The human locomotion is studied through gait analysis and is best observed instrumentally rather than observing visually. Thus, a portable insole pressure mapping system is built to assist in studying the human gait cycle. The pressure distribution is determined by instrumentally mapping the insole using force sensitive resistive sensors that are connected to Arduino UNO via cables. The values are saved into a secure digital card that could be post processed. Hardware and software design phase are executed for the development of this project. The outcomes match to the knowledge of human gait definitions in static posture and normal walking.
Biomechanics is the study of mechanics as they relate to living organisms, especially to human movement and sports activities. Biomechanists use tools like video analysis, force platforms, and wind tunnels to analyze human performance, the causes of injuries, and ways to optimize sports equipment and techniques. The goals of biomechanics are to improve sports performance, prevent injuries, design better equipment, and develop training methods to transfer skills from practice to competition.
This document discusses methods of movement analysis in sports biomechanics. It covers qualitative and quantitative analysis, with qualitative focusing on systematic observation and feedback to improve performance, while quantitative uses kinematic data from video analysis. The document outlines the different planes and axes of motion, and how movements are analyzed in 2D vs 3D. It also discusses important considerations for video setup and analysis, such as camera type and settings, calibration, and digitization. Common video analysis software programs are also listed.
This document provides an introduction to sports biomechanics. It defines biomechanics as the application of mechanical principles and laws to living organisms, and sports biomechanics as the application of these principles specifically to improve athletic performance. It outlines the branches of mechanics including kinetics, which deals with the causes of motion, and kinematics, which describes motion. Kinetics and kinematics each have static and dynamic components depending on whether the body is at rest or in motion. The goals of sports biomechanics are then listed as performance improvement, technique improvement, movement quality improvement, equipment improvement, injury prevention and rehabilitation.
Biomechanics is the study of mechanics in living beings, specifically analyzing forces and motion in the human body. It is divided into kinetics, which studies forces producing motion, and kinematics, which describes motion. Biomechanics is studied to improve health, performance, and understand complex movements. It has various applications in sports, medical devices, rehabilitation, and more. The field has grown significantly over time from early scientists like Aristotle and Da Vinci applying mechanics to the body. Modern biomechanics utilizes fields like computational modeling, simulation, and motion analysis.
Biomechanical study, 3 d modeling and kinematic analysis of shoulder joint 2-3-4IAEME Publication
This document discusses a biomechanical study, 3D modeling, and kinematic analysis of the shoulder joint. It begins with an introduction to shoulder anatomy, including the clavicle, scapula, and humerus bones. It then reviews previous related studies on shoulder modeling. The paper describes 3D scanning and CAD modeling of the shoulder bones. A finite element analysis is performed on the meshed shoulder model to analyze von Mises stresses during flexion and extension motions. The modeling includes defining material properties of bones and muscles for the analysis.
Myontec case study- Muscle EMG Activity During a Soccer MatchMyontec
In the case study Mbody is used to measure EMG activity during an actual soccer match in order to find out how the workload induced by this physically demanding sport will affect the activity of two important lower limb’s group of muscle, quadriceps and hamstrings.
1) The study examined the effects of different heel lift heights (0.64 cm, 1.27 cm, 2.54 cm, 3.18 cm) on back squat performance and biomechanics in one male participant.
2) Preliminary results found that trunk lean was lowest at heel heights above 0.64 cm, suggesting weightlifting shoes with heels over 0.64 cm may reduce risk of back injury during squats.
3) Increasing heel height reduced ankle range of motion but increased peak ankle flexion, indicating a more vertical shank position conducive to proper squat form. Knee displacement did not significantly change with heel height.
Biomechanics is the study of mechanics as they relate to living organisms, especially to human movement and sports activities. Biomechanists use tools like video analysis, force platforms, and wind tunnels to analyze human performance, the causes of injuries, and ways to optimize sports equipment and techniques. The goals of biomechanics are to improve sports performance, prevent injuries, design better equipment, and develop training methods to transfer skills from practice to competition.
This document discusses methods of movement analysis in sports biomechanics. It covers qualitative and quantitative analysis, with qualitative focusing on systematic observation and feedback to improve performance, while quantitative uses kinematic data from video analysis. The document outlines the different planes and axes of motion, and how movements are analyzed in 2D vs 3D. It also discusses important considerations for video setup and analysis, such as camera type and settings, calibration, and digitization. Common video analysis software programs are also listed.
This document provides an introduction to sports biomechanics. It defines biomechanics as the application of mechanical principles and laws to living organisms, and sports biomechanics as the application of these principles specifically to improve athletic performance. It outlines the branches of mechanics including kinetics, which deals with the causes of motion, and kinematics, which describes motion. Kinetics and kinematics each have static and dynamic components depending on whether the body is at rest or in motion. The goals of sports biomechanics are then listed as performance improvement, technique improvement, movement quality improvement, equipment improvement, injury prevention and rehabilitation.
Biomechanics is the study of mechanics in living beings, specifically analyzing forces and motion in the human body. It is divided into kinetics, which studies forces producing motion, and kinematics, which describes motion. Biomechanics is studied to improve health, performance, and understand complex movements. It has various applications in sports, medical devices, rehabilitation, and more. The field has grown significantly over time from early scientists like Aristotle and Da Vinci applying mechanics to the body. Modern biomechanics utilizes fields like computational modeling, simulation, and motion analysis.
Biomechanical study, 3 d modeling and kinematic analysis of shoulder joint 2-3-4IAEME Publication
This document discusses a biomechanical study, 3D modeling, and kinematic analysis of the shoulder joint. It begins with an introduction to shoulder anatomy, including the clavicle, scapula, and humerus bones. It then reviews previous related studies on shoulder modeling. The paper describes 3D scanning and CAD modeling of the shoulder bones. A finite element analysis is performed on the meshed shoulder model to analyze von Mises stresses during flexion and extension motions. The modeling includes defining material properties of bones and muscles for the analysis.
Myontec case study- Muscle EMG Activity During a Soccer MatchMyontec
In the case study Mbody is used to measure EMG activity during an actual soccer match in order to find out how the workload induced by this physically demanding sport will affect the activity of two important lower limb’s group of muscle, quadriceps and hamstrings.
1) The study examined the effects of different heel lift heights (0.64 cm, 1.27 cm, 2.54 cm, 3.18 cm) on back squat performance and biomechanics in one male participant.
2) Preliminary results found that trunk lean was lowest at heel heights above 0.64 cm, suggesting weightlifting shoes with heels over 0.64 cm may reduce risk of back injury during squats.
3) Increasing heel height reduced ankle range of motion but increased peak ankle flexion, indicating a more vertical shank position conducive to proper squat form. Knee displacement did not significantly change with heel height.
Recent advances on motion analysis in sportspunita85
1) Modern motion analysis uses computerized data from markers placed on individuals to interpret their movement, allowing researchers to assess biomechanics, identify errors, and enhance performance.
2) Motion analysis techniques include temporal, kinematic, kinetic, and electromyography analyses. Temporal analysis measures timing. Kinematic analysis measures position, velocity, and acceleration. Kinetic analysis measures forces. Electromyography analyzes muscle activation.
3) Motion analysis is used in sports to enhance technique, correct errors, assess costs, and aid rehabilitation. It provides insights into abnormal biomechanics, deviations from patterns, and biomechanical errors made by athletes.
VIRTUAL OPTIMIZATION OF SITTING POSTURE ANALYSIS ON USING LOW-COST LOADCELL B...IAEME Publication
This paper deals with the comfortable sitting posture for prolonged period of
driving. Today automobile comfort expectation has been on a steady rise. To offer the
driver sufficient comfort during a long journey, sitting posture plays a vital role in
safety and comfort. Upright driving position is to enhance comfort especially on
prolonged periods of driving. The purpose of using mounted low-cost load cell is to
provide a real-time data of seated person. Optimum posture is more prominent for
sitting comfort for long time of driving. Predictions of discomfort is mainly based on
the various sitting posture and to enhance the optimize posture is greatly to minimize
fatigue. The optimum sitting position is to play an important role in fulfilling comfort
expectations. Propose the improvements in recommended practices in order to
accommodate the driver in best seated position. In optimal sitting position is to
enhance the natural curvature of elongated “S” shaped curve with evenly distributing
the load. Good sitting posture and relaxed position of driving is mainly focused on
concentration and responsibilities. It is also beneficial to assess the ease
Ingress/egress.
1. The Biomechanics and Medical Application Laboratory conducts research on stroke neuro-rehabilitation, integrated smart living technology, and developing light weight vehicles for the elderly.
2. The lab has 10 graduate students, 10 undergraduate students, and 1 part-time assistant. It collaborates with hospitals and other universities.
3. Current research topics include using vibratory input for stroke hand rehabilitation, the effects of floor material changes on gait stability, and developing assistive vehicles for the elderly.
The document discusses the definition and applications of sports biomechanics. It explains that biomechanics analyzes human movement in sports to improve performance and reduce injuries. It covers biomechanical principles like forces, torques, momentum and Newton's laws of motion. Examples are given of biomechanics in running, cycling, cricket bowling and other sports. The goal of biomechanics is to identify optimal techniques, assess muscle loading, and analyze equipment to enhance sports performance while reducing risks of injury.
Acquisition of sEMG Signals During Human Ankle MovementIJERD Editor
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
Biomechanics is the study of how forces affect living organisms during movement. It uses concepts from physics like mechanics, kinematics, and kinetics to understand human motion. Biomechanists study biomechanics to improve athletic performance and prevent injuries by understanding how forces impact the body during different activities. They analyze both the description of movement through kinematics and the causes of motion through kinetics.
This document presents the design of an active prosthetic knee. It describes the mechanical system including a ball screw drive mechanism powered by a brushless motor to provide movement. The CAD drawing shows the overall dimensions and angular velocity calculations. It has 12 bearings, 18 screws, and 13 parts. Future work will explore using these technologies to enhance human capabilities beyond injury repair in military and other applications.
Discus throwing performances and medical classification of wheelchair athlete...Ciro Winckler
CHOW, J. W.; MINDOCK, L. A. Discus throwing performances and medical classification of wheelchair athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, v. 31, n. 9, p. 1272-1279, 1999.
This document describes the design and mechanics of an active prosthetic knee (APK). It provides details on the motivation, objectives, and design features of the APK. The key points are:
1) The APK aims to provide a cost-effective active prosthetic knee joint with a simple modular design to enable easy maintenance and robust performance.
2) The mechanical design of the APK utilizes aluminum for its lightweight components. It incorporates a ball screw drive mechanism powered by a motor to provide active motion at the knee joint.
3) The APK design is intended to fit a broad range of users through an anthropometric approach and aims to minimize energy depletion during movement.
Rolling as a primary prevention of fall related hip fractures in seniors - ab...Eylon Mogilner
This study analyzes rolling techniques borrowed from martial arts to teach seniors how to fall safely and reduce injury risks from falls. Video of a martial arts expert performing semi-backrolls was analyzed to extract the phases and parameters of rolling falls. A set of exercises were developed to emphasize the parameters for each phase, such as maintaining a perpendicular trunk orientation to the floor at impact. The exercises aim to improve responses for stepping to avoid falls and proper mechanics for rolling if a fall occurs in order to minimize hip fracture risks for seniors.
This study examined the relationship between lower leg muscle fatigue and changes in foot pronation in recreational runners. Three recreational runners had their foot biomechanics measured before and after a calf raise fatigue protocol using markers and video analysis. The results found minimal changes between the pre-and post-fatigue foot biomechanics, with coordinate location differences averaging around 1-2 mm. The fatigue protocol may not have been effective at inducing significant muscle fatigue, and the video measurement method lacked accuracy to detect small changes in pronation. More advanced equipment and protocols are needed to further study this relationship.
Application of EMG and Force Signals of Elbow Joint on Robot-assisted Arm Tra...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Flexion-extension based on the system's robotic arm has the potential to increase the patient's elbow joint movement. The force sensor and electromyography signals can support the biomechanical system to detect electrical signals generated by the muscles of the biological. The purpose of this study is to implement the design of force sensor and EMG signals application on the elbow flexion motion of the upper arm. In this experiments, the movements of flexion at an angle of 45º, 90º and 135º is applied to identify the relationship between the amplitude of the EMG and force signals on every angle. The contribution of this research is for supporting the development of the Robot-Assisted Arm Training. The correlation between the force signal and the EMG signal from the subject studied in the elbow joint motion tests. The application of sensors tested by an experimental on healthy subjects to simulating arm movement. The experimental results show the relationship between the amplitude of the EMG and force signals on flexion angle of the joint mechanism for monitoring the angular displacement of the robotic arm. Further developments in the design of force sensor and EMG signals are potentially for open the way for the next researches based on the physiological condition of each patient.
This study designed and tested a passive lower leg exoskeleton with a linear damper parallel to the ankle joint. The goal was to reduce joint torques during landing and make landing safer. A computational model was used to aid in device design. Subjects were tested dropping from 0.71m while wearing the exoskeleton with no, low, or high damping. Results showed the low damping decreased peak ankle torque by 12% and high damping decreased it by 30% compared to no damping, indicating the device reduced joint torques during landing.
"Keep your upper body straight and aligned. Do not let your knees buckle inwards."
Player: "Okay, I will focus on keeping my body straight and aligned as I jog straight ahead."
This study tested the hypothesis that orthotic intervention would significantly alter the coronal and transverse plane kinematics of the lower extremities during cycling, with larger wedge inclinations having a greater influence. The study found that orthotic devices with varus wedge inclinations of 1.5mm, 3.0mm, and 4.5mm did not significantly influence the three-dimensional kinematics of the hip, knee, or ankle at any of the three tested cadences of 70, 90, and 110 RPM. Subjective ratings showed a clear preference for no orthotic over the varus wedge inclinations. This suggests that foot orthoses do not provide protection from skeletal malalignment issues associated with chronic cycling injuries.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Tullman provides the ACES training and rehabilitation system to help athletes, trainers, and others improve performance and recover from injuries. The ACES uses computerized exercise modes like isokinetic and variable velocity squats, bench presses, abdominal exercises, and more tailored to individual ranges of motion. It measures athletic performance and power, and over 1,200 units have been purchased by Olympic teams and medical professionals worldwide.
This document summarizes an ergonomic evaluation of harvesting and threshing operations performed by farm women in India. The study found that using a self-propelled harvester and mini thresher reduced the physical strain and energy expenditure compared to manual operations. Harvesting with a sickle required 20.58 kJ/min of energy versus 17.93 kJ/min for the harvester. Threshing manually needed 21.55 kJ/min versus 15.53 kJ/min for the thresher. All operations exceeded acceptable workload limits. Machine use lowered discomfort ratings compared to manual methods. The results provide guidance on improving equipment to further reduce farm women's physical burdens.
This document reviews foot plantar pressure measurement systems. It discusses the needs and requirements for measuring foot plantar pressure, including the pressure ranges, sampling frequencies, and sensor specifications needed. Platform-based and in-shoe measurement systems are described and their advantages and limitations compared. Finally, the document discusses various commercial pressure sensors used in these systems, including their characteristics such as linearity, hysteresis, temperature sensitivity, sensing area, and pressure range. It proposes that a new MEMS-based sensor could provide an improved solution.
This document reviews foot plantar pressure measurement systems. It discusses the needs and requirements for measuring foot plantar pressure, including the pressure measurement environments of platform and in-shoe systems. The key requirements for foot plantar sensors are also outlined, such as linearity, hysteresis, temperature sensitivity, pressure range, and sensing area. Finally, the document describes some common commercial foot plantar pressure sensors that are available, including capacitive, resistive, piezoelectric, and piezoresistive sensors.
Recent advances on motion analysis in sportspunita85
1) Modern motion analysis uses computerized data from markers placed on individuals to interpret their movement, allowing researchers to assess biomechanics, identify errors, and enhance performance.
2) Motion analysis techniques include temporal, kinematic, kinetic, and electromyography analyses. Temporal analysis measures timing. Kinematic analysis measures position, velocity, and acceleration. Kinetic analysis measures forces. Electromyography analyzes muscle activation.
3) Motion analysis is used in sports to enhance technique, correct errors, assess costs, and aid rehabilitation. It provides insights into abnormal biomechanics, deviations from patterns, and biomechanical errors made by athletes.
VIRTUAL OPTIMIZATION OF SITTING POSTURE ANALYSIS ON USING LOW-COST LOADCELL B...IAEME Publication
This paper deals with the comfortable sitting posture for prolonged period of
driving. Today automobile comfort expectation has been on a steady rise. To offer the
driver sufficient comfort during a long journey, sitting posture plays a vital role in
safety and comfort. Upright driving position is to enhance comfort especially on
prolonged periods of driving. The purpose of using mounted low-cost load cell is to
provide a real-time data of seated person. Optimum posture is more prominent for
sitting comfort for long time of driving. Predictions of discomfort is mainly based on
the various sitting posture and to enhance the optimize posture is greatly to minimize
fatigue. The optimum sitting position is to play an important role in fulfilling comfort
expectations. Propose the improvements in recommended practices in order to
accommodate the driver in best seated position. In optimal sitting position is to
enhance the natural curvature of elongated “S” shaped curve with evenly distributing
the load. Good sitting posture and relaxed position of driving is mainly focused on
concentration and responsibilities. It is also beneficial to assess the ease
Ingress/egress.
1. The Biomechanics and Medical Application Laboratory conducts research on stroke neuro-rehabilitation, integrated smart living technology, and developing light weight vehicles for the elderly.
2. The lab has 10 graduate students, 10 undergraduate students, and 1 part-time assistant. It collaborates with hospitals and other universities.
3. Current research topics include using vibratory input for stroke hand rehabilitation, the effects of floor material changes on gait stability, and developing assistive vehicles for the elderly.
The document discusses the definition and applications of sports biomechanics. It explains that biomechanics analyzes human movement in sports to improve performance and reduce injuries. It covers biomechanical principles like forces, torques, momentum and Newton's laws of motion. Examples are given of biomechanics in running, cycling, cricket bowling and other sports. The goal of biomechanics is to identify optimal techniques, assess muscle loading, and analyze equipment to enhance sports performance while reducing risks of injury.
Acquisition of sEMG Signals During Human Ankle MovementIJERD Editor
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
Biomechanics is the study of how forces affect living organisms during movement. It uses concepts from physics like mechanics, kinematics, and kinetics to understand human motion. Biomechanists study biomechanics to improve athletic performance and prevent injuries by understanding how forces impact the body during different activities. They analyze both the description of movement through kinematics and the causes of motion through kinetics.
This document presents the design of an active prosthetic knee. It describes the mechanical system including a ball screw drive mechanism powered by a brushless motor to provide movement. The CAD drawing shows the overall dimensions and angular velocity calculations. It has 12 bearings, 18 screws, and 13 parts. Future work will explore using these technologies to enhance human capabilities beyond injury repair in military and other applications.
Discus throwing performances and medical classification of wheelchair athlete...Ciro Winckler
CHOW, J. W.; MINDOCK, L. A. Discus throwing performances and medical classification of wheelchair athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, v. 31, n. 9, p. 1272-1279, 1999.
This document describes the design and mechanics of an active prosthetic knee (APK). It provides details on the motivation, objectives, and design features of the APK. The key points are:
1) The APK aims to provide a cost-effective active prosthetic knee joint with a simple modular design to enable easy maintenance and robust performance.
2) The mechanical design of the APK utilizes aluminum for its lightweight components. It incorporates a ball screw drive mechanism powered by a motor to provide active motion at the knee joint.
3) The APK design is intended to fit a broad range of users through an anthropometric approach and aims to minimize energy depletion during movement.
Rolling as a primary prevention of fall related hip fractures in seniors - ab...Eylon Mogilner
This study analyzes rolling techniques borrowed from martial arts to teach seniors how to fall safely and reduce injury risks from falls. Video of a martial arts expert performing semi-backrolls was analyzed to extract the phases and parameters of rolling falls. A set of exercises were developed to emphasize the parameters for each phase, such as maintaining a perpendicular trunk orientation to the floor at impact. The exercises aim to improve responses for stepping to avoid falls and proper mechanics for rolling if a fall occurs in order to minimize hip fracture risks for seniors.
This study examined the relationship between lower leg muscle fatigue and changes in foot pronation in recreational runners. Three recreational runners had their foot biomechanics measured before and after a calf raise fatigue protocol using markers and video analysis. The results found minimal changes between the pre-and post-fatigue foot biomechanics, with coordinate location differences averaging around 1-2 mm. The fatigue protocol may not have been effective at inducing significant muscle fatigue, and the video measurement method lacked accuracy to detect small changes in pronation. More advanced equipment and protocols are needed to further study this relationship.
Application of EMG and Force Signals of Elbow Joint on Robot-assisted Arm Tra...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Flexion-extension based on the system's robotic arm has the potential to increase the patient's elbow joint movement. The force sensor and electromyography signals can support the biomechanical system to detect electrical signals generated by the muscles of the biological. The purpose of this study is to implement the design of force sensor and EMG signals application on the elbow flexion motion of the upper arm. In this experiments, the movements of flexion at an angle of 45º, 90º and 135º is applied to identify the relationship between the amplitude of the EMG and force signals on every angle. The contribution of this research is for supporting the development of the Robot-Assisted Arm Training. The correlation between the force signal and the EMG signal from the subject studied in the elbow joint motion tests. The application of sensors tested by an experimental on healthy subjects to simulating arm movement. The experimental results show the relationship between the amplitude of the EMG and force signals on flexion angle of the joint mechanism for monitoring the angular displacement of the robotic arm. Further developments in the design of force sensor and EMG signals are potentially for open the way for the next researches based on the physiological condition of each patient.
This study designed and tested a passive lower leg exoskeleton with a linear damper parallel to the ankle joint. The goal was to reduce joint torques during landing and make landing safer. A computational model was used to aid in device design. Subjects were tested dropping from 0.71m while wearing the exoskeleton with no, low, or high damping. Results showed the low damping decreased peak ankle torque by 12% and high damping decreased it by 30% compared to no damping, indicating the device reduced joint torques during landing.
"Keep your upper body straight and aligned. Do not let your knees buckle inwards."
Player: "Okay, I will focus on keeping my body straight and aligned as I jog straight ahead."
This study tested the hypothesis that orthotic intervention would significantly alter the coronal and transverse plane kinematics of the lower extremities during cycling, with larger wedge inclinations having a greater influence. The study found that orthotic devices with varus wedge inclinations of 1.5mm, 3.0mm, and 4.5mm did not significantly influence the three-dimensional kinematics of the hip, knee, or ankle at any of the three tested cadences of 70, 90, and 110 RPM. Subjective ratings showed a clear preference for no orthotic over the varus wedge inclinations. This suggests that foot orthoses do not provide protection from skeletal malalignment issues associated with chronic cycling injuries.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Tullman provides the ACES training and rehabilitation system to help athletes, trainers, and others improve performance and recover from injuries. The ACES uses computerized exercise modes like isokinetic and variable velocity squats, bench presses, abdominal exercises, and more tailored to individual ranges of motion. It measures athletic performance and power, and over 1,200 units have been purchased by Olympic teams and medical professionals worldwide.
This document summarizes an ergonomic evaluation of harvesting and threshing operations performed by farm women in India. The study found that using a self-propelled harvester and mini thresher reduced the physical strain and energy expenditure compared to manual operations. Harvesting with a sickle required 20.58 kJ/min of energy versus 17.93 kJ/min for the harvester. Threshing manually needed 21.55 kJ/min versus 15.53 kJ/min for the thresher. All operations exceeded acceptable workload limits. Machine use lowered discomfort ratings compared to manual methods. The results provide guidance on improving equipment to further reduce farm women's physical burdens.
This document reviews foot plantar pressure measurement systems. It discusses the needs and requirements for measuring foot plantar pressure, including the pressure ranges, sampling frequencies, and sensor specifications needed. Platform-based and in-shoe measurement systems are described and their advantages and limitations compared. Finally, the document discusses various commercial pressure sensors used in these systems, including their characteristics such as linearity, hysteresis, temperature sensitivity, sensing area, and pressure range. It proposes that a new MEMS-based sensor could provide an improved solution.
This document reviews foot plantar pressure measurement systems. It discusses the needs and requirements for measuring foot plantar pressure, including the pressure measurement environments of platform and in-shoe systems. The key requirements for foot plantar sensors are also outlined, such as linearity, hysteresis, temperature sensitivity, pressure range, and sensing area. Finally, the document describes some common commercial foot plantar pressure sensors that are available, including capacitive, resistive, piezoelectric, and piezoresistive sensors.
IRJET-Pedobarography Insoles with Wireless Data TransmissionIRJET Journal
This document describes the development of a wireless plantar pressure measurement system using force sensing resistors (FSRs). The system includes an insole with embedded FSR sensors to measure pressure distribution under the foot. Sensor data is transmitted wirelessly via nRF24L01 radios from a transmitter in the insole to a receiver connected to a PC. The PC displays the pressure data in real-time on a graphical user interface. The system aims to provide accurate, wireless plantar pressure measurements to help diagnose foot and gait issues.
Novel Approaches for Robotic Control Using Flex SensorIJERA Editor
The aim of the project is to develop the Prosthetic robotic hand using flex sensor for amputees. The main aim of the project is to develop the robotic hand that performs pick and place activities. Here we are using flex sensors to sense the signals from artificial hand signal is transmitted and that signal is used to drive the mechanical hand. Stroke is the third leading cause of the death. Nearly 7, 00,000 people suffered from stroke last year and 2/3 rd of them survived but were left with many number of disabilities; one such disability is upper extremity hemiplegia. If the hand and the arm do not have therapy immediately after stroke, it will lose its power and muscle control, resulting in a claw like appearance and loss of function. Activities of the patient, daily living activities will be significantly affected.Prosthetic hand must resemble human hand in size and shape and must perform like human hand.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes novel approaches for controlling robots using flex sensors. The paper describes designing an intelligent prosthetic hand that mimics natural human hand movements using flex sensors. The design process involved studying human hand motions and constraints of hand size. Initial proposals for control mechanisms included tension cables or pulleys at each joint. The final implementation involved mounting flex sensors to a data glove to control a mechanical hand wirelessly via a microcontroller. The hand was able to grasp and pick up objects by interpreting flex sensor bend values. The goal of the research was to develop a prosthetic hand that performed natural pick and place movements for amputees.
This document describes the design of an active prosthetic knee joint. Key points:
- The design aims to provide natural knee movement at an affordable price using a passive pneumatic system and stepper motor.
- Dimensions are based on studying human anatomy and gait. The mechanical design uses a stepper motor, connecting rod, and piston to flex the knee as the motor turns.
- Materials like carbon fiber and aluminum are chosen for lightweight strength. Sensing, communication, and fuzzy logic will be used to control knee movement.
- Kinematic analysis models knee motion and calculates forces involved in walking. The design aims to improve mobility for amputees at a lower cost than existing commercial options.
This document describes research on designing mechatronic systems for human balance rehabilitation. It discusses key human balance systems - vision, vestibular, and somatosensory systems. It then introduces the concept of Zero Moment Point (ZMP), which is important for bipedal robot balance and gait analysis. ZMP represents the point where the total momentum of a mechanism is zero. The document explains how to calculate ZMP and compares it to the Center of Pressure. Maintaining the ZMP inside the support polygon is necessary for dynamic stability. This research aims to apply insights into human balance maintenance to develop rehabilitation technologies.
Massaging human feet_by_a_redundant_manipulator_eq (1)ssuser2f7373
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a 7 degree-of-freedom robotic manipulator equipped with a tactile sensor to perform reflexology massages on human feet. Reflexology involves applying pressure to specific points on the feet that are believed to correspond to and affect different parts of the body. The robotic system would use hybrid impedance control to position the end effector for massaging while monitoring contact forces via the tactile sensor. An experiment massaging human feet demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed control system.
Estimation of Walking rate in Complex activity recognitionEditor IJCATR
This document summarizes a study that investigated using a flexible conductive polymer sensor embedded in leggings to monitor knee movement and activity recognition. The sensor was connected to a wireless sensing node to collect data. Twelve subjects performed walking, running, and stair activities while wearing the smart leggings. Test-retest reliability of the sensor output range showed good to excellent reliability. Discrimination of activities was achieved using total power and median frequency features from the sensor signal, demonstrating over 90% accuracy. The system shows potential for assessing knee function during daily activities.
The document describes the development of an ankle dynamometer device to measure ankle strength. It discusses shortcomings of current devices, which are either too expensive, large, or inaccurate. The proposed design aims to be inexpensive, portable, and provide accurate measurements. Several prototype designs are presented. The first prototype included a wood base with knee brace and straps. The second prototype separated the design into a base with adjustable slide for the foot and a cupped back piece with blood pressure cuff. Force sensors were added to measure applied force. The goal is a device that physical therapists can easily use to track patient rehabilitation progress affordably.
This document describes a study to design a smart plantar to support correct posture and movement during sports activities. The plantar would use sensors to monitor a user's movements and provide data on any incorrect behaviors via a mobile application. An early evaluation would involve users testing a prototype plantar during activities while providing feedback. The goal is to help users identify postural issues and motivate behavioral changes through personalized data visualization.
Accelerometer-Based Recorder of Fingers Dynamic Movements for Post-Stroke Reh...UniversitasGadjahMada
Stroke is a disease that currently attracts more attention in Indonesia according to the statistics provided by the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. This research was motivated by the shortage of physiotherapists which can not catch the increasing number of stroke patients. The therapy becomes less effective and less efficient since each therapist must handle too many patients during his/her work hours. This research has developed a device prototype that can help the therapy to measure and monitor patient exercise, especially at the final stage of rehabilitation when the patient gets therapy to move actively. The angle of the moving body parts that can represent the ability of patient motion was measured using accelerometers. The developed prototype was in the form of a glove, equipped with an Arduino Nano and two accelerometer modules, that measures the motion of the thumb and index finger. The device was calibrated and tested to determine the characteristics of the sensors. This test showed that the gloves prototype had an accuracy of 95,8% and precision of 99,6%. The application of the prototype was carried out on four types of finger movements, namely thumb abduction-adduction, thumb flexion-extension, finger flexion-hyperextension, and finger abductionadduction. The prototype was also tested for its ability to work in variations of direction and position of the hand.
The purpose of this article is to describe the
development in prosthetic legs. Artificial limbs may be needed
for a variety of reasons including diseases, accidents and
congenital defects. As the human body changes over time due
to growth or change in body weight, the artificial limbs have to
be changed and adjusted periodically. This constant need for
change or adjustment may become costly if the material used
is expensive. This study will emphasis the prosthetic legs by
focusing on the socket part as it is often changed and replaced
with natural-based bio composites. The results of this study
are based on the compatibility of the properties of existing and
proposed materials which contribute towards providing
alternative materials that are more cost efficient, eco-friendly
and yet maintaining the features required for artificial limbs.
The findings are expected to help patients or wearers to live
independently when they are young, who cannot afford to
have this essentially.
Specialized Transfemoral External Prosthetic Support Team Final ReportGarret Senti
Final Report on the research put into the development of an all mechanical external support for a transfemoral prosthetic. The report includes background information on why this idea was pursued, concepts to achieve the established goals, the mechanism with a description of its features, and results from the tests made on the device created.
Austin Journal of Robotics & Automation is an international scholarly, peer review, Open Access journal, initiated with an aim to promote the research in Robotics & Automation, which deals with design, construction, operation, and application of robots.
Austin Journal of Robotics & Automation is a comprehensive Open Access peer reviewed scientific journal that covers multidisciplinary fields. We provide limitless access towards accessing our literature hub with colossal range of articles. The journal aims to publish high quality varied article types such as Research, Review, Short Communications, Case Reports, Perspectives (Editorials).
Austin Journal of Robotics & Automation supports the scientific modernization and enrichment in Robotics & Automation research community by magnifying access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group also brings universally peer reviewed member journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, collaborative and promotion of multidisciplinary technology.
• Designed a Bio Inspired Transfemoral Prosthesis System for the amputes based on Artificial Neural Networks implemented on MATLAB.
• Designed a prototype of a Prosthetic limb and trained the same using Artificial neural networks to replicate the working of the biological Limb.
• An algorithm based on discrete wavelet transforms and was developed to train the neurons in order to respond to the stimuli extracted from the amputated limb using the myoelectric signal (MES) extracted using piezo electric sensors
• Matlab was used to implement the 3 layer Neural network and the Neural network was trained using the Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) Algorithm for classification of the signals.
• The classified signal was then transmitted to a Micro controller to control the movement of the limb, servo motors were used to control the positioning of the limb to great accuracy.
• The design was implemented minimizing the weight to a great extent with great amount of flexibility and control.
• Its main application is for the amputes to live a natural life.
This document proposes an algorithm to calculate angles of the lower limbs using inertial measurement units (IMUs) placed on the lower back, calves, and thighs while a patient performs an overhead squat exercise. The algorithm was tested on patients and compared theoretical measurements to experimental measurements from the IMUs. Error rates were low, ranging from 0.95-10.11% for different joints, showing the potential of using IMU sensors to help physical therapists evaluate rehabilitation exercises more efficiently.
In today’s world, the use of sensor technology to make portable devices can help patients in detecting or monitoring diseases. One such problem is the onset of foot ulcers in diabetic patients. Diabetes often leads to improper circulation of blood to a person’s feet, which results in diabetic foot ulcers. This leads to gangrene formation and loss of sensation in the patient's foot. If ignored, leads to lower leg amputation. The proposed system is a device which is developed and evaluated to identify the patients who are likely to develop diabetic foot ulcers at an early stage. This is accomplished by fixing pressure sensors in five pressure points of the foot. The foot pressure readings are converted into corresponding voltage output by the sensor. These voltage readings are amplified using an amplification unit. The voltage data are read using a data acquisition device. The output of the device decides whether the person has the probability to develop diabetic foot ulcer or not.
Additive Manufacturing and Testing of a Prosthetic Foot Ankle Jointijtsrd
Ankle replacement is a fairly new concept and is one of the popular treatments of ankle fractures and arthritis. This project focuses on modelling and 3D Printing of a prosthetic talocrural joint. The standard sizes of tibia which is the larger bone of lower leg and talus being lower part of the ankle joint, are observed and modeled accordingly by using CATIA with standard dimensions. The prototype is made with PLA plastic using an FDM Fused Deposition Modelling 3D printer. The analytical tests carried on ANSYS by applying human weight on the tibial surface and physical tests are conducted on Universal testing machine. The compression force is applied on the prototype and observed till failure. Results obtained are compared for static position of the foot, of both analytical and physical outcomes. Yogesh Avula | Adi Seshan Mula | Vishal Onnala | Kartheek Merugu ""Additive Manufacturing and Testing of a Prosthetic Foot Ankle Joint"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23216.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/bio-mechanicaland-biomedical-engineering/23216/additive-manufacturing-and-testing-of-a-prosthetic-foot-ankle-joint/yogesh-avula
Robotic systems are increasingly being used in orthopaedic surgery to improve accuracy and consistency when performing procedures like total hip replacements, unicompartmental knee replacements, and anterior lumbar interbody fusions. These systems can be autonomous, haptic/surgeon-guided, or passive, and preliminary results suggest robotic assistance may lead to short-term improvements in clinical and radiological outcomes compared to traditional techniques. The precision and accuracy afforded by robotic surgery is well-suited for operations on bones and may help achieve better long-term outcomes by more accurately placing implants and balancing tissues.
Similar to A Portable Insole Pressure Mapping System (20)
Amazon products reviews classification based on machine learning, deep learni...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In recent times, the trend of online shopping through e-commerce stores and websites has grown to a huge extent. Whenever a product is purchased on an e-commerce platform, people leave their reviews about the product. These reviews are very helpful for the store owners and the product’s manufacturers for the betterment of their work process as well as product quality. An automated system is proposed in this work that operates on two datasets D1 and D2 obtained from Amazon. After certain preprocessing steps, N-gram and word embedding-based features are extracted using term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), bag of words (BoW) and global vectors (GloVe), and Word2vec, respectively. Four machine learning (ML) models support vector machines (SVM), logistic regression (RF), logistic regression (LR), multinomial Naïve Bayes (MNB), two deep learning (DL) models convolutional neural network (CNN), long-short term memory (LSTM), and standalone bidirectional encoder representations (BERT) are used to classify reviews as either positive or negative. The results obtained by the standard ML, DL models and BERT are evaluated using certain performance evaluation measures. BERT turns out to be the best-performing model in the case of D1 with an accuracy of 90% on features derived by word embedding models while the CNN provides the best accuracy of 97% upon word embedding features in the case of D2. The proposed model shows better overall performance on D2 as compared to D1.
Design, simulation, and analysis of microstrip patch antenna for wireless app...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, a microstrip patch antenna that works at 3.6 GHz was built and tested to see how well it works. In this work, Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 has been used as the substrate material, with a dielectric permittivity of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.3451 mm; it serves as the base for the examined antenna. The computer simulation technology (CST) studio suite is utilized to show the recommended antenna design. The goal of this study was to get a more extensive transmission capacity, a lower voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and a lower return loss, but the main goal was to get a higher gain, directivity, and efficiency. After simulation, the return loss, gain, directivity, bandwidth, and efficiency of the supplied antenna are found to be -17.626 dB, 9.671 dBi, 9.924 dBi, 0.2 GHz, and 97.45%, respectively. Besides, the recreation uncovered that the transfer speed side-lobe level at phi was much better than those of the earlier works, at -28.8 dB, respectively. Thus, it makes a solid contender for remote innovation and more robust communication.
Design and simulation an optimal enhanced PI controller for congestion avoida...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document describes using a snake optimization algorithm to tune the gains of an enhanced proportional-integral controller for congestion avoidance in a TCP/AQM system. The controller aims to maintain a stable and desired queue size without noise or transmission problems. A linearized model of the TCP/AQM system is presented. An enhanced PI controller combining nonlinear gain and original PI gains is proposed. The snake optimization algorithm is then used to tune the parameters of the enhanced PI controller to achieve optimal system performance and response. Simulation results are discussed showing the proposed controller provides a stable and robust behavior for congestion control.
Improving the detection of intrusion in vehicular ad-hoc networks with modifi...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are wireless-equipped vehicles that form networks along the road. The security of this network has been a major challenge. The identity-based cryptosystem (IBC) previously used to secure the networks suffers from membership authentication security features. This paper focuses on improving the detection of intruders in VANETs with a modified identity-based cryptosystem (MIBC). The MIBC is developed using a non-singular elliptic curve with Lagrange interpolation. The public key of vehicles and roadside units on the network are derived from number plates and location identification numbers, respectively. Pseudo-identities are used to mask the real identity of users to preserve their privacy. The membership authentication mechanism ensures that only valid and authenticated members of the network are allowed to join the network. The performance of the MIBC is evaluated using intrusion detection ratio (IDR) and computation time (CT) and then validated with the existing IBC. The result obtained shows that the MIBC recorded an IDR of 99.3% against 94.3% obtained for the existing identity-based cryptosystem (EIBC) for 140 unregistered vehicles attempting to intrude on the network. The MIBC shows lower CT values of 1.17 ms against 1.70 ms for EIBC. The MIBC can be used to improve the security of VANETs.
Conceptual model of internet banking adoption with perceived risk and trust f...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Understanding the primary factors of internet banking (IB) acceptance is critical for both banks and users; nevertheless, our knowledge of the role of users’ perceived risk and trust in IB adoption is limited. As a result, we develop a conceptual model by incorporating perceived risk and trust into the technology acceptance model (TAM) theory toward the IB. The proper research emphasized that the most essential component in explaining IB adoption behavior is behavioral intention to use IB adoption. TAM is helpful for figuring out how elements that affect IB adoption are connected to one another. According to previous literature on IB and the use of such technology in Iraq, one has to choose a theoretical foundation that may justify the acceptance of IB from the customer’s perspective. The conceptual model was therefore constructed using the TAM as a foundation. Furthermore, perceived risk and trust were added to the TAM dimensions as external factors. The key objective of this work was to extend the TAM to construct a conceptual model for IB adoption and to get sufficient theoretical support from the existing literature for the essential elements and their relationships in order to unearth new insights about factors responsible for IB adoption.
Efficient combined fuzzy logic and LMS algorithm for smart antennaTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The smart antennas are broadly used in wireless communication. The least mean square (LMS) algorithm is a procedure that is concerned in controlling the smart antenna pattern to accommodate specified requirements such as steering the beam toward the desired signal, in addition to placing the deep nulls in the direction of unwanted signals. The conventional LMS (C-LMS) has some drawbacks like slow convergence speed besides high steady state fluctuation error. To overcome these shortcomings, the present paper adopts an adaptive fuzzy control step size least mean square (FC-LMS) algorithm to adjust its step size. Computer simulation outcomes illustrate that the given model has fast convergence rate as well as low mean square error steady state.
Design and implementation of a LoRa-based system for warning of forest fireTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents the design and implementation of a forest fire monitoring and warning system based on long range (LoRa) technology, a novel ultra-low power consumption and long-range wireless communication technology for remote sensing applications. The proposed system includes a wireless sensor network that records environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the air, as well as taking infrared photos.The data collected at each sensor node will be transmitted to the gateway via LoRa wireless transmission. Data will be collected, processed, and uploaded to a cloud database at the gateway. An Android smartphone application that allows anyone to easily view the recorded data has been developed. When a fire is detected, the system will sound a siren and send a warning message to the responsible personnel, instructing them to take appropriate action. Experiments in Tram Chim Park, Vietnam, have been conducted to verify and evaluate the operation of the system.
Wavelet-based sensing technique in cognitive radio networkTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Cognitive radio is a smart radio that can change its transmitter parameter based on interaction with the environment in which it operates. The demand for frequency spectrum is growing due to a big data issue as many Internet of Things (IoT) devices are in the network. Based on previous research, most frequency spectrum was used, but some spectrums were not used, called spectrum hole. Energy detection is one of the spectrum sensing methods that has been frequently used since it is easy to use and does not require license users to have any prior signal understanding. But this technique is incapable of detecting at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) levels. Therefore, the wavelet-based sensing is proposed to overcome this issue and detect spectrum holes. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the performance of wavelet-based sensing and compare it with the energy detection technique. The findings show that the percentage of detection in wavelet-based sensing is 83% higher than energy detection performance. This result indicates that the wavelet-based sensing has higher precision in detection and the interference towards primary user can be decreased.
A novel compact dual-band bandstop filter with enhanced rejection bandsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, we present the design of a new wide dual-band bandstop filter (DBBSF) using nonuniform transmission lines. The method used to design this filter is to replace conventional uniform transmission lines with nonuniform lines governed by a truncated Fourier series. Based on how impedances are profiled in the proposed DBBSF structure, the fractional bandwidths of the two 10 dB-down rejection bands are widened to 39.72% and 52.63%, respectively, and the physical size has been reduced compared to that of the filter with the uniform transmission lines. The results of the electromagnetic (EM) simulation support the obtained analytical response and show an improved frequency behavior.
Deep learning approach to DDoS attack with imbalanced data at the application...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack is where one or more computers attack or target a server computer, by flooding internet traffic to the server. As a result, the server cannot be accessed by legitimate users. A result of this attack causes enormous losses for a company because it can reduce the level of user trust, and reduce the company’s reputation to lose customers due to downtime. One of the services at the application layer that can be accessed by users is a web-based lightweight directory access protocol (LDAP) service that can provide safe and easy services to access directory applications. We used a deep learning approach to detect DDoS attacks on the CICDDoS 2019 dataset on a complex computer network at the application layer to get fast and accurate results for dealing with unbalanced data. Based on the results obtained, it is observed that DDoS attack detection using a deep learning approach on imbalanced data performs better when implemented using synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) method for binary classes. On the other hand, the proposed deep learning approach performs better for detecting DDoS attacks in multiclass when implemented using the adaptive synthetic (ADASYN) method.
The appearance of uncertainties and disturbances often effects the characteristics of either linear or nonlinear systems. Plus, the stabilization process may be deteriorated thus incurring a catastrophic effect to the system performance. As such, this manuscript addresses the concept of matching condition for the systems that are suffering from miss-match uncertainties and exogeneous disturbances. The perturbation towards the system at hand is assumed to be known and unbounded. To reach this outcome, uncertainties and their classifications are reviewed thoroughly. The structural matching condition is proposed and tabulated in the proposition 1. Two types of mathematical expressions are presented to distinguish the system with matched uncertainty and the system with miss-matched uncertainty. Lastly, two-dimensional numerical expressions are provided to practice the proposed proposition. The outcome shows that matching condition has the ability to change the system to a design-friendly model for asymptotic stabilization.
Implementation of FinFET technology based low power 4×4 Wallace tree multipli...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Many systems, including digital signal processors, finite impulse response (FIR) filters, application-specific integrated circuits, and microprocessors, use multipliers. The demand for low power multipliers is gradually rising day by day in the current technological trend. In this study, we describe a 4×4 Wallace multiplier based on a carry select adder (CSA) that uses less power and has a better power delay product than existing multipliers. HSPICE tool at 16 nm technology is used to simulate the results. In comparison to the traditional CSA-based multiplier, which has a power consumption of 1.7 µW and power delay product (PDP) of 57.3 fJ, the results demonstrate that the Wallace multiplier design employing CSA with first zero finding logic (FZF) logic has the lowest power consumption of 1.4 µW and PDP of 27.5 fJ.
Evaluation of the weighted-overlap add model with massive MIMO in a 5G systemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The flaw in 5G orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) becomes apparent in high-speed situations. Because the doppler effect causes frequency shifts, the orthogonality of OFDM subcarriers is broken, lowering both their bit error rate (BER) and throughput output. As part of this research, we use a novel design that combines massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) and weighted overlap and add (WOLA) to improve the performance of 5G systems. To determine which design is superior, throughput and BER are calculated for both the proposed design and OFDM. The results of the improved system show a massive improvement in performance ver the conventional system and significant improvements with massive MIMO, including the best throughput and BER. When compared to conventional systems, the improved system has a throughput that is around 22% higher and the best performance in terms of BER, but it still has around 25% less error than OFDM.
Reflector antenna design in different frequencies using frequency selective s...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, it is aimed to obtain two different asymmetric radiation patterns obtained from antennas in the shape of the cross-section of a parabolic reflector (fan blade type antennas) and antennas with cosecant-square radiation characteristics at two different frequencies from a single antenna. For this purpose, firstly, a fan blade type antenna design will be made, and then the reflective surface of this antenna will be completed to the shape of the reflective surface of the antenna with the cosecant-square radiation characteristic with the frequency selective surface designed to provide the characteristics suitable for the purpose. The frequency selective surface designed and it provides the perfect transmission as possible at 4 GHz operating frequency, while it will act as a band-quenching filter for electromagnetic waves at 5 GHz operating frequency and will be a reflective surface. Thanks to this frequency selective surface to be used as a reflective surface in the antenna, a fan blade type radiation characteristic at 4 GHz operating frequency will be obtained, while a cosecant-square radiation characteristic at 5 GHz operating frequency will be obtained.
Reagentless iron detection in water based on unclad fiber optical sensorTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A simple and low-cost fiber based optical sensor for iron detection is demonstrated in this paper. The sensor head consist of an unclad optical fiber with the unclad length of 1 cm and it has a straight structure. Results obtained shows a linear relationship between the output light intensity and iron concentration, illustrating the functionality of this iron optical sensor. Based on the experimental results, the sensitivity and linearity are achieved at 0.0328/ppm and 0.9824 respectively at the wavelength of 690 nm. With the same wavelength, other performance parameters are also studied. Resolution and limit of detection (LOD) are found to be 0.3049 ppm and 0.0755 ppm correspondingly. This iron sensor is advantageous in that it does not require any reagent for detection, enabling it to be simpler and cost-effective in the implementation of the iron sensing.
Impact of CuS counter electrode calcination temperature on quantum dot sensit...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
A progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme lea...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This article discusses the progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (PSTOS-ELM). PSTOS-ELM can save robust accuracy while updating the new data and the new class data on the online training situation. The robustness accuracy arises from using the householder block exact QR decomposition recursive least squares (HBQRD-RLS) of the PSTOS-ELM. This method is suitable for applications that have data streaming and often have new class data. Our experiment compares the PSTOS-ELM accuracy and accuracy robustness while data is updating with the batch-extreme learning machine (ELM) and structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (STOS-ELM) that both must retrain the data in a new class data case. The experimental results show that PSTOS-ELM has accuracy and robustness comparable to ELM and STOS-ELM while also can update new class data immediately.
Electroencephalography-based brain-computer interface using neural networksTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This study aimed to develop a brain-computer interface that can control an electric wheelchair using electroencephalography (EEG) signals. First, we used the Mind Wave Mobile 2 device to capture raw EEG signals from the surface of the scalp. The signals were transformed into the frequency domain using fast Fourier transform (FFT) and filtered to monitor changes in attention and relaxation. Next, we performed time and frequency domain analyses to identify features for five eye gestures: opened, closed, blink per second, double blink, and lookup. The base state was the opened-eyes gesture, and we compared the features of the remaining four action gestures to the base state to identify potential gestures. We then built a multilayer neural network to classify these features into five signals that control the wheelchair’s movement. Finally, we designed an experimental wheelchair system to test the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The results demonstrate that the EEG classification was highly accurate and computationally efficient. Moreover, the average performance of the brain-controlled wheelchair system was over 75% across different individuals, which suggests the feasibility of this approach.
Adaptive segmentation algorithm based on level set model in medical imagingTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
For image segmentation, level set models are frequently employed. It offer best solution to overcome the main limitations of deformable parametric models. However, the challenge when applying those models in medical images stills deal with removing blurs in image edges which directly affects the edge indicator function, leads to not adaptively segmenting images and causes a wrong analysis of pathologies wich prevents to conclude a correct diagnosis. To overcome such issues, an effective process is suggested by simultaneously modelling and solving systems’ two-dimensional partial differential equations (PDE). The first PDE equation allows restoration using Euler’s equation similar to an anisotropic smoothing based on a regularized Perona and Malik filter that eliminates noise while preserving edge information in accordance with detected contours in the second equation that segments the image based on the first equation solutions. This approach allows developing a new algorithm which overcome the studied model drawbacks. Results of the proposed method give clear segments that can be applied to any application. Experiments on many medical images in particular blurry images with high information losses, demonstrate that the developed approach produces superior segmentation results in terms of quantity and quality compared to other models already presented in previeous works.
Automatic channel selection using shuffled frog leaping algorithm for EEG bas...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Drug addiction is a complex neurobiological disorder that necessitates comprehensive treatment of both the body and mind. It is categorized as a brain disorder due to its impact on the brain. Various methods such as electroencephalography (EEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI), and magnetoencephalography (MEG) can capture brain activities and structures. EEG signals provide valuable insights into neurological disorders, including drug addiction. Accurate classification of drug addiction from EEG signals relies on appropriate features and channel selection. Choosing the right EEG channels is essential to reduce computational costs and mitigate the risk of overfitting associated with using all available channels. To address the challenge of optimal channel selection in addiction detection from EEG signals, this work employs the shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA). SFLA facilitates the selection of appropriate channels, leading to improved accuracy. Wavelet features extracted from the selected input channel signals are then analyzed using various machine learning classifiers to detect addiction. Experimental results indicate that after selecting features from the appropriate channels, classification accuracy significantly increased across all classifiers. Particularly, the multi-layer perceptron (MLP) classifier combined with SFLA demonstrated a remarkable accuracy improvement of 15.78% while reducing time complexity.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
2. ISSN: 1693-6930
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and enable human to carry out the desired movement. Walking is also a cyclic process,
whereby important findings can be obtained during a complete gait cycle.
Walking has completely different feet movement from running. One of the legs will be
swinging while another staying put on the ground. Walking with a pair of legs enable human to
maintain body balance, stand upright and walk appropriately. The human walking is separated
into two phases, which is the stance phase and the swing phase [4]. During the stance phase,
the foot will be having contact with the ground, while during the swing phase the foot is in the air
swinging to make the next contact. By calculation, the stance phase is about 60% while the
swing phase is about 40% out of a stride.
The gait phases and features are detected and analyzed in this project [5]. Heel strike is
the first gait feature in walking cycle and it is the first contact to the ground, the contralateral leg
will be in a toe off position. These both feet have less amount of contact with the ground. The
second gait feature is the loading of the foot on the ground with full contact and another foot
starting with the initial swing. The third gait feature is mid-stance of the foot whereby most of the
body weight is supported by this foot with full contact and the other foot is in mid-swing position.
The fourth feaures is the terminal stance which is also known as heel off which comprises of the
whole foot’s heel and the fifth gait feature is toe off of the foot whereby only the front part of the
heel with the great toe is used. By the time of heel off, the contralateral leg had already landed
on ground. The gait feature goes on shifting to another foot [6]. A productive development amid
walking is created by the human spine. Ultimately, walking depends on placing the right and left
foot frontwards to make a beat rhythm in a relentless musicality manner [7].
2. Research Method
2.1. Positioning of Sensor for Right Foot
First and foremost, only the right foot is chosen mainly due to tight budget constraint.
Moreover, it is assumed that the left foot is replicating the right foot. A further project expansion
could be easily achieved once the project is proven to be working. The sensors used in this
project are the Force Sensitive Resistor (FSR) (Part No. 402, http://interlinkelectronics.com).
The sensors are actually a component that turns physical measurement to an electrical output.
A number of these sensors will be grouped to determine the scattering of pressure. The force
acting upon the sensors will be triggered by putting pressure on the FSR sensors by walking or
standing. These sensors are placed in the insole. The positioning of sensors in the insole must
be able to map the pressure of foot correctly. Thus these sensors are placed in places of foot
whereby the majority of pressure being applied.
Thus it has examined as one of the option to design the positions to place the sensors
on the foot region. The FSR sensors are the major component to map the pressure distribution
of the foot. The FSR sensors will be placed at the heel, medial and lateral heel, great toe, first
metatarsal and fifth metatarsal [8]. Altogether six pieces of FSR sensors will be placed evenly at
the mentioned position of the foot as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Positioning of The FSR Sensors
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Besides that, FSR sensors are a good decision for this project as it is resilient, has a
decent amount of thickness for comfort [9] and is easy to be wired. In addition, the sensor is
made up of a thin yet robust polymer film. These sensors showcase a reduction in resistance
with increment of force when the pressure is applied to the sensor’s surface.
The operation whereby the analog signal from the output of the sensor being
manipulated is known as signal conditioning. In conjunction, all the sensors should engage in a
signal conditioning process first. The outcome from each sensor will be able to be processed
and scrutinized. Besides that, there are amplifiers to amplify the signals by reducing or
increasing the signal’s amplitude. The signal amplification consists of two essential tasks, which
are the increment of the input signal’s resolution and the signal-to-noise ratio.
2.2. Hardware Design and Assembly
The major hardware items that will be used in building the portable insole pressure
mapping system are shown in Figure 2 as followed:
1) Microcontroller (Arduino UNO)
2) Force Sensitive Resistors (FSR) – Part No 402, www.interlinkelectronics.com
3) Operational Amplifiers (LM324)
4) LCD Display (16x2)
5) Secure Digital (SD) Card and Module
6) Switch (Toggle)
Figure 2. Major Hardware
The circuit diagram is designed using a computer-aided design software, Proteus 8
Professional (www.labcenter.com). The components that are utilized to construct the circuit
consist of a switch, SD card, variable resistors, battery, FSR, and LCD display. The LCD display
is connected to the digital pins of the Arduino UNO. Moreover, two LM324 operational amplifiers
are utilized in this system design to amplify six FSRs and its outputs are connected to analog
inputs of the microcontroller. The power source is connected to the step-up converters and the
+5V regulators is connected to the step up converter as constant +5V and -5V voltage supplies.
The basic connection of FSR to LM324 is shown is Figure 3 which is an inverting op-amp [10].
The final product is shown in Figure 4 which is the Data Acquisition (DAQ) that converts analog
waveforms into digital values (ADC) for processing and it consists of sensors, circuitry, and
programmed Arduino Uno.
Figure 3. Inverting Op-amp Figure 4. Final Product of DAQ Hardware
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The following equations [10] are used to obtain the output gain between 0 – 1 that
matches to an output voltage ranging from 0 to +5 Volts. RG is set to 100 Ohms. -VREF is
negative and set at constant -5V.
Gain = - RG/RFSR (1)
The output of the amplifier is explained in the following equation:
VOUT = - VREF • Gain (2)
The sampling rate is 77 samples/sec for this project. The sampling rate is computed by
using the equation:
Frequency = Number of samples / Time (3)
Saved ADC data range from 0 to 255. At current stage, it is of high interest to identify
the gait phases and features. The ADC data are not converted into any pressure unit.
2.3. Software Development
In this project, the programming software (Arduino 1.6.8, www.arduino.cc) is used to
create a program, compile, verify and upload the program to the Arduino UNO microcontroller.
Proteus 8 is used to design the schematic and board diagram. Besides that, a double layer
design circuit is created to connect all the electronic components. Its board diagram is
generated and a PCB board is developed accordingly.
3. Results and Analysis
3.1. Static Postures
Static postures comprised of five main gait features that occur in a normal walking of
human are trialed for 10 seconds each and are repeated three times. They are Heel strike (HS),
loading response (LR), mid-stance (MS), heel off (HO) and toe off (TO). The system is tested
on a healthy volunteer. Figure 5 illustrates the mentioned gait features in the right leg.
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)
Figure 5: (a) System setup, (b) Right - HS, (c) Right - LR, (d) Right - MS, (e) Right - HO,
(f) Right - TO
3.2. Heel Strike in Static Posture
Figure 6 shows the feature of heel strike. The medial heel, lateral heel and back heel of
the right leg corresponding to FSR 4, FSR 5 and FSR 6, display significant output readings
while others are suppressed nearly to zero. Based on the values from the graph, the pressure
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acting on the FSR 6 (back heel) is the highest followed by FSR 5 (medial heel) and FSR 4
(lateral heel).
Figure 6. Heel Strike
3.3. Loading Response in Static Posture
Figure 7 portrays the feature of loading response. The great toe, 1
st
metatarsal. 5
th
metatarsal, lateral heel, medial heel and the back heel are involved. Based on the obtained
graph, pressure acting on FSR 6 (back heel) is the highest followed by FSR 5 (medial heel),
FSR 4 (lateral heel), FSR 3 (5
th
metatarsal) and FSR 1 (great toe). However, reading of FSR 2
(1
st
metatarsal) is displaying excursion suggesting that the 1
st
Metatarsal is essential to balance
the body.
Figure 7. Loading Response
3.4. Mid-Stance in Static Posture
Figure 8 displays the feature of mid-stance. The great toe, 1
st
metatarsal. 5
th
metatarsal,
lateral heel, medial heel and the back heel are involved. The set of readings obtained are higher
than loading response as only the right foot is set on ground while the left in on air swinging
forward. It has the same trend as loading response but with a higher amount of pressure
exerted on the sensors. The reading of FSR 2 (1
st
metatarsal) displays significant excursion as
the body is balanced on one leg.
0
50
100
150
200
250
13
16.1
19.2
22.3
25.4
28.5
31.6
34.7
37.8
40.9
44
47.1
50.2
53.3
56.4
59.5
62.6
65.7
68.8
71.9
75
78.1
81.2
84.3
87.4
Data
Time ( Milliseconds)
FSR1
FSR2
FSR3
FSR4
FSR5
FSR6
0
50
100
150
200
13
16.2
19.4
22.6
25.8
29
32.2
35.4
38.6
41.8
45
48.2
51.4
54.6
57.8
61
64.2
67.4
70.6
73.8
77
80.2
83.4
86.6
89.8
Data
Time (Milliseconds)
FSR1
FSR2
FSR3
FSR4
FSR5
FSR6
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Figure 8. Mid-Stance
3.5. Heel Off in Static Posture
Figure 9 presents the heel off feature. The great toe, 1
st
metatarsal and 5
th
metatarsal
which consist of FSR 1, 2, and 3, show significant readings while others diminish to near zero.
Pressure exerted on FSR 2 (1
st
metatarsal) has the highest value followed by FSR 3 (5
th
metatarsal) and FSR 1 (great toe).
Figure 9. Heel Off
3.6. Toe Off in Static Posture
Figure 10 exhibits the feature of toe off. Only the great toe, 1
st
metatarsal and 5
th
metatarsal which is FSR1, 2 and 3 are involved. The pressure acting on FSR 1 (great toe) is
highest followed by FSR 2 (1
st
metatarsal) and FSR 3 (5
th
metatarsal). As it is toe off phase,
higher pressure is exerted on FSR 1 (great toe) compared to heel off.
Figure 10. Toe Off
0
50
100
150
200
250
13
16.1
19.2
22.3
25.4
28.5
31.6
34.7
37.8
40.9
44
47.1
50.2
53.3
56.4
59.5
62.6
65.7
68.8
71.9
75
78.1
81.2
84.3
87.4
Data
Time (Milliseconds)
FSR1
FSR2
FSR3
FSR4
FSR5
FSR6
0
50
100
150
200
250
13
16.2
19.4
22.6
25.8
29
32.2
35.4
38.6
41.8
45
48.2
51.4
54.6
57.8
61
64.2
67.4
70.6
73.8
77
80.2
83.4
86.6
89.8
Data
Time (Milliseconds)
FSR1
FSR2
FSR3
FSR4
FSR5
FSR6
0
50
100
150
200
13
16.2
19.4
22.6
25.8
29
32.2
35.4
38.6
41.8
45
48.2
51.4
54.6
57.8
61
64.2
67.4
70.6
73.8
77
80.2
83.4
86.6
89.8
Data
Time (Milliseconds)
FSR1
FSR2
FSR3
FSR4
FSR5
FSR6
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3.7. Normal Gait
Figure 11 shows a part of the graph that consists of all five different gait features of
normal walking taken for a period of 30.5 seconds from a healthy volunteer. The graph portrays
two main phases of gait cycle which are the stance and the swing phase. Walking cycle starts at
stance phase. From Figure 11, Indicator 1 indicates the heel strike gait feature which consists of
the lateral heel, medial heel and back heel. This gait feature occurs for a very short period of
time and the values of FSR 4, 5 and 6 increases. The walking cycle then enters the loading
response phase in Indicator 2 which consists of the great toe, 1st metatarsal, 5th metatarsal,
lateral heel, medial heel, and back heel whereby the value of FSR 3 increases. Indicator 3
indicates the mid-stance whereby the whole body balances on one leg thus, all the position as
in loading response will be involved but with a higher amount of pressure acting beneath the
foot whereby the value of FSR 4, 5 and 6 goes low while the value of FSR 1, 2 and 3 goes high.
This is the transition from heel strike to loading response and mid-stance to heel off and toe off.
The cycle enters the heel off phase in Indicator 4 which consists of the great toe, 1st metatarsal
and 5th metatarsal only whereby the FSR 4, 5 and 6 are near zero readings while the values of
FSR 1, 2 and 3 increases and gradually moves to toe off phase in Indicator 5 whereby the
values of FSR 1, 2 and 3 will decrease and end in swing phase. This cycle will repeat in every
normal gait. The distributions of pressure acting on the foot is similar to [11], whereby at heel
strike phase, the lateral heel, medial heel and back heel are involved; at loading response
phase the great toe, 1st metatarsal, 5th metatarsal, lateral heel, medial heel and back heel are
involved; at mid-stance phase the involvement is the same as loading response phase; at heel
off phase the great toe, 1st metatarsal and 5th metatarsal are involved and lastly the toe off
phase that has the same involvement as heel off phase.
Figure 11. Normal Gait
4. Conclusion
As for a conclusion from the results obtained, the gait features are actually a body
movement of swaying or swinging right when using right leg and left when using left leg. In this
context, right leg is implemented so the body sways right when moving forward. On the other
hand FSR 2 which is located at the 1st metatarsal is suggested to be essential for balancing the
body due to its most drastic change of data set among the other sensors. Besides that, FSR 3
(5th metatarsal) and FSR 5 (medial heel) have the highest pressure of all when walking. These
two locations can be suggested that it is essential to withstand high pressure. The results
suggest that the system could quantitatively reveal insole pressure patterns that match to the
knowledge of normal walking. Thus it could be served as an assistive guide during a gait
assessment. In future, adding number of FSR could provide more detail on insole pressure.
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Acknowledgement
The authors are grateful to the financial support from Universiti Tun Hussein Onn
Malaysia.
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