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A reading report for <A Secreted Slit2 Fragment Regulates Adipose Tissue Ther...星云 王
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i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
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STATEMENT OF NEED
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Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
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3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
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2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
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Transition to Acting
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Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
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Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
A reading report for <Phosphoproteomics Identifies CK2 as a Negative Regulator of Beige Adipocyte Thermogenesis and Energy Expenditure>
1. 2016年月日
Phosphoproteomics Identifies CK2 as a Negative Regulator of
Beige Adipocyte Thermogenesis and Energy Expenditure
Cell MetabolismArticle
Kosaku Shinoda et al.
UCSF Diabetes Center and Department of Cell and Tissue Biology
IF:17.565, dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2015.09.029
Xingyun Wang
3. Post-translational modification
Post-translational modifications are involved in almost all cellular events including:
Gene expression
Signal transduction
Protein-protein interactions
Cellular metabolism
Protein turnover and localization
DNA repair
Cell-cell interactions
Communication between internal and external cellular environment
Translocation of proteins across biological membrane
Background
4. Background
20-30% of all eukaryotic proteins can be
phosphorylated by over 500 kinases,
bringing the estimated number of phosphorylation sites to greater than 170,000.
5. Acetylation targets Lys residues in the amino-terminal tails of core histone proteins.
Background
7. Catecholamines promote lipolysis both in brown and white adipocytes,
whereas the same stimuli preferentially activate thermogenesis in brown
adipocytes. Molecular mechanisms for the adipose-selective activation of
thermogenesis remain poorly understood.
Background
8. Phosphoproteomics角度探究相同刺激(Catecholamines)对不同细胞(White/Beige/Brown)不同反应性的机制
Adipose-selective phosphorylation profiles
Brown adipocytes:NE signals through β-adrenoreceptors to increase
the expression and activity of Pgc-1α, a transcriptional coactivator that
coordinates gene programming in response to activation.
β-adrenergic stimulation triggers predominantly de novo differentiation
of precursor cells.
White and beige adipocytes:, caloric excess causes bipotent progenitors
to differentiate into white adipocytes, whereas β-adrenergic activators
stimulate beige adipocyte development.
Background
9. Results
Phosphoproteomic Profiling of Brown, Beige, and White Adipocytes
Phosphoproteomic Analysis in brown, beige, and white adipocytes.
Clustering and Heatmap of Phosphoproteome
总磷酸化水平,White组高于Brown、Beige组
10. Results
Phosphopeptide motif analysis
Phosphoproteomic Profiling of Brown, Beige and White Adipocytes
Relative activities of the predicted kinases were quantified by
counting the consensus phosphopeptide motifs at each time point.
11. Results
CK2 Pathway Is Preferentially Activated in White Adipocytes in
Response to Norepinephrine
12. Results
CK2 Pathway Is Preferentially Activated in White Adipocytes in Response to an Obesogenic Diet
13. Results
Depletion of CK2 Activates the cAMP-Induced Thermogenic Program in White Adipocytes
CK2 is a serine/threonine kinase that is composed of
catalytic subunits (α1 and α2) and two regulatory β
subunits
17. Results
To ask if the CK2 inhibitor acts in a cell-autonomous fashion,inguinal white
preadipocytes were differentiated in the presence of two distinct classes of CK2
inhibitor, CX-4945 and CK2-VIII.
CK2-VIII: a highly selective CK2 inhibitor.
CX-4945: ATP-competitive inhibitor for CK2a1 and CK2a2 catalytic
subunits
Blockade of CK2 promotes the thermogenic program in WAT in vivo.
20. Results
inguinal WAT
UCP1 immunostaining (red)
DAPI (white)
These results further support the notion that CK2 is a major regulator of the white adipocyte-selective phosphoprotein profile
22. Results
CK2 Blockade Promotes Thermogenesis in White Adipocytes
through Reduced CK2-Mediated Phosphorylation of Class I HDACs
23. Results
CK2 is a major regulator of the white adipocyte-selective phosphoprotein profile
24. Results
Schematic of in vitro CK2
substrate profiling by LC-
MS/MS.
GO analysis of phosphoproteins
identified by in vitro CK2 substrate
profiling in white adipocytes
Venn diagram of the overlapped
phosphoproteins identified by in
vivo assay in and in vitro CK2
substrate profiling.
25. Results
Phosphorylation of class I HDACs (HDAC1 and HDAC2) was reduced by the CK2 inhibitor
Specifically, three phosphorylated sites in HDAC1 at serines 393, 421, and
423 and two sites in HDAC2 at serines 422 and 424 exhibited significant
changes in a CK2-dependent fashion
histone deacetylase
26. Results
Since inhibition of class I HDACs is known to increase
PGC1a expression and oxidative metabolism (Galmozzi
et al., 2013), we hypothesized that class I HDACs
mediate the CK2-linked adipocyte thermogenesis.
27. Results
Tubastatin, a selective inhibitor of HDAC6,that is
one of the class II HDACs but not a CK2 substrate
in adipocytes.
White adipocytes were incubated
with CK2-VIII in the presence or
absence of a class I HDAC-
selective inhibitor, Mocetinostat.
Class I HDAC-selective inhibitor, Mocetinostat.
29. Results
Whole-body oxygen consumption rate (VO2)
The increase in VO2 level by CX-4945 was completely blunted in Ucp1 null mice , suggesting that a large part of the
increased energy expenditure by CK2 inhibition depends on UCP1-mediated thermogenesis, rather than heat loss.
C57BL/6J male
30. Results
Echo-MRI analysis showed that CX-4945
treatment significantly reduced body fat
mass without affecting lean body mass
Long-term treatment with CX-4945 was
effective to prevent diet-induced body
weight gain.
CX-4945 treatment significantly
reduced adipose mass of the
epididymal and inguinal WAT
depots
31. Results
Glucose tolerance test (GTT) found that mice treated
with CX-4945 exhibited moderately but significantly
lower blood glucose levels than vehicle-treated mice
Insulin tolerance test (ITT) showed that
CX-4945 treated mice displayed
significantly improved response to insulin
Serum insulin levels
under a fasted state
34. Results
Antisense Oligonucleotide-Based Depletion of CK2 Synergistically Promotes Beige Adipocyte Biogenesis under Mild Cold
Exposure
Preated with ASO targeting Ck2a1 (Ck2-ASO) or control ASO at 40 mg kg, twice a week
35. Results
Ck2a1 was depleted in wild-type mice under a high-fat diet either at ambient
temperature or mild cold temperature . Consistent with the previous results,
Ucp1 mRNA in inguinal WAT was elevated by 3-fold and 5-fold by Ck2-ASO
treatment and mild cold exposure,respectively.
Whole body energy expenditure
36. Results
ASO-mediated CK2 depletion promotes
cold-induced thermogenesis in WAT.
Histological analysis of the inguinal WAT depots found that Ck2-
ASO and mild cold exposure synergistically promoted the
recruitment of multilocular and UCP1-positive beige adipocytes
37. Results
ASO-Based CK2 Depletion Enhances Cold-Stimulated Energy Metabolism and Ameliorates Diet-Induced Obesity and Insulin
Resistance
Ck2-ASO treatment at led to a 23% reduction of
dietinduced body weight gain as compared to control
mice at 22℃, whereas CK2-ASO or mild cold
exposure alone reducedbody weight gain by 13% and
12%, respectively.
No significant change in
food intake was detected
between Control and Ck2-
ASO treated group
The changes in body weight was due
to reduction in body fat mass, but not
to changes in lean mass
38. Results
While glucose tolerance was significantly improved in mice treated with Ck2-ASO, such improvement was further
enhanced under mild cold exposure.
GTT
39. Insulin sensitivity was significantlyimproved in mice treated with Ck2-ASO both under 22℃ and 17℃
ITT
Results
40. Conclusions
1.CK2 is preferentially activated in white fat by norepinephrine
and under obesity.
2.CK2 inhibition in white fat activates thermogenesis in
response to cAMP stimuli.
3.CK2 inhibition increases UCP1-dependent energy.
4.CK2 inhibition ameliorates diet-induced obesity and insulin
resistance.
对质谱结果进行分析发现了一种前人研究较少的蛋白激酶——NE刺激下,CK2的活性水平在WAT中显著高于其他两种细胞中。
左图为其活性随着刺激时间延长的变化趋势(底物信号值)。
液相质谱分析——磷酸化蛋白质组学;其他几个已经有研究比Of note,
previous studies report that norepinephrine activates Erk1/2
(Lindquist and Rehnmark, 1998; Shimizu et al., 1997; Valladares
et al., 2000) and PKA (Cao et al., 2001; Fredriksson et al., 2001)
signaling in brown adipocytes. Similarly, four kinases, including
CK2, AKT, CDC2, and ribosomal S6 kinase alpha3 (RKS2), displayed
significantly different profiles in beige versus white adipocytes.
Among them, CK2 exhibited differential activity between
thermogenic adipocytes versus white adipocytes.
Of note,
previous studies report that norepinephrine activates Erk1/2
(Lindquist and Rehnmark, 1998; Shimizu et al., 1997; Valladares
et al., 2000) and PKA (Cao et al., 2001; Fredriksson et al., 2001)
signaling in brown adipocytes. Similarly, four kinases, including
CK2, AKT, CDC2, and ribosomal S6 kinase alpha3 (RKS2), displayed
significantly different profiles in beige versus white adipocytes.
Among them, CK2 exhibited differential activity between
thermogenic adipocytes versus white adipocytes.
分别沉默不同的亚基,发现XX
Knockdown of Ck2b subunit significantly impaired adipogenesis, as assessed
by Fabp4 expression
于是在沉默的基础上cAMP刺激WAT 诱导为BEIGE。
Ck2a1 knockdown also increased expression of the brown/
beige fat-selective genes, such as Cidea, Cited1, Cox8b, and
Elov3, without affecting the expression of Fabp4
The GO analysis
found that 46% of them were linked
to cell cycle control, in addition to
apoptosis (22%), ubiquitination proteolysis
(19%), PI3K/AKT signaling (9%), and
DNA methylation/transcription (4%) (Figure
4C). Importantly, a large part (52.8%,
308/583 proteins) of the CK2-dependent
phosphoproteins found in cultured white
adipocytes were direct targets of CK2
(Figure 4D).
ELOVL3 (ELOVL Fatty Acid Elongase 3 脂肪酸延长) is a Protein Coding gene. Among its related pathways are Metabolism and Regulation of lipid metabolism by Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha). GO annotations related to this gene include transferase activity. An important paralog of this gene is ELOVL7.
动物水平验证上述结论
O2代谢
While VO2 levels were not
affected by CX-4945 treatment at thermoneutrality (30_x0003_C),;
CX-4945-treated mice exhibited significantly higher energy
expenditure when mice were housed progressively under cold
肥胖
high-fat diet for 16 weeks and subsequently treated with
vehicle or CX-4945 at 50 mg kg_x0001_1 over a period of 40 days
糖尿病
Since recent studies indicate
a close connection between BAT
thermogenesis and hepatic lipid metabolism
(Bartelt et al., 2011; Cohen et al.,
2014; Ohno et al., 2013), we examined
the liver phenotype of mice treated with
CX-4945. We found that the liver from
mice treated with CX-4945 contained
significantly lower amounts of lipid
droplets (Figure 5I) and triglyceride (Figure
5J),
反义寡核苷酸:When wild-type mice
were treated with ASO targeting Ck2a1 (Ck2-ASO) or control
ASO at 40 mg kg_x0001_1 twice a week, Ck2a1 mRNA level was
significantly reduced by 70% in inguinal WAT, while expression
of Ck2a2 and Ck2beta was unaffected
mice treated
with the Ck2-ASO displayed a significant increase in wholebody
energy expenditure when mice were treated with the
beta3-AR agonist CL 316,243 under thermoneutralit