SQL injection is a type of attacks used to gain, manipulate, or delete information in any data-driven system
whether this system is online or offline and whether this system is a web or non-web-based. It is
distinguished by the multiplicity of its performing methods, so defense techniques could not detect or
prevent such attacks. The main objective of this paper is to create a reliable and accurate hybrid technique
that secure systems from being exploited by SQL injection attacks. This hybrid technique combines static
and runtime SQL queries analysis to create a defense strategy that can detect and prevent various types of
SQL injection attacks. To evaluate this suggested technique, a large set of SQL queries have been executed
through a simulation that had been developed. The results indicate that the suggested technique is reliable
and more effective in capturing more SQL injection types compared to other SQL injection detection
methods.
In today's modern world, security is a necessary fact of life. GreenSQL Security helps small to large organizations protect their sensitive information against internal and external threats. The rule-based engine offers database firewall, intrusion detection and prevention (IDS/IPS). GreenSQL Security Engine applies exception detection to prevent hacker attacks, end-user intrusion and unauthorized access by privileged insiders. The system provides a web based intuitive and flexible policy framework that enables users to create and edit their security rules quickly and easily. GreenSQL interfaces between your database and any source requiring a connection to it. This approach shields your database application and database operating system from direct, remote access. GreenSQL Database Security 1) Stops SQL Injection attacks on your web application 2) Blocks unauthorized database access and alerts you in real time about unwanted access 3) Separates your application database access privileges from administrator access 4) Gives you a complete event log for investigating database traffic and access 5) Ensures you achieve successful implementation with 24/7 support
SQL injection is the major susceptible attack in todayās era of web application which attacks the database to gain unauthorized and illicit access. It works as an intermediate between web application and database. Most of the time, well-known people fire the SQL injection, who is previously working in the organisation on the present database. Today organisation has major concern is to stop SQL injection because it is the major vulnerable attack in the database. SQLI attacks target databases that are reachable through web front. SQLI prevention technique efficiently blocked all of the attacks without generating any false positive. In this paper we present different techniques and tools which can prevent various attacks.
SQL injection attack is the most common and difficult to handle attacks now days. SQL injection attack is of five types. In these paper details of SQL injection is mentioned.
In today's modern world, security is a necessary fact of life. GreenSQL Security helps small to large organizations protect their sensitive information against internal and external threats. The rule-based engine offers database firewall, intrusion detection and prevention (IDS/IPS). GreenSQL Security Engine applies exception detection to prevent hacker attacks, end-user intrusion and unauthorized access by privileged insiders. The system provides a web based intuitive and flexible policy framework that enables users to create and edit their security rules quickly and easily. GreenSQL interfaces between your database and any source requiring a connection to it. This approach shields your database application and database operating system from direct, remote access. GreenSQL Database Security 1) Stops SQL Injection attacks on your web application 2) Blocks unauthorized database access and alerts you in real time about unwanted access 3) Separates your application database access privileges from administrator access 4) Gives you a complete event log for investigating database traffic and access 5) Ensures you achieve successful implementation with 24/7 support
SQL injection is the major susceptible attack in todayās era of web application which attacks the database to gain unauthorized and illicit access. It works as an intermediate between web application and database. Most of the time, well-known people fire the SQL injection, who is previously working in the organisation on the present database. Today organisation has major concern is to stop SQL injection because it is the major vulnerable attack in the database. SQLI attacks target databases that are reachable through web front. SQLI prevention technique efficiently blocked all of the attacks without generating any false positive. In this paper we present different techniques and tools which can prevent various attacks.
SQL injection attack is the most common and difficult to handle attacks now days. SQL injection attack is of five types. In these paper details of SQL injection is mentioned.
SQL injection is a type of security exploit in which the attacker adds SQL statements through a web application's input fields or hidden parameters to gain access to resources or make changes to data.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
If you really want to understand what exactly Database Security is all about,this presentation is yours.
You will understand it just by having one look at the slides.
Presentation contains things which are really simple to understand.
Last month a hacker breached Yahoo!'s security systems and acquired full access to certain Yahoo! databases, leading to full access on the server. Technically, this highlights the danger of SQLi. From a business perspective, we see the security problem posed third-party code.
A web application detecting dos attack using mca and tameSAT Journals
Ā
Abstract
Interconnected systems, such as all kind of servers including web servers, are been always under the threats of network attackers. There are many popular attacks like man in middle attack, cross site scripting, spamming etc. but Denial of service attack is considered to be one of most dangerous attack on the networked applications. The attack causes many serious issues on these computing systems A denial-of-service (DoS) attack is an attempt to make a machine or network resource unavailable to the intended users. The performance of the server is reduced by the DoS attack, so, to increase the efficiency of the server, detection of the attack is necessary. Hence Multivariate Correlation Analysisā issued, this approach employs triangle area for extracting the correlation information between network traffic. Our implemented system is evaluated using KDD Cup 99 data set, and the treatment of both non-normalized data and normalized data on the performance of the proposed detection system are examined. The implemented system has capability of learning new patterns of legitimate network traffic hence it detect both known and unknown types of DoS attacks and we can say that It is working on the principle of anomaly based attack detection. Triangle-area-based technique is used to speed up the process. The stored legitimate profiles has to keep secured so Detection e=mechanism for the SQL injection is also implemented in the system. The system designed to carry out attack detection is a question-answer portal i.e. a web application and hence the system is using HTTP protocol unlike previous systems which were using TCP. Keywords: Denial-of-Service attack, Features Normalization, Triangle Area Map(TAM), Multivariate Correlation Analysis(MCA), anomaly based detection, SQL injection, HTTP, and TCP,
Performance Comparison of Cluster based and Threshold based Algorithms for De...Eswar Publications
Ā
In mobile ad-hoc networks (MANET), the movement of the nodes may quickly change the networks topology resulting in the increase of the overhead message in topology maintenance. The nodes communicate with each other by exchanging the hello packet and constructing the neighbor list at each node. MANET is vulnerable to attacks such as black hole attack, gray hole attack, worm hole attack and sybil attack. A black hole attack makes a serious impact on routing, packet delivery ratio, throughput, and end to end delay of packets. In this paper, the performance comparison of clustering based and threshold based algorithms for detection and prevention of
cooperative in MANETs is examined. In this study every node is monitored by its own cluster head (CH), while server (SV) monitors the entire network by channel overhearing method. Server computes the trust value based on sent and receive count of packets of the receiver node. It is implemented using AODV routing protocol in the NS2 simulations. The results are obtained by comparing the performance of clustering based and threshold based methods by varying the concentration of black hole nodes and are analyzed in terms of throughput,
packet delivery ratio. The results demonstrate that the threshold based method outperforms the clustering based method in terms of throughput, packet delivery ratio and end to end delay.
SQL injection is a type of security exploit in which the attacker adds SQL statements through a web application's input fields or hidden parameters to gain access to resources or make changes to data.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
If you really want to understand what exactly Database Security is all about,this presentation is yours.
You will understand it just by having one look at the slides.
Presentation contains things which are really simple to understand.
Last month a hacker breached Yahoo!'s security systems and acquired full access to certain Yahoo! databases, leading to full access on the server. Technically, this highlights the danger of SQLi. From a business perspective, we see the security problem posed third-party code.
A web application detecting dos attack using mca and tameSAT Journals
Ā
Abstract
Interconnected systems, such as all kind of servers including web servers, are been always under the threats of network attackers. There are many popular attacks like man in middle attack, cross site scripting, spamming etc. but Denial of service attack is considered to be one of most dangerous attack on the networked applications. The attack causes many serious issues on these computing systems A denial-of-service (DoS) attack is an attempt to make a machine or network resource unavailable to the intended users. The performance of the server is reduced by the DoS attack, so, to increase the efficiency of the server, detection of the attack is necessary. Hence Multivariate Correlation Analysisā issued, this approach employs triangle area for extracting the correlation information between network traffic. Our implemented system is evaluated using KDD Cup 99 data set, and the treatment of both non-normalized data and normalized data on the performance of the proposed detection system are examined. The implemented system has capability of learning new patterns of legitimate network traffic hence it detect both known and unknown types of DoS attacks and we can say that It is working on the principle of anomaly based attack detection. Triangle-area-based technique is used to speed up the process. The stored legitimate profiles has to keep secured so Detection e=mechanism for the SQL injection is also implemented in the system. The system designed to carry out attack detection is a question-answer portal i.e. a web application and hence the system is using HTTP protocol unlike previous systems which were using TCP. Keywords: Denial-of-Service attack, Features Normalization, Triangle Area Map(TAM), Multivariate Correlation Analysis(MCA), anomaly based detection, SQL injection, HTTP, and TCP,
Performance Comparison of Cluster based and Threshold based Algorithms for De...Eswar Publications
Ā
In mobile ad-hoc networks (MANET), the movement of the nodes may quickly change the networks topology resulting in the increase of the overhead message in topology maintenance. The nodes communicate with each other by exchanging the hello packet and constructing the neighbor list at each node. MANET is vulnerable to attacks such as black hole attack, gray hole attack, worm hole attack and sybil attack. A black hole attack makes a serious impact on routing, packet delivery ratio, throughput, and end to end delay of packets. In this paper, the performance comparison of clustering based and threshold based algorithms for detection and prevention of
cooperative in MANETs is examined. In this study every node is monitored by its own cluster head (CH), while server (SV) monitors the entire network by channel overhearing method. Server computes the trust value based on sent and receive count of packets of the receiver node. It is implemented using AODV routing protocol in the NS2 simulations. The results are obtained by comparing the performance of clustering based and threshold based methods by varying the concentration of black hole nodes and are analyzed in terms of throughput,
packet delivery ratio. The results demonstrate that the threshold based method outperforms the clustering based method in terms of throughput, packet delivery ratio and end to end delay.
Gave a talk at StartCon about the future of Growth. I touch on viral marketing / referral marketing, fake news and social media, and marketplaces. Finally, the slides go through future technology platforms and how things might evolve there.
The Six Highest Performing B2B Blog Post FormatsBarry Feldman
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If your B2B blogging goals include earning social media shares and backlinks to boost your search rankings, this infographic lists the size best approaches.
Each technological age has been marked by a shift in how the industrial platform enables companies to rethink their business processes and create wealth. In the talk I argue that we are limiting our view of what this next industrial/digital age can offer because of how we read, measure and through that perceive the world (how we cherry pick data). Companies are locked in metrics and quantitative measures, data that can fit into a spreadsheet. And by that they see the digital transformation merely as an efficiency tool to the fossil fuel age. But we need to stretch furtherā¦
32 Ways a Digital Marketing Consultant Can Help Grow Your BusinessBarry Feldman
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How can a digital marketing consultant help your business? In this resource we'll count the ways. 24 additional marketing resources are bundled for free.
This paper presents a comparative analysis of various machine learning classification models for
structured query language injection prevention. The objective is to identify the best-performing model in
terms of accuracy on a given dataset. The study utilizes popular classifiers such as Logistic Regression,
Naive Bayes, Decision Tree, Random Forest, K-Nearest Neighbors, and Support Vector Machine. Based on
the tests used to evaluate the performance of the classifiers, the NaĆÆve Bayes gets the highest level of
accurate detection. The results show a 97.06% detection rate for the NaĆÆve Bayes, followed by
LogisticRegression (0.9610), Support Vector Machine (0.9586), RandomForest (0.9530), DecisionTree
(0.9069), and K-Nearest Neighbor (0.6937). The code snippet provided demonstrates the implementation
and evaluation of these models.
This is chapter 3 of ISTQB Advance Technical Test Analyst certification. This presentation helps aspirants understand and prepare the content of the certification.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
Ā
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Intrusion Detection and Marking Transactions in a Cloud of Databases Environm...neirew J
Ā
The cloud computing is a paradigm for large scale distributed computing that includes several existing
technologies. A database management is a collection of programs that enables you to store, modify and
extract information from a database. Now, the database has moved to cloud computing, but it introduces at
the same time a set of threats that target a cloud of database system. The unification of transaction based
application in these environments present also a set of vulnerabilities and threats that target a cloud of
database environment. In this context, we propose an intrusion detection and marking transactions for a
cloud of database environment.
INTRUSION DETECTION AND MARKING TRANSACTIONS IN A CLOUD OF DATABASES ENVIRONMENTijccsa
Ā
The cloud computing is a paradigm for large scale distributed computing that includes several existing
technologies. A database management is a collection of programs that enables you to store, modify and
extract information from a database. Now, the database has moved to cloud computing, but it introduces at
the same time a set of threats that target a cloud of database system. The unification of transaction based
application in these environments present also a set of vulnerabilities and threats that target a cloud of
database environment. In this context, we propose an intrusion detection and marking transactions for a
cloud of database environment.
Vulnerability scanners a proactive approach to assess web application securityijcsa
Ā
With the increasing concern for security in the network, many approaches are laid out that try to protect
the network from unauthorised access. New methods have been adopted in order to find the potential
discrepancies that may damage the network. Most commonly used approach is the vulnerability
assessment. By vulnerability, we mean, the potential flaws in the system that make it prone to the attack.
Assessment of these system vulnerabilities provide a means to identify and develop new strategies so as to
protect the system from the risk of being damaged. This paper focuses on the usage of various vulnerability
scanners and their related methodology to detect the various vulnerabilities available in the web
applications or the remote host across the network and tries to identify new mechanisms that can be
deployed to secure the network.
Deployment of Reverse Proxy for the Mitigation of SQL Injection Attacks Using...ijcisjournal
Ā
Internet has eased the life of human in numerous ways, but the drawbacks like the intrusions that
are attached with the Internet applications sustains the growth of these applications. Hackers find
new methods to intrude the applications and the web application vulnerability reported is increasing
year after year. One such major vulnerability is the SQL Injection attacks (SQLIA). Since SQLIA
contributes 25% of the total Internet attacks, much research is being carried out in this area. In this
paper we propose a method to detect the SQL injection. We deploy a Reverse proxy that uses the
input-data cleansing algorithm to mitigate SQL Injection Attack. This system has been tested on
standard test bed applications and our work has shown significant improvement in detecting and
curbing the SQLIA.
Deployment of Reverse Proxy for the Mitigation of SQL Injection Attacks Using...ijcisjournal
Ā
Internet has eased the life of human in numerous ways, but the drawbacks like the intrusions that are attached with the Internet applications sustains the growth of these applications. Hackers find new methods to intrude the applications and the web application vulnerability reported is increasing year after year. One such major vulnerability is the SQL Injection attacks (SQLIA). Since SQLIA contributes 25% of the total Internet attacks, much research is being carried out in this area. In this paper we propose a method to detect the SQL injection. We deploy a Reverse proxy that uses the input-data cleansing algorithm to mitigate SQL Injection Attack. This system has been tested on standard test bed applications and our work has shown significant improvement in detecting and curbing the SQLIA.
Distributed and Typed Role-based Access Control Mechanisms Driven by CRUD Exp...ijcsta
Ā
Business logics of relational databases applications are an important source of security violations, namely in respect
to access control. The situation is particularly critical when access control policies are many and complex. In these
cases, programmers of business logics can hardly master the established access control policies. Now we consider
situations where business logics are built with tools such as JDBC and ODBC. These tools convey two sources of
security threats: 1) the use of unauthorized Create, Read, Update and Delete (CRUD) expressions and also 2) the
modification of data previously retrieved by Select statements. To overcome this security gap when Role-based
access control policies are used, we propose an extension to the basic model in order to control the two sources
of security threats. Finally, we present a software architectural model from which distributed and typed RBAC
mechanisms are automatically built, this way relieving programmers from mastering any security schema. We
demonstrate empirical evidence of the effectiveness of our proposal from a use case based on Java and JDBC.
INTRUSION DETECTION IN MULTITIER WEB APPLICATIONS USING DOUBLEGUARDIJCI JOURNAL
Ā
Today, the use of distinct internet services and their applications by people are increase in very large amount. Due to its usage, it results the increase in data complexity. So, web services turn their focus on multi-tier design where web server acts as front-end and database server acts as back-end. Attackers try to hack personal data by targeting database server, hence it need to provide more security to both web server and database server. In this paper, the doubleguard system proposes an efficient intrusion detection and prevention system which detects and prevents various attacks in multi-tier web applications. This IDS system keeps track of all user sessions across both web server and database server. For this, it allocates the dedicated web container to each userās session. Each user is associated with unique session ID which enhances more security. The system built well correlated model for website and detects and prevents various type of attacks. The system is implemented by using Apache webserver with MySQL.
Intrusion detection system based on web usage miningIJCSEA Journal
Ā
This artical present a system developed to find cyber threats automatically based on web usage mining
methods in application layer. This system is an off-line intrusion detection system which includes different
part to detect attacks and as a result helps find different kinds of attacks with different dispersals. In this
study web server access logs used as the input data and after pre-processing, scanners and all identified
attacks will be detected. As the next step, vectors feature from web access logs and parameters sent by
HTTP will derived by three different means and at the end by employment of two clustering algorithms
based on K-Means, anomaly behaviour of data are detached. Tentative results derived from this system
represent that used methods are more applicable than similar systems because this system covers different
kinds of attacks and mostly increase the accuracy and decrease false alarms.
A Simplified Cost Efficient Distributed System architecture which relies on replication and recovery techniques using monitoring service, proxy service to handle service calls and a specialized server architecture which serves as both backup and standby service provider.
Database security is a growing concern as the amount of sensitive data collected and retained in databases
is fast growing and most of these data are being made accessible via the internet. Majority of the companies, organizations and teaching and learning institutions store sensitive data in databases .As most of these data are electronically accessed , It can therefore be assumed that , the integrity of these numerous and sensitive data is prone to different kind of threat such as{Unauthorized access, theft as well access denial}. Therefore, the need for securing databases has also increased The primary objectives of database security are to prevent unauthorized access to data, prevent unauthorized tampering or modification of
data, and to also ensure that, these data remains available whenever needed. In this paper, we developed
a database security framework by combining different security mechanism on a sensitive students information database application designed for Shehu Shagari College of Education Sokoto (SSCOE) with the aim of minimizing and preventing the data from Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability threats
A SYSTEM FOR VALIDATING AND COMPARING HOST-BASED DDOS DETECTION MECHANISMSIJNSA Journal
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All DDoS detection mechanisms need to be validated and compared with each other. Researchers are looking for an easy way to do these jobs and to get reliable results. The best way to do that is to build a practical system and run the mechanisms simultaneously. Based on behavior of mechanisms in the same situation, various mechanisms are evaluated and compared with each other. However, to build such a actual system is not an easy job. Currently, no more systems allow running simultaneously mechanisms for evaluating and comparing purpose. This paper proposes a system and method for running simultaneously DDoS detection mechanisms. The system helps researchers not only to validate their mechanisms reliably and quickly but also to compare mechanisms easily.
A SYSTEM FOR VALIDATING AND COMPARING HOST-BASED DDOS DETECTION MECHANISMSIJNSA Journal
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All DDoS detection mechanisms need to be validated and compared with each other. Researchers are looking for an easy way to do these jobs and to get reliable results. The best way to do that is to build a practical system and run the mechanisms simultaneously. Based on behavior of mechanisms in the same situation, various mechanisms are evaluated and compared with each other. However, to build such a actual system is not an easy job. Currently, no more systems allow running simultaneously mechanisms for
evaluating and comparing purpose. This paper proposes a system and method for running simultaneously
DDoS detection mechanisms. The system helps researchers not only to validate their mechanisms reliably
and quickly but also to compare mechanisms easily.
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A hybrid technique for sql injection attacks detection and prevention
1. International Journal of Database Management Systems ( IJDMS ) Vol.6, No.1, February 2014
DOI : 10.5121/ijdms.2014.6102 21
A HYBRID TECHNIQUE FOR SQL INJECTION
ATTACKS DETECTION AND PREVENTION
Jalal Omer Atoum and Amer Jibril Qaralleh
Princess Sumaya University for Technology, Amman, Jordan
ABSTRACT
SQL injection is a type of attacks used to gain, manipulate, or delete information in any data-driven system
whether this system is online or offline and whether this system is a web or non-web-based. It is
distinguished by the multiplicity of its performing methods, so defense techniques could not detect or
prevent such attacks. The main objective of this paper is to create a reliable and accurate hybrid technique
that secure systems from being exploited by SQL injection attacks. This hybrid technique combines static
and runtime SQL queries analysis to create a defense strategy that can detect and prevent various types of
SQL injection attacks. To evaluate this suggested technique, a large set of SQL queries have been executed
through a simulation that had been developed. The results indicate that the suggested technique is reliable
and more effective in capturing more SQL injection types compared to other SQL injection detection
methods.
KEYWORDS
Database SQL Injection Atttacks, Static Analysis, Runtime Analysis, Three Tier Architecture.
1. INTRODUCTION
SQL injection attacks (SQLIAs) are very effective system attacks that can be used to gain or
manipulate data in data-driven systems, which is a common problem for web applications that
are published on the internet. Furthrmore, SQLIAs are simple to be learned and simple to be
executed; so they can be executed by unexperienced hackers [16].
There have been many researches that have developed various methods to detect and prevent
SQLIAs. Each of these methods covers an objective or set of objectives related to this type of
attacks, but there is no method that can cover the whole system from being attacked by SQL
injections [6].
The risk of SQLIAs is that when they are performed through the victim back end system, they
will be runing with the same priviliges that the system have on the database, that means if the
system has a power user or administrator permisions then the injection code could be executed
with a disaster effects on the victim machine [2].
Section two presents the aspects related to the different types of SQLIAs and describes the
vulnerabilities that are used to perform the SQLIAs. Section three prsentes different previous
solutions to deal with the SQLIAs detection and prevention. Section four presents the suggested
hybrid technique. Section five presents a description of the simulation that has been developed to
2. International Journal of Database Management Systems ( IJDMS ) Vol.6, No.1, February 2014
22
evaluate the reliability and accuracy of the suggested hybrid technique. Finally, section six
prsents the conclusion and future works.
2. SQL INJECTION ATTACKS
There is no solution that ensures all vulnerabilities in a system will be covered and controlled
completely 100%. There are vulnerabilities in which SQLIAs attackers preferred to use in order
to breach the systems data, those vulnerabilities are either Software or Hardware elements such as
(Servers, Web-Services, Operating Systems, Applications, Database Engines, etc.). If these
elements are not continuasly updated with the latest patches and security updates, then they will
be more vulnerable to be attacked, and then they might not be able to reject such attacks.
Monitoring, logging, validation, intrusion detection, and other operations are very useful in
system architectures to increase the security of the database. If the system is not applying a strong
input validation technique to check every database input to the system it will create a significant
problem, because the input parameters are the first gate to the attacker that could be used to inject
malicious code with this input [3].
The developers should be curious about the error reporting, they should not enable client error
reporting service, because it may lead to an important information of the code or the database of
the system.
The first mechanism to handle the security of a database is to ensure that their access is well
controlled, by assigning the access rights to the appropriate users or objects [8]. Hence, if the
first defense line is not handled as well as required then the database will be vulnerable to
different type of attacks.
It is important to secure the data especially the sensitive data, so even though the database is
secured from being hacked, sensitive data should be encrypted in the database or through the
network [13].
In advanced SQLIAs attackers prefer to use the database core tables that contain sensitive
information about the whole database system. Table 1 shows some of the common useful
database system tables that are preferred to be used in the SQLIAs.
Table 1. Database system's tables for different Database environment
MS SQL Server MS Access Server Oracle
sysobjects syscolumns MSysACEs MsysObjects
MsysQueries
MSysRelationships
SYS.USER_OBJECTS SYS.TAB
SYS.USER_TABLES
SYS.USER_VIEWS
SYS.ALL_TABLES
SYS.USER_TAB_COLUMNS
SYS.USER_CONSTRAINTS
SYS.USER_TRIGGERS
SYS.USER_CATALOG
SQLIAs target database engines that are connected with data-driven systems. Hence, once users
are connected to database to get answers for their requests, the system submits these answers as
SQL queries to the database management system (DBMS) in the database server. After that, the
database server returns the related information (answers) to the system. Finally, the system
renders the resulted data as visual information to the requester (user).
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The attacker can exploit the flow of data between the user, the system, and the database to gain or
manipulate the data by sending queries loaded (injected) by malicious scripts, inline SQL queries,
or commands that will be executed by the database engine and applied to the system database [7].
The intents of the SQL injection attacks could be categorized as; Determining database
information, Data Gathering, Database Manipulation, Code Injection, Function Call Injection, or
Buffer Overflows. For more information on these SQL injection attacks please refere to [4].
The most effective gateways that are used to perform different types of SQLIAs are: browser
variables, user inputs, and injection HTTP header [4].
3. BACKGROUND
This section presents the litrature review that is relevant to SQLIAs and describes the common
researches and techniques that have been done in order to detect and prevent SQLIAs.
SQLIAs detection and prevention techniques have followed various aspects in order to come up
with an appropriate solution so as to prevent SQLIAs from being applied to different types of
databases. Some of these aspects are:
ā¢ Static Analysis: Static analysis is a principle that depends on finding the weaknesses and
malicious codes in the system source code prior to reaching the execution stage [10, 12].
Generally, this principle has been one of the most widely used to detect or prevent SQLIAs.
ā¢ Runtime Analysis: It is a technique which has been used to detect a specific type of attacks
that should be identefied in advance without the need of modifing the development lifecycle nor
the need of the source code of the system. Such a technique depends on tracking the events of
the system through its execution process and detects if there is any of attack that is happing while
execution [7] .
ā¢ Static and Runtime Analysis: In this type of analysis, different researches had choosen to
combine the two aforementioned techniques to create a more effective and reliable solution to
obtain a higher quality with a faster development and testing processes [1].
4. SUGGESTED HYBRID TECHNIQUE
This section focuses on the main idea of the suggested hybrid technique for detecting and
preventing SQLIAs.
4.1 Normal Data Exchanging Strategy
There are many architectures to manage and to organize any data-driven systems, but the most
common architecture that has been used is the three-tier architecture that depends on dividing the
system into three tiers [15] as follows:
1. Presentation Tier (a Web browser or rendering engine).
2. Logic Tier (a server code, such as C#, ASP, .NET, PHP, JSP, etc ā¦).
3. Storage Tier (a database such as Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL, Oracle, etc.).
Figure 1 summerizes the steps of exchanging data among the three-tier system architecture.
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Figure 1. Three-Tier Architecture Data Exchanging
Figure 2 describes the normal mode to link the logged on users to systems that have the database
instances and to determine the accessible instances.
Figure 2. Accessing Database in Normal Mode
4.2 Suggested Approach Strategy
The suggested approach is a runtime detection and prevention methodology that follows the same
steps as the normal approach to exchange the queries between the architecture parties
(Presentation-Logic-Storage), however, it provides an extra defense line on the Data-Tier to
ensure that this side will not execute any abnormal codes that incase affect the system partially or
completely or it affects the hosted operating system and devices.
This approach is based on providing security controlling methodology on the database server side
to ensures that all requested SQL queries from an inside or an outside the system are executed
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securely without any database fabrication or hacking. Figure 3 illustrates the process flow
diagram of the suggested approach stages from getting user or application access to the execution
of the queries that have been delivered to the database.
Figure 3. Process Flow Diagram for Suggested Approach
4.3 Suggested Approach Stages
The suggested approach is based on different stages to reject any malicious query from being
passed through the database engine before its execution process, and those stages could be listed
as follows:
ā¢ Replicate system databases: For each database to be secured from SQLIAs, there should be a
new replication database and it should contain a small amount of sample data.
ā¢ā¢ā¢ā¢ Creating ādatabase_Behaviorsā database: The suggested approach should have a separate
database called ādatabase_Behaviorsā that contains all system database queries and their
expected behaviors that have resulted from SQL queries execution in normal cases. This database
is placed in the replicated instances.
ā¢ Redirect SQL queries: Any SQL query assigned to be executed in the target database will be
initally delayed and replicated by the database engine then this replicated query is sent to the
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virtual database (Schema Replicated database). Hence, the original SQL query will be not
executed yet in this stage and it will be delayed to a later stage.
ā¢ā¢ā¢ā¢ Simple SQL syntax checking: All SQL queries that are passing through the replicated
database should also pass through multiple check processes before they move to the next step
namely, āThe execution processā. The following list presents the checks processes that the SQL
queries should pass through:
- Encoding analysis: Before continuing to any next step the received SQL queries should be
analyzed to determine the character encoding that has been used to write these queries. There
are many techniques that can be used to do this analysis process such as āAutomatic
Identification of Language and Encodingā [11].
- Simple White-Box validation: The query should go through simple syntax validation and
filtering for specific SQL reserved words especially those that use (EXECUTE, SHELL
commands).
- Parameters replacement: Any parameter that has been found in the SQL query should be
replaced by an indexing parameter names. Such as (@par_1, @par_2 ā¦ @par_n).
ā¢ Virtual execution: After the SQL syntax checking process, the SQL query will be executed on
the replicated database āVirtual Databaseā in which it is a process that is running simultaneously
with the execution process, it monitors and traces the behaviors of the SQL query.
ā¢ā¢ā¢ā¢ SQLIA Detection: This stage is the most important stage in the suggested technique, its
purpose is to detect whether the received SQL query is valid and expected query or not. The idea
here is to catch the objects that have been affected by the current SQL query whatever the type of
such objects and create a list of these objects to use them in the next step of this stage.
The resulted list of affected objects will be compared with the ādatabase_Behaviorsā. If there is
a query that handles all of the listed objects with the same type of behavior that is detected from
the previous step then this behavior query will be added to a new list (Expected Queries). Any
resulted behavior that is detected as a suspicious should be rejected and deleted from the actual
database instance execution queue, otherwise the query will be transferred to the actual database
instance for being executed.
5. EVALUATION AND DISCUSSION
As described before, the proposed hybrid technique combines static and runtime analysis
approaches to create a new solution to detect and prevent the SQLIAs. This suggested hybrid
technique will be installed and integrated with the database engines in the database server.
An application using VB .Net has been developed to simulate the work of the suggested
approach. The simulation application has been used to evaluate the performance and accuracy of
the detection and prevention processes in this approach. Using this application, two hundred and
fifty (250) SQL queries that cover all different types of SQLIA have been tested.
The results that had been obtained from simulating this hybrid technique of those 250 queries
prove that this hybrid technique could cover all known SQLIA gateways, and prevents any type
of SQLIAs.
Table 2 gives a comparison of well-known set of SQLIA detection and prevention techniques
along with our suggested hybrid technique in terms of their capability of detection and
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preventions, namely: Tautology, Built-In Functions, Logically Incorrect Queries, Union Query,
Stored Procedure, Piggy-Backed Queries, Inference, Alternate Encoding, and the Direct Attack.
Table 1: Various Schemes and SQL Injection Attacks
This table has been originally presented by [5] except for the first row of our suggested hybrid
technique, the third column of Built-In Functions, and the last column of direct attacks. From this
table, it can be concluded that our hybrid technique covers all types of SQLIA and it is the only
technique that prevents the direct attack type; that means it can detect and prevent any type of
SQLIA even if this attack is applied into the database directly. In other words, this hybrid
technique can detect and prevent SQLIAs that are performed through the system or through a
direct SQL query to the database. Finally, the suggested hybrid technique is the only one that can
detect and prevent SQLIAs that are using Built-In functions to perform such attacks.
6. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
This paper has presented a novel hybrid technique that detects and prevents all types of SQLIAs
in different system categories regardless of the system development language or the database
engine.
The suggested hybrid technique is done in two main phases: runtime analysis, and static analysis.
The first phase is a dynamic/runtime analysis method that depends on applying tracking methods
to trace and monitor the execution processes of all received queries. The result of affected objects
of this monitoring will be compared with a prepared set of expected changes that the developer
had created before, and the result of this comparison process will decide if there is an existence of
any type of SQLIA and if so they will be forwarded to the next phase. The next phase is a static
analysis phase that is performing a string comparison between the received SQL queries and
previous expected SQL queries to prevent any query that is described as a suspicious query.