A report on "The open road-1951 Highway Construction"
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This is a report on the documentary film titled The open road-1951 Highway Construction. The film constructs the history of highway engineering which has a unbreakable relationship with the steel industry. Source-https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-fgKznlqwhY
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This document discusses prestressed concrete, which uses steel that is tensioned to put concrete in compression and increase its strength. There are two main types: pre-tensioned concrete, where steel is tensioned before the concrete is poured; and post-tensioned concrete, where steel is tensioned after the concrete has hardened. Post-tensioned concrete can be bonded or unbonded. Prestressed concrete allows for longer spans, thinner sections, and increased strength over traditional reinforced concrete. It has applications in buildings, bridges, parking structures, and other structures.
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Prestress concrete
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At the beginning of the twentieth century, “Prestressed Concrete” soon became the single most significant new direction in structural engineering according to Billington (2004).
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Prestress concrete
Prestressed concrete ,post tensioning ,pre tensioning, where normal concrete can not be used and need of more strength is required this type of concrete are used. Metal bars are replaced by the tendoms which are generally used to create tension in concrete. So because of that beam bends in upward direction and when load is applied it come in normal conditon.
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This unique concept gave the engineer the ability to control the actual structural behavior while forcing him or her to dive more deeply into the construction process of the structural material. It gave architects as well as engineers a new realm of reinforced concrete design pushing not only the structural but also the architectural limits of concrete design to a level that neither concrete nor structural steel could achieve. Ordinary reinforced concrete could not achieve the same limits because the new long spans that “Prestressed Concrete” were able to achieve could not be reached with reinforced concrete. Those longer spans required much deeper members, which quickly made reinforced concrete uneconomical. Additionally, steel structures weren’t able to create the same architectural forms that the new “Prestressed Concrete” could.
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P.H.Jackson – 1888 – USA.
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Jackson’s idea was perfect, but the technology of high strength steel that exhibited low relaxation characteristics was not yet available. This was the reason Prestressed Concrete was not used as building material in the early years. For example, metallurgists had not yet discovered high strength steel, which combined the needed high compressive forces in a minimal amount of steel with low relaxation characteristics that minimized creep and post-stress deformations in the prestressing steel; therefore, the idea hibernated until Freyssinet reexamined it in the early twentieth century, the first to actively promote prestressed concrete.
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- Large precast concrete panels form the walls and floors, connecting vertically and horizontally. When joined, they form a rigid box structure that transfers lateral loads.
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3) The cambering process of inducing a slight curvature in steel beams to compensate for deflection under loads in order to achieve a level floor slab.
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Composite construction is beneficial because concrete resists compression well and steel resists tension well. Joining them results in an efficient, lightweight design with construction speed benefits. It allows for reduced floor depths and foundation sizes.
The benefits of composite construction include speed, performance, and value. Steel erection is fast and prefabricated decks provide stiffness when concrete cures. Concrete also protects
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This document discusses different systems used for prestressing steel, which are grouped into four categories: mechanical, hydraulic, electrical/thermal, and chemical. It provides details on common tensioning devices within each category. Mechanical devices use weights, pulleys, and screw jacks. Hydraulic jacks ranging from 5-600 tonnes are widely used. Electrical/thermal heating of wires before concreting is another option. Chemical devices use expanding cement. The document also describes several popular prestressing systems including Freyssinet, Gifford Udall, Lee-McCall, Magnel Blaton, BBRV, and Baur Leonhardt.
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The document provides a training report on the construction of the Mithapur to Chiraiyatad flyover project in Bihar, India. It includes three sections: components of a bridge, construction procedures and dimensions, and quality control. The first section describes the foundation, substructure, and superstructure components. The second section details the construction process and specifications of piles, pile caps, piers, pier caps, I-girders, decks, bearings, and crash barriers. The third section discusses quality control tests for aggregates, cement, and performance testing of the bridge structures.
Mahatma gandhi setu Bihar
The Mahatma Gandhi Setu bridge over the Ganges River in Patna, India is the longest river bridge in India at 5,575 meters long. It took 10 years to construct from 1972 to 1982 to connect North Bihar to the rest of the state. However, the bridge is now under stress from heavy traffic and two pillars developed cracks only 26 years after opening. Efforts are underway to repair the bridge's superstructure through external pre-stressing of steel cables to reinforce the structure and extend its lifespan.
INDUSTRIAL TRAINING OF FLYOVER CONSTRUCTION
The Public Works Department has a long history of infrastructure development in the state. It is responsible for constructing and maintaining roads, bridges, and government buildings. Originally, irrigation and public health engineering were also part of the PWD. Since its inception, the department has strived for excellence through continuous improvement and engineering milestones.
Project management in NHAI
The document discusses the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) which is responsible for managing over 60,000 km of national highways. It outlines the various phases of the National Highways Development Project (NHDP) starting from 2000, the total estimated costs, and the progress made on each corridor. It also discusses key stakeholders in NHAI projects, project management techniques used by NHAI to reduce costs and delays, and recommendations to further improve project performance.
PWD, national highway
The document is a project report for road construction on National Highway 330 in Sultanpur from June 4th to July 3rd 2015. It was submitted by Devnath, a 4th year civil engineering student, to his faculty supervisor Prem Chandra Verma. The report provides an overview of the Public Works Department, introduces the project, describes types of pavements and roads in India, and outlines the sequence of works involved in the road construction project including site clearance, setting out, and filling for embankments.
flyover internship 2
The document summarizes the construction of a flyover project in Patna, Bihar, India. It discusses the various stages of the project, including topographic and traffic surveys, geotechnical analysis, planning and design, and construction. The construction involves building the substructure with pile foundations and pile caps, and the superstructure, which consists of piers and precast concrete deck segments connected by post-tensioning. Once completed, the flyover will help reduce traffic congestion in the city.
[PDF]PROJECT ON HIGHWAY BY SUBHENDU SAMUI
This document provides a summary of the six laning project of the Barwa-Adda-Panagarh section of National Highway 2 in Jharkhand and West Bengal. Some key details include:
- The project upgrades 122.88 km of the existing four lane highway to a six lane divided carriageway. It also includes construction of an 8.12 km bypass and 149.09 km of service roads.
- The work is being carried out by the National Highways Authority of India and multiple contractors through public-private partnerships.
- Engineering surveys such as topographic surveys and material testing were conducted to gather data for the project's design.
- The upgraded road will feature structures like bridges
The construction of the highway over Dnipro River in Zaporizhia
This document summarizes a project to construct a highway over the Dnipro River in Zaporizhia, Ukraine. The 9.1 km highway will include a 660m cable-stayed bridge over the Dnipro River, a 340m girder bridge, and other structures. The project will be constructed in two stages, with the first stage building four starting complexes along the highway. The first two complexes are already under construction. The project aims to improve transportation between parts of Zaporizhia divided by the river and support a national reserve.
Construction Challenges For Bridges In Hilly Areas
Hilly region pose unique problem for bridge construction. In a restricted hilly area itself climatic condition, Geographical features and hydrological parameters affect considerably. Keeping in view the bridge site and various constraints, type of bridges and method of construction are to be selected carefully for safe, economical and successful completion of bridges construction.
CONSTRUCTION; A406 FLYOVER
The document discusses materials, construction methods, and sustainability aspects of a proposed flyover on the A406 road. Concrete will be used as the primary material due to its cost-effectiveness, durability, and faster construction using incremental launching. Measures will be taken to minimize waste, embodied energy, and carbon emissions from the project. These include using recycled aggregates, preventing deterioration through maintenance, and optimizing the design and procurement process. The total estimated budget for constructing the flyover is £35-40 million.
Flyover construction
This power point is flyover construction .All the picture are real and all the definition are taken in standard book and google.
Highway Construction
This document discusses highway engineering and construction. It covers the classification of highways, materials used like asphalt and aggregates, machinery used for construction and maintenance like compactors and pavers, and rehabilitation methods like replacing damaged layers with thin hot or cold pavement layers. Highway engineering aims to provide efficient transportation routes, and involves building different road types to connect locations while using appropriate construction methods and machinery.
flyover and bridge problems and its solutions
This document discusses problems that can arise during and after construction of flyover bridges and their solutions. It outlines objectives to identify common issues and provide fundamental knowledge on construction and maintenance. Key problems discussed include earthworks not being properly leveled and compacted, substandard materials used in concrete and steel works, bearing failures from issues like misalignment, corrosion and contamination, and general corrosion of reinforcement from water and chloride ingress. Solutions proposed are reducing excessive loads, using higher quality materials, preventing contamination, diverting corrosive fluids, ensuring proper alignment, and increasing bond strength between steel and concrete. Literature on related topics is also reviewed.
Construction of roads presentations
This document provides information about road construction and maintenance. It lists group members and contents before discussing the introduction, classification, materials, machinery, and maintenance of roads. Key points include the types of roads and their financing, materials used like asphalt and aggregates, and machinery such as compactors, pavers, and planers. Maintenance methods are described as replacing pavement layers through hot or cold paving of thin layers.
Road construction
This document discusses different types of road classifications based on weather conditions, materials used, location, and traffic volume. It also outlines the phases of highway planning which include assessing road length needs, preparing master plans, and conducting economic, financial, traffic, and engineering studies. The preparation of highway alignments and different types of pavement structures used in road construction are described as well.
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The construction of the highway over Dnipro River in Zaporizhia
The construction of the highway over Dnipro River in Zaporizhia
Construction Challenges For Bridges In Hilly Areas
Construction Challenges For Bridges In Hilly Areas
Similar to A report on "The open road-1951 Highway Construction"
RBE MP.docx
This document provides details about the construction and maintenance of bridges. It discusses the various elements of bridge design, including basic forms, common materials, and methods of construction. Specifically, it outlines the construction processes for different bridge types, such as beam bridges, cable-stayed bridges, and suspension bridges. It emphasizes the importance of periodic maintenance to ensure bridges remain in good condition and last as long as intended during their design lifetime.
Running Head BRIDGE DESIGN1BRIDGE DESIGN31.docx
Running Head: BRIDGE DESIGN 1
BRIDGE DESIGN 31
Title:
Student Name:
Institution:
Course:
Date:
BRIDGE DESIGN FOR THE MOTOR WAY BELOW
8m
Embankment
A
Motorway
16m
10m
Central Reservation
Motorway
16m
Grass Verge
Existing Factory Units
Footway
A
Carriagewaym
Existing Factory Units
Fixed Factory Entrance
Fixed Factory Entrance
3m
2m
3m
2m
10mm
Existing Highway to Proposed Bridge
Existing Development
Proposed Development
Existing Development
Existing Retaining Wall – 500mm thick rc construction indicated by old record drawings
Central Reservation
10m
10m
Section A-A
2m footway
1.2m high parapets
10m carriageway
Bridge Deck Section
Figure 1
Bridge design
Most suitable bridge forms
· Beam bridge
· Arch bridge
The beam bridge: Beam and slab with ladder decks
This form of bridges comprises of slab which sits on top of steel I-beams. This form is mostly used for mid span highway bridge which is where our required bridge falls in.
Slab in this system is supported on tow main girders with a spacing of about 3.5m and it lies longitudinally between the girders as per the below diagram.
Figure 1
The bridge will use plate girders giving us a scope to vary the flange and web sizes to fit and suit the bridge load carrying capabilities. In the design process, ability of the bridge to carry the maximum load expected and the loading at the various stages of construction will guide on the proportion of girders that is their depth, width of tension and compression flanges and web thickness.
The girders are erected firmly on the ground and have stud connectors welded on the top flange to provide composite action between the slab and girder. The number of studs and spacing vary depending on expected level of shear flow between steel girder and concrete slab.
The girders rest on bearings fastened to the bottom flange. The girders are stiffened to carry the bearing loads at these points. Some cases apply bracing between the girders at support to carry lateral forces and provide torsional restraint.
Bridge description
· The bridge will have a span of 50m.
· The bridge will be raised to a height of 10m on both sides to be in level with the existing highway. The girders will have constant height.
· The bridge cross section will have the reinforced concrete slab sitting on top of two main abutment substructures and an extra substructure which will be on the central reservation. The main substructure will be located at the embarkment of the road.
Construction sequence
Abutment substructure construction
Girder construction
The bridge will consist of two main girder I beams. The girders will be of the same height. To make the I-beam, steel plates will be used. The steel plate is cut into the required sizes for the bottom flange and top flange and for the web. The cut pieces are then fillet welded into the I-section. This is done either by machine manual assembling in jig or through improved pressing machine .
Prestressed construction
This document discusses prestressed concrete, which uses tensioned steel cables or bars to put concrete members into compression and increase their strength. It describes three main methods: pre-tensioned concrete where the steel is tensioned before the concrete is cast; bonded post-tensioned concrete where steel is tensioned after casting to compress the concrete; and unbonded post-tensioned concrete where greased steel is used to allow individual adjustment. Applications include buildings, bridges, nuclear reactors and earthquake resistant structures. Advantages are lower costs, thinner members, and increased spans.
Lecture 3-Composites construction (1).pptx
This document discusses composite construction techniques, specifically composite metal decking with concrete and concrete-cambering composites. It describes how composite metal decking works with concrete fill to create a stiff, lightweight floor system. Methods for installing metal decking, shear connectors, and concrete are outlined. Cambering steel beams is discussed as a method to compensate for beam deflection under wet concrete loads. Quality control procedures for shear connector installation and verifying proper camber are also summarized.
ANALYSIS OF PRE-STRESSED BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION
The document provides information about the analysis of a pre-stressed bridge construction project. It discusses what a bridge is, classifications of bridges, materials used, and components involved in bridge construction. It also describes the Danyang–Kunshan Grand Bridge in China, the world's longest rail-road bridge. The document outlines the process of post-tensioning bridges and provides field data from the construction of a bridge across Chhokra nalla on the Saddu-Urkura Road.
stress ribbon bridge.pptx
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on stress ribbon bridges. It defines a stress ribbon bridge as a tension structure similar to a simple suspension bridge, where the suspension cables are embedded in the deck which follows a catenary arc between supports. This provides stiffness to prevent excessive swaying. Such bridges use pre-tensioned concrete reinforced by steel cables. The document outlines the history and theory behind stress ribbon bridges, describes their construction process, and provides examples of existing stress ribbon bridges along with their advantages and disadvantages.
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
The document provides information on methods of prestressing in concrete, including pretensioning and post-tensioning. It discusses:
- Pretensioning involves stressing steel tendons before the concrete is cast around them.
- Post-tensioning involves stressing steel tendons after the concrete has cured using jacks, then grouting the voids.
- Both methods put the concrete in compression and increase its strength and durability compared to conventional reinforced concrete.
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
The document provides information on methods of prestressing concrete, including pretensioning and post-tensioning. It discusses:
- Pretensioning involves stressing steel tendons before the concrete is cast around them.
- Post-tensioning involves stressing steel tendons after the concrete has cured using jacks, then grouting the voids.
- Both methods put the concrete in compression and increase its strength and durability compared to conventional reinforced concrete.
Prestressed concrete
This document discusses methods of prestressing concrete, including pretensioning and post-tensioning. Pretensioning involves stressing steel tendons before concrete is poured around them. Post-tensioning involves stressing steel tendons inserted into voids in cured concrete using jacks. Both methods put the concrete in compression and improve its tensile strength. Common applications include building floors/roofs, bridges, and parking structures.
Long Span Structures
This document discusses long span structures, which are buildings with unobstructed column-free spaces greater than 15-20 meters used for stadiums, arenas, and pools. Steel is commonly used due to its ability to span large distances. Prestressed concrete is also used, which involves pre-tensioning or post-tensioning tendons to put concrete into compression and improve its strength. Pre-tensioning tensions tendons before pouring concrete, while post-tensioning does so afterwards. Segmental and composite construction are also discussed as methods to achieve long spans.
Prestressed concrete
This document discusses different methods of prestressing concrete, including pretensioning and post-tensioning. Pretensioning involves stressing steel tendons before placing concrete around them, while post-tensioning involves stressing tendons after the concrete has cured using hydraulic jacks. Post-tensioning allows for longer spans, thinner slabs, and more architectural freedom compared to conventional reinforced concrete or pretensioned concrete. Common applications of post-tensioning include parking structures, bridges, and building floors and roofs.
Experimental investigation on effect of shear connector in light weight concrete
This study experimentally investigates the effect of shear connectors in lightweight concrete composites. Lightweight concrete was produced using quarry dust and glass fibers as partial replacements for normal fine aggregates. Composite beams were produced using cold formed steel sections and lightweight concrete. Different arrangements of stud shear connectors were tested in both normal and lightweight concrete. The results showed that increasing the glass fiber content improved the compressive strength and bond strength between the steel and concrete. The failure modes and strengths of the composite beams were compared. It was found that lightweight concrete composites with higher glass fiber content performed comparably to normal concrete composites.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON EFFECT OF SHEAR CONNECTOR IN LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE
Composite construction is well established for some decades as a construction method. The light steel gives two advantages which are cheaper and lighter. One of the important parameters which affects the ultimate strength of the composite section is the bond at the interface of the steel
and the concrete which relies on the shear forces existing between the steel section and the concrete core where mechanical connectors are provided. Based on the literature survey, Stud connectors are to be used in this experimental work, because of its excellent load carrying capacity and better
ductility.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF RCC AND COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
A COMPOSITE STRUCTURE AND A RCC STRUCTURE ARE CONSIDERED FOR COMPARATIVE STUDY OF G+9 STORY COMMERCIAL BUILDING WHICH IS SITUATED IN HYDERABAD, INDIA EARTHQUAKE ZONE 2 AND FOR EARTHQUAKE LOADING. A THREE DIMENSIONAL MODELLING AND ANALYSIS OF BOTH THE STRUCTURES ARE CARRIED OUT WITH THE HELP OF ETABS SOFTWARE. THE ABOVE STUDY DEALS WITH THE COMPARISON OF ANALYTICAL RESULTS OF RCC STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITE STRUCTURE UNDER THE EFFECT OF STATIC AND DYNAMIC LOADS. THE ANALYSIS AND BEHAVIOR OF THE COMPOSITE STRUCTURE AS WELL AS THE RCC STRUCTURE ARE EXAMINED. THE COMPOSITE STRUCTURE PROVED TO BE MORE ECONOMICAL AND RELIABLE THAN COMPARED TO A RCC STRUCTURE DESIGNED FOR SIMILAR AND LOADING CONDITIONS.
Construction Of A Viaduct/Bridge: An Overview
This document is a submission by Sourav Goswami describing his 7-day internship project focused on the construction of a metro rail bridge. The project was conducted under Rail Vikas Nigam Limited and Gammon India Limited. Sourav thanks the project guides and staff who provided guidance and knowledge about bridge construction activities including piling, pile caps, piers, bearings and segments.
compositestructure31-38.pdf
This document discusses steel-concrete composite construction. It describes shear connectors, which provide composite action between steel beams and concrete slabs. There are three main types of shear connectors: rigid connectors made of steel bars or angles that resist shear through bearing pressure; flexible stud connectors that bend and fail through yielding; and bond-type connectors that rely on bond and anchoring. The document discusses the design of shear connectors according to Indian codes IRC 22-1986 and IS 11384-1985, providing methods to calculate the design strength of shear connectors.
Deh Cho Bridge
The document discusses the design and construction challenges of the Deh Cho Bridge in the Northwest Territories of Canada. Some key points:
- The bridge crosses the Mackenzie River and connects Yellowknife to Highway 1, replacing a ferry. Its remote northern location and extreme winter conditions of -40°C posed challenges.
- An innovative extradosed bridge design was used with a 1045m continuous superstructure and expansion joints only at the abutments.
- Construction methods like incremental launching and extensive prefabrication were employed to minimize field work during the short construction season.
- Rigorous shop trial assembly and quality control processes were required given the remote site and need to minimize repairs.
Detail introduction of metal building kits
The metal building kits are the building in which the load-bearing structure made of building steel. The main structure is usually composed of beams, columns, truss and other members made of section steel and steel plate. Purlins, bracing, and tie-beam made of C-shaped steel, round steel, angle steel, constitute the secondary structure. They are together with the enclosed structure, such as the roof, floor, and wall, which form a complete building.
Steel Bridge Dr.Metwally
This document provides an introduction to steel bridges, including:
1) It describes the historical development of bridges from early stone and wooden structures to modern bridges made of materials like steel, concrete, and composites.
2) It outlines the typical components of bridges, including the substructure (piers, abutments, foundations) and superstructure (deck, floor beams, main girders, bracing).
3) It discusses common ways of classifying bridges based on materials of construction, usage, position, structural forms, and span lengths. Examples of classifications include roadway bridges, railway bridges, and movable bridges like bascule and lift bridges.
Ch1 Introduction (Steel Bridges تصميم الكباري المعدنية & Prof. Dr. Metwally A...
This document provides an introduction to steel bridges, including:
1. It discusses the history and evolution of bridge engineering and the key components of bridge structures.
2. It describes different classifications of bridges according to materials, usage, position, and structural forms. The structural forms include beam bridges, frame bridges, arch bridges, cable-stayed bridges, and suspension bridges.
3. It provides examples of different types of bridges and explains the basic structural systems used in bridges, including simply supported, cantilever, and continuous beams as well as rigid frames.
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Experimental investigation on effect of shear connector in light weight concrete
Experimental investigation on effect of shear connector in light weight concrete
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TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
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2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
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### Advantages of TDM
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model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
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