AKG

2.  Alpha-ketoglutarate also known as 2-
oxoglutarate,2-Oxopentanedioic acid an
endogenous intermediary metabolite in the
kreb’s cycle.
 AKG has long piqued the interest of scientists
from variety of disciplines due to its critical
role in a variety of biological processes and
its broad application scope.

3.  Alpha ketoglutarate is created from isocitrate in
the TCA cycle through oxidative d carboxylation
which is catalysed by IDH (Isocitrate
dehydrogenase).
 The degree of redox reaction determines the
amount of Alpha ketoglutarate generated in the
mitochondria.
 Glutamate pyruvate transminases catalyzes the
reaction of glutamate and pyruvate which can
also result in the production of Alpha
ketoglutarate.
 Alpha ketoglutarate is also created as a result of
the reversible transfer of amino group from
glutamate to oxaloacetate.

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5.  It’s protection of cell against oxidative stress
 It has antioxidant properties.
 It prevents damage to mitochondrial DNA
induced by free radicals in neural cells.
 Alpha ketoglutarate administers restoring
antioxidant as well as antioxidative enzyme
activity to a normal level.

6.  It has been seen that Alpha ketoglutarate as a
glutamine homologue has immune enhancing
properties as well as influencing both non
specific and the specific immune response
especially in stress situation.
 It modulates the function of monocytes and
neutrophils by increasing phagocytosis and
ROS intermediate production and
macrophages by enhancing cytokine
production.

7.  Alpha ketoglutarate has anti tumor
properties under both normal and reduced
oxygen levels and interference of its activity
with various mechanisms.
 Evidences from recent studies suggest that
supplementation of Alpha ketoglutarate may
exert anti cancer effect against colorectal
carcinoma or breast cancer.
 Moreover Alpha ketoglutarate can inhibit cell
proliferation and stimulate differentiation of
normal osteoblasts.

8.  Alpha ketoglutarate serves as a crucial source of
glutamine and glutamate for cellular metabolism
which promotes protein synthesis, prevents
muscle protein breakdown and serves as an
essential metabolic fuel for gastrointestinal tract
cell.
 Prolyl hydrolase directed by Alpha ketoglutarate
ascorbate and fe2+ Hydroxylate peptide bound
Proline to hydroxyproline , rating the conversion
of pro-collagen to collagen and bone Matrix
production.

9.  It can modulate aging.
 It helps in the regulation of HIF 1 activity.
 It regulates the epigenetic processes by its
structural analogues.
 It determines the overall rate of citric acid
cycle of organism.
 It can stabilize immune system homeostasis.

10.  On the whole the physiological significance of
Alpha keto glutarate are multidirectional. Since
the discovery and description of krebs cycle a
number of features and functions of one of its
main metabolite i.e. Alpha ketoglutarate has
been identified so far. Yet many of the actions
are still waiting to be discovered. However
current knowledge about this metabolic already
ensures its practical application in various fields
of human life. Today it is synthesize chemically
but attempt have been made at biotechnological
production of this metabolic by various bacteria
and yeast.