Jochem E. et al (2002) Steps towards a 2000 Watt-Society. Developing a White Paper on Research & Development of Energy-Efficient Technologies - Executive Summary - 19 p.
Executive summary
In the coming decades, the threat and consequences of
climate change and of the re-concentration of crude oil
production in the Near East will compel industrialised nations
to make much more efficient use of energy. R&D that helps
realise energy efficiency potentials is likely to be regarded as
important in scientific, entrepreneurial, and political realms.
Demand for highly energy-efficient technologies will rise
steeply, and firms that can provide them will prosper. The
identification of energy-efficient technologies and related
energy conservation potentials undertaken in this pre-study is
a first step toward designing a R&D strategy that is consistent
with the need to evolve towards a 2000 Watt per capita society.
Reaching this level by 2050 implies reducing primary energy
use from 1200 to 460 PJ per year, despite a projected 65%
economic expansion.
Jochem, Eberhard; Favrat, Daniel; Hungerbühler, Konrad; Spreng, Daniel; von Rohr, Philippe-Rudolf; Wokaun, Alexander; Zimmermann, Mark
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Frauke Urban: Low carbon innovation in China – Prospects, Politics and PracticeSTEPS Centre
Presentation given by Frauke Urban (SOAS) at the University of Münster, January 2015
Part of the STEPS affiliate project on Low Carbon Innovation in China. Website: http://steps-centre.org/project/low-carbon-china
John Urry: Innovating Low Carbon Mobility FuturesSTEPS Centre
A presentation given by Professor John Urry, Director, Centre for Mobilities Research, Lancaster University, at the IN-EAST conference, University of Duisberg-Essen, November 2013. The presentation draws on Prof. Urry's 2013 book, Societies Beyond Oil: Oil Dregs and Social Futures. It is also relevant for his project: Low Carbon Innovation in China - Prospects, Politics and Pratice. Find out more: http://steps-centre.org/project/low-carbon-china
On December 14, 2009, the Alliance to Save Energy and the Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP) held a side event at the COP15 climate conference in Copenhagen, Denmark, entitled, "Paradox to Paradigm: The Role of Energy Efficiency in Creating Low Carbon Economies."
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Frauke Urban: Low carbon innovation in China – Prospects, Politics and PracticeSTEPS Centre
Presentation given by Frauke Urban (SOAS) at the University of Münster, January 2015
Part of the STEPS affiliate project on Low Carbon Innovation in China. Website: http://steps-centre.org/project/low-carbon-china
John Urry: Innovating Low Carbon Mobility FuturesSTEPS Centre
A presentation given by Professor John Urry, Director, Centre for Mobilities Research, Lancaster University, at the IN-EAST conference, University of Duisberg-Essen, November 2013. The presentation draws on Prof. Urry's 2013 book, Societies Beyond Oil: Oil Dregs and Social Futures. It is also relevant for his project: Low Carbon Innovation in China - Prospects, Politics and Pratice. Find out more: http://steps-centre.org/project/low-carbon-china
On December 14, 2009, the Alliance to Save Energy and the Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP) held a side event at the COP15 climate conference in Copenhagen, Denmark, entitled, "Paradox to Paradigm: The Role of Energy Efficiency in Creating Low Carbon Economies."
Sustainable energy for whom? Governing pro-poor pathways to low carbon energy...STEPS Centre
David Ockwell and Robert Byrne (University of Sussex/ STEPS Centre) gave this presentation at King's College London on 25 February 2014 as part of the Environment, Politics and Development Research Group seminar series.
Despite the potential development benefits of low carbon energy technologies, existing international policy has failed to deliver against the needs of low income countries or poor and marginalised people therein. This seminar presents (and seeks feedback on) preliminary findings from a CDKN-funded project on off-grid solar electrical services in Kenya (see http://steps-centre.org/project/low_carbon_development/ ). Utilising the STEPS Centre’s Pathways Approach, it is argued that the failure of existing policy stems from its tendency to frame low carbon development as a problem of financing low carbon hardware transfer to developing countries. Alternative conceptual framings, building on insights from innovation studies and socio-technical transitions, applied to in-depth historical analysis of the successful adoption of off-grid solar in Kenya, suggest neither hardware financing policies nor the free market are likely to result in widespread uptake of low carbon energy technologies amongst poor countries and poor people therein. Instead, interventions should seek to act as “innovation system builders” with an explicit focus on building inclusive innovation systems via a range of specific capacity building approaches.
Dr David Ockwell is a Senior Lecturer in the Dept of Geography at the University of Sussex and co-convenes the STEPS Centre’s energy and climate domain. He’s also affiliated to the Sussex Energy Group and the Tyndall Centre. David’s research focuses on low carbon development with particular recent emphasis on the implications of international policy in terms of poverty and social justice.
Dr Rob Byrne is a Research Fellow in SPRU (Science and Technology Policy Research) at the University of Sussex. He co-convenes the STEPS Centre’s energy and climate domain with David and is also affiliated to the Sussex Energy Group and the Tyndall Centre. Rob’s research focuses on low carbon development with a particular empirical focus on off-grid solar electrical services in East Africa where he has worked both as a practitioner installing solar home systems as well as conducting academic research on this issue
Lessons from renewable energy laws - how do countries legislate to support re...Leonardo ENERGY
With the increasing globalisation of the market for renewable energy technologies, it might be expected that this would also lead to national renewable energy laws becoming more similar. Yet, outside of the European Union this has not happened. Drawing from her study of every country in the world’s renewable energy laws, Associate Professor Crossley will explore how countries compete to attract investment via their legislation to support renewables to meet the needs of their domestic consumers and indigenous renewable energy sources. From the support of peat in Sweden, to local content clauses in China, and the impact of the bushfires in Australia, this webinar will examine the competing market drivers impacting the energy transition around the world.
Energy and Environment (TECNALIA Research & Innovation)Jokin Hidalgo
TECNALIA Research & Innovation is the first privately funded applied research centre in Spain and one of the leading such centres in Europe. A combination of technology, tenacity, efficiency, courage and imagination.
We identify and develop business opportunities through applied research. Inspiring Business is a different, unique vision: we visualise ideas that generate value and provide creative technological solutions to produce real results.
Managing Variability, Uncertainty and Flexibility in Power Grids with High Pe...Leonardo ENERGY
In this webinar, Dr. Lawrence Jones will discuss, Renewable Energy Integration, a new ground-breaking book which offers a distilled examination of the intricacies of integrating renewables into power grids and electricity markets. Through thirty-five chapters, this first of its kind volume offers informed perspectives from internationally renowned experts on the challenges to be met and solutions developed by operators around the world. The book focuses on the practical implementation of strategies and provides real-world context for theoretical underpinnings and the development of supporting policy frameworks. It lays out the key issues around the integration of renewables into power grids and markets, from the intricacies of operational and planning considerations to supporting regulatory and policy frameworks; provides global case studies that highlight the challenges of renewables integration and present field-tested solutions; illustrates enabling technologies to support the management of variability, uncertainty and flexibility in power grids. During webinar Dr. Jones will overview different parts and key themes in the book, with a special focus on the subject of demand response, and other solutions for increasing power systems flexibility, and the role of big data.
Study on Implementation of LED Lights for Industrial Lighting to optimize pow...Rahmatul Alam Ivan
World requires optimization in every sectors of energy utilization to decrease natural resource consumption in an industrial sector and other end user sectors. For an efficient and optimized industrial power management system, optimized lighting power sector will be a key fact. This comprehensive and contemporary study shows a path towards optimization of lighting power utilizing LEDs and some optimized proposals for the industries. It will make an impact over traditional Lighting power consumption. It will help to compare the current lighting standards utilized in an industry.
Beyond hardware financing: Pro-poor pathways to low carbon developmentSTEPS Centre
A presentation by Dr David Ockwell and Dr Rob Byrne, given at UEA in October 2013, as part of the project Pro-poor, low carbon development: Improving low carbon energy access and development benefits in Least Developed Countries (LDC). Find out more: http://steps-centre.org/project/low_carbon_development/
A brand new report issued by oil giant BP that looks at how current and future technology will more than meet the expanding energy demands of the world for generations to come. Oil and gas reserves alone will double from their present levels by apply current technology, according to the report.
39
مبادرة
#تواصل_تطوير
المحاضرة التاسعة والثلاثون من المبادرة مع
الأستاذ الدكتور/ هاني أحمد منيب
أستاذ الهندسة الميكانيكية بهندسة المطرية جامعة حلوان
بعنوان
"إدارة المخلفات الاليكترونية
ELECTRONIC WASTE MANAGEMENT"
التاسعة مساء بتوقيت مكة المكرمة الأربعاء
05 أغسطس2020
وذلك عبر تطبيق زووممن خلال الرابط
https://us02web.zoom.us/meeting/register/tZwtc-GtqzItHdTaBG4OpAaXJwc6aohwit8i
علما ان هناك بث مباشر للمحاضرة على وقناة يوتيوب
https://www.youtube.com/user/EEAchannal
للتواصل مع إدارة المبادرة عبر قناة تيليجرام
الرابط
https://t.me/EEAKSA
رابط اللينكدان والمكتبة الالكترونية
www.linkedin.com/company/eeaksa-egyptian-engineers-association/
رابط التسجيل العام للمحاضرات
https://forms.gle/vVmw7L187tiATRPw9
This presentation gives an overview on how our current unsustainable energy supply systems can be transformed to sustainable energy systems? There is a special focus on the challenges for developing countries. The findings are based on the book from Peter Hennicke & Susanne Bodach "Energierevolution - Effizienzsteigerung und erneuerbare Energien als neue globale Herausforderungen" (Oekon Verlag 2010).
Presentation held on World Environment Day 2010 (2010-06-06) in Kathmandu, Nepal.
RENEWABLE ENERGY TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE POWER SUPPLY IN THE NIGERIAN POWER IND...IAEME Publication
The challenge of climate change results primarily from the global use of fossil
fuel. Renewable energy as alternative energy source allows the use of natural sources
such as micro-hydro, wind; solar, and biomass that are sustainable to be explored.
The increase in the dependence on renewable energy calls for attention which can be
solved by the use of energy management. Energy management will provide a
consistent and controllable power supply. There is the need for the integration of
energy management into the grid planning and design. In this work, Energy
management using energy storage is thus considered as one design method for the
system to maximize simplicity and increase reliability using HOMER, a conventional
simulation tool.
Heavy Industries: Advancing American Manufacturing, Raymond Monroe, Steel Fou...Alliance To Save Energy
Nov 17, 2009: Alliance to Save Energy Congressional briefing, "Heavy Industries: Advancing American Manufacturing," - A discussion by industry experts centering on the current and future prospects for energy efficiency in their four respective industries. All agreed on the great potential for energy efficiency projects but acknowledged the formidable barriers that inhibit investment.
This publication presents a compilation of extended abstracts of VTT’s recent research on energy and eco-efficient built environment. Sustainability as a dominating driver of technology development can also be seen in the R&D portfolio of VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland. A clear focus of our research for the building sector is sustainable construction, particularly the energy efficiency of the built environment.
Buildings and the whole built environment are in a key role when societies are mitigating climate change and adapting to its consequences. Despite the temporary economic downturn, construction globally remains one of the most significant areas of human activities globally. Due to the urgency of measures related to climate change and the need to provide a proper environment for living and working, a large number of national and international measures have been agreed to guarantee the future development of sustainable built environment for all. Indirectly, this has lead to a need to develop existing and completely new technologies and processes for the built environment with a speed faster than ever and with a more holistic performance metrics than ever.
“Built environment” here refers to buildings and districts as well as the physical networks for water & waste, transport, energy and information. From a technological point of view the built environment is increasingly becoming a holistic “machine” requiring consideration of all the technologies in the system simultaneously. Yet the technologies are only there to serve a purpose. Long-term human needs, like sustainability, are at the end the foundation for all the development.
The Global Survey of the Electrical Energy Distribution System: A ReviewIJECEIAES
This paper gives a review of energy scenario in India and other countries. Today’s demand of the world is to minimize greenhouse gas emissions, during the production of electricity. Henceforth over the world, the production of electrical power is changing by introducing abundantly available renewable energy sources like sun and wind. But, because of the intermittent nature of sustainable power sources, the electrical power network faces many problems, during the transmission and distribution of electricity. For resolving these issues, Electrical Energy Storage (EES) is acknowledged as supporting technology. This paper discusses about the world electrical energy scenario with top renowned developed countries in power generation and consumption. Contribution of traditional power sources changed after the introduction of renewable energy sources like sun and wind. Worldwide Agencies are formed like International Energy Agency (IEA), The Central Intelligence Agency, (CIS) etc. The main aim of these agencies is to provide reliable, affordable and clean energy. This paper will discuss about the regulatory authority and government policies/incentives taken by different countries. At the end of this paper, author focuses on obstacles in implementation, development and benefits of renewable energy.
Sustainable energy for whom? Governing pro-poor pathways to low carbon energy...STEPS Centre
David Ockwell and Robert Byrne (University of Sussex/ STEPS Centre) gave this presentation at King's College London on 25 February 2014 as part of the Environment, Politics and Development Research Group seminar series.
Despite the potential development benefits of low carbon energy technologies, existing international policy has failed to deliver against the needs of low income countries or poor and marginalised people therein. This seminar presents (and seeks feedback on) preliminary findings from a CDKN-funded project on off-grid solar electrical services in Kenya (see http://steps-centre.org/project/low_carbon_development/ ). Utilising the STEPS Centre’s Pathways Approach, it is argued that the failure of existing policy stems from its tendency to frame low carbon development as a problem of financing low carbon hardware transfer to developing countries. Alternative conceptual framings, building on insights from innovation studies and socio-technical transitions, applied to in-depth historical analysis of the successful adoption of off-grid solar in Kenya, suggest neither hardware financing policies nor the free market are likely to result in widespread uptake of low carbon energy technologies amongst poor countries and poor people therein. Instead, interventions should seek to act as “innovation system builders” with an explicit focus on building inclusive innovation systems via a range of specific capacity building approaches.
Dr David Ockwell is a Senior Lecturer in the Dept of Geography at the University of Sussex and co-convenes the STEPS Centre’s energy and climate domain. He’s also affiliated to the Sussex Energy Group and the Tyndall Centre. David’s research focuses on low carbon development with particular recent emphasis on the implications of international policy in terms of poverty and social justice.
Dr Rob Byrne is a Research Fellow in SPRU (Science and Technology Policy Research) at the University of Sussex. He co-convenes the STEPS Centre’s energy and climate domain with David and is also affiliated to the Sussex Energy Group and the Tyndall Centre. Rob’s research focuses on low carbon development with a particular empirical focus on off-grid solar electrical services in East Africa where he has worked both as a practitioner installing solar home systems as well as conducting academic research on this issue
Lessons from renewable energy laws - how do countries legislate to support re...Leonardo ENERGY
With the increasing globalisation of the market for renewable energy technologies, it might be expected that this would also lead to national renewable energy laws becoming more similar. Yet, outside of the European Union this has not happened. Drawing from her study of every country in the world’s renewable energy laws, Associate Professor Crossley will explore how countries compete to attract investment via their legislation to support renewables to meet the needs of their domestic consumers and indigenous renewable energy sources. From the support of peat in Sweden, to local content clauses in China, and the impact of the bushfires in Australia, this webinar will examine the competing market drivers impacting the energy transition around the world.
Energy and Environment (TECNALIA Research & Innovation)Jokin Hidalgo
TECNALIA Research & Innovation is the first privately funded applied research centre in Spain and one of the leading such centres in Europe. A combination of technology, tenacity, efficiency, courage and imagination.
We identify and develop business opportunities through applied research. Inspiring Business is a different, unique vision: we visualise ideas that generate value and provide creative technological solutions to produce real results.
Managing Variability, Uncertainty and Flexibility in Power Grids with High Pe...Leonardo ENERGY
In this webinar, Dr. Lawrence Jones will discuss, Renewable Energy Integration, a new ground-breaking book which offers a distilled examination of the intricacies of integrating renewables into power grids and electricity markets. Through thirty-five chapters, this first of its kind volume offers informed perspectives from internationally renowned experts on the challenges to be met and solutions developed by operators around the world. The book focuses on the practical implementation of strategies and provides real-world context for theoretical underpinnings and the development of supporting policy frameworks. It lays out the key issues around the integration of renewables into power grids and markets, from the intricacies of operational and planning considerations to supporting regulatory and policy frameworks; provides global case studies that highlight the challenges of renewables integration and present field-tested solutions; illustrates enabling technologies to support the management of variability, uncertainty and flexibility in power grids. During webinar Dr. Jones will overview different parts and key themes in the book, with a special focus on the subject of demand response, and other solutions for increasing power systems flexibility, and the role of big data.
Study on Implementation of LED Lights for Industrial Lighting to optimize pow...Rahmatul Alam Ivan
World requires optimization in every sectors of energy utilization to decrease natural resource consumption in an industrial sector and other end user sectors. For an efficient and optimized industrial power management system, optimized lighting power sector will be a key fact. This comprehensive and contemporary study shows a path towards optimization of lighting power utilizing LEDs and some optimized proposals for the industries. It will make an impact over traditional Lighting power consumption. It will help to compare the current lighting standards utilized in an industry.
Beyond hardware financing: Pro-poor pathways to low carbon developmentSTEPS Centre
A presentation by Dr David Ockwell and Dr Rob Byrne, given at UEA in October 2013, as part of the project Pro-poor, low carbon development: Improving low carbon energy access and development benefits in Least Developed Countries (LDC). Find out more: http://steps-centre.org/project/low_carbon_development/
A brand new report issued by oil giant BP that looks at how current and future technology will more than meet the expanding energy demands of the world for generations to come. Oil and gas reserves alone will double from their present levels by apply current technology, according to the report.
39
مبادرة
#تواصل_تطوير
المحاضرة التاسعة والثلاثون من المبادرة مع
الأستاذ الدكتور/ هاني أحمد منيب
أستاذ الهندسة الميكانيكية بهندسة المطرية جامعة حلوان
بعنوان
"إدارة المخلفات الاليكترونية
ELECTRONIC WASTE MANAGEMENT"
التاسعة مساء بتوقيت مكة المكرمة الأربعاء
05 أغسطس2020
وذلك عبر تطبيق زووممن خلال الرابط
https://us02web.zoom.us/meeting/register/tZwtc-GtqzItHdTaBG4OpAaXJwc6aohwit8i
علما ان هناك بث مباشر للمحاضرة على وقناة يوتيوب
https://www.youtube.com/user/EEAchannal
للتواصل مع إدارة المبادرة عبر قناة تيليجرام
الرابط
https://t.me/EEAKSA
رابط اللينكدان والمكتبة الالكترونية
www.linkedin.com/company/eeaksa-egyptian-engineers-association/
رابط التسجيل العام للمحاضرات
https://forms.gle/vVmw7L187tiATRPw9
This presentation gives an overview on how our current unsustainable energy supply systems can be transformed to sustainable energy systems? There is a special focus on the challenges for developing countries. The findings are based on the book from Peter Hennicke & Susanne Bodach "Energierevolution - Effizienzsteigerung und erneuerbare Energien als neue globale Herausforderungen" (Oekon Verlag 2010).
Presentation held on World Environment Day 2010 (2010-06-06) in Kathmandu, Nepal.
RENEWABLE ENERGY TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE POWER SUPPLY IN THE NIGERIAN POWER IND...IAEME Publication
The challenge of climate change results primarily from the global use of fossil
fuel. Renewable energy as alternative energy source allows the use of natural sources
such as micro-hydro, wind; solar, and biomass that are sustainable to be explored.
The increase in the dependence on renewable energy calls for attention which can be
solved by the use of energy management. Energy management will provide a
consistent and controllable power supply. There is the need for the integration of
energy management into the grid planning and design. In this work, Energy
management using energy storage is thus considered as one design method for the
system to maximize simplicity and increase reliability using HOMER, a conventional
simulation tool.
Heavy Industries: Advancing American Manufacturing, Raymond Monroe, Steel Fou...Alliance To Save Energy
Nov 17, 2009: Alliance to Save Energy Congressional briefing, "Heavy Industries: Advancing American Manufacturing," - A discussion by industry experts centering on the current and future prospects for energy efficiency in their four respective industries. All agreed on the great potential for energy efficiency projects but acknowledged the formidable barriers that inhibit investment.
This publication presents a compilation of extended abstracts of VTT’s recent research on energy and eco-efficient built environment. Sustainability as a dominating driver of technology development can also be seen in the R&D portfolio of VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland. A clear focus of our research for the building sector is sustainable construction, particularly the energy efficiency of the built environment.
Buildings and the whole built environment are in a key role when societies are mitigating climate change and adapting to its consequences. Despite the temporary economic downturn, construction globally remains one of the most significant areas of human activities globally. Due to the urgency of measures related to climate change and the need to provide a proper environment for living and working, a large number of national and international measures have been agreed to guarantee the future development of sustainable built environment for all. Indirectly, this has lead to a need to develop existing and completely new technologies and processes for the built environment with a speed faster than ever and with a more holistic performance metrics than ever.
“Built environment” here refers to buildings and districts as well as the physical networks for water & waste, transport, energy and information. From a technological point of view the built environment is increasingly becoming a holistic “machine” requiring consideration of all the technologies in the system simultaneously. Yet the technologies are only there to serve a purpose. Long-term human needs, like sustainability, are at the end the foundation for all the development.
The Global Survey of the Electrical Energy Distribution System: A ReviewIJECEIAES
This paper gives a review of energy scenario in India and other countries. Today’s demand of the world is to minimize greenhouse gas emissions, during the production of electricity. Henceforth over the world, the production of electrical power is changing by introducing abundantly available renewable energy sources like sun and wind. But, because of the intermittent nature of sustainable power sources, the electrical power network faces many problems, during the transmission and distribution of electricity. For resolving these issues, Electrical Energy Storage (EES) is acknowledged as supporting technology. This paper discusses about the world electrical energy scenario with top renowned developed countries in power generation and consumption. Contribution of traditional power sources changed after the introduction of renewable energy sources like sun and wind. Worldwide Agencies are formed like International Energy Agency (IEA), The Central Intelligence Agency, (CIS) etc. The main aim of these agencies is to provide reliable, affordable and clean energy. This paper will discuss about the regulatory authority and government policies/incentives taken by different countries. At the end of this paper, author focuses on obstacles in implementation, development and benefits of renewable energy.
TOO4TO Module 4 / Sustainable Energy Solutions: Part 2TOO4TO
This presentation is part of the Sustainable Management: Tools for Tomorrow (TOO4TO) learning materials. It covers the following topic: Sustainable Energy Solutions (Module 4). The material consists of 3 parts. This presentation covers Part 2.
You can find all TOO4TO Modules and their presentations here: https://too4to.eu/e-learning-course/
TOO4TO was a 35-month EU-funded Erasmus+ project, running until August 2023 in co-operation with European strategic partner institutions of the Gdańsk University of Technology (Poland), the Kaunas University of Technology (Lithuania), Turku University of Applied Sciences (Finland) and Global Impact Grid (Germany).
TOO4TO aims to increase the skills, competencies and awareness of future managers and employees with available tools and methods that can provide sustainable management and, as a result, support sustainable development in the EU and beyond.
Read more about the project here: https://too4to.eu/
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. Its whole content reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. PROJECT NUMBER 2020-1-PL01-KA203-082076
ENERGY IN BUILDINGs 50 BEST PRACTICE INITIATIVESJosh Develop
Technology, economics and policy are rapidly transforming energy markets
and the broader economy. Global efforts to reduce emissions of greenhouse
gases are leading to increased focus on policies that can reduce energy use
or promote low emissions generation.
Australia’s economy-wide target under the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change is to reduce emissions by 26-28 per cent
on 2005 levels by 2030. By the second half of the century, achieving net zero
emissions is likely to be necessary to meet international climate commitments.
The cost of producing electricity from renewable resources has declined
significantly over recent years and remains on a rapid downward trajectory.
The growing use of energy that underlies current economic growth puts unsustainable pressure on natural resources and on the environment.
What options do we have for switching to a cleaner and more efficient energy future? How much will it cost? And what policies could achieve this?
English language version of the presentation given by Jonathan Jutsen, Chairman of the Australian Alliance for Energy Productivity in San Luis Argentina in December 2016
Leon Nielsen and David Zambrana of CIRCE introduce the role of buildings towards making cities and communities more sustainable in the context of the RINNO project, a Horizon 2020 funded programme, at the SDG4B virtual event hosted by DCU Business School and the Irish Institute of Digital Business.
The Role of ICT in Carbon Management & FinanceAndrew Mitchell
Presentation from a pilot event in Beijing on 24th August 2011 "The Low Carbon Economy - Carbon Management and Finance" by the University of Edinburgh Business School and Edinburgh Centre on Climate Change.
Study about Germany’s efforts to implement the energy transition is summarized in the book “Energy Transition in Nutshell: 8 Q & A on the German Energy Transition and Its Relevance for Indonesia”
Data Warehouse Structure for Energy Monitoring System Towards Campus Sustaina...ijtsrd
"ICT gadgets are turning out to be increasingly widespread in all parts of human life. ICT devours energy, additionally a significant method for sparing energy. In a university campus, it is not unusual for students to own and use more than one gadgets for personal or academic purpose. Conservatively, it has done as such by making energy using systems performance faster. Taking into contrast the worldwide emphasis of the effect of energy consumption in general, there is a developing focus to the power utilization connected with ICT hardware. This work is designed to calculate energy consumption for ICTs and to show analyzed reports and charts for top managers. To accomplish the research, the author needs to depend on the methodology that permitted us to address ways in which energy can be calculated. In regard to the research, we proposed a program that will calculate total cost of ICT devices used, show charts and reports and store these devices in the database. Precious Oaseru Johnson | Precious Oaseru Johnson | Manimala Veeraiyah | Tee Kiam Khai ""Data Warehouse Structure for Energy Monitoring System Towards Campus Sustainability"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Special Issue | International Conference on Advanced Engineering and Information Technology , November 2018, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd19152.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/19152/data-warehouse-structure-for-energy-monitoring-system-towards-campus-sustainability/precious-oaseru-johnson"
Low Carbon China - Innovation Beyond Efficiencypolicysolutions
Radical innovation is essential to achieve green growth. This paper presents three case studies of business model innovation: fertilizer, lighting services and end-of-life treatment of tires. It makes the case that a culture of innovation is the basis for a low-carbon economy, which demands that we individually and collectively:
• Aspire to transformational, not incremental change;
• Adopt new behaviors and think differently.
English translation of Mandarin original (in press with the Chinese journal Plant Engineering Consultants)
Webinaire : Innovation et infrastructure - Moteurs de la transition energetiq...Cluster TWEED
Découvrez les opportunités liées aux innovations technologiques et nouvelles infrastructures durables initiées par la transition énergétique, par le biais des présentations du directeur du Innovation & Technology Center de l'Agence internationale pour les énergies renouvelables, et du coordinateur du programme Sustainable Cities and Settlements de la division Energy Systems and Infrastructure de l'UNIDO.
Un Partito digitale snaturati_2020_morosinimorosini1952
- Vittime i bambini
- Contro l’innalzamento dei mari si possono costruire dighe. Ma per i cervelli dei nostri ragazzi non c’è diga che tenga.
- Mandate un insegnante di educazione sessuale in una classe di dodicenni. Vedrete quante cose gli insegneranno.
- Metti lo smartphone in modalità aereo. E vola con la fantasia.
- Sempre più connessi, sempre meno capaci di connettere.
- Vietare lo smartphone ai minori?
- Il digitale è un bolide senza freni e senza marcia indietro
- DDT: la Digitalizzazione Di Tutto
- Un uomo intelligente sa di essere stupido. Un robot intelligente è stupido senza saperlo.
commento sei programmi elettorali m5s - snaturati 2020morosini1952
Commento dei sei programmi elettorali del Movimento 5 Stelle dal 2009 al 2019 - Da: Snaturati 2020
2009 – “CARTA DI FIRENZE COMUNI A CINQUE STELLE”
VARIE ELEZIONI COMUNALI
Il primo programma elettorale del Movimento fu la Carta di Firenze
dell’8 marzo 2009: 130 parole, una pagina. Essa fu adottata a Firenze l’8
marzo da un’assemblea di iscritti di diverse regioni al movimento degli
Amici di Beppe Grillo organizzati nei Meetup.
I Comuni decidono della vita quotidiana
di ognuno di noi. Possono avvelenarci
con un inceneritore o avviare la raccolta
differenziata. Fare parchi per i bambini
o porti per gli speculatori. Costruire
parcheggi o asili. Privatizzare l’acqua o
mantenerla sotto il loro controllo. Dai
Comuni a Cinque Stelle si deve ripartire a
fare politica con le liste civiche per Acqua,
Ambiente, Trasporti, Sviluppo e Energia.
1. Acqua pubblica
2. Impianti di depurazione obbligatori
per ogni abitazione non collegabile a un
impianto fognario, contributi/finanziamenti
comunali per impianti di depurazione
privati
3. Espansione del verde urbano
4. Concessioni di licenze edilizie solo per
demolizioni e ricostruzioni di edifici civili
o per cambi di destinazioni d’uso di
aree industriali dismesse
5. Piano di trasporti pubblici non inquinanti
e rete di piste ciclabili cittadine
6. Piano di mobilità per i disabili
7. Connettività gratuita per i residenti nel
Comune
8. Creazione di punti pubblici di telelavoro
9. Rifiuti zero
10. Sviluppo delle fonti rinnovabili come
il fotovoltaico e l’eolico con contributi/finanziamenti
comunali
11. Efficienza energetica
12. Favorire le produzioni locali
Snaturati ottobre 2020_prefazioni_michele serra_fioramonti_pizzarotti_indicemorosini1952
Prefazione di Michele Serra, Lorenzo Fioramonti e Federico Pizzarotti a: SNATURATI - La vera storia dei 5 Stelle
raccontata da uno dei padri - Castelvecchi editore - 2020
--------------------------------------------
Michele Serra: Mi sono sempre chiesto come mai Morosini abbia goduto di un’attenzione
mediatica così distratta. È un po’ come se a nessuno fosse venuto
in mente di fare a Engels qualche domanda su Marx.
MICHELE SERRA
Questo libro ci ricorda come il Movimento nasca con una vocazione
social-ecologista che è la base del pensiero del Grillo “politico”.
On. LORENZO FIORAMONTI
Snaturati apre una nuova porta nel mondo del Movimento.
Una lettura fondamentale
FEDERICO PIZZAROTTI
Ai due padri noti del Movimento 5 Stelle, Beppe Grillo e Gianroberto
Casaleggio, bisogna aggiungerne un terzo: Marco Morosini, l’autore
del libro-testimonianza Snaturati1.
«il Fatto Quotidiano»
Come personalità che gli avrebbero aperto gli occhi Grillo nomina il
Premio Nobel americano Joseph Stiglitz, il sociologo tedesco Wolfgang
Sachs e lo scienziato italiano Marco Morosini, che lavora al Politecnico
di Zurigo2.
«Neue Zürcher Zeitung»
Futuro Terra Morosini Conferenze Lezioni Proiezionimorosini1952
Futuro Terra - Programma di proiezioni, conferenze, lezioni nei Marco Morosini- Patrocinatodal Ministewro dell'Ambiente, dal Provveditorato a gli studi, dalla Provincia e dal Comune di Milano
Verso sud - Proiezioni_conferenze_seminari_morosini_201007_111h26morosini1952
VERSO IL SUD - La spedizione del veliero Basile tra le montagne della Penisola Antartica - Proiezioni e conferenze di Marco Morosini - marcomorosini.eu
Cullen reducing energy demand EST 2011morosini1952
Reducing Energy Demand: What Are the Practical Limits?
Jonathan M. Cullen, Julian M. Allwood*, and Edward H. Borgstein
Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45, 4, 1711–1718
Publication Date:January 12, 2011
https://doi.org/10.1021/es102641n
Abstract
Concern over the global energy system, whether driven by climate change, national security, or fears of shortage, is being discussed widely and in every arena but with a bias toward energy supply options. While demand reduction is often mentioned in passing, it is rarely a priority for implementation, whether through policy or through the search for innovation. This paper aims to draw attention to the opportunity for major reduction in energy demand, by presenting an analysis of how much of current global energy demand could be avoided. Previous work led to a “map” of global energy use that traces the flow of energy from primary sources (fuels or renewable sources), through fuel refinery, electricity generation, and end-use conversion devices, to passive systems and the delivery of final energy services (transport, illumination, and sustenance). The key passive systems are presented here and analyzed through simple engineering models with scalar equations using data based on current global practice. Physically credible options for change to key design parameters are identified and used to predict the energy savings possible for each system. The result demonstrates that 73% of global energy use could be saved by practically achievable design changes to passive systems. This reduction could be increased by further efficiency improvements in conversion devices. A list of the solutions required to achieve these savings is provided.
The Photochemistry of the Future - 1912 - New Yorkmorosini1952
Giacomo Ciamician (1857-1922)
Nella memorabile conferenza “La fotochimica del futuro”, l’11 settembre 1912 a New York, egli si chiedeva “.. se non vi sia modo gareggiare con i processi fotochimici dei vegetali. In altre parole, se sia possibile fissare con opportune reazioni fotochimiche l’energia solare utilizzando acqua o anidride carbonica”. Oggi, infine, lo facciamo - seppure in modo sperimentale.
“Bisogna pensare all’avvenire - disse Ciamician nel 1912 - e sorge una domanda: l’energia solare fossile è la sola che possa essere usata nella vita e nella civiltà moderna? (…) La quantità di energia solare che arriva annualmente in un piccolo territorio tropicale che abbia una superficie grande come quella del Lazio equivale alla produzione annuale mondiale di carbon fossile. (…) L’enorme quantità di energia che la terra riceve dal sole va in gran parte dispersa. (…)
Le regioni desertiche, dove le condizioni del clima e del suolo vietano ogni cultura, sarà la fotochimica artificiale che le metterà in valore. Sull’arido suolo sorgeranno colonie industriali senza fuliggine e senza camini: selve di tubi di vetro e serre di ogni dimensione – camere si vetro – s’innalzeranno al sole ed in questi apparecchi trasparenti si compiranno quei processi fotochimici di cui fino allora le piante avevano il segreto ed il privilegio, ma che l’industria umana avrà saputo carpire: essa saprà farli ben altrimenti fruttare, perché la natura non ha fretta mentre l’umanità è frettolosa. (…).
E se giungerà in un lontano avvenire il momento in cui il carbone fossile sarà esaurito, non per questo la civiltà avrà fine: ché la vita e la civiltà dureranno finché splende il sole! E se alla civiltà del carbone, nera e nervosa dell’epoca nostra dovesse far seguito una civiltà più tranquilla basata sull’uso della energia solare non sarebbe male per il progresso e la felicità umana”.
A Metaindex of Development (MoD)
Marco Morosini, ETH Zurich
DRAFT - 2008
To be submitted to Social Indicators Research Abstract
A Metaindex of Development (MoD) for the 30 OECD countries was obtained through the country average rank in ten established international indices covering themes associated with development in industrialized countries: people and ecosystem wellbeing, human development, economic competitiveness, economic freedom, economic equality, information technology, environmental sustainability, gender gap, press freedom, corruption perception. The Metaindex answers the question: when development or relevant elements of it are measured, which OECD countries are more often in the top, in the middle or in the bottom ranks?
Iceland, Finland, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Switzerland, Canada, Netherlands, Australia and Ireland are the top ten countries in the Metaindex ranking in 2006. These countries have a small population (10 millions in average) and seven of them are thinly populated. Compared with the next twenty countries, they have in average the lowest worldwide levels of corruption and the highest levels of press freedom, taxation, environmental stewardship and diffusion of information technology. Eight of the top ten countries rank in the top ten positions in the OECD ranking of satisfaction with life. G8 countries are in the middle of the Metaindex ranking, with Canada best placed (8) and Italy worst (25). The two best correlating rankings with the Metaindex ranking are those of the Corruption Perception Index (0.931), which appears to be the best proxy for development in the OECD countries, and of satisfaction with life (0.866).
Key words: development, metaindex, composite indicators, indices, OECD
IL DOMINIO MASCHILE - da: Snaturati, Marco Morosinimorosini1952
Il dominio maschile
Da: Marco Morosini
SNATURATI
Dalla social-ecologia al populismo
(auto)Biografia non autorizzata del Movimento 5 Stelle
-------------
L’evidenza del beneficio femminile (p. 29)
L’attuale corsa al collasso ecologico ed economico, è stata interamen- te guidata da uomini. Perché non cambiare guidatore? In un’intervista televisiva chiesero a Ruth Bader Ginsburg6, una dei nove attuali giudici della Corte Suprema degli Stati Uniti assurta alla popolarità di una rock-star, quale numero di donne riteneva opportuno nella Corte. La sua risposta semiseria fu: «Nove». Alla risata dell’intervistatore, la giu- dice rispose: «Per tanti anni abbiamo avuto tutti i giudici dello stesso genere. E nessuno lo ha trovato strano».
Chi ha fatto tutti i bambini? Donne. Chi ha fatto tutte le guerre? Uo- mini. Chi ha in corpo solo 400 gameti7 (“uno vale uno”), da proteggere e spendere come tesori? La donna. Chi produce miliardi di gameti (“uno vale l’altro”) da spendere e spandere8? L’uomo. Chi sa per natura e cultura, prendersi cura? Donne. Chi per natura e per cultura sa meglio distruggere e uccidere? Uomini. Quali Paesi sono al vertice delle clas- sifiche mondiali di benessere, equità, rispetto, socialità, accoglienza, protezione della natura? I Paesi scandinavi, nei quali le donne hanno più responsabilità e potere che altrove. Chi preferisce votare forze po- litiche che si impegnano per la giustizia sociale e la protezione della na- tura? Più donne che uomini.......
“SNATURATI”, quando Grillo era verde
Marco Morosini, ghost writer di Beppe Grillo, spiega l’involuzione del Movimento: dall’ecologia sociale al populismo. Milanoambiente, gennaio 2020
---------------------
MM: Nell’ambientalismo nato da sinistra, credo ci sia un grosso problema con il tema “lavoro”. Il tema “lavo- ro” è talmente importante e identificativo per la sinistra italiana che quando in scena entra lui, il lavoro, anche all’ambiente si chiede di fare un passo indietro. E anche alla salute. Il mito del lavoro, e del lavoro industriale so- prattutto, ha radici potenti: io me li ricordo i metalmec- canici di un tempo... erano il corpo d’elite della sinistra italiana, del PCI, del piùgrande partito comunista d’oc- cidente: erano i suoi marines... E ci sono ragioni storiche importanti da cui tutto questo va compreso... Ma c’è an- che qualcosa di esagerato, di fuorviante: quando abitavo a Milano passavo sempre, di fronte al Politecnico, vicino a un monumento con una grande iscrizione in bronzo: “Alla Libertà, alla Pace, al Lavoro”. Be’, libertà e pace sono due fini... il lavoro è un mezzo. Non è un valore, di per sé. R: Banalizzando: si lavora per vivere, non si vive per lavo- rare...
MA: Questo però che c’entra con l’ambientalismo?
MM: C’entra parecchio perché oggi ecologia vuol dire innanzitutto decrescita: produrre di meno,consumare di meno. E lavorare di meno, conseguentemente. Ma qui nasce una grossa difficoltà concettuale, nella sinistra ita- liana. Il primo articolo della Costituzione fa da monito: “L’Italia è una Repubblica democratica fondata sul lavo- ro”... sul lavoro, sul concetto di lavoro. Neanche “sui lavo- ratori” che sono persone, e in quanto tali possono spera- bilmente avere una vita più ampia di quella racchiusa nel loro lavoro. Insomma, queste cose, se le approfondissimo, spiegherebbero parecchio del perché le battaglie sulla ri- duzione dell’orario di lavoro sono fallite in Italia. Eppu- re in una prospettiva ecologica le riduzioni d’orario sono non soltanto opportune, ma doverose! In fondo il mon- do si salva in tre mosse: dimezzare l’energia consumata pro-capite, dimezzare il consumo di materie prime, di- mezzare l’orario di lavoro. (...)
http://www.marcomorosini.eu/archive/MilanoAmbiente.pdf
Late lessons from early warnings: the precautionary principle 1896–2000 morosini1952
Late lessons from early warnings: the precautionary principle 1896–2000
1. Introduction ................................................... 11
1.1. Late lessons from early warnings: an approach to learning from history 11
1.2. Whatisthe‘precautionaryprinciple’? .......................... 13
1.3. An early use of the precautionary principle: London, 1854 . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.4. Forestalling disasters: integrating science and public policy . . . . . . . . . 15
1.5. References............................................... 16
2018 Una società a 2000 watt: più benessere con meno energia - Milano 20.3.20...morosini1952
Una società a 2000 watt: più benessere con meno energia
20.5.2018 - Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento energia, Master RIDEF 2.0 Reinventare l'energia - La riduzione dell'uso di energia primaria procapite da 5000-6000 watt (di potenza continua) a 2000 watt è la strategia ufficiale del governo svizzero dal 2002. E' un buon esempio da seguire nei paesi industrializzati. https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Società_a_2000_Watt
https://www.slideshare.net/morosini1952/2000-watt-morosinipadova2010
Germania sostenibile 1997_morosini_aggiornamenti_socialimorosini1952
GERMANIA SOSTENIBILE - Francesco Fischer (pseud. Marco Morosini)
Germania capace di futuro - Zukunftsfähiges Deutschland - non è solo un libro nè solo uno studio. E' un vero progetto culturale promosso da MISEREOR e dal BUND e concepito dall'Istituto di Wuppertal. Si deve anche a questo progetto se in Germania i temi della giustizia internazionale e della sostenibilità ambientale stanno riguadagnando spazio in un dibattito sociale sempre più dominato dalla questione della concorrenzialità del cosidetto Wirschaftsstandort Deutschland (Germania come "piazza economica").
L'UTOPIA DIGITALE DEL MOVIMENTO 5 STELLE
Tra digitalismo politico e tecno-populismo: ambiguità e limiti del Movimento Cinque Stelle - Intervista a Marco Morosini - 1 settembre 2018
ICT GOOD OR BAD FOR DEMOCRACY? Presentazionemorosini1952
Presentazione:
IS TECHNOLOGY GOOD OR BAD FOR DEMOCRACY?
INTRODUZIONE - Cristina Torsello, Nicole Denise Schiavon - Giugno 2018
Le nuove tecnologie sembrano essere la fine della politica. Utopia o realtà? I nuovi sistemi
mediatici, televisione commerciale e quindi Internet, avrebbero a poco a poco sostituito i
vecchi corpi intermedi politici mutando radicalmente il carattere della partecipazione
politica e contribuendo a ridefinirne le sue caratteristiche. La diffusione di internet ha
avuto e continuerà ad avere effetti dirompenti sulle forme della politica, non minori di
quelli avuti dall’invenzione della stampa all’inizio della modernità. Le democrazie europee,
sottoposte a sempre più nuove sfide, stanno attraversando mutamenti intensi in alcuni
ambiti fondamentali (crisi della rappresentanza, emersione dei populismi, leaderismi,
cattura oligarchica delle istituzioni, ecc…). L’uso dei media digitali evidenzia, infatti, gli
“effetti strutturali” della comunicazione politica (personalizzazione, spettacolarizzazione,
winnowing effects, ecc.) mentre non danno alcuna certezza che tutto ciò si tradurrà in un
incremento di intensità della voce e del potere di controllo dei cittadini e non, invece o
semplicemente, in una teatralizzazione spettatoriale della loro presenza, con il popolo che
da attore politico si fa audience. Ma è realmente così? La nostra ricerca ha avuto come
scopo principale quello di comprendere, attraverso il confronto con personalità illustri nel
mondo della e-democracy, le reali possibilità che il cittadino, in seguito all’evento di
internet abbia più potere e quali sono, in fin di conti, i vantaggi che le nuove tecnologie
forniscono alla democrazia.
IS TECHNOLOGY GOOD OR BAD FOR DEMOCRACY?
INTRODUZIONE - Cristina Torsello, Nicole Denise Schiavon - Giugno 2018
Le nuove tecnologie sembrano essere la fine della politica. Utopia o realtà? I nuovi sistemi
mediatici, televisione commerciale e quindi Internet, avrebbero a poco a poco sostituito i
vecchi corpi intermedi politici mutando radicalmente il carattere della partecipazione
politica e contribuendo a ridefinirne le sue caratteristiche. La diffusione di internet ha
avuto e continuerà ad avere effetti dirompenti sulle forme della politica, non minori di
quelli avuti dall’invenzione della stampa all’inizio della modernità. Le democrazie europee,
sottoposte a sempre più nuove sfide, stanno attraversando mutamenti intensi in alcuni
ambiti fondamentali (crisi della rappresentanza, emersione dei populismi, leaderismi,
cattura oligarchica delle istituzioni, ecc…). L’uso dei media digitali evidenzia, infatti, gli
“effetti strutturali” della comunicazione politica (personalizzazione, spettacolarizzazione,
winnowing effects, ecc.) mentre non danno alcuna certezza che tutto ciò si tradurrà in un
incremento di intensità della voce e del potere di controllo dei cittadini e non, invece o
semplicemente, in una teatralizzazione spettatoriale della loro presenza, con il popolo che
da attore politico si fa audience. Ma è realmente così? La nostra ricerca ha avuto come
scopo principale quello di comprendere, attraverso il confronto con personalità illustri nel
mondo della e-democracy, le reali possibilità che il cittadino, in seguito all’evento di
internet abbia più potere e quali sono, in fin di conti, i vantaggi che le nuove tecnologie
forniscono alla democrazia.
RICERCHE
Le moderne tecnologie digitali e in particolare internet
DER SPIEGEL Digitale Partei 5-Sterne-Bewegung teuflisch geniale Erfindungmorosini1952
DER SPIEGEL - Digitale Partei 5-Sterne-Bewegung teuflisch geniale Erfindung
Italien - »Eine teuflisch geniale Erfindung«
Marco Morosini, 65, langjähriger Ideen -
geber und Ghostwriter des Partei-Idols
Beppe Grillo, über den Weg der Fünf-
Sterne-Bewegung (M5S) in die Regierung
SPIEGEL: Herr Morosini, Sie zählten zu
den Geburtshelfern der Fünf-Sterne-
Bewegung. Sind Sie stolz darauf, dass sie
jetzt wohl Italien regieren wird?
Morosini: Ich habe Beppe Grillo, dem
Mitbegründer, geholfen, ein »Homo poli -
ticus« zu werden. Der späteren Partei
gegenüber war ich immer skeptisch.
Inzwischen ist sie eine Bedrohung für
die Demokratie und das zivilisierte
Miteinander in Italien wie in Europa.
SPIEGEL: Warum? Was steht Italien bevor?
Morosini: Sehr schlechte Zeiten, zumindest
mit einer Regierung aus M5S und
der Lega unter Matteo Salvini. Die Lega
hat alle kriminellen Machenschaften
Silvio Berlusconis mitgetragen. Sie habe
sogar »dieses Land zerstört« – wie der
M5S-Chef Luigi Di Maio oft betonte, allerdings
nur bis kurz vor den Wahlen.
SPIEGEL: Sind die »Grillini« als angeblich
erste digitale Partei der Welt leichter
manipulierbar?
Morosini: Die digitale Partei ist eine teuflisch
geniale Erfindung, die die totale Kontrolle
und Manipulation der eigenen
Abgeordneten und Aktivisten ermöglicht.
SPIEGEL: Sie sind ein Freund und
Weg begleiter Grillos. Wie viel Macht hat
er noch?
Morosini: In der Partei hat er nie Macht
gehabt. Aber er hat ihr die Stimme und
das Gesicht gegeben. Das Hirn der Partei
war und ist woanders.
SPIEGEL: Das Mailänder Unternehmen
Casaleggio gilt als strategische Schalt -
zentrale. Was trauen Sie einer Regierung
unter dem M5S-Vorsitzenden Luigi
Di Maio zu?
Morosini: Er brilliert in den TV-Talkshows,
ohne eine einzige Idee zu formulieren –
er macht das so gut, dass die eigentlichen
M5S-Macher zu Hause auf dem Sofa ihre
Fernbedienung, mit der sie ihn steuern,
beruhigt aus der Hand legen dürfen.
SPIEGEL: Welche Überlebensdauer
räumen Sie einer Regierung aus M5S und
Lega ein?
Morosini: Wahrscheinlich eine sehr
kurze – aber Italien ist immer für Über -
raschungen gut. WMA
Flat-tax Lega-M5S calcolata da economista Massimo Baldini morosini1952
La flat-tax Lega-M5S calcolata dall’economista Massimo Baldini - Roberto Petrini, Repubbica 12.5.18
I calcoli fatti all’istante da Massimo Baldini, economista dell’Università di Modena, tra i massimi esperti della materia, e che sono in uscita su lavoce. info, destano preoccupazione. La «quasi» flat tax, un compromesso tra le tre aliquote proposte dai grillini e l’aliquota unica brandita dalla Lega, ha due aliquote Irpef del 15 e del 20 per cento invece delle attuali cinque (dal 23 fino a 15 mila euro al 43 oltre i 75 mila euro) ed ha un carattere «familiare», cioè nel caso ci siano due partner questi pagheranno le tasse sulla somma dei due rispettivi redditi e non separatamente come avviene oggi.
2000 Watt society in Zurich 2016 Martina Blum presentation in Sydneymorosini1952
On the way to a 2000 Watt society Zurich’s path to sustainable energy use
2016 Australian Summer Study on Energy Productivity Sydney 25 February, 2016 Martina Blum, Energy Expert, Energy Officer City of Zurich
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
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"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Jochem 2002 Steps towards a 2000 Watt-Society Ex Summ
1. Steps towards a 2000 Watt-Society
Project Manager:
Prof. Dr. Eberhard Jochem
CEPE
ETH Zentrum, WEC
8092 Zürich
ETH-BOARD
FINAL REPORT 16.12.2002
A Research Institute
of the ETH Domain
2. novatlantis takes the findings and results of recent research
within the ETH domain and applies them to projects designed
to promote sustainable development in major urban settle-
ments. By using practical examples, we seek to demonstrate
what a sustainable future might be like. Working with
researchers and scientists from the ETH domain, we initiate
multidisciplinary projects. In partnership with governmental
bodies and industry, we run projects, which reflect the
societal and technical aspects of sustainability. Projects are
forward-looking, cost-effective and environment-friendly and
seek to ensure that future generations can enjoy a good
quality of life. The use of the latest technology will guarantee
high living standards. Economic prosperity for all will
guarantee material and spiritual development. A considerate
use of resources and closed material cycles will guarantee
environmental integrity. Our vision is long term and our
current horizon is 2050.
Steering Committee
Prof. Dr. Alexander Zehnder (Chair) EAWAG
PD Dr. Mario Broggi WSL
Prof. Dr. Ralph Eichler PSI
Prof. Dr. Louis Schlapbach EMPA
Roland Stulz novatlantis
Programme Management
Roland Stulz (Director) novatlantis
Prof. Dr. Alexander Wokaun PSI
Dr. Werner Spillmann WSL
Dr. Peter Hofer EMPA
Dr. Heinrich Neukomm ETH Domain
General Management novatlantis
Roland Stulz
Christoph Hartmann
Nadine Bannwart
Contact
novatlantis
c/o EAWAG
Überlandstrasse 133
8600 Dübendorf
Phone ++41 (0)1 305 93 60
E-Mail info@novatlantis.ch
novatlantis – Ideas, Projects, Research
for sustainable urban development
3. Mobility Supporting
Projects
Energy
Supply
Construction
Executive summary
In the coming decades, the threat and consequences of
climate change and of the re-concentration of crude oil
production in the Near East will compel industrialised nations
to make much more efficient use of energy. R&D that helps
realise energy efficiency potentials is likely to be regarded as
important in scientific, entrepreneurial, and political realms.
Demand for highly energy-efficient technologies will rise
steeply, and firms that can provide them will prosper. The
identification of energy-efficient technologies and related
energy conservation potentials undertaken in this pre-study is
a first step toward designing a R&D strategy that is consistent
with the need to evolve towards a 2000 Watt per capita society.
Reaching this level by 2050 implies reducing primary energy
use from 1200 to 460 PJ per year, despite a projected 65%
economic expansion.
novatlantis Projects
Steps towards a 2000 Watt-Society
Project Manager:
Prof. Dr. Eberhard Jochem
CEPE
ETH Zentrum, WEC
8092 Zürich
ETH-BOARD
FINAL REPORT 16.12.2002
A Research Institute
of the ETH Domain
4.
5. II
With major contributions from
Marco Semadeni, CEPE (project co-ordinator)
David Goldblatt (household energy consumption) and André Kemmler (materials use and cross-
cutting technologies), CEPE
Stephan Lienin, Arthur Janssen, and Lukas Gutzwiller, PSI, P. Keller, and C. Kölble, IVT, ETHZ
(transportation)
Alexander Primas, D-CHEM, and Andrea Weber Marin Silvia, D-MAVT, ETHZ (industry)
François Maréchal, LENI, EPFL (energy conversion sector)
Klaus Richter, EMPA (residential and commercial sector)
6. Preface 1
Preface
In 1998 the Board of the Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology promoted the vision of a "2000
Watt per capita society by the middle of the 21st
century". A yearly 2000 Watt per capita energy
demand corresponds to 65 GJ/capita per year, which is one third of today's per capita primary
energy use in Europe. Assuming a doubling of GDP (gross domestic production) per capita
within the next 50 years, the 2000 Watt society implies a factor 4 to 5 improvement in primary
energy use, admitting some influence of structural change on less energy-intensive industries
and consumption patterns.
This vision poses a tremendous challenge for R&D to improve energy and material efficiency. It
is obvious that completely new technologies and supporting organisational and entrepreneu-
rial measures are needed to meet this goal.
The authors have screened the technological areas and necessary research in this first attempt.
They are grateful for all the advice and suggestions given by colleagues in Switzerland and
abroad, particularly by the participants in the international workshop on September 9 - 10
2002.
In view of the challenges facing humanity this century, the authors are convinced of the need
to take action immediately to further research and policy in energy and materials efficiency.
7.
8. Executive summary 2
If you want to build a ship,
don't drum up the men to gather wood,
divide the work and give orders.
Instead, teach them to yearn for the vast and endless sea.
Antoine de Saint Exupéry
Executive summary
In the coming decades, the threat and consequences of climate change and of the re-
concentration of crude oil production in the Near East will compel industrialised nations to
make much more efficient use of energy. R&D that helps realise energy efficiency potentials is
likely to be regarded as important in scientific, entrepreneurial, and political realms. Demand
for highly energy-efficient technologies will rise steeply, and firms that can provide them will
prosper. The identification of energy-efficient technologies and related energy conservation
potentials undertaken in this pre-study is a first step toward designing a R&D strategy that is
consistent with the need to evolve towards a 2000 Watt per capita society. Reaching this level
by 2050 implies reducing primary energy use from 1200 to 460 PJ per year, despite a projected
65% economic expansion (see Figure 1).
Figure 1: Energy flows and energy services of Switzerland in 2000 and 2050 – reducing
energy per capita demand by two thirds while increasing energy services by two
thirds
9. Executive summary 3
This report examines efficiency potentials in energy’s transformation from primary energy to
useful energy and, more importantly, from useful energy to energy services. The examination
of these potentials must consider the lifetimes of manufactured artefacts: buildings and infra-
structure that will save or waste energy in 2050 are being built today; 2050’s computers will be
designed in 2040. It is easy to envisage technologies that would make a 2000 Watt society pos-
sible by the year 2050. However, without exploiting the opportunities re-investment cycles of-
fer, a 2000 Watt society will not emerge and will not even be technologically feasible. This re-
port emphasizes the enormous size of energy conservation potentials achievable not only by
reducing energy losses but also by decreasing the specific demand for several different energy
services through improved material efficiency and intensification of product use (Figure 1).
This pre-study reaches the following definitive conclusions:
(1) Achieving 2000 Watt per capita by the middle of this century implies a complete re-
investment of the capital stock in industrialised countries (and a complete refurbishment of
the building stock to be used in 2050).
(2) In light of these requirements, energy research must be understood to encompass all tech-
nical systems that use energy during their operation and production phases, not solely en-
ergy conversion technologies.
(3) Reducing current per capita energy demand by two-thirds within five decades requires not
only research in natural and technical sciences but also behavioural research on decision
making and day-to-day operation and innovation in industry, services, crafts, transportation,
and private households.
(4) Moreover, the transition to a 2000 Watt per capita society needs the support of a funda-
mental change in innovation system (e.g. research policy, education, standards, incentives,
intermediates and entrepreneurial innovations). This system must be continuously ex-
tended, evaluated, and improved over the coming decades with the perspective being part
of a Swiss policy on sustainable development.
Contributions to this enormous change will have to come from all sectors and technical sys-
tems but also from changed behaviour of many actors:
• Buildings, which use a third of final energy for heating, have a very large energy efficiency
potential. Past technological advances, although considerable, have by no means exhausted
the technological and cost reduction possibilities. Key technological developments include
new types of insulation and integrated designs for new buildings and houses such as low-
energy and solar passive houses and commercial buildings, combined heat and power, and
heat-pump systems.
• Similarly, the efficiency of large equipment like power stations, paper machines, and indus-
trial kilns will continue to be improved greatly. Here, however, the re-investment cycles are
long. Energy-intensive manufacturing equipment will undergo substantial changes through
loss reduction and total process substitution (e.g. new physical, chemical and biotechno-
logical processes instead of conventional thermal separation and synthesis processes).
• One of the areas with the largest savings potential for 2050 is road transport, especially
passenger cars. Further advances in internal combustion engines and fuel cell technology,
braking energy recuperation systems, lightweight frames and new tire materials are very
promising. The aviation sector is of high importance and can be considerably ameliorated
10. Executive summary 4
by improved turbines, improved structural and aerodynamic efficiency as well as air traffic
management techniques. New high-speed train systems with highly efficient magnetic
levitation technology are an interesting alternative. Telematics offer helpful solutions to
implement traffic and modal split management as well as freight logistics. New trans-
shipment and container technology is important to make multi-modal freight traffic more
efficient and attractive.
• Systematic innovations through the use of information technologies will be very important
despite short re-investment cycles for the single elements of the energy-using systems con-
sidered. Putting control technologies at the service of more efficient use of energy and other
resources is a large, rewarding technological challenge.
• More efficient material use, additional recycling of energy-intensive materials or substitution
with less energy-intensive materials, greater re-use of products, and improved material effi-
ciency will all contribute to reducing the quantity of materials produced and, hence, energy
demanded. Entrepreneurial innovations will support these options and the intensified use
of machinery and vehicles by pooling.
• The report identifies techno-economic bottlenecks and existing obstacles to the develop-
ment, acceptance, and market diffusion of innovative technologies; it may be important to
consider them even at the R&D stage. Finally, the report identifies the necessary research on
group-specific behaviour in investment decisions and everyday operation relevant to re-
source efficiency.
Wherever possible, the report specifies the research areas and topics that would contribute the
most to realising the identified energy conservation potentials. However, the timely implemen-
tation of high-efficiency technologies and solutions in areas with long re-investment cycles will
be crucial.
The authors strongly recommend the design of a research programme and process that could
have a decisive impact and help Switzerland to become a leader in technologies for a 2000
Watt society.
11. R&D towards a 2000 Watt society - results of the pre-study 5
R&D towards a 2000 Watt society - results of the pre-study: Overview
The overview summarises the assessment of efficiency potentials that might be achievable
with new technologies by the middle of this century. The saving potentials, documented in
absolute terms for the various sectors, technological fields and behavioural areas, have been
synthesised, taking into account mutual interference and sequential efficiency improvements
along the energy chain (see Figure 2).
Space Heat 199,0 76,2
Process Heat 104,5 55,7
Other Drives 45,8 58,5
Illumination 1,5 8,5
Information,. n.d. n.d.
Communication
Motive Power 58,3 19,5
Energy Flow Diagram 2000
Industry 168,5 PJ
Transportation 302,8 PJ
Private Households 230,6 PJ
Trade, Commerce, 153,5 PJ
Etc.
Transformation Losses
Energy Services
Heated Rooms
(
Industrial
Products
Mobility
Automation,
Cooling
Illuminated Areas
(
PC-, Phone- and
Internet Use
in m )
(in tons)
(in Pass.km)
in m )
2
2
Losses for generating
useful Energy
Useful
Energy
PJ
Source: ISI, Karlsruhe
C o n v e r s i on
Efficiency (%)
437,1 PJ 418,3 PJ
Plastics,
Asphalt
23,8%38,6% 37%
Space Heat
Process Heat
Other Drives
Illumination
Information,.
Communication
Motive Power
Projected Energy Flow Diagramm 2050
Industry ~ 85 PJ
Transportation ~ 160 PJ
Private Households ~ 70 PJ
Trade, Commerce, ~ 50 PJ
Etc.
Transformation Losses
Losses for generating
useful Energy
Useful
Energy
Plastics,
Asphalt
20%
Source: ISI Karlsruhe
27%52%
~ 240 PJ ~ 125 PJ
Energy Services
Heated Rooms
(
Industrial
Products
Mobility
Automation,
Cooling
Illuminated Areas
(
PC-, Phone- and
Internet Use
in m )
(in tons)
(in Pass.km)
in m )
2
2
Figure 2: Swiss energy use in 2000 and estimated energy use summarising the energy/
material efficiency potentials (including behavioural changes and entrepre-
neurial innovations) in 2050 by sectors and three levels of energy conversion
and use.
12. R&D towards a 2000 Watt society - results of the pre-study 6
Major savings of more than 200 PJ can be expected from the residential building sector from
new insulation techniques for walls, roofs, windows and basements and tighter building enve-
lopes and solar gains through adapted construction techniques for houses and buildings. How-
ever, this potential is only feasible by the mid of this century if substantial insulation measures
are made by almost all building owners within the re-investment cycle starting this decade! A
similar reduction in final energy use may be achievable in the transportation sector, particularly
from the car subsector, through lighter vehicles and substantially improved propulsion sys-
tems, better logistics, and transferability between the different modes. Increasing air transport,
however, may diminish the saving potentials in this sector.
Smaller and less certain potentials are possible in industry (100 to 130 PJ); in the commercial
and agricultural sector (150-200 PJ); for cross cutting technologies such as information and
communication technology, variable speed drives and power electronics; and through im-
proved material efficiency and substitution, recycling, and intensification of product use (80-
100 PJ). The latter area also demonstrates that energy services involving vehicles, machines or
appliances can be differently organised and will thereby change the demand for energy ser-
vices. Finally, organisational changes and entrepreneurial innovations or policies influencing
behaviour and even lifestyles have substantial energy-saving potentials that are often eco-
nomically favourable but rarely perceived (60-120 PJ).
It can be safely assumed that the partial substitution of nuclear power plants after 2020 by
decentralised integrated systems will substantially improve the efficiency of the Swiss conver-
sion sector. There is thus a chance that the total necessary efficiency gains in the final energy
sectors required by the 2000 Watt per capita society may be realised under very optimistic as-
sumptions of further technological progress in all sectors of the economy and the residential
sector. Of course, as a first result, this estimate is highly hypothetical, but it indicates that the
2000 Watt society vision is not out of the range of theoretical possibility.
13. Conclusions, recommendations and further steps of the analysis 7
Conclusions, recommendations and further steps of the analysis
Within the limitations of a pre-study, this chapter draws first conclusions for R&D policy in
Switzerland and offers some recommendations at the sectoral level (section 1). As the recom-
mended R&D efforts have to be evaluated within the context of relevant research boundary
conditions, actors and institutions, some first remarks are presented for further discussion (sec-
tion 2). Finally, steps for further analysis and the communication of achieved and expected fu-
ture results are suggested (section 3).
1. Promising R&D areas of analysis – conclusions and recommendations
(1) The existence of a technology’s energy-saving potential alone does not further the 2000
Watt society. Only when a technology’s (behavioural) potential is realised and the technol-
ogy is broadly marketed and used is energy actually saved.
(2) The goal of a 2000 watt per capita society by the middle of this century cannot be achieved
if energy-related R&D is exclusively focused on efficiency improvements of energy conver-
sion technologies in the transformation and final energy sector (total energy conversion
losses in both sectors amount to two thirds or about 700 PJ in Switzerland today). R&D must
also be extended to cover several other technological fields as well as behavioural and en-
trepreneurial aspects:
• Transformation of useful energy to energy services presently loses 400 PJ. Major improve-
ments in and substitution for existing technologies are possible in this area (e.g. passive
solar houses and buildings, substitution of traditional energy-intensive processes by new
low-energy processes in industry, lighter vehicles).
• More efficient use of energy-intensive materials and their substitution with less energy-
intensive materials (e.g. foamed plastics or non-ferrous metals) will not only reduce the en-
ergy demand required to produce them but also the final energy required by the lighter
moving parts and vehicles during their operating lifetime. Increased R&D is recommended
to facilitate the recycling of energy-intensive materials (such as paper, steel, glass, plastics,
aluminium, asphalt) and the partial re-use of long-lasting investment and consumer prod-
ucts, contributing to lower material demand.
• More efficient organisation of individual and societal needs by offering services instead of
owned but rarely used products, vehicles or unwanted floor space in dwellings, office
buildings and factories (e.g. instead of owning, short-term renting or leasing of vehicles,
harvest and production machines). In addition, more professional planning, construction,
and operation of energy-converting plants may help reduce energy losses (e.g. contracting
of heat generation, cogeneration, compressed air, or cooling). The savings potential of this
organisational and entrepreneurial field is at least 50 to 100 PJ by 2050.
• A final point is the explicit consideration of systems aspects with regard to wasteful and un-
productive exergy losses or unproductive mobility in urban areas or freight transport. The
design of industrial parks could integrate aspects of cascaded heat use along its tempera-
14. Conclusions, recommendations and further steps of the analysis 8
ture level; non-polluting production and low-noise crafts could be re-integrated into resi-
dential areas, thus reducing local mobility between home and workplace. This strategy
would contribute to a low-energy society with reduced demand for short-distance motor-
ised mobility in the long-term.
(3) However, long re-investment cycles in some applications (particularly in the building, train,
aircraft, and infrastructure sectors) necessitate forward-thinking policy that applies the new
low-energy solutions as early as possible.
(4) The crucial R&D areas outlined above will have to be taken up by researchers in many coun-
tries. Therefore, periodic, thorough evaluations will be needed to identify the most suppor-
tive technological and social science-related research areas. These should be best suited to
advance future Swiss energy efficiency, and they should sustain and improve the competi-
tiveness of Swiss producers of sustainable technologies in future world markets. This selec-
tion of the most promising areas for Swiss research, development and innovation has to be
seen as a continuous ongoing process of evaluation of the opportunities and the comparative
advantages of the Swiss research and innovation system.
(5) For private households and passenger transport, however, it is somewhat doubtful that im-
proving the energy efficiency of a technology with a high energy-saving potential will actu-
ally lower energy use. In the past decade, for example, the increasing use of lightweight
components in car construction has not lead to lighter cars. The gains have been mostly
counterbalanced by the addition of new technical features such as air-conditioning, GPS-
navigation, motor-driven windows, and safety components. Good research support may be
able to compensate for these trends and preserve the energy savings.
Recommendations
On this basis of the conclusions and the results of the Final Report Chapter 4, the authors make
the following recommendations:
(1) Policy on R&D in energy and materials efficiency should be increasingly accepted as part of
an innovation policy towards sustainable development, not only for Switzerland but glob-
ally, by mutual international exchange of new knowledge on technology and organisation
and through foreign trade in new energy-efficient technologies.
(2) In order to make progress towards a 2000 Watt per capita society, research has to cover all
technological, economic, and behavioural aspects related to energy and materials use. This
poses an enormous challenge for interdisciplinary research in the future.
(3) A larger study should analyse in greater detail the potentials of a 2000 watt per capita soci-
ety, promising technologies, and the most advanced research groups and institutions in
these fields. It should be carried out soon. The study should cover the technological and or-
ganisational areas identified in this pre-study and be conducted by a broad team of scien-
tists from the Swiss scientific community, taking advantage of the many types of formal and
informal co-operation with researchers and research institutions in other countries (see sec-
tion 3).
(4) The following specific recommendations for individual research areas in the various energy-
using sectors focus on priority aspects:
15. Conclusions, recommendations and further steps of the analysis 9
• Buildings: The largest expected savings will come about from substantially improved insu-
lation and air tightness, demand-controlled energy systems (including heat recovery in
ventilation systems), heat pumps, and fuel cells. Installation of new high-performance
thermal insulation materials at low cost on existing buildings is crucial.
• Industry: The recommendations cover the substitution of energy-intensive processes such
as thermal separation by processes based on membrane techniques, improved mechanical
separation instead of thermal drying, and the substitution of traditional grinding tech-
niques by new ones. This strategy will require basic but applied research. The other strat-
egy focuses on improving existing industrial processes by improving process design and
control (e.g. reducing or combining process steps)
• Transportation: Given the passenger car sector’s significance for energy use and potential
savings (30% of final energy use; potential savings of up to 70%), car design measures,
light-weight models, the optimisation of the internal combustion engine, and fuel-cells as
well as specially designed city cars are of major importance. It also seems prudent to con-
sider the substitution of short-range air traffic by a completely new high-speed train sys-
tem using magnetic levitation technology, given long lead times for R&D and implementa-
tion.
• Conversion Sector: Sustained R&D in high-temperature, energy-converting techniques in-
cluding advanced co-generation systems and gas turbines, fuel cells and related compo-
nents such as ceramics and long-lasting, selective membranes promises further improve-
ments in energy and exergy efficiency. Particular attention should be paid to integrated
and inexpensive systems composed of several elements (e.g. heat pumps, micro gas tur-
bines, cooling, or district heating, all of which contribute as a system to improved exergy
efficiencies). Remote control may be important for operating the decentralised units.
• The widespread availability of biomass in Switzerland suggests that some R&D resources
should focus on highly efficient biomass-converting technologies in different applications,
while considering the possible impact on rural areas and the agricultural sector.
• Adequate R&D should be conducted in integrated systems: zero-emission plants, energetic
autonomous systems (with an emphasis on process integration and optimisation), and CO2
capture and storage.
• Behavioural sciences and innovation research is equally important as to improve the deci-
sion process, motivation and knowledge of operators, professional training and to support
new services supplying professionally generated useful energy.
2. Widening the view from energy-related research to innovation systems
Scientists as well as society have to develop a vision to deal with the energy problem as a chal-
lenge. The 2000 Watt society may serve as such a vision. Research support can stimulate and
invigorate it, but vision will only become reality if the system of innovation in place is ready to
adopt the new technologies or entrepreneurial innovations.
Innovation systems encompass the “biotopes” of all those institutions (see Figure 3) that are
• engaged in scientific research and the accumulation and diffusion of knowledge (i.e. re-
search institutions, universities, schools),
16. Conclusions, recommendations and further steps of the analysis 10
• engaged in education and professional training as well as the dissemination of new knowl-
edge to a broader audience (i.e. educational institutions, media),
• developing and producing new technologies, processes, and products; and commercialising
and distributing them (e.g. intermediates, infrastructure, technology producers).
An innovation system also comprises the relevant policy institutions that set the economic,
financial, and legal boundary conditions and regulatory bodies (standards, norms) as well as
the public and private investments in appropriate infrastructure. Every innovation system is
unique and develops its profiles and strengths only over decades. Each is based on stable ex-
change relationships among the institutions of science and technology, industry, commerce,
and the political system.
Since energy and material efficiency is dispersed over all sectors of the economy and the private
households, the efficiency innovation system is characterised by
• a high degree of compartmentalisation (e.g. buildings, road transportation, industrial
branches, energy companies) and corresponding sectorisation of the political administra-
tion with low inter-departmental exchange and co-operation,
• non-interlinked arenas (corporatist negotiation deadlocks involving sovereignty of cantons
in cases such as building codes; cogeneration using fossil fuels and heat pumps following a
systems view), and related failed attempts at restructuring responsibilities in government;
• dominance of a “linear model” of energy supply in political approaches (and among related
technologists, energy economics researchers and consultants) neglecting then opportuni-
ties at the useful energy and energy service level in most cases.
These characteristics of the efficiency innovation system are general and almost independent
of the country considered, but they are highly dependent on the ubiquity and heterogeneity of
energy and material efficiency itself.
Figure 3: Scheme of the Swiss energy and energy efficiency innovation system
The weaknesses of under-coordinated innovation policy-making, which seem to prevail in the
energy and material efficiency field, should be analysed in more detail. Topics here include
17. Conclusions, recommendations and further steps of the analysis 11
poorly articulated demand and weak networks which hinder fast knowledge transfer; legisla-
tion and market boundary conditions in favour of incumbent technologies (with high external
costs), flows in the capital markets (focussing on large-scale technologies and players); and
insufficiently organised actors (Johnson, 2000).
Preconditions for success in realising the 2000 Watt per capita society include research on in-
novation-focussed and co-ordinating roles for government, addressing the large portfolio of
technologies and innovations, reinforcing user-producer relations, supporting the building of
new networks; stimulating learning and economy of scale effects, as well as the articulation of
demand and prime movers. Research on these issues will involve evolutionary economics, soci-
ology of organisation and science, political science, and management science.
3. Further steps of the analysis
The activities that could follow this pre-study are a main study that develops a research and
development agenda in greater detail for major technological fields that have been identified.
Secondly, the results of this pre-study could be enriched and enlarged to a book publication in
order to stimulate and strengthen the discussion on R&D opportunities in the various techno-
logical fields.
Proposal for the main study
As described in the methodological approach (see Final Report Chapter 3), this pre-study did not
systematically identify and evaluate R&D areas according to criteria like “high competence of
the Swiss research community” or “first movers’ potential for Swiss manufacturers”. The lim-
ited effort of the pre-study also did not permit involving a sufficient number of senior research-
ers for all relevant R&D areas or a broader interview campaign among high-level scientists in
Switzerland and abroad.
The objectives of the main study, therefore, will focus on the following two topics:
• Identification of the most relevant R&D themes to achieve energy and material efficiency in
the technical fields identified as important in the pre-study; to overcome technical as well
as cost bottlenecks, and to develop a knowledge base on related entrepreneurial innova-
tions and educational needs.
• In these selected R&D areas, identification of existing or potential strengths of both Swiss
research institutions and Swiss technology producers whose contributions towards a sus-
tainable energy technology development could be the largest.
• Recommendations on different research areas, that also consider the dynamics of re-
investment cycles in the various fields of energy and material use and R&D periods needed.
The methodology that will be used (and improved) in the main study is described in the Final
Report Chapter 3. More detailed analysis would be done on the expected boundary conditions
in European and world markets, the present and potential competitive export position of Swiss
manufacturers in the different technological areas, and the institutional structure of the Swiss
research and innovation systems.
18. Conclusions, recommendations and further steps of the analysis 12
The methodological technique of backcasting will have to be applied in detail to the various
system components (e.g. two turbine generations over the lifetime of a single airplane). A
broad and in-depth interview campaign will be necessary and will include personal and tele-
phone interviews and critical reviews from workshops and invited scientists from academia
and industry.
The authors suggest the following four areas be analysed in detail in the main study:
(1) Applied engineering research with the aim of developing highly energy-efficient products,
components, practices, and systems. This research could be part of any of the fields men-
tioned in section 1 but would most likely concentrate on energy-converting technologies.
Such research would be partially done through an industry-university collaboration and
have explicitly stated energy-efficiency goals, particularly in the case of pure energy-
converting technologies. These goals will, obviously, have to be much more ambitious than
the usual incremental technological improvements (e.g. ceramic gas turbines, high-capacity
heat exchangers with surfaces modulated by nano-technology, super-conductive power
lines, high efficiency integrated fuel cell/heat pump/cooling systems). In the long-term,
academia will have to play a pioneering role in many of these technical fields.
(2) Applied engineering research with significant implications for energy efficiency at the level of
useful energy, driven primarily by non-energy goals such as higher product quality, in-
creased labour or capital productivity for processes, or a service such as mobility or housing.
Improvements in the efficiency of providing energy services from useful energy will be a co-
benefit of this category. The main study will have to make specific recommendations for
the various research areas covered in the Final Report Chapters 4.1 to 4.2 (e.g. building de-
sign, separation by membranes or crystallisation, light vehicles, and foamed plastics).
(3) In R&D areas without direct and obvious links to applications of energy-efficient products,
components, practices and systems, improvements of the strategic properties of materials
and devices (sensors, software and communication technologies) may warrant special atten-
tion and support. It is difficult to identify these areas of strategic importance and would re-
quire considerable effort in the main study. For example, inexpensive and improved sen-
sors, information, and communication systems are key factors not only for process automa-
tion and optimisation and for intermodal transportation, but also for reliable and practical
solutions for intensifying product use by developing and supplying information and com-
munication systems-based services.
(4) The development of systems construction procedures and analytical tools may be important.
Given the large number of design options of buildings, vehicles, industrial process systems,
integrated energy systems, and infrastructure, optimisation methods to identify cost reduc-
tion potentials of new technologies and systems while accounting for environmental ef-
fects may play an important supporting role in engineering efficient components and sys-
tems. Such methods would include exergy concepts, life-cycle analysis (LCA), and databases.
Pooling data among industries without infringing on proprietary rights would facilitate de-
cision-making about specific R&D paths.
The study will conclude with recommendations on promising fields for R&D in natural sciences,
technology, entrepreneurial, behavioural and policy sciences, the latter taking into considera-
19. Conclusions, recommendations and further steps of the analysis 13
tion the Swiss innovation system as well as existing obstacles and market imperfections that
hinder the timely implementation of energy- and material-efficient processes and products.
The comprehensive work will be performed within a period of 2,5 years. It will be accompanied
by a specially appointed scientific board of representatives from industry, administration, CORE
and the national and international scientific community. Interim results will be reported at the
end of the first and second year; the interim results will be discussed in an international work-
shop with parallel sessions on major sectors and organisational and behavioural aspects.
The research effort is estimated to amount to some eight years of scientific manpower. The
existing team of six researchers will be increased by five to six senior researchers, with particu-
lar emphasis on electric systems, material science, thermodynamic machines, behavioural sci-
ence and innovation research.
Final Report
Jochem E., Favrat, D., Hungerbühler K., Rudolph von Rohr P., Spreng D., Wokaun A., and
Zimmermann, M., co-contributors; Semadeni M., David Goldblatt, D. Kemmler A. Stephan
Lienin S., Arthur Janssen A., and Lukas Gutzwiller L., P. Keller P., C. Kölble C., Alexander Pri-
mas A., Weber-Marin A. S., Maréchal F., and Richter K., 2002, Steps towards a 2000 Watt–
Society: Developing a White Paper on Research & Development of Energy-Efficient Tech-
nologies, Pre-study, Final Report, CEPE Zürich, LENI EPF Lausanne, D-CHEM ETH Zürich, D-
MAVT ETH Zürich, PSI Villigen, EMPA Dübendorf, submitted to novatlantis, December 2002.