuckoo search algorithm to optimally place automatic voltage regulators (AVRs) in distribution systems. It aims to minimize total active power losses and voltage deviations at nodes by determining the optimal locations and tap settings of AVRs. The algorithm is tested on standard 15-node, 33-node and 69-node test systems and is shown to find better results than existing placement methods. Key aspects of the problem formulation include defining objectives like savings maximization and voltage stability index calculation. The modified cuckoo search algorithm is based on the breeding behavior of cuckoos and aims to find the optimal AVR placement and settings.
To Study, Analysis and Implementation of Power Quality Improvement Using DSTA...ijtsrd
This project illustrates the execution of a three stage delivery static compensator DSTATCOM by using a back propagation BP control algorithm for its capacities, such as load balancing and zero voltage management of reactive power compensation under non linear loads. We use BP based control algorithm to obtain the critical dynamic weight estimate here. And the BP based control algorithm is often used for estimating the receptive power portions of the load streams necessary for estimating the reference source streams. Regulation of power efficiency devices through neural networks is the new area of study in the field of power engineering. The extraction of the harmonic components defines the output of the balancing instruments. Here we use DSTATCOM and UPFC as balancing instruments. A DSTATCOM model is developed using a computerized signal processor and its implementation is focused on various working conditions. The execution of DSTATCOM is found to be suitable for various kinds of burdens with the proposed control algorithm. The BP based control algorithm is used to derive the fundamental weighted value of the active and reactive power components of the load present. Back propagation algorithm trained by the sample will detect the power quality signal issue in real time. Continuity, differentiability, non decreasing momotomy are the key features of this algorithm. The process of UPFC is close to that of DSTATCOM, although the only difference is that it does not have the device shut down in worse circumstances. The simulation model is developed with ANFIS and its output is studied under different operating conditions. The output of ANFIS is found to be satisfactory with the proposed control algorithm for different types of loads. The suggested method shall be checked by the results of MATLAB Simulink. Rohit Mishra | Ashish Bhargava "To Study, Analysis and Implementation of Power Quality Improvement Using DSTATCOM with ANN (Back Propagation Algorithm)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47521.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/47521/to-study-analysis-and-implementation-of-power-quality-improvement-using-dstatcom-with-ann-back-propagation-algorithm/rohit-mishra
This document discusses short-circuit calculations and selective coordination for electrical systems. It explains that short-circuit studies are required by the National Electrical Code to properly size overcurrent protection devices and ensure system coordination. The document provides guidance on calculating available short-circuit current values at different points in a system using the point-to-point method, which accounts for sources of fault current and impedances of system components. It also addresses variables that affect fault current values, such as transformer impedance, motor contribution, and utility voltage tolerance.
Power quality improvement by series active power filter- a reviewIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on using a series active power filter to improve power quality by compensating for voltage distortions. It discusses how power quality issues have increased due to more nonlinear loads. A series active power filter works by injecting a compensating voltage in series with the supply voltage to regulate the voltage and reduce harmonics. The document reviews the configuration of a series active power filter system and its control scheme, which uses a phase-locked loop and reference voltage generation to produce compensating voltages based on supply voltage measurements. It aims to demonstrate how a series active power filter can effectively improve voltage quality for customers by compensating for issues like sags, swells, and harmonics from nonlinear loads.
The document summarizes a research paper on modeling and designing a cascaded 9-level voltage source converter-based dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) to mitigate voltage sags, swells, harmonics, transients, and flickers in distributed power systems. A DVR is a custom power device that uses a voltage source converter to inject voltage in series with distribution lines to regulate voltage at a load. The paper proposes a cascaded multilevel converter-based DVR to improve power transfer capability and maintain unity power factor while reducing harmonics. Simulation results using MATLAB/Simulink demonstrate the DVR's effectiveness in compensating for voltage disturbances and improving power quality.
1) The document discusses different control strategies for DSTATCOM (distribution static synchronous compensator), including Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) methods, to mitigate voltage sags and compensate reactive power.
2) It analyzes the SRF method, SRF without phase locked loop (PLL), and a modified SRF method through mathematical modeling and MATLAB simulation.
3) The comparison of results from the different control strategies indicates that SRF provides effective compensation of voltage sags and reactive power under steady state conditions.
A three phase ups systems operating under nonlinear loads with modified spwm ...EditorIJAERD
This document presents a modified sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) controller for three-phase uninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems operating under nonlinear loads. The controller aims to reduce total harmonic distortion of the output voltages and currents while maintaining the RMS voltage magnitude. It does this through additional inner control loops that help compensate for harmonics and distortion caused by the nonlinear currents from rectifier loads. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink show that the modified SPWM controller achieves a total harmonic distortion of 1% for output voltages, reducing distortion compared to the standard SPWM method.
Analysis and Implementation of Artificial Neural Network Techniques for Power...ijtsrd
This project shows how to use a back propagation BP control method to execute a three stage delivery static compensator DSTATCOM for its capabilities such as load balancing and zero voltage management of reactive power compensation under non linear loads. In this case, we utilize a BP based control method to determine the crucial dynamic weight. Furthermore, the BP based control method is often used to estimate the receptive power parts of the load streams required for estimating the reference source streams. The new topic of research in the field of power engineering is the regulation of power efficiency devices using neural networks. The output of the balancing instruments is defined by the extraction of the harmonic components. DSTATCOM and UPFC are used as balancing devices in this case. A DSTATCOM model is created with the help of a computerized signal processor, and its implementation is tailored to specific working circumstances. With the suggested control method, the execution of DSTATCOM is shown to be appropriate for a variety of workloads. The BP based control method is used to calculate the basic weighted value of the loads active and reactive power components. The sample trained back propagation method will identify the power quality signal problem in real time. This algorithms main characteristics include continuity, differentiability, and non decreasing momotomy. The UPFC procedure is similar to that of DSTATCOM, with the exception that the device is not turned off under adverse conditions. The simulation model is created using ANFIS, and its output is investigated under various operating circumstances. For various kinds of loads, the ANFIS output is determined to be acceptable using the suggested control method. The proposed technique must be validated using MATLAB Simulink findings. Amrendra Kumar | Pramod Kumar Rathore "Analysis and Implementation of Artificial Neural Network Techniques for Power Quality Enhancement using DSTATCOM" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45218.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/45218/analysis-and-implementation-of-artificial-neural-network-techniques-for-power-quality-enhancement-using-dstatcom/amrendra-kumar
Optimal placement and sizing of ht shunt capacitors for transmission loss min...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology that proposes a method for optimal placement and sizing of shunt capacitors in the RRVPNL Power Grid transmission network in India. The objectives are to minimize transmission losses and improve the voltage profile in a cost-effective manner. The method formulates the problem using an objective function that considers active power loss reduction and voltage deviation minimization. Power flow is solved iteratively using MATLAB to determine the optimal capacitor locations and sizes that meet the objectives while satisfying voltage constraints. Simulation results found the proposed method effectively restructures capacitor placement in the grid to optimize utilization of capacitors for loss reduction and voltage stability enhancement.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Analysis and mitigation of unbalance due to load in distribution system by us...eSAT Journals
Abstract Distribution network losses can vary significantly depending on the load unbalance. Here, an analysis of distribution system losses is presented that considers load unbalance and the effect of explicitly represented neutral wire. A general power flow algorithm for three-phase four-wire radial distribution networks, based on the current summation backward-forward technique is applied. Loss analysis results obtained from three-phase four-wire medium and low voltage test feeders with unbalanced load scenarios are presented and discussed an active power filter is designed, simulated, implemented, and tested. It can work in different modes: active power filtering, power factor correction, and load unbalance compensation. It is based on a current controlled voltage-source inverter with fixed carrier PWM. The control algorithm generates the source reference currents based on the controlled DC link voltage. The dimensioning criteria of the inductive and capacitive power components are discussed. The implementation is validated with simulated and experimental results obtained in a 5 kVA prototype. Keywords: distribution networks, losses, load unbalance, power flow
Bus ele tech_lib_short_circuit_current_calculations (1)ingcortez
LIBRO DE CALCULOS DE DATOS DE CORTO CIRCUITO ELÉCTRICO PARA CONDUCTORES DE COBRE Y ALUMINIO DEL TIPO MONOPOLARES O TRIFASICOS DENTRO DE CANALIZACIONES ELECTRICAS PLASTICAS O METALICAS EN VOLTAJES DE MEDIA Y BAJA TENSION CON FACTORES O CONSTANTES DE LOS CONDUCTORES ELECTRICOS EN METROS
The document presents a study on optimizing the placement and sizing of static VAR compensators (SVCs) in power systems to improve voltage stability. It uses the harmony search algorithm (HSA) to determine the optimal SVC sizes and locations to minimize real power losses, voltage deviation at load buses, and L-index values, which indicate voltage stability. The methodology is demonstrated on the IEEE 14-bus test system under normal and overloading conditions. The results show that locating optimally sized SVCs at buses 9 and 14 reduces losses and voltage deviations while improving voltage profiles and stability.
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Review on Optimal Allocation of Capacitor in Radial Distribution SystemIRJET Journal
This document discusses optimizing the allocation of capacitors in a radial distribution system to minimize power losses and improve voltage profiles. It first reviews previous work on using techniques like loss sensitivity factor (LSF) analysis and algorithms like particle swarm optimization (PSO) and genetic algorithms (GA) to determine the optimal location and sizing of capacitors. It then outlines the objectives of applying these methods simultaneously to the test 69-bus radial distribution system, noting it leads to better optimization results than separate solutions. The conclusion reaffirms the proposed approach will minimize losses and test on the 69-bus system to develop an intelligent model for accurate capacitor placement.
A New Topology for Power Quality Improvement using 3-Phase 4-Wire UPQC with R...IJMTST Journal
This document discusses a new topology for a Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) with a reduced DC-link voltage rating. The UPQC uses a series inverter to perform simultaneous voltage sag/swell compensation and load reactive power sharing with a shunt inverter. The control approach integrates active power control for sag/swell compensation with power angle control to coordinate reactive power between the inverters. Simulation results using MATLAB/SIMULINK support the new UPQC concept. Finally, the proposed UPQC topology is validated through simulation.
Enhancement for Power Quality in Distribution Side Using Custom Power DevicesIOSR Journals
1) The document discusses enhancing power quality in distribution systems using custom power devices like the Interline Unified Power Quality Conditioner (IUPQC).
2) It proposes using a Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) control algorithm with a modified Phase Locked Loop (PLL) for generating gate signals to improve the IUPQC's performance under distorted voltage conditions.
3) The SRF method transforms voltage and current signals into rotating dq coordinates to extract fundamental frequency components, while the modified PLL improves determination of positive sequence system voltages for better filtering.
Enhancement of Voltage Stability on IEEE 14 Bus Systems Using Static Var Comp...paperpublications3
Abstract: This paper investigates the effects of Static Var Compensator (SVC) on voltage stability of a power system. One of the major causes of voltage instability is the reactive power limit of the system. Improving the system’s reactive power handling capacity via Flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices is a remedy for prevention of voltage instability and hence voltage collapse. The effects of Static Var Compensator (SVC) in static voltage stability margin enhancement will be studies. Prediction of the stability margin or distance to voltage collapse is based on the reactive power load demand. The load is connected to several selected buses. The analysis is performed for IEEE 14 Bus system. Then, the most critical mode is identified for each system. IEEE standard test system has been considered and Load flows were computed by using Newton Raphson method with the help of MATLAB and a weak bus is identified.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Manufacturing Process of molasses based distillery ppt.pptx
A Review On Voltage Regulators Placement In Unbalanced Radial Distribution System Using PSO
1. ISSN 2349-7815
International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE)
Vol. 1, Issue 3, pp: (11-16), Month: October - December 2014, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 11
Paper Publications
A Review On Voltage Regulators Placement
In Unbalanced Radial Distribution System
Using PSO
Namrata Sahu
ME Control System, Department of Electrical Engineering, Jabalpur Engineering College, Jabalpur, INDIA
Abstract: This paper covers various approaches for modelling of automatic voltage regulator for unbalanced radial
distribution systems. Power loss indices are first found at each branch except source bus. The bus that has the
highest power loss index will picked as the best location for the voltage regulators placement. To obtain the tap
position of the voltage regulators that maintain the voltages within the limits of the unbalanced radial distribution
systems by minimizing an objective function, consisting of power loss. Various techniques are used to find the
selection of tap position of the voltage regulators. We have also cover the loss minimization using various
techniques in unbalance radial distribution system.
Keywords: Unbalanced radial distribution systems, Voltage regulator placement, Loss minimization.
I. INTRODUCTION
Voltage Regulator (VR) or Automatic Voltage Booster (AVB) is essentially an auto transformer consisting of a primary
or existing winding connected in parallel with the circuit and a secondary winding with taps connected in series with the
circuit. Taps of series winding are connected to an automatic tap changing mechanism. Voltage regulators are also
considered a tool for loss reduction and voltage control. When a voltage regulator is installed at a node, it causes a sudden
voltage rise at its point of location and improves the voltage at the nodes beyond the location of voltage regulator. The
percentage of voltage improvement is equal to the setting of percentage boost of voltage regulator. The increase in voltage
in turn causes the reduction in losses in the lines beyond the location of voltage regulator. Multiple units can be installed
in series to the feeder to maintain the voltage within the limits and to reduce the line losses. It can be removed and
relocated easily whenever it is required [2].
The distribution system provides the link between bulk power system and consumer. A distribution circuit normally uses
primary or main feeders and lateral distributors. A main feeder originates from the substation and passes through the
major load centers. Lateral distributors connect the individual load points to the main feeder and are defined as radial
distribution systems. The biggest advantages of the radial system configuration, in addition to its lower cost, are the
simplicity of analysis and predictability of performance.
Distribution networks are well known for their high R /X ratio and significant voltage drop that could cause substantial
power losses along the feeders. It is estimated that as much as 13% of the total power generation is lost in the distribution
networks. Portion of this loss is caused by the reactive current flowing in the network. Voltage profiles throughout the
network have to be kept at acceptable levels to ensure service reliability among other. Capacitors have been commonly
used to provide reactive power in distribution systems. Shunt capacitors in distribution networks are used for various
purposes: reducing power loss, improving the voltage profile along feeders, and increasing the maximum transmitted
power in cables and transformers. To reduce power loss, shunt capacitors, which are commonly installed in power
distribution networks, are used to compensate for reactive power. However, the installation of shunt capacitors in
distribution networks requires consideration of their appropriate location and size.
2. ISSN 2349-7815
International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE)
Vol. 1, Issue 3, pp: (11-16), Month: October - December 2014, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 12
Paper Publications
Capacitor placement is important to maximize loss reduction by properly installing shunt capacitors while minimizing
shunt capacitor costs. Many heuristic techniques have been reported in the literature to solve the optimal placement
problem in distribution systems [5].
1.1 Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
The optimal voltage regulator tap setting at candidate node of the unbalanced radial distribution system is selected using
PSO.
1.1.1 Initialization of PSO Parameters
The control parameters such as lower and upper bounds of node voltage and tap setting of voltage regulators are selected
as initialize parameters. Randomly generate an initial swarm (array) of particles with random positions and velocities.
1.1.2 Evaluation of Fitness Function
The fitness function should be capable of reflecting the objective and directing the search towards optimal solution. Since
the PSO proceeds in the direction of evolving best-fit particles and the fitness value is the only information available to
the PSO, the performance of the algorithm is highly sensitive to the fitness values. For each particle or swarm, the voltage
regulators are placed at the sensitive nodes and run the load flow to calculate the losses, net saving and these net saving
becomes the fitness function of the PSO (as saving are maximized).
1.1.3 Optimal Solution
Optimal solution (the best position and the corresponding fitness value) to the target problem. Information of the best
position includes the optimal location and number of voltage regulators, and the corresponding tap setting value
represents the maximizing the total saving of the system. Accordingly, the optimal location and number of voltage
regulators with tap setting at each node can be determined [3].
In order to maintain the voltage profile and to reduce the power losses, these voltage regulators are installed in the
distribution system. The optimization problem has been presented into two sub problems: Locating the AVRs on the
network and the selection of the tap position of AVRs.
1.2 Optimal location of Automatic Voltage Regulators (AVR)
The optimal location of voltage regulator (AVR) is defined as function of two objectives, one representing power loss
reduction and the other one representing the voltage deviations but both are essential to secure the power supply. It is
difficult to formulate the problem in terms of cost incidence of these objectives over the system of operation because even
when the cost incidence of power losses is clear it is not the same for keeping the voltage values at the buses close to the
rated value.
1.3 Tap Position Selection
Tap position (tap) can be calculated by comparing voltage obtained before VR installation with the lower and upper limits
of voltage.
„+‟ for boosting of voltage
„-‟ for bucking of voltage
The bus voltages are computed by load flow analysis for every change in tap setting of voltage regulators, till all bus
voltages are within the specified limits [3].
II. RELATED WORK
This paper describes an approach for modeling of automatic voltage regulator using the forward/backward sweep-based
algorithms for unbalanced radial distribution systems. Power loss indices are first found at each branch except source bus
and the bus that has the highest power loss index are picked as the best location for the voltage regulators placement. To
3. ISSN 2349-7815
International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE)
Vol. 1, Issue 3, pp: (11-16), Month: October - December 2014, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 13
Paper Publications
obtain the tap position of the voltage regulators that maintain the voltages within the limits of the unbalanced radial
distribution systems by minimizing an objective function, consisting of power loss. PSO is used to find the selection of
tap position of the voltage regulators. This algorithm makes the initial selection, installation and tap position setting of the
voltage regulators to provide a good voltage profile and to minimize power loss along the distribution network. The
effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated on a test system of 25 bus unbalanced radial distribution systems [1].
This papers aims at discussing the maintenance of voltage levels by using voltage regulators in order to improve the
voltage profile and to maximize the net savings. The proposed method deals with initial selection of nodes by using
power loss index (PLI) and then Discrete Particle Swarm Optimization (DPSO) has been used for optimal tap setting of
the voltage regulators to maintain voltage profile within the desired limits and reduce the losses. The proposed algorithm
is tested with two systems consisting of 15 nodes, and 33 node RDS. From the results, several important observations can
be concluded as follows.
• The power losses of distribution system can be effectively reduced by proper placement of voltage regulator.
• In addition of power loss reduction, the voltage profile can be improved as well by the proposed method [2].
This paper presents selection of optimal location and selection of tap setting for voltage regulators in Unbalanced Radial
Distribution Systems (URDS). In rural power systems, the Automatic Voltage Regulators (AVRs) help to reduce energy
loss and to improve the power quality of electric utilities, compensating the voltage drops through distribution lines. PSO
is used for selecting the voltage regulator tap position in an unbalanced radial distribution system. An algorithm makes
the initial selection, installation and tap position setting of the voltage regulators to provide a good voltage profile and to
minimize power loss along the distribution network. The effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated on a test
system of 25 bus unbalanced radial distribution systems [3].
This paper presents a simple approach for load flow analysis of a radial distribution network. The proposed approach
utilizes forward and backward sweep algorithm based on Kirchhoff-s current law (KCL) and Kirchhoff-s voltage law
(KVL) for evaluating the node voltages iteratively. In this approach, computation of branch current depends only on the
current injected at the neighboring node and the current in the adjacent branch. This approach starts from the end nodes of
sub lateral line, lateral line and main line and moves towards the root node during branch current computation. The node
voltage evaluation begins from the root node and moves towards the nodes located at the far end of the main, lateral and
sub lateral lines. The proposed approach has been tested using four radial distribution systems of different size and
configuration and found to be computationally efficient [4].
In this paper various optimization techniques that are adopted for the optimal placement of capacitor to minimize the
losses, in the standard test system are reviewed. Finally it has been observed that heuristic optimization techniques are
giving better solution quality at a faster convergence in comparison to the available conventional approach of the
optimization [5].
Yann-Chang Huang et al. [6] suggested Tabu Search based algorithm to solve the problem of capacitor placement in
radial distribution system. The candidate nodes are determined by using sensitivity analysis to reduce the search space for
capacitor installation. Tabu search is a strategy for solving optimization problem and is capable of obtaining high quality
solutions. The control parameters of Tabu Search such as the tabu list size, the reduction rate of search neighborhood, and
the frequency counter threshold are easily tuned in the solution process. 69-bus radial distribution system is used as test
bus system on which Tabu Search is applied and results are compared with Simulated Annealing. In comparison of
Simulated Annealing, the proposed Tabu Search method gives the nearly optimal solution to the capacitor placement
problem within less computing time.
M. H. Haque [7] presented the method for loss reduction in distribution system by placing a single and multiple capacitor
and was tested on two distribution systems consisting of 15 and 33 buses. The methodology obtained for loss
minimization associated with the reactive component of branch currents by placing shunt capacitors.
In formulation of this method, first finding the sequence of buses that provides the highest loss saving then the optimal
value of capacitors is determined by minimising the loss saving equation with respect to the capacitor currents.
4. ISSN 2349-7815
International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE)
Vol. 1, Issue 3, pp: (11-16), Month: October - December 2014, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 14
Paper Publications
Neagle and Samson [8] considered loss reduction by one capacitor bank placed along the feeder by considering uniformly
distributed loads, uniformly decreasing loads and equally distributed loads along the feeder. A general application curves
for selecting location and size of single capacitors to minimize loss has been presented.
Grainger and Lee [9] considered the problem as non-linear programming problem, the capacitor sizes have been
considered as continuous variables and iterative solution scheme has been proposed. The optimal sizes, locations and
switching times of fixed and/or switched capacitors can be iteratively determined for primary distribution feeders of non-
uniform wire sizes. The time varying, non-uniform, distributed reactive load along the feeder is accommodated within the
modeling. Voltage profile maintenance under variable load conditions.
Sattianadan et al. [10] have used Particle Swarm Optimization method for solving the problem of capacitor placement in
radial distribution network. Loss sensitivity factors are used to select the candidate installation locations of the capacitors.
The overall economy is improved by reducing energy loss cost and capacitor cost.
Rahmat-Allah Hooshmand and Mohammad Ataei [11] presented real coded genetic algorithm (RCGA) for loss reduction
and controlling the voltages of distribution systems by the fixed and switched capacitors. For achieving this real
modelling of the system in actual operational conditions including unbalanced or balanced loading and for actual feeder
structure, i.e., radial/meshed configuration, are required. By using this algorithm reduction in energy loss and annual
energy consumption is achieved which is good from economic point of view.
Srinivasan Sundhararajan and Anil Pahwa [12] have used optimization method for capacitor placement problem in
distribution system. Loss sensitivity analysis and genetic algorithm is used for capacitor location and sizing in radial
distribution network. Genetic algorithms are capable of handling both continuous and discrete variables efficiently
without any change in the search mechanism.
S. Ghosh and D. Das [13] introduced the efficient load flow method for radial distribution system using evaluation based
on algebraic expression of receiving-end voltages.
Jen-Hao Teng [14] presented a load flow solution for radial distribution system by using topological characteristics of
distribution networks. Two matrices are developed for the load flow solution which is BIBC represent the relation
between bus current injections and branch current whereas BCBV represent the relation between branch currents and bus
voltages. These two matrices are multiply to obtain load flow solutions.
Roberto S. Aguiar, Pablo Cuervo [15] have used a strategy of linear approximations and new variable representation for
reducing investment costs and energy loss in radial distribution networks. Linear approximation of the problem is in two
ways such as Support Hipper-planes (SH) allowing the approximation of the loss function and other is related to the
product of integer variables and continuous variables. The classical problem is become a new mixed linear integer
optimization problem which is easy to solve.
S. G. Saranya [17] suggested Fuzzy-Differential Evolution method to improve voltage profile and reduce real power loss
in radial distribution system. Candidate buses are determined by fuzzy expert system and Differential Evolution is used to
find size of capacitors to get maximum saving.
Rosana Satie Takehara, and Rubén Romero [18] presented Artificial Immune Systems applied to capacitor placement
problem in radial distribution system. The problem can be formulated as mixed integer nonlinear program. And good
performance was obtained during experimental test from this method.
This paper presents selection of optimal locations and sizes of voltage regulators in radial distribution system using Plant
Growth Simulation Algorithm (PGSA). Voltage has always been considered as an integral part of the power system
response.
There are several factors, which contribute to voltage collapse such as increased loading on distribution feeders, reactive
power constraints, on load tap changer dynamics and load characteristics. The proposed method for voltage regulator
placement is suitable for large radial distribution network. The VR problem consists of two sub problems, that of optimal
placement and optimal choice of tap setting. The proposed method deals with initial selection of voltage regulator buses
by using power loss indices (PLI). The candidate node identification technique and Plant Growth Simulation Algorithm
5. ISSN 2349-7815
International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE)
Vol. 1, Issue 3, pp: (11-16), Month: October - December 2014, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 15
Paper Publications
(PGSA) are used for optimal location and number along with tap setting of the voltage regulators that maintain a smooth
voltage profile throughout the network. The aim of this paper is to obtain optimal voltage control with voltage regulators
and then to decrease the total cost and losses, to obtain the maximum net savings. The effectiveness of the proposed
method is illustrated with 33 bus and 69 bus radial distribution systems and these results are compared with Discrete
Particle Swarm Optimization method [19].
Future Work
We have studied various techniques such as Swarm Optimization, Plant Growth Simulation algorithm etc. for loss
minimization in unbalanced radial distribution network. We can use Particle swarm optimization (PSO) to minimize the
power loss in unbalanced radial distribution network.
REFERENCES
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6. ISSN 2349-7815
International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE)
Vol. 1, Issue 3, pp: (11-16), Month: October - December 2014, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 16
Paper Publications
[14] Jen-Hao Teng, “A Direct Approach for Distribution System Load Flow Solutions” IEEE Transactions on Power
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