A Report On Aluminum Recycling

A Report On Aluminum Recycling
Aluminum recycling is the process by which scrap aluminum is reprocessed to be used in products
after its initial production. Aluminum producers and recyclers in the aluminum industry work with
individuals, businesses, and communities to enable both curbside and industrial recycling programs.
For most aluminum products, the metal is not consumed during the products lifetime, but it is
simply used making it easy to recycle without losing its intrinsic properties. Used beverage
container (UBC) recycling is the most recognized of the aluminum recycling programs. However,
end of life recycling of certain products like building parts and cars allows for the production of
recycled materials like window frames, wire, tubing and electronic parts. The following is step by
step process of aluminum recycling:
Collection of Scrap Aluminum
Drinks cans, aluminum foil trays, and aerosol cans are collected from homes, streets and garbage
collection centres by hired individuals or business people who major in aluminum collection. They
are sometimes mixed with steel cans. The scrap aluminum is then collected together and then it is
transported to the treatment plant.
Sorting
The mixed metals (aluminum and steel cans) are taken to a materials recovery facility where they
are cleaned, sorted into different metal streams and later compressed into bales. This step is very
important in ensuring that the aluminum is separated from other metals. It is important to point out
that drink cans
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Peacetree Essay
Non–Profit Organization PeaceTree is an international non–profit organization that advocates for
protecting the natural environment (Laurate Education, 2013). This medium–sized organization is
located on the second floor of the building in the downtown neighborhood. The company's budget is
approximately $2 million. Regarding the cost–benefit analysis approach, it appears to be heavily
emphasized in the PeaceTree's budget. The benefits of PeaceTree should be identified as absolutely
apparent over the past few years. In respect to environmental concerns, it becomes evident that the
extending environmental impact upon businesses and neighbors is a real challenge. This is
especially true in Delaware where where commercial businesses have ... Show more content on
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The study largely gravitates towards maintaining a due recycling program and elaborating on most
optimal recycling strategies, which would give the chance to keep maintenance costs and taxes
down for business owners in the City of New Harbor. This study also explores how cultural
differences and the knowledge itself that business owners bring to recycling can result in two–fold
outcomes; the ambiguity consists in enabling, on the one hand, some organizations to overcome
barriers to participation and decreasing, on the other hand, others companies' ability to overcome
barriers to participation in the City of New Harbor, Delaware (Brown, 2013). Thus, recycling
activities are fully prepared in order to ensure that the effects of recycling concept are injected into
business owners' perspective.
In the late 1990s, hospitality industry companies did not express concerns about environmental
impacts and sustainable techniques necessary to reduce the solid waste (Radwan et al., 2010; Pirani
& Arafat, 2014). Currently, recycling policies, strongly associated with recovery–oriented practices,
refer to the collection and reuse of waste materials by business owners. Singh and Lee (2014)
distinguish the importance of recycling programs. In particular, they claim that materials for
converting into new objects can be accumulated separately from

The Dangers Of Recycling
Human beings are destroying their earth every single day, more now than ever. As technology
advances, humans are beginning to speed up the process of ruining their earth. Some even say that
by the time this generation's grandchildren are born there will no longer be any more natural
resources left for them to survive on. One thing is sure, for this not to happen, humans must begin to
take care of their beloved earth. There are many ways to help prevent the problem, but one huge
way to prevent it is by recycling. Recycling has had a huge impact on earth already and will
continue to if more and more people begin to contribute. According to the United States
Environmental Protection Agency, "Recycling is the process of collecting and processing materials
that would otherwise be thrown away as trash and turning them into new products." Basically
instead of throwing stuff away, you can recycle them and see if you could use them for anything
else. There are four major sections of recycling, they're paper, glass, plastic, and metal. According to
the Waste Management website, paper makes up 29% or 71 million tons of municipal waste stream.
There are many different types of paper that humans can recycle, starting with, magazines,
corrugated cardboard, office paper, newspaper, paperboard, paper cardboard diary and juice cartons,
unsolicited direct mail, and phone books. (Waste Management, 2017) In the United States about a
little less than one–third of jars and glass bottles are

Reflection Essay
6. Think about an academic subject that inspires you. Describe how you have furthered this interest
inside and/or outside of the classroom.
With my small hands pressed against the glass, I stared open–mouthed, at the silvery fish that swam
around my local aquarium's tank. Ever since I was young, I've been interested in the world's oceans
and the life in them. I would sit and be engrossed in a marine animal picture book for all of library
class, and I constantly badgered my parents to visit various aquariums.
It wasn't until tenth grade that my interest turned into a passion. I enrolled in a Marine Ecology
course at school, and learned about a variety of things, ranging from the function of zooxanthellae in
coral to the impacts of plastic pollution on albatross populations. Eager to learn more, I practically
jumped out of my seat when I saw that my school was offering Oceanography as a second semester
course. The class focused on the physical and mechanical aspects of the ocean, like how the five
major gyres regulate salinity and temperature in the world's oceans. My teacher for both courses
recommended that I volunteer at the Bruce Museum Seaside Center during the subsequent summer.
At the Seaside Center I taught, mostly children, about the Long Island Sound and the many animals
that inhabited it. I enjoyed my time there so much, that I volunteered there again during the summer
after my junior year.
In addition to that, I chose to take a two–week, Cornell Marine

The Environmental And Societal Impact Of Waste Management...
Introduction
Emerging understanding of the environmental and societal impact of waste management has led to a
significant development of municipally lead practices under the model of sustainable resource
management (Cimpan, 2015). Recycling––the recovery of the material value in waste–– provides
opportunities for both economic and environmental sustainability by reducing fuels usage, carbon
dioxide emissions, and the quantity of waste sent to landfills. The United States Environmental
Protection Agency has identified that one year of recycled material translates to a reduction of 186
million tons of carbon dioxide emissions, and 40% of the material waste that annually ends up in US
landfills are products that could have been recycled (Trudel). Decreasing landfill space and
increasing urban waste generation require the implementation of both an effective and efficient
recycling system, as recycling is a costly waste management strategy for municipalities (Lakhan,
2015). Single–stream sorting and dual–stream sorting programs are popular policy responses to
municipal managing of recyclables. There are several context–specific factors that impact the
efficiency and effectiveness of both sorting systems that must be considered by municipalities when
deciding which system to implement.
Choosing to Recycle
According to the waste hierarchy, source reduction and reuse are far more sustainable waste
management practices than recycling, but it can be extremely difficult to implement

Waste Management, Inc.
Company Overview
Waste Management, Inc. (NYSE:WM) is the leading provider of comprehensive Waste Management
and environmental services in North America. It is established in 1971 and headquartered in
Houston, Texas. In 2014, its total number of employees reached up 42,700 with a revenue of $ 13.99
Billion (Wikipedia 2015). The company provides private and commercial waste services, including
collection, transfer, recycling and resource recovery, and disposal services.
Sustainability Practices: Recycling
Single stream recycling
Single stream recycling allows customers to mix recyclable paper, plastic, metal and glass in one
large bin, rather than sorting these items into separate smaller bins. These mixed materials are then
sorted at Waste Management Facilities. This type of recycling has led to: an increased amount of
material collected by an average of 40 percent, save 0.901 metric tons of greenhouse gases per ton
of recyclables collected, and improves on–the–job safety for waste collection workers by reducing
job–related injuries.
Electronics recycled for reprocessing
Waste Management operates several household product recovery businesses, by consolidating them
under one organizational umbrella called the Product Recovery Group. The Product Recovery
Group now includes the following:
Tracker Services, which provides mail–in recycling for compact, fluorescent bulbs, fluorescent
tubes, batteries, small electronics and other common wastes.
ReCommerce, which resells

Lesson Concepts/Academic Vocabulary. Words Are Listed In
Lesson Concepts/Academic Vocabulary
Words are listed in alphabetic order, not in the order in which they will be taught.
Downcycled: a recycling practice that involved breaking an item down into its component elements
and/or materials.
Gyres: garbage patches of cloudy plastic pollutants that have been formed by the ocean currents.
Currently there are five large gyres present in the world's oceans (Bryce, 2015).
Life of a Plastic Bottle: Plastic products that are not properly recycled can end up in landfills; as
plastics sit in a landfill, they become compressed amongst other layers of garbage, when rainwater
flows through the landfill, the water absorbs the water–soluble compounds in the layers of ... Show
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What conceptions and misconceptions or misunderstandings might learners have related to this
lesson?
Students need to be able to identify plastic products and know how they use them in their everyday
life.
Students need to have a general idea of the term recycling.
Students need to understand that environmental issues are world problems.
The Student's prior knowledge will be determined during the "trash bag" activity and all the
discussions present in the lesson plan. The educator will clear up misconceptions about an
individual's impact on the earth.
The educator will clear up misconceptions about the effect of a plastic bottle. (The life of a plastic
bottle).
Lesson Procedure
Resources, Materials, and Technology:
1. Power–point
2. Accessibility to computers
3. Plastic Bottle Video
4. Trash–bag; filled with recyclables and garbage.
5. Poster Paper
6. Art Supplies (markers, crayons, colored pencils, etc.)
7. Recycling Can. (Blue if possible)
8. Approval from cooperating teachers to present research to their class.
9. Approval from lunch coordinator and administrator to procedure with class plan in the cafeteria.

Instructional Plan –
Date: __________
Estimated Time: 50 minutes
1. Take and dump out the trash bag that contains recyclables and garbage items. The contents should
be visible to all students in the class.
2. Discuss with students if these items should have been thrown away. Together, go through the
items ad

Ames University Emission Report
INTRODUCTION
The faculty, staff and students at Ames University are committed to being at a zero waste and
emissions by the end of 2025. To that end, Ames University, has requested that M–Global's
Department of Environmental Health, conduct a waste management and energy audit at their
campus in Garner, North Carolina. This audit was prompted by a speech that the school's president
heard while attending a conference at UNC's Kenan–Flagler Business School. The speaker, a
DuPont representative, stated that new DuPont factories in Asia have almost reached the corporate
goal of zero waste and emissions.
M–Global has completed the requested audit of the school's waste management and energy needs.
This report prepared for Ames University, will outline ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
4. Implement a mandatory organics/yard trimming recycling ordinances and addition of organics
materials such as food waste to the commercial waste collection program to increase diversion.
Begin with voluntary participation and phase in required participation.
Environmental Impact:
According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), landfills, which create
landfill gas consisting principally of carbon dioxide and methane. Over a 100–year period, one ton
of methane is estimated by the scientific community to make the same contribution to warming as
23 tons of carbon dioxide. Therefore, by reducing the methane emissions of landfills, through waste
prevention and recycling, Ames University can have a real impact on its overall greenhouse gas
emissions.
Fiscal Impact:
½ to 1 Full Time Employee for organics technical assistance and workshop coordination
Additional containers for organic waste, though this could potentially be included in current green
yard waste containers for residential customers
May result in increased pick–up costs, if organic waste is included with green waste, dependent on
waste hauler

Recycling And The Recyclingling Process
The recycling process where all things recyclable is mixed together in one recycling bin is called
Single–stream recycling. It is easy for consumers and businesses and reduces miles driven for
collection trucks and related tailpipe outflow. By making recycling easier, at least 40% more
recyclable items are collected overall.
Non–recyclable items are sorted and separated from the stream by hand. Next, the items are
transferred to a triple–deck screen where all the containers, cardboard, and paper that are either too
light or too heavy for the next division of the single stream recycling process are taken out. The
heavy containers fall to the bottom level and the lighter items go to the second. Glass containers are
broken by this screen for the safety and benefit of the workers. Any items that are left go below a
strong magnet to pull out steel and tin cans. At this point, workers carefully watch for certain items
that might have accidentally made it down the line. A reverse magnet pulls aluminum cans off the
conveyer belt into a bin. Worker's separate different kinds of fiber. Cardboard, newsprint, and office
paper are also separated and each piece is dropped into a container underneath. After all the
materials are divided, they are bundled and sent to recycling companies to be processed.
Section 2: Describe a new moral or ethical question that has arisen as the result of the technology.
Is there potential for a reduced personal commitment to recycling?
Even though

Persuasive Essay On Recycling
Humans are drawn towards what is morally good. Whether it is accepting responsibility for a
person's actions or giving generously to those in need, everyone feels compelled to do honorable
actions. Many people feel obligated to recycle because recycling makes them feel good about
themselves. In fact, some people are pushing for a mandatory recycling policy without realizing the
effects it will have. Many are misinformed and do not realize the problems that can arise when they
recycle. A mandatory recycling policy should not be enforced because the disadvantages outweigh
the advantages. Two methods of recycling are in use by people today: single stream recycling and
dual stream recycling. The latter involves separating paper and cardboard from glass and plastic for
pickup while the former allows them to be mixed. Single stream recycling first began "in the
1990s... in California" (Laskow). It has become increasingly popular since then. This method is
favored by people because of its convenience and lack of difficulty. The majority of the United
States has voluntary recycling programs because they are relatively easy to manage. For the most
part, it has proven to be both affordable and efficient. Current voluntary recycling programs "save
the greenhouse gas equivalent of removing 39.6 million cars from the road" (Cernasky). It is evident
that little is wrong with voluntary recycling programs, so there is no reason to attempt to improve
something that is not broken.

Broward County: A Case Study
In Broward County, Florida there are an estimated 812,565 housing units and 48.1% of those
housing units are multi–unit structures (U.S Census Bureau, 2014, p. 1). Currently, the county's 31
cities and unincorporated areas of the county have implemented recycling programs that provide
single stream recycling to single–family homes. Broward County cities provide single–family home
residents a recycling container at no additional cost, for use in single stream recycling, in which
recyclable items are all placed together in one container. These containers are placed curbside and
are collected once a week. Residents are encouraged to recycle the following items; newspapers,
inserts, catalogs, magazines, junk mail, office paper, soft covered books, file folders, cartons,
crushed boxes, plastic containers, cardboard and aluminum, steel and tin food and beverage
containers. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The act mandated waste minimization, conservation of landfill space, litter control and recycling. A
major provision in the act required all counties to initiate recycling programs to separate and offer
for recycling a majority of aluminum cans, glass, newspaper and plastic bottles (Dockery, 2005, p.
1). Currently, Broward County and its cities are falling short of their true recycling potential and
reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by not automatically including multi–family
structures, such as condos, apartment building and townhouses, in their respective recycling
programs. Expanding the county and city recycling programs to include multi–family dwellings
would expand the program's reach to an additional 390,843 multi–family

When was the last time you recycled? Whenever you are recycle something think about it this.
You're helping earth environment every single time you're recycling. You can also think that you are
one of the reason earth is healthier and cleaner. There many items that can be recycled and many
people don't recycling. In the article " What can I recycle" they said "Americans currently discard
about 2.7 million tons of aluminum every year, 50 percent of that is recycled. Recycling steel and tin
cans saves 74% of the energy used to produce them." Everyone on earth should be required to
recycle. Recycling helps make earth a better place, if recycling is required for everyone it's fair, and
recycling also protects earth natural resources.
Recycling helps make the Earth a better place. Recycling is important to both the natural
environment and us. According to the article, Recycling "Recycling helps reduce the pollutions
caused by waste. It also reduces the need for raw materials so that the rainforests can be preserved."
Recycling saves a lot of energy that we use. According to the article Five Ways Recycling Positively
Impacts the Earth, "Plastic bottle recycling could save 50 to 60 percent of the energy needed to
make new ones." In the article Recycling is important it said "huge amounts of energy are used
when making products from raw materials, recycling requires much less energy and therefore it
helps to preserve natural resources."
Recycling paper can also help reduce the burden on the earth's soil. In the article How much
Americans throw away it said "paper recycling in California alone, saved 203 square miles of
timberland from being cut. Paper recycling could also save up to 70% of the energy needed to create
paper from new timber. Paper recycling alone saves millions of trees."
When recycling is required of everyone, it is fair. In the article Municipal Solid Waste it says that
"each year, nations generate 1.3 billion tons of waste. the average person throws away
approximately 2½ pounds of trash per day, and that we are all responsible for reducing our impact
on our environment."
In the article How much do Americans throw away? they said "Americans throw away enough
garbage everyday to

Being environmentally conscious is more than just being concerned about your natural
surroundings. As the planet deals with the effects of decades of mishandling of everyday trash and
refuse, ecological good sense is now more than just the right thing to do. One way to have a daily
impact on your world is to be an integral part of the recycling process.
That process starts with appreciating how your garbage is handled. Does your company simply haul
all garbage to a landfill, continuing to pollute the earth with tons of toxins each day, or do they
adhere to sound recycling principles. Here is how you can become part of the worldwide garbage
solution, and remove yourself from being just another part of the problem.
Recycle – Everything
The first step in becoming part of the recycling solution is to break bad habits by establishing new
ones. Priority number one is set rigid criteria for what you recycle. The best suggestion is
everything. When you begin to thing this is okay, or that doesn't item doesn't really matter, you
allow yourself the leeway of being lax.
To be totally part of the solution and practice more than just half measures, use this rule. If it doesn't
biodegrade, then make every effort possible to keep it out of your standard garbage. To become 100
percent part of the recycling solution, you need to adhere to this rule. Does this sound like a little too
much of an inconvenience? Read on to find out why it doesn't have to be.
Keep it Separated
With reports

Do you believe in the future of Minnesota, America, and the world in general? Do you want to help
future generations and planet by reducing waste? If you said yes to any of these questions, than you
might want to start recycling more. My bill is in act to make recycling mandatory for all schools in
Minnesota. Recycling is essential to the future of this planet. Humans have become more wasteful
than ever, polluting our oceans with plastic, destroying wildlife with garbage, killing animals with
litter. The amount of trash cluttering Earth is outrageous, and we have to do something about it. In
Minnesota, schools create an estimated amount of 254 million tons of waste a year. (PCA) This
number could be drastically decreased if a new system was created in Minnesota schools. Using
single stream recycling, one recycling bin where you put all recyclables, is a great start and a lot
better than throwing away that plastic bottle in the trash, but eventually a better system will have to
be made in lunchrooms to really decrease Minnesota's trash reduction. Most of the trash by a big
margin is in lunchrooms. Around 40% of the food we buy is thrown away eventually. (Tribune
News). It makes sense that lunchrooms need to recycle all the plastic forks and plates, but a lot of
people don't know about another way of recycling, compost. Compost is another great way to reduce
trash in MN. A lot of paper things, like cartons, and food can go into compost. Another reason we
should have recycling mandatory is because plastic hurts the environment badly. A lot of fish are
dying in the ocean from consumption of plastic. A lot of different species are going extinct because
of plastic being dumped into the ocean, and other trash. Plastic is really hard to digest for animals
making it fatal if an animal eats enough of it. This is happening to a lot of fish and coastal birds,
where plastic washes up frequently, or when they mistake a piece of plastic for a fish. Species have
gone extinct because of plastic. It is estimated by specialists, that 50% of all plastic used is used
once and then thrown away(Plastic Oceans Foundation). Plastic is very cheap, and there is no way to
eliminate plastic usage entirely, but when used, it

Recycling Case Study : Recycling
Recycling Case Study
Preface
Sustainable development has been a growing concern for the modern day civilization as more
people become aware of the fact that our style of living is simply not sustainable for the
environment and the entire planet on a global level. This is very much evident in such things as the
ozone layer depletion, the growing concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere and the endangerment
of many wildlife species due to loss of habitats. A major concern is the limited amount of fossil
fuels. Most of the plastics that we use are derived from fossil fuels and thus more attention is being
drawn into recycling of plastics.
The aim of this report is to
Introduction
Plastics have invariably grown in terms of production and the function they play in our everyday
lives. They are also replacing many applications where metals were used due to the fact that it has a
much lower density and thus offers weight saving advantages. Simple everyday uses of plastic have
also created more demand for plastics over the past 50 years and this has led to more production.
The plastic market has grown in size significantly and in Europe alone accounts for more than 1.4
million people employed with a turnover of 87 billion euros for plastics producers and 202 billion
euro plastic conversion in 2012 (Plastics Europe, 2013).
Figure 1 shows the global production of plastics over the past 50 years and it shows how rapidly
plastics have become integrated into society. In 2012, there

Argumentative Essay : Wasteful Thinking Essay
Wasteful Thinking
I grew up in a small, three person home in Chicago, Illinois. Besides occasionally recycling a glass
bottle, as per our maintenance provider's request, we did not recycle our waste. In fact it was not
until I moved on campus at Bradley University, that I realized how important recycling was to some.
Actually, one of my best friends here at Bradley is responsible for helping me realize the
significance of recycling. This is still not to be confused with your average recycling advocate
argument. I admittedly walk pass the blue bin and opt for the easy way out every chance I get.
Which is why I plan on figuring out why some people choose not to recycle, like myself, while
others choose to recycle. More importantly, I would like to figure out if and how waste affects our
environment. Afterwards, I want to explore ways to move closer to a less wasteful society. Lastly,
we must figure out how you, and the rest of our future educators at Bradley University, can help.
The United States Census Bureau estimates that there are about 2.63 persons per household as of
2014. Furthermore, according to Duke University's Center for Sustainability and Commerce each
person will generate about 4.3 pounds of waste each day with less than half of that being recycled.
So far this information resembles my own demographic and it may fit yours as well. But, it still does
not explain why people choose not to recycle. Personally, I get intimidated by just glancing at the
recycling

UNIT 203 Work in a Business Environment K
UNIT 203 Work in a Business Environment Knowledge & Understanding 1.1 Describe what is
meant by diversity and why it should be valued. Diversity means different individuals valuing each
other regardless of intellect, age, disability race or religion. Diversity should be respected and
valued because everyone is different and can offer an alternative perspective. Everyone should be
treated equally because everyone has something to offer and everyone has a strong factor/skill that
they can contribute to the company. They enrich a society because they allow people to experience
different thinking processes, to see that there is more than one way of approaching issues or living
one 's life. Diversity brings other points of view ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Confidentiality and information security are the key aspects for an organisation. So an organisation
must make sure that it preserves these along with integrity. Any information even if it is a little one,
if lost can lead to the non–existence of the organisation. The requirements for security and
confidentiality are: All information has to be original and true, and should be free from any errors.
An organisation has to be ready at all times to give access to the systems that store, process and
deliver information to the right people at the right time. All companies have and should have their
own policies and procedures regarding security and confidentiality. All employees must abide by
these policies and procedures. The Data Protection Act, Human Rights Act and Consumer Rights
Acts cover these areas. 2.3 Describe the legal requirements for security and confidentiality, as
required The legal requirement in relation to security and confidentiality are described by in the
Data Protection Act 1998 and says that anyone who records information about individuals is classed
as a data processor under the Act and is required by law to process the data fairly and lawfully. The
Act prevents the unauthorised use of data and so protects the privacy of individuals. The Act also
says never to disclose information that my organisation holds about individuals. The Act also allows
individuals the right to know what information

The Waste Of Municipal Solid Waste
Purpose
"Reduce, Reuse, Recycle" has been the mantra of administrations and environmentalists since the
early 1970's and is as relevant now as it was then. Household recycling behaviors have become a
common strategy for the diversion of municipal solid waste (MSW) from landfills and energy
recovery plants (ERP). Although many, if not most, residences engage in at least some recycling
behaviors significant amounts of trash reaching landfills and ERPs could have been recycled. There
exists a wealth of research regarding how and why the populace engages in recycling and what
potential barriers result in a high percentage of recyclables reaching landfills and ERPs. It is the
position of the author that one significant barrier is a lack of current educational initiatives presented
to household recyclers at regular intervals. For example, the recycling industry recently gained the
ability to facilitate used pizza boxes. A quick anecdotal sample of my immediate neighbors found
that they were still discarding these items with their MSW. The ambition of this research is to
identify practical, cost effective, methods to keep residential recyclers informed of current recycling
abilities. The research seeks to investigate the result of directly applying informational placards on
residential recycling. Will the increased and readily available information and instructions lead to
higher recycling rates and greater diversion of recyclables from MSW? By applying the treatment to

The Problem Of Recycling Waste Removal Crew
I've been wondering for years why every trash can doesn't have a recycle bin right next to it.
On a recent trip to Germany to visit my brother, I was standing in his German kitchen, with its small
refrigerator and European design cabinets, looking at three separate bins to dispose of household
waste. He explained to me which waste goes in which bin and expressed with great vigor that if the
city's waste removal crew found an appropriate things in a certain been they would simply leave the
whole been on the curb and the government also had very stiff fines in place for people who didn't
dispose of items properly. Wow, what a great system!
When we first started recycling waste from our homes some years ago we had to separate glass,
plastic, paper, aluminum, etc. I even had a compost in my backyard. My family of five only created
a small grocery sacks worth of trash to go in a landfill every 2 to 3 days. I still announce this tidbit
with pride whenever the subject of recycling or waste comes up. And the town we lived in had a
very poor curbside recycling system so we stacked bins in our garage and every few weeks when we
drove the hour away to visit grandparents, who had a much more vigorous recycling system in town,
we would load all the recycling up in the back of our car and put it in the appropriate bins. Today,
my family of only two makes no more waste than we used to.
In years past, when there was less abundance in the world, if a family could afford to throw away

Formal Declaration Of Commitment To Environmental...
1. INTRODUCTION
This report was contracted by Western University to reduce landfill disposal of a specific end–
product on campus. As a signatory of the Council of Ontario Universities' Formal Declaration of
Commitment to Environmental Sustainability, Western University is dedicated to sustainability [1].
Through various sustainability programs, Western currently diverts approximately 50% of the total
waste generated on campus from the landfill [2].
The acceptance of disposable paper coffee cups and their plastic lids as recycling marked a major
milestone in these sustainability programs. Prior to this change, Western produced 12,000 disposable
coffee cups on campus per day, with all 12,000 ending up in the landfill [3]. Following ... Show
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Prevent unnecessary inconvenience to the user while they dispose of their coffee cups
4. Educate students, faculty and staff about the importance of recycling
5. Increase community engagement of campus recycling programs
3.2. CONSTRAINTS
The following constraints were applied to the design process:
1. Increase landfill diversion rate of coffee cups on campus by 20% (measured by weight)
2. Solution must be logistically and economically feasible
3. Deployable on 50% of Western's campus within a given 6–month time period
4. Implementation costs must be less than 150% of the costs associated with the current client
process(es)
5. Prototypes and/or illustrative materials must cost less than $25
4. WORK REMAINING
With the background and preliminary work complete, the remaining work in this contract is
concentrated in constructing and presenting the proposed design. After the proposed design is
modelled on AutoCAD, a physical prototype will be constructed. The prototype will require testing
and improvement over several iterations. Upon the completion of the prototype, it will serve as a
visual aid to the project presentation.
To accompany the prototype during the presentation, a handout and slide show will be produced.
The single–page handout will provide information on the proposed solution and will be distributed
during the presentation Although work has begun on the slide show, the presentation still requires
practice.
Following the project presentation, a

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Mandatory Recycling Policy
dual stream recycling. The latter involves separating paper and ... Show more content on
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Modern landfills do not poison the environment. They may not be the most hygienic environment,
but they are relatively safe. Another common misconception about landfills is that the United States
is drowning in its own garbage, but "all of the trash America will produce over the next 1,000 years
could fit into a landfill 15 square miles in size" (Taylor). It takes a good amount of time to fill an
entire landfill. Even when the landfills are full, there is plenty of unused land to convert into trash
disposal sites. Neither of these myths about landfills should cause anyone to be concerned. One of
the worst things that people can gain from recycling is a false sense of security. Recycling is
supposed to help the environment, so a person would assume that recycling sites are
environmentally safe, but in reality they "are often often unsafe and unhygienic because of the
harmful chemicals and large amounts of waste dumped there, which can lead to the toxication of
bodies of water" (Thompson). Recycling sites are not any better than waste disposal sites, if not
worse. They seem to be causing more damage than repair. Recycling paper is also counterintuitive.
Paper accounts for "approximately 80 percent of all materials recycled today... yet recycling doesn't
save forests. Fully 87 percent of our paper stock

Our Role in Consumption and Recycling Essay
Our Role in Consumption and Recycling
We all know that this country produces quite a lot of "stuff." Goods and services, we're the
economically–dominant country in the world. U.S. corporate power makes, the world takes. But
with all this production, all these goods, comes a need to dispose of what we consider to be no
longer useful. Some of it is in fact useful, some of it isn't. But the fact is, we throw away a lot of
stuff. Compared to the rest of the world, we dispose of goods much like we market them –
tremendously disproportional. Each American produces about 4.4 lbs. of trash every day, costing our
municipalities a total of $23 billion annually; this is far more waste than that of any other
Westernized nation. (Columbia ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is no need to accept 25% or 35% recycled, because 100% serves most purposes completely.
To save energy and to save trees– and all the animals that depend on the trees– it is imperative that
recycled paper become the norm.
Recycling aluminum can reap great benefits as well, reducing monetary as well as environmental
costs. To make cans from recovered aluminum, for example, requires 10% of the energy needed to
make them from virgin ore. This simultaneously saves ore as well as the pollution resulting from
mining and processing. One of the more dangerous and subtle forms of pollution from normal
aluminum extraction is the byproduct of Fluorine. Fluorine is the most reactive element on the
Periodic Table. Many scientific studies have found it to be an endocrine disrupter (Connett).
Endocrine disrupters like this one mimic estrogen and are suspected of causing breast cancer, low
sperm counts, early puberty, and interference with fetal development (Quinion). Furthermore, this
fluorine (as we know it, in fluoride form) has been found to leech lead from pipes (Masters). It is
very dangerous to expose oneself to, especially through ingestion. Yet it is continuously released
into water systems under the pretense of helping to clean teeth.
Considering these major benefits – or, rather, avoidance of risk– of recycling aluminum,

Can We Say NO To Recycling Essay
Can We Say "NO" To Recycling
Lately the earth's capacity to tolerate exploitation and absorb solid wastes disposal has diminished,
due to excess trashing. People dispose lots of stuff, and simply do not care. Therefore scientists
found out a way to reuse things and that process was called "recycling". This new approach seemed
quite successful at the beginning, until its true identity appeared. Recycling first started as man's
best friend, people were intrigued by this new phenomena. What could be better than using things
that were already used. Recycling has been very useful especially that man is constantly consuming,
burning up, wearing out, replacing and disposing at an alarming rate.(Durning 1992). However,
unfortunately recycling ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Plenum, incineration is the process of disposing of the "Combustible portion of the
community wastes"(81). This burning pollutes the air in the area around it. It is not the way to solve
the problem of recycling because it solving one problem by creating another which is air pollution.
In this process a number of pollutants are emitted which poisons the air. Carbon dioxide and lead are
by products of burning that most health organisations consider highly toxicating. These by products
affect children mentally and physically. In addition, carbon dioxide is considered one of the main
reasons of global warming because the molecule itself captures heat an stores it in it thus creating
the green house effect. Besides plastics are rather toxicating when burnt according to Plenum,
Acrylic type plastics emit HCN gas, Bromine components that are added to plastics results in the
emission of HBr , which are all dangerous pollutants (157). Obviously burning cannot be considered
an alternative and as stated in Consumer Reports, "Recycling does help to keep garbage out of
landfills and incinerators, both of which pose environmental problems."(Feb 1994). Although
burning lessens the physical amount of the waste materials, it is considered one of the easiest way to
pollute the air.
Though these are great advantages to us and the environment, but recycling

The Impact Of A Recycling On The Community
The Impact of a Recycling in the Community
LaQuyin Manell Smalls
January 7, 2016
English IV
Mrs. K. Pendarvis Abstract
There a lot of reasons why recycling is important in our community and especially at schools,
hospitals, and in households. The success of a recycling depends on the active and continuous
participation of people with the correct separation and collection of recyclable waste. Recycling is
something that everyone can all do. Children that are school age and older can help out too. The
goal is to stop tossing out items that can be use again and again. Recycling in schools help to
improve the environment and can reduce money spent by the school on waste disposal. Paper is the
main form of waste created by schools, making up ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Increased recycling means less trash entering landfills. The greatest environmental benefit of
recycling is the use of energy and natural resources when old materials are used to make new
products. Many consider recycling an easy task. Products that become garbage have an effect on
global warming, which makes recycling as a viable option. The phrase 'Reduce, Reuse, Recycle' was
coined to promote recycling and a clean environment. Recycling is a simple way in which people
can contribute to making a better world. It takes time and effort to collect, separate and send trash
away. Recycling effects every aspect of our environment–homes, schools and hospitals.
Discussion
Recycling in Households
Household waste management is a growing problem in the United States and many other parts of the
world. "The U.S. creates a lot of household solid waste per day per person. If there is a huge
population of millions of people in a small area, household garbage can easily accumulate to
100,000 pounds per day. A few years ago, residents made a million tons of city waste per year and a
billion tons of industrial solid wastes. In 2006, the U.S. residents generated half of 251 tons million
tons of municipal solid waste per year and about 8 billion tons of industrial solid waste. This
tremendous amount of waste includes both hazardous and nonhazardous waste. (Massawe, et.al,
2014)" A better understanding of household behavior is needed to assist

In-Flight Recycling Program
I have had the opportunity to work for two companies that have specific programs for recycling.
These two companies consist of Compass Airline and Wal–Mart stores. As a Flight Attendant at
Compass Airline, I proudly practiced the recycling initiative on board aircrafts which was put in
place by their parent company Delta Airline. More specifically, this initiative is called the In–Flight
Recycling Program. While in–flight, I collected single stream materials such as plastic, aluminum,
and paper and combined them into designated bags for their pickup by Cabin Service to be
transported to designated site–specific recycling containers upon arrival. At my current employer,
Wal–Mart stores, I have been fortunate to practice and educate associates

Recycling research paper
Recycling Research Paper
Ever since elementary school, we're taught to recycle. They usually do not tell us why it's so
important to recycle or what it does for the world, but they just say to recycle. So some adhere to
what we're told and others just pass it by as if it were nothing. Maybe if we were told why we
should do it, more people would actually take the time out of their day and recycle. When we here
the word "recycle," we think of soda cans, water bottles, and plastic material, but what many don't
know is that there is much more than that we can recycle. Once people start to recycle, they realize
it's completely easy and becomes more of a habit. "In 1973, not a single curbside recycling program
existed in the United States. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It's extremely beneficial to recycle metals because it "saves the cost and environmental impact of
mining virgin materials" (Walls). It's strange to think that glass is recyclable, but it's certainly
possible. "Recycling facilities crush glass and melt it down for use in new glass products" (Walls).
What's interesting is that "recycled glass melts at lower temperatures than new glass, it takes less
energy and creates less pollution to make a product out of recycled glass" (Walls).
Plastics are not only used for water bottles, but they also "form durable goods like appliances and
medical devices, and nondurable goods like bags and diapers" (Walls). Plastic grounded into flakes
and formed into new products. The use of plastic has risen recently in the US, which means we must
recycle to offset the large amount of use.
What's interesting is that organic wastes can be recycled and transformed into a variety of different
things. "Depending on its original form, organic waste can be recycled into mulches and composts
for gardening uses, or even be reborn as biodegradable products, paperboard, wood packaging,
fiberboard and particle board" (Walls).
Recycling may not seem like such a big deal, but what would happen if no one in the world ever
recycled? "Without recycling, there is the risk that our homes and habitats could be destroyed, we
may not have any more everyday resources, and people could die of toxic gases and even the

Benefits Of Recycling
Do Americans realize all the opportunities they have to make the environment a better place by
recycling? When Americans recycle, it makes a positive difference to the environment. Growing up,
there was always recycling bins at school, at public places, and at local businesses that were
available 24/7 for people to use. There are many benefits to recycle such as less trash in landfills,
resources conservation, energy conservation, environmental conservation, environment protection,
and financial benefits. With these benefits come the items that can be recycled like aluminum,
plastic bottles, newspaper/paper, and electronics. The first benefit of recycling is it creates less trash
in the landfills. Americans throw away approximately 100 million tons of trash per year causing
landfills to become scarce and lacking space. Meghan stated in her blog, "According to the EPA,
recycling can cut this waste by up to 32 percent, which equates to about 60 million tons of trash."
Another benefit would be resource conservation which helps conserve the environment. This benefit
helps save the all–important resources like wood pulp from trees, paper, fossil fuels, and plastics.
Examples of this would be buying recycled paper or purchasing items that use recycled plastics.
"The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) is the public law that creates the framework
for the proper management of hazardous and non–hazardous solid waste" ("EPA").
The next advantage of recycling is energy

What Was The Impact Of Recycling In America
The Impact of Recycling Americans have yet to face the unnerving reality of the fact that "in 2008
only 7.1% of the 30.05 million tons of plastic waste in America was recycled" (Linn). This low
percentage is shocking, outrageous, and should terrify the American public, but this number can
change. Recycling is not just a feel good experience; it is a way to help save energy, space, and
money. However, with the enormous amount of trash being thrown out each year, landfills are
increasing in size creating numerous issues. The staggering amount of waste increases greenhouse
gases, contributing to global warming and building up dangerous toxins that sink underground into
our soil and water, overflows into wildlife habitats and oceans, and costs a large amount of money to
remove. By fining residents who incorrectly dispose of recyclable goods, implementing recycling as
a requirement in educational institutions and other business and residential settings, categorizing the
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A recent study by Nature Climate Change shows this ongoing problem is caused by "224 million
more pounds being thrown out than previously thought," suggesting too much recyclable items are
being thrown out: "For every 100 pounds of trash we throw away, 35 pounds is paper" and although
about 80% of goods and materials can be recycled, only 32% are actually being reused (Powell,
EPA, McKinney). As reported by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "In 2013, Americans
generated about 254 million tons of trash, and recycled and composted [only] 87 million tons of this
material" (EPA). This again shows that a good amount of materials that can be recycled are more
often being thrown into the trash. The EPA estimates that "we recycled and composted 1.51 pounds
of our individual waste generation of 4.40 pounds per person per day " in 2012 (EPA). That's less
than 30% of individually generated trash being

Recycling In America Essay
Americans make more than 200 million tons of garbage each year, enough to fill Busch Stadium
from top to bottom twice a day, that's over 1800 feet! according to Ballparks. The Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that 75% of the American waste stream is recyclable, but we
only recycle about 30% of it says Do Something. With the invention of the virtually indestructible
material well known as plastic, on top of the rapidly evolving technological world, and the extreme
reduction of locations where landfills can be built, it's hard to believe that 75% of the waste stream
in America alone is recyclable, and yet only 30% of it is actually recycled. Recycling is a beneficial
solution to many of our increasingly important environmental ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
While being too focused on new, bright and shiny technological innovations, a lot of people don't
think about where their old obsolete technology goes or how it affects the environment. Electronic
waste (E–waste) "...comprises electrical appliances such as fridges, air conditioners, washing
machines, microwave ovens, and fluorescent light bulbs; and electronic products such as computers
and accessories, mobile phones, television sets and stereo equipment" (Lundgren). Recycling
electronic waste is expensive, so many developing countries receive E–waste from other countries
(often times illegally) to extract valuable materials from the electronics to be used for the country's
benefit. Although the country recycling this waste benefits from an economical standpoint, the
environmental and health standpoint isn't so lucky. "...rudimentary recycling techniques coupled
with the amounts of e–waste processed have already resulted in adverse environmental and human
health impacts, including contaminated soil and surface water" (Lundgren). With an extreme lack in
any sort of safety regulations, poor workers are taken advantage of and suffer the most because
"...workers and communities are exposed to many highly toxic chemicals" (Marko) and it's all
because Americans don't want to spend the money or take the time to properly recycle these
products. The

Persuasive Speech On Recycling
The world is full of people using everyday products made from plastics or styrofoam, from simple
things like cups, forks and spoons to expensive electronics such as printers, phones, and TV's.
"About 300 million tons of plastic is produced globally each year"(Raising Awareness of Plastic
Waste) and "more than 14 million tonnes of polystyrene(styrofoam) are produced every year around
the world"(Now and forever: The Styrofoam dilemma). With these high amounts being produced
each year it is easy to see why our oceans are now filled with these materials which end up
damaging our earths ecosystem, marine life, and wild life. Out of the 300 million tons of plastic
produced "only about 10 percent of that is recycled"(Raising Awareness of Plastic Waste) and out of
the 14 million tons of styrofoam produced only "56 million pounds of styrofoam are recycled"(EPS
(Styrofoam) Facts, Figures and Statistics) This means that the majority of plastics and styrofoam
end up in landfills or our oceans changing our world for the worst one non–recycled item at a time.
After reviewing two different Ted Talks, one about recycling plastic by Mike Biddle and one about
recycling styrofoam by Ashton Cofer it has become more apparent to me that recycling plastics is
extremely important and Mike Biddle has the solution. What is Ted Talks? Ted Talks is a nonprofit
devoted to spreading ideas, usually in the form of short, powerful talks (18 minutes or less). TED
was established in 1984 as a conference

Plastics Essay : The Use Of Plastic Uses
Plastic bags, first introduced in the 1950s as a convenient way to store food, have since developed
into a global scourge, littering roadsides, clogging sewer drains and landfills and getting ingested by
animals and marine life. And in recent years we've discovered they are so prevalent that they now
comprise a significant portion of the plastic and other garbage that has collected in huge ocean gyres
far from land. The environmental think tank Worldwatch Institute reports that China's decision to
ban free plastic bags in 2008 has cut demand by some 40 billion bags, reduced plastic bag usage
there by 66 percent and saved some 1.6 million tons of petroleum. Recently California has instituted
a ban on on these plastic bags in an effort to reduce c02 emissions and enviromental waste.
Convenience stores and grocery stores would be required to charge ten cents per bag. With
California instituting this ban on the bags, this will be very beneficial since it will provide better air
conditions, encourage people to start reusing and recycling more, and cause less harm to the
environment and marine life. Most plastic bags end up in landfills or as litter and no matter how you
tabulate the numbers, plastic bags do not safely break down and it costs money to pick up litter.
People and groups against banning plastic bags attempt to diminish the harmful and damaging
realities of these facts. Most of the reasons bandied about by those who contest plastic bag bans are
not so

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Multi Stream Segregation...
2. DIFFERENT WASTE SEGREGATION & COLLECTION SYSTEMS
2.1 METHODS OF WASTE SEGREGRATION
There are mainly two ways for waste segregation
1. Single stream waste separation
2. Multi–stream waste separation
Single stream (SS) waste recycling
This method is also known as fully commingled or single–sort waste separation system. In Single
stream sorting the waste generator places recyclables in a single commingled container which is
then collected together transported to a single stream material recycling facility (MRF). Materials at
MRF are sorted by hand sorting, sensors, magnets, and gravity.
Advantages
1. Increased recycling participation
The households do not need to invest time on sorting waste. Placing all recyclable materials in same
bin makes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Higher collection costs
Multi–stream recycling systems are supposed to have much higher collection cost because of the
compartment truck. The loading and unloading of recyclable materials takes more time as well.
2. Reduced levels of household participation
The waste generators are requested to put wastes into right bin. As it takes more time to sort wastes,
people tend to participate less in recycling.
For single stream recycling to work, the processing facility must sort the recyclable materials
properly and thoroughly to meet market specifications. Also single stream is claimed to collect more
quantity of recyclables. What really matters is not just the quantity, but the quality of materials. With
contaminated materials, lower quality end products with higher production costs are generated.
Source separated waste stream higher up waste hierarchy which on the other hand almost difficult in
mixed waste stream.
2.2 DIFFERENT COLLECTION SYSTEMS
1. Door–to–door separate collection systems
All recyclables sorted in different bags, bins, containers collected directly at households with regular
frequency
2. Door–to–door Co–mingled collection
Almost similar to the above, but different waste fractions are collected in the same

A Report On Bottled Water Market
FROM LINEAR TO CIRCULAR
I decided write a report on bottled water as it is the fastest growing beverage in the world with no
signs of demands for it abating in the near future. According to a new market report published by
Transparency Market Research global bottled water market was valued at $157.27 billion in 2013,
which is expected to reach $279.65 billion by 2020, growing at a rate of 8.7% from 2014 to 2020.
By volume, global bottled water market is expected to grow at a rate of 8.3% during the forecast
period from 2014 to 2020 to reach a market size of 465.12 billion litres by 2020. In 2013, volume of
the market was 267.91.billion litres. The global bottled water market is dominated by Asia, Europe,
Mexico and the US, which account for over 60% of the market value with strong growth in India.
Over the past five years alone, bottled water has increased its "share of stomach" of the overall
beverage market from 14.4 percent in 2009, to 17.8 percent in 2014. It is predicted that by 2016
bottled water will be the number one packaged beverage sold in the United States. The demand is
down to rising concern for health and wellbeing and also clever marketing campaigns and bottle
designs.
With this sustained demand for bottled water it is imperative that the production process for bottled
water should be modeled on the circular economy to ensure that the materials and resources required
for the production be re–used and replenished. Bottled water is produced by taking water

Personal Narrative of Recycling
Recycling is what I chose to do for my Ecology project. I decided to choose recycling because many
people do it and it was something that was easy for me to do. I place a box at two businesses, I tried
to aim for all businesses but I only got two out of the four I asked which were Rite–Aid and Vons.
The third box was placed at a preschool named Head Start. I Had the two businesses and school
place my box in their break lounge for the employees to recycle their recyclables. I started my
project on October 7th and picked up all the boxes on November 1st
My main goal for my project was to get the businesses and school to start recycling the cans and
bottles instead of just throwing them away. I wanted the businesses and school to ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example the Halo award on nick TV. is an award show dedicated to those kids or teens who
have made a difference in their community, society, or the world, they get recognized. So therefore
what we kids do accomplish does actually matter. Matter of fact, most worldwide changes that have
to do with kids, or teens are proposed and done by kids or teens. I somewhat agree with the quote
"It's not my job. Let somebody else do it." I don't add to feel as if a job that is not mine, is being put
against me and adding to the list of responsibilities that I have already. It can also be my job to help
with whatever is being done so; it could be easier for the person who's responsible for it. I won't put
it as my first priority but if I have time for it, I'll try to contribute that time to that job. If you think of
it we are all apart of people's jobs. I do agree with the quote "Think globally. Act locally." When a
person brainstorms on what they can change globally, they start to see that they are so tiny in this
huge world, so they slowly start to think negative since it'd be really hard to get the whole world
involved, but they shouldn't give up, they can change some aspect of the city or town. For instance
take my recycling project, if you cannot get the whole world to recycle, you can at least get some
local people or places that don't recycle to star. By changing

Questions On Open Education Resources Essay
1 DEFINITION OF OERs
Open Education Resources (OER) refers to educational resources or materials that are freely
available for use, reuse, and adaptation and sharing (creative commons, 2016). OERs are materials
utilised for the purpose of research, learning and teaching which may be found in the public field.
Examples of OERs include media elements such as graphics, photographs and images as well as
educational content such as workshops, books and research papers. These educational resources
have been made available under an open license that permits free usage for educational use.
Consequently 'all CC BY licensed educational resources are OER, since CC BY allows sharing and
remix' (creative commons, 2016).
2 INTRODUCTION
Reduction, reuse and recycle (the three Rs) are a set of management alternatives in integrated waste
management that reduce the amount of municipal solid waste that ends up incinerated or disposed of
in landfills. Recycling is the process of collecting and processing materials that would otherwise be
thrown away as trash and turning them into new products (US Environmental Protection Agency,
2016). Historically, municipal solid waste disposal has seen its challenges from health risks to lack
of disposal space. Challenges resulting from urban population growth and rising consumption of
products since the Industrial Revolution began in Western Europe to the present. Municipal solid
waste disposal has evolved from the dilute and disperse, to the concentrate

The Company Of Wawa, Inc.
Wawa was built on a commitment to their communities since day one, when the first store opened in
1964. The resilient company of Wawa, Inc. has made great strides at becoming a more sustainable
company. The company has excelled in some areas such as transportation emission reductions with
their delivery trucks and their led lighting. Wawa has even rolled out new trashcans back in 2011,
when they unveiled a recycling program. These trashcans include dual compartments, which the left
side is trash and right is recycled cans and bottles. The recycling program that once stood in place at
the convenience store was removed about two months after the rollout transpired. With a moralist
company such as Wawa, it is hard to believe the deception that they have created.
The Issue
The convenience store has been greenwashing their customers by stating that they recycle, when
that is not the case. This is a serious unethical issue as Wawa is making the customer believe they
are doing something right for the environment, when they put their recycled goods into the bins in
front of the store. But little does the customer know that those bins, every shift, get emptied into a
larger recycling bin in the back of the store. Every three days the store has a trash pickup and the
trash includes those larger recycling bins. Wawa has this enormous opportunity in front of them to
fix their wrong doing. With the company having 645 stores and every single store now has the
recycling centers. That is to

San Francisco Waste Management
San Francisco, California: A Model City for Waste Management
The US is the number one producer of garbage all over the world, consuming 30% of the planet's
resources and producing 30% of all its wastes. The number is surprising considering that the US is
home to just 4% of the global population. As the world modernizes and the population grows,
producing more waste, waste management programs need to improve. Many are pointing to San
Francisco because the city achieved an 80% landfill diversion rate, the highest in the nation.
Furthermore, the city has set a goal of zero waste by 2020, meaning that no material goes to landfill
or high–temperature destruction. Although specific programs many not be suitable or appropriate to
imitate in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To enforce the new composting program, fines of up to $1,000 are placed on those unwilling to
separate their food leftovers from other recyclables.
As a result of this law, nearly 600 tons of food scraps and yard trimmings are sent to compost
facilities, turned into compost and sold to farms and vineyards. According to San Francisco Mayor
Ed Lee, due to the composting law, the city of San Francisco actually diverted 80 percent of its
waste from landfills, significantly above the Federal Waste Diversion and Recycling Requirements
of 50% by 2015.
In addition, there is another recycling law unique to San Franciso, called the"Plastic Bag Reduction
Ordinance". Ordinance 81–07–106883 was passed in 2007 and amended to include all retail stores
and food establishments in2012. The "Plastic Bag Reduction Ordinance" states, "All Stores shall
provide only the following as checkout bags to customers; recyclable paper bags, and/or
compostable plastic bags, and/or reusable bags." The new "Checkout Bag Ordinance, #33–12" stops
stores from providing unrecyclable plastic checkout bags to customers. Stores that provide a
customer with an allowed checkout bag must charge at least ten cents ($0.10) per bag. Stores will
only be allowed to provide to customers checkout bags that are certified compostable plastic or
paper that has 40% post–consumer recycled content. Specific labeling and

dual stream recycling. The latter involves separating paper and cardboard from glass and plastic for
pickup while the former allows them to be mixed. Single stream recycling first began "in the
1990s... in California" (Laskow). It has become increasingly popular since then. This method is
favored by people because of its convenience and lack of difficulty. The majority of the United
States has voluntary recycling programs because they are relatively easy to manage. For the most
part, it has proven to be both affordable and efficient. Current voluntary recycling programs "save
the greenhouse gas equivalent of removing 39.6 million cars from the road" (Cernasky). It is evident
that little is wrong with voluntary recycling programs, so there is no reason to attempt to improve
something that is not broken. A mandatory policy also will not have complete compliance because
wherever mandatory laws are enforced, rebellion will follow. Altering recycling programs to make
them mandatory could cause recycling to be less efficient and affordable. Those who are for
mandatory recycling programs are concerned about the landfills, but landfills should be the least of
their worries. Modern landfills ensure a safe disposal of potentially hazardous waste. The
Environmental Protection Agency conducted some research that was "based on ultra–conservative,
worst case assumptions," and discovered that "83 percent of America's solid waste landfills pose a
lifetime cancer risk of less than one in one million (about the same risk inherent in drinking a

Recycling And Its Effects On Society
Introduction
For centuries, the world has been fervently told to "reduce, reuse, and recycle" (Grabianowski). The
idea many people have is that if everyone does his or her part in tossing old homework sheets and
leftover yogurt cups into big blue bins, the world will recover from the devastation of human
interaction with the environment. From this standpoint, recycling would seem a savior to mankind.
Unfortunately, this is not the reality of how the process of recycling works, nor what the outcome of
using the system actually is. Not every glass bottle can be tossed into a bin with the expectation of it
becoming a brand new window pane, and even many paper products are considered non–recyclable.
Recycling is takes time and is very ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, what are the consequences of using the system and why do these problems exist? Also,
how efficient is recycling as an environmentally–friendly mode of waste disposal? Although the
process of recycling is stunted by human error and ignorance, the method is not only effective at
reducing refuse worldwide; it is also the best waste–management option available.
The Consequences of Recycling
The methods people use to recycle and the careless manner in which these acts are often performed
lead to a polluted, more expensive, and less–efficient recycling system. While it is true that
recycling raises awareness for the environment and generally influences people to recycle more and
create less garbage, it has also led to a significant amount of contamination in the system
(Macdonald). One big reason for this is the extensive amount of non–recyclable material that gets
tossed into recycling bins. Ignorance of what can and cannot be recycled leads to many people are
simply throwing whatever they think is "probably recyclable" into recycling cans. People either not
do their research on what is recyclable or simply do not attempt to look for a recycling label on the
product. Because of this, people are simply recycling wrong. For example, most Styrofoam, greasy
pizza boxes, paper towels, and milk cartons cannot be

A Report On Aluminum Recycling

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