This document discusses techniques for securing databases. It describes database security as protecting databases from threats to their confidentiality, integrity and availability. It identifies various threats such as unauthorized access, malware infections, and physical damage. It then outlines several layers of security controls that can be implemented, including access control, authentication, encryption, backups and application security. It emphasizes that database security requires a multifaceted approach including technical, administrative and physical controls.
Data is one of the important elements for any organization. As
we know that database is collection of data and programs to
perform operations on that data. So for the successful run for
any organization we have to secure our data. So in this paper
We have to focus on threats related to database as well as
several algorithms related to database security. Databases
have the highest rate of breaches among all business assets,
according to the 2012 Verizon Data Breach Report. Verizon
reported that 96% of records breached are from databases,
and the Open Security Foundation revealed that 242.6 million
records were potentially compromised in 2012.
Data is one of the important elements for any organization. As
we know that database is collection of data and programs to
perform operations on that data. So for the successful run for
any organization we have to secure our data. So in this paper
We have to focus on threats related to database as well as
several algorithms related to database security. Databases
have the highest rate of breaches among all business assets,
according to the 2012 Verizon Data Breach Report. Verizon
reported that 96% of records breached are from databases,
and the Open Security Foundation revealed that 242.6 million
records were potentially compromised in 2012.
Network Security & Assured Networks: TechNet Augusta 2015AFCEA International
August 24, 2015
Bob Kimball, Ciena
The purpose of this talk will be to review the network security guidelines as outlined in NIAP and FISMA as they apply to modern high performance networks.
For more course tutorials visit
www.newtonhelp.com
CSEC 610 Project 1 Information Systems and Identity Management
CSEC 610 Project 2 Operating Systems Vulnerabilities (Windows and Linux)
CSEC 610 Project 3 Assessing Information System Vulnerabilities and Risk
Extensive Security and Performance Analysis Shows the Proposed Schemes Are Pr...IJERA Editor
In this paper, we utilize the public key based homomorphism authenticator and uniquely integrate it with random mask technique to achieve a privacy-preserving public auditing system for cloud data storage security while keeping all above requirements in mind. To support efficient handling of multiple auditing tasks, we further explore the technique of bilinear aggregate signature to extend our main result into a multi-user setting, where TPA can perform multiple auditing tasks simultaneously. Extensive security and performance analysis shows the proposed schemes are provably secure and highly efficient. We also show how to extent our main scheme to support batch auditing for TPA upon delegations from multi-users.
Database security is an important topic in DBMS course. This is my group presentation of this course. We discus three are security aspects, security problems, security controls, database and firewall.
For more course tutorials visit
www.newtonhelp.com
CYB 610 Project 1 Information Systems and Identity Management
CYB 610 Project 2 Operating Systems Vulnerabilities (Windows and Linux)
CYB 610 Project 3 Assessing Information System Vulnerabilities and Risk
Locking Down Your Data: Best Practices for Database SecurityFredReynolds2
Database security is a set of practices and technologies used to secure database management systems against malicious cyber-attacks and unauthorized access. Ensuring a database is intricate because it requires knowledge of multiple areas of information security, including application security, data security, and endpoint security.
Moreover, Database Security is the safeguarding of sensitive data and the prevention of data loss. Database Administrator (DBA) is responsible for ensuring database security.
International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) provides a multidisciplinary passage for researchers, managers, professionals, practitioners and students around the globe to publish high quality, peer-reviewed articles on all theoretical and empirical aspects of Engineering and Science.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
IT 650 Principles of Database DesignProject Milestone – 5.docxpriestmanmable
IT 650: Principles of Database Design
Project Milestone – 5
Topic: .
Under the guidance of
Professor: Dr. Steven. Case
Submitted by
Nikhil Balusani.
LAW, ETHICS, AND SECURITY
Legal and ethical Standards
Availability – the system should allow data to be available to the authorized person at the right time and with less effort needed to access it.
Integrity – data in the database should modified by only the authorized persons and in the correct way. Such that such modification or alterations do not bring conflict in the database meaning data should not be tampered with. If tampered this could amount to misuse.
Confidentiality factor- a system should be designed in such a way that it does not allow unauthorized person to access information which they don’t have permission for Vinyl records . There should be restriction to data accessed by different parties.
The system being developed should not negatively affect the health, safety and welfare of the users instead it should make life better.
A system developed should not perform illegal actions such as corrupting data, leaking of information or used in spying.
The policies and procedures used in the operation to the system being developed should must assure reliable data.
A system developed should be licensed; the legal process of obtaining license should be used.
One should not use software product that they don’t have license or are not authorized to use by the owner. Intellectual rights should not be violated.
Legal compliance
To ensure accurate data is entered every time the system should be able to validate data before Restricting access to data in the database through separating data into different tables with where user privileges are restricted. The design of the database should enable separating different object attributes of entities to restrict access to the whole entity information hence able to protect data from unauthorized access.
Database design methodology used in this case must allow scalability of the information such that the database will continue to function properly even when the data is increasing and hence ensure availability and reliability.
Integrity of the data should be done by setting access privileges in the physical design of the database which is implemented.
Security should be incorporated in all phases of the database development cycle. In the design phase the system.
Standards
The access to different types of databases is done through DBMS only, so for this the standards are easier to enforce. Standards may include and relate to structure of data, format of data, naming of data etc.... generally standardized data is used for the purpose of data exchange between various systems.
· The design of the database should be organized in a manner that the database system provides the overall service which is best for the organization. By this it can give response for the high critical applications when compared to less critical applications.
· The storage o ...
Database security is a growing concern as the amount of sensitive data collected and retained in databases
is fast growing and most of these data are being made accessible via the internet. Majority of the companies, organizations and teaching and learning institutions store sensitive data in databases .As most of these data are electronically accessed , It can therefore be assumed that , the integrity of these numerous and sensitive data is prone to different kind of threat such as{Unauthorized access, theft as well access denial}. Therefore, the need for securing databases has also increased The primary objectives of database security are to prevent unauthorized access to data, prevent unauthorized tampering or modification of
data, and to also ensure that, these data remains available whenever needed. In this paper, we developed
a database security framework by combining different security mechanism on a sensitive students information database application designed for Shehu Shagari College of Education Sokoto (SSCOE) with the aim of minimizing and preventing the data from Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability threats
Network Security & Assured Networks: TechNet Augusta 2015AFCEA International
August 24, 2015
Bob Kimball, Ciena
The purpose of this talk will be to review the network security guidelines as outlined in NIAP and FISMA as they apply to modern high performance networks.
For more course tutorials visit
www.newtonhelp.com
CSEC 610 Project 1 Information Systems and Identity Management
CSEC 610 Project 2 Operating Systems Vulnerabilities (Windows and Linux)
CSEC 610 Project 3 Assessing Information System Vulnerabilities and Risk
Extensive Security and Performance Analysis Shows the Proposed Schemes Are Pr...IJERA Editor
In this paper, we utilize the public key based homomorphism authenticator and uniquely integrate it with random mask technique to achieve a privacy-preserving public auditing system for cloud data storage security while keeping all above requirements in mind. To support efficient handling of multiple auditing tasks, we further explore the technique of bilinear aggregate signature to extend our main result into a multi-user setting, where TPA can perform multiple auditing tasks simultaneously. Extensive security and performance analysis shows the proposed schemes are provably secure and highly efficient. We also show how to extent our main scheme to support batch auditing for TPA upon delegations from multi-users.
Database security is an important topic in DBMS course. This is my group presentation of this course. We discus three are security aspects, security problems, security controls, database and firewall.
For more course tutorials visit
www.newtonhelp.com
CYB 610 Project 1 Information Systems and Identity Management
CYB 610 Project 2 Operating Systems Vulnerabilities (Windows and Linux)
CYB 610 Project 3 Assessing Information System Vulnerabilities and Risk
Locking Down Your Data: Best Practices for Database SecurityFredReynolds2
Database security is a set of practices and technologies used to secure database management systems against malicious cyber-attacks and unauthorized access. Ensuring a database is intricate because it requires knowledge of multiple areas of information security, including application security, data security, and endpoint security.
Moreover, Database Security is the safeguarding of sensitive data and the prevention of data loss. Database Administrator (DBA) is responsible for ensuring database security.
International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) provides a multidisciplinary passage for researchers, managers, professionals, practitioners and students around the globe to publish high quality, peer-reviewed articles on all theoretical and empirical aspects of Engineering and Science.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
IT 650 Principles of Database DesignProject Milestone – 5.docxpriestmanmable
IT 650: Principles of Database Design
Project Milestone – 5
Topic: .
Under the guidance of
Professor: Dr. Steven. Case
Submitted by
Nikhil Balusani.
LAW, ETHICS, AND SECURITY
Legal and ethical Standards
Availability – the system should allow data to be available to the authorized person at the right time and with less effort needed to access it.
Integrity – data in the database should modified by only the authorized persons and in the correct way. Such that such modification or alterations do not bring conflict in the database meaning data should not be tampered with. If tampered this could amount to misuse.
Confidentiality factor- a system should be designed in such a way that it does not allow unauthorized person to access information which they don’t have permission for Vinyl records . There should be restriction to data accessed by different parties.
The system being developed should not negatively affect the health, safety and welfare of the users instead it should make life better.
A system developed should not perform illegal actions such as corrupting data, leaking of information or used in spying.
The policies and procedures used in the operation to the system being developed should must assure reliable data.
A system developed should be licensed; the legal process of obtaining license should be used.
One should not use software product that they don’t have license or are not authorized to use by the owner. Intellectual rights should not be violated.
Legal compliance
To ensure accurate data is entered every time the system should be able to validate data before Restricting access to data in the database through separating data into different tables with where user privileges are restricted. The design of the database should enable separating different object attributes of entities to restrict access to the whole entity information hence able to protect data from unauthorized access.
Database design methodology used in this case must allow scalability of the information such that the database will continue to function properly even when the data is increasing and hence ensure availability and reliability.
Integrity of the data should be done by setting access privileges in the physical design of the database which is implemented.
Security should be incorporated in all phases of the database development cycle. In the design phase the system.
Standards
The access to different types of databases is done through DBMS only, so for this the standards are easier to enforce. Standards may include and relate to structure of data, format of data, naming of data etc.... generally standardized data is used for the purpose of data exchange between various systems.
· The design of the database should be organized in a manner that the database system provides the overall service which is best for the organization. By this it can give response for the high critical applications when compared to less critical applications.
· The storage o ...
Database security is a growing concern as the amount of sensitive data collected and retained in databases
is fast growing and most of these data are being made accessible via the internet. Majority of the companies, organizations and teaching and learning institutions store sensitive data in databases .As most of these data are electronically accessed , It can therefore be assumed that , the integrity of these numerous and sensitive data is prone to different kind of threat such as{Unauthorized access, theft as well access denial}. Therefore, the need for securing databases has also increased The primary objectives of database security are to prevent unauthorized access to data, prevent unauthorized tampering or modification of
data, and to also ensure that, these data remains available whenever needed. In this paper, we developed
a database security framework by combining different security mechanism on a sensitive students information database application designed for Shehu Shagari College of Education Sokoto (SSCOE) with the aim of minimizing and preventing the data from Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability threats
Ingres now Actian Corporation, is the leading open source database management company. We are the world’s second largest open source company and the pioneer of The New
Economics of IT, providing business-critical open source solutions at dramatically reduced cost than proprietary software vendors. As a leader in The New
Economics of IT, Ingres delivers low cost and accelerated innovation to its more than 10,000 customers worldwide.
Patent. US20220232015A1:PREVENTING CLOUD-BASED PHISHING ATTACKS USING SHARED ...Snarky Security
Another patent that promises to revolutionize the thrilling world of network security. Brace yourselves for a riveting tale of inline proxies, synthetic requests, and the ever-so-captivating inline metadata generation logic. It's essentially a glorified bouncer for your corporate network, deciding which document files get to strut down the digital red carpet and which ones get the boot.
This patent is set to revolutionize the way we think about network security, turning the mundane task of document file management into a saga “Who knew network security could be so... exhilarating?”
Bluedog white paper - Our WebObjects Web Security Modeltom termini
At Bluedog, our seminal product, Workbench “Always on the Job!” social collaboration SAAS platform is secured the way we have architected all our three-tier Java-based web applications. We secure the application with input validation, a core authentication authorization framework based on LDAP and JINDI, configuration management that ensures testing for vulnerabilities, and strong use of cryptography. In addition, we utilize session management, exception control, auditing and logging to ensure security of the app and web services.
We also secure our routers and other aspects of the network as well as securing the host servers (patching, account management, directory access, and port monitoring). Most importantly, we design our WebObject web applications securely from the get-go.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, 3rd Edition, by Mark Ciampa
Knowledge and skills required for Network Administrators and Information Technology professionals to be aware of security vulnerabilities, to implement security measures, to analyze an existing network environment in consideration of known security threats or risks, to defend against attacks or viruses, and to ensure data privacy and integrity. Terminology and procedures for implementation and configuration of security, including access control, authorization, encryption, packet filters, firewalls, and Virtual Private Networks (VPNs).
CNIT 120: Network Security
http://samsclass.info/120/120_S09.shtml#lecture
Policy: http://samsclass.info/policy_use.htm
Many thanks to Sam Bowne for allowing to publish these presentations.
the_role_of_resilience_data_in_ensuring_cloud_security.pdfsarah david
Enhance data security with our Data Resilience Cloud. No software/hardware; solve security challenges. Scale resources dynamically. Achieve resilience, efficiency, compliance. Partner with Cuneiform for seamless cloud data protection.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
2. Database: It is an organized collection of
data.
Security: It is the degree of resistance to, or
protection from, harm.
Database Security: It is the mechanisms
that protect the database against
intentional or accidental threats.
3.
4. Database security concerns the use of a broad
range of information security controls to protect
databases against compromises of their
confidentiality, integrity and availability. It involves
various types or categories of controls, such as
technical, procedural/administrative and physical.
Database security is a specialist topic within the
broader realms of computer security, information
security and risk management.
5. Unauthorized or unintended activity or misuse by
authorized database users, database administrators, or
network/systems managers, or by unauthorized users or
hackers.
Malware infections causing incidents such as
unauthorized access, leakage or disclosure of personal
or proprietary data, deletion of or damage to the data
or programs, interruption or denial of authorized access
to the database, attacks on other systems and the
unanticipated failure of database services.
6. Overloads, performance constraints and capacity issues
resulting in the inability of authorized users to use databases
as intended.
Physical damage to database servers caused by computer
room fires or floods, overheating, lightning, accidental liquid
spills, static discharge, electronic breakdowns/ equipment
failures and obsolescence.
Design flaws and programming bugs in databases and the
associated programs and systems, creating various security
vulnerabilities, data loss/corruption, performance degradation
etc.
Data corruption and/or loss caused by the entry of invalid data
or commands, mistakes in database or system administration
processes, sabotage/criminal damage etc.
7. Many layers and types of information security
control are appropriate to databases, including:
Access control
Auditing
Authentication
Encryption
Integrity controls
Backups
Application security
Database Security applying Statistical Method
8. Databases have been largely secured against
hackers through network security measures such as
firewalls, and network-based intrusion detection
systems. While network security controls remain
valuable in this regard, securing the database
systems themselves, and the programs/functions
and data within them, has arguably become more
critical as networks are increasingly opened to
wider access, in particular access from the Internet.
9. Furthermore, system, program, function and
data access controls, along with the associated user
identification, authentication and rights
management functions, have always been important
to limit and in some cases log the activities of
authorized users and administrators.
In other words, these are complementary
approaches to database security, working from both
the outside-in and the inside-out as it were.
10. Many organizations develop their own
"baseline" security standards and designs detailing
basic security control measures for their database
systems. These may reflect general information
security requirements or obligations imposed by
corporate information security policies and
applicable laws and regulations, along with
generally accepted good database security practices
and perhaps security recommendations from the
relevant database system and software vendors.
11. The security designs for specific database systems
typically specify further security administration and
management functions along with various business-
driven information security controls within the
database programs and functions.
Furthermore, various security-related activities
are normally incorporated into the procedures,
guidelines etc. relating to the design, development,
configuration, use, management and maintenance of
databases.
12.
13. Two types of privileges are important relating to database
security within the database environment: system privileges and
object privileges.
System Privileges
System privileges allow a user to perform administrative actions in a
database. These include privileges (as found in SQL Server) such as:
create database, create procedure, create view, backup database,
create table, create trigger, and execute.
Object Privileges
Object privileges allow for the use of certain operations on database
objects as authorized by another user. Examples include: usage,
select, insert, update, and references.
14. One technique for evaluating database security involves
performing vulnerability assessments or penetration tests against
the database. Testers attempt to find security vulnerabilities that
could be used to defeat or bypass security controls, break into
the database, compromise the system etc.
Database administrators or information security
administrators may for example use automated vulnerability
scans to search out misconfiguration of controls within the
layers mentioned above along with known vulnerabilities within
the database software.
The results of such scans are used to harden the database
and close off the specific vulnerabilities identified, but other
vulnerabilities often remain unrecognized and unaddressed.
15. In database environments where security is
critical, continual monitoring for compliance with
standards improves security. Security compliance
requires, amongst other procedures, patch
management and the review and management of
permissions granted to objects within the database.
Database objects may include table or other
objects listed in the Table link. The permissions
granted for SQL language commands on objects are
considered in this process.
16. Compliance monitoring is similar to vulnerability
assessment, except that the results of vulnerability
assessments generally drive the security standards that
lead to the continuous monitoring program. Essentially,
vulnerability assessment is a preliminary procedure to
determine risk where a compliance program is the
process of on-going risk assessment.
The compliance program should take into
consideration any dependencies at the application
software level as changes at the database level may have
effects on the application software or the application
server.
17.
18. Application level authentication and
authorization mechanisms may be effective means
of providing abstraction from the database layer.
The primary benefit of abstraction is that of a single
sign-on capability across multiple databases and
platforms. A single sign-on system stores the
database user's credentials and authenticates to the
database on behalf of the user.
19. Another security layer of a more sophisticated
nature includes real-time database activity monitoring,
either by analyzing protocol traffic (SQL) over the
network, or by observing local database activity on each
server using software agents, or both. Use of agents or
native logging is required to capture activities executed
on the database server, which typically include the
activities of the database administrator.
Agents allow this information to be captured in a
fashion that can not be disabled by the database
administrator, who has the ability to disable or modify
native audit logs.
20. Analysis can be performed to identify known
exploits or policy breaches, or baselines can be
captured over time to build a normal pattern used
for detection of anomalous activity that could be
indicative of intrusion. These systems can provide a
comprehensive database audit trail in addition to
the intrusion detection mechanisms, and some
systems can also provide protection by terminating
user sessions and/or quarantining users
demonstrating suspicious behavior.
21. Some systems are designed to support
separation of duties (SOD), which is a typical
requirement of auditors. SOD requires that the
database administrators who are typically
monitored as part of the DAM, not be able to
disable or alter the DAM functionality. This
requires the DAM audit trail to be securely stored
in a separate system not administered by the
database administration group.
22.
23. A good database security program includes the
regular review of privileges granted to user
accounts and accounts used by automated
processes. For individual accounts a two-factor
authentication system improves security but adds
complexity and cost. Accounts used by automated
processes require appropriate controls around
password storage such as sufficient encryption and
access controls to reduce the risk of compromise.
24. In conjunction with a sound database security
program, an appropriate disaster recovery program can
ensure that service is not interrupted during a security
incident, or any incident that results in an outage of the
primary database environment. An example is that of
replication for the primary databases to sites located in
different geographical regions.
After an incident occurs, database forensics can be
employed to determine the scope of the breach, and to
identify appropriate changes to systems and processes.
25. The greatest threat to database security are non-
tracked unauthorized changes by internal and external
users. Algorithms based on cryptology and other
statistical methods are deployed to both identify these
events and report threats to administrators. Such shield
DB approach maps large dataset into its small digital
fingerprint which, is continuously updated with every
change in main database by registered applications.
Desired fingerprints are then matched with actual at
preset intervals for identifying the changed locations in
the main database, date and time of unauthorized
changes, even made through privileged authority.