This study examined the antibiotic efficacy of Moringa oleifera seed and leaf extracts using crude extraction techniques. M. oleifera seeds and leaves were extracted using water, ethanol, and ethyl acetate solvents and crude or sophisticated methods. Extract-impregnated disks were tested for inhibition of 14 bacterial species. Seed extracts inhibited more bacteria (4 species) than leaf extracts (1 species). Most inhibited bacteria by seed extracts were Gram-positive. A single extract, Bacillus sphaericus, was inhibited by both seed and leaf extracts. Crude extraction techniques produced comparable inhibition zones to sophisticated techniques, suggesting potential antibiotic applications using simple methods for underserved populations.
Terry Exports LLP (TEL) is an Indian based premium moringa powder exports-oriented firm, which promotes, market and distributes moringa oleifera products of the highest quality to pharmaceutical/nutraceuticals, cosmetic, personal care, wellness, food, beverage and spa industries in the USA, Europe.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Effects of Leaf and Root Extracts o...inventionjournals
Crotalaria brevidens (slenderleaf) leaves and shoots are used as food and have medicinal properties when consumed by human beings. It also acts as an agent in promotion of suicidal germination of striga, a parasitic plant that is a major problem weed for maize and millet growers. In view of its medicinal importance, and there being increased tolerance of many microorganisms towards known antibiotics, there is a need to establish the anti microbial properties of extracts obtained from its roots, stem, leaf and other body parts against pathogenic microorganism. Even though this plant is reported to have immense medicinal value in treating stomach related ailments, malaria and many other tropical diseases, before this study little was known about the antimicrobial potentials of its roots, stem and leaves against three candidate microorganisms namely; Candida albicans, staphylococcus aureus and E. coli. This study was thus initiated to investigate (1) the antimicrobial effects of slenderleaf on Candida albicans, staphylococcus aureus and E. coli, and (2) establish the presence of phenols, steroids, glycosides, saponins, quinones, tannins, terpenoids and flavonoids in its crude leaf and root extracts. The plant roots and leaves used during these studies were collected, shade dried and blended to obtain a fine powder. Ethanol was used as the solvent to extract the pure components by dissolving 25g of leaves and 6g of roots separately in 150ml of ethanol in each case. After seven days, the extract was filtered and the filtrate put in a rotary evaporator to obtain a pure solid sample of the extract. A stock solution was made with 3g of the leaf extract that resulted by dissolving in 40ml distilled water making a concentration of 75mg/ml. the stock was diluted to 3.75mg/ml, 11.25mg/ml, 18.75mg/ml and 37.5mg/ml as 5%, 15%, 25% and 50% respectively. A control with distilled water (0%) was used. This was then replicated thrice to minimize variability and arranged in a completely randomized design. The screening of antimicrobial activity of crude extracts was done by measuring the zone of inhibition using agar diffusion method. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means separated and compared using least significance difference (LSD) at (p<0.05). There was a clear zone observed around the discs impregnated in the extract and transferred to the inoculated petri dishes. High inhibition was observed on Escherichia coli at a concentration of 37.5mg/ml. phytochemical screening showed presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, anthraquinones, phenols, terpenoids and cardiac glycosides as secondary metabolites. The crude extracts obtained in these studies clearly indicated antimicrobial properties against the three tested microorganisms, and therefore there is need to determine the main active components for studies that may lead to the discovery of new natural drugs.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Medicinal plants are in use in many countries and cultures as a source of medicine. Biotechnological tools like tissue culture are important for selection, multiplication and conservation of medicinal plants genotypes. In addition, in-vitro regeneration plays a great role in the production of high-quality plant-based medicine. Plant tissue culture techniques offer an integrated approach for the production of standardized quality phytopharmaceutical through mass production of consistent plant material for physiological characterization and analysis of active ingredients. A number of medicinal plants reported to regenerate in vitro from their various parts but still, fewer are grown in soil, while their micropropagation on a mass scale has rarely been achieved. Micropropagation protocols for cloning of some medicinal plants had been developed by using different concentrations of plant growth regulators in a Murashige and Skoog media variant (Murashige and Skoog, 1962). Regeneration occurred via organogenesis and embryogenesis in response to auxins and cytokinins. The production of secondary metabolite is also becoming familiar by tissue culture for pharmaceutical use. The integrated approaches of culture systems will provide the basis for the future development of safe, effective, and high-quality products for consumers.
Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Screening of Phyllantus NiruriYogeshIJTSRD
Theorigin of Phyllanthus niruri is tropical America from there it spread as a weed to other tropic and sub tropics. It is a tropical annual herb shrub which grows as weed in moist humid waste land. Phyllanthus niruri is among more than 500 Phyllanthus species that are widely spread in temperate and tropical climates region Lizuka et al., 2007. It grows 30 40 cm in height, has small leaves and yellow flowers the stem has green capsule, and blooms with flowers with 5 white sepals and apical acute anther.38g of Mueller Hinton Agar was dissolved in 1000ml distilled water in a conical flask, the mouth of the conical flask was plugged with cotton woo wrapped in aluminium foil. This was sterilized in an autoclave at 121oC for 15mns. The media was removed and allowed to cool to 45oC, later poured into a sterilized plastic petri plates which were appropriately labeled. The present study revealed the antimicrobial activity and phytochemical screening of phyllanthus niruri. The antimicrobial activity of phyllanthus niruri shows great significant against pathogens which are responsible for common infections of skin, respiratory, urinary and gastrointestinal tracts. The phytochemical screening of oxalate, terpenoids, tannins, phenols, quinones, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and steroids were all found to be active within the plant. This bioactive phytochemicals present in P. niruri can be useful for further researches on the plant P. nururi since the phytochemicals have shown preclinical efficacies for treating human diseases’ which include hepatitis and HIV AIDS. This work has compiled the chemical constituents present and can be useful for further researches Dr. Mohammed Musa Lawan | Yusuf Sale Baba "Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Screening of Phyllantus Niruri" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd44948.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/44948/antimicrobial-and-phytochemical-screening-of-phyllantus-niruri/dr-mohammed-musa-lawan
Standardization and Formulations of Calotropis ProceraYogeshIJTSRD
Plants growing in arid regions have elicited increased attention, because the hostile environment, in which these plants survive, forces them to develop chemical protective systems through adaptation which is rarely found in vegetation of other ecosystems. Furthermore, many of the plants grow in areas, where the dependence on traditional, plant based medicines over industrially produced pharmaceuticals persists to this day. The two plants, Calotopris Procera giant milkweed, also named C. Persica and Calotropis gigantea crown ower , have been used widely in traditional medicine in North Africa, the Middle East, and South and South East Asia. This has led to extensive research on the chemical constituents of the plants. Both plants are known to be sources of cardenolides, and newer research has yielded a number of interesting cancer active constituents. In addition, extracts of both plants have remarkable nematocidal, molluscidal and insecticidal activities. In many regions, the wood of Calotropis plants has been used as a building material and as a source of fuel. In addition, certain parts of the plants have been used as feed for livestock. In other regions, Calotropis plants are seen as invasive species that threaten local plant life and that due to their toxicity also pose a threat to grazing eld animals. Jaffar Khan | Pankaj Chasta | Dr. Gaurav Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kaushal Kishore Chandrul "Standardization and Formulations of Calotropis Procera" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45145.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/45145/standardization-and-formulations-of-calotropis-procera/jaffar-khan
Terry Exports LLP (TEL) is an Indian based premium moringa powder exports-oriented firm, which promotes, market and distributes moringa oleifera products of the highest quality to pharmaceutical/nutraceuticals, cosmetic, personal care, wellness, food, beverage and spa industries in the USA, Europe.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Effects of Leaf and Root Extracts o...inventionjournals
Crotalaria brevidens (slenderleaf) leaves and shoots are used as food and have medicinal properties when consumed by human beings. It also acts as an agent in promotion of suicidal germination of striga, a parasitic plant that is a major problem weed for maize and millet growers. In view of its medicinal importance, and there being increased tolerance of many microorganisms towards known antibiotics, there is a need to establish the anti microbial properties of extracts obtained from its roots, stem, leaf and other body parts against pathogenic microorganism. Even though this plant is reported to have immense medicinal value in treating stomach related ailments, malaria and many other tropical diseases, before this study little was known about the antimicrobial potentials of its roots, stem and leaves against three candidate microorganisms namely; Candida albicans, staphylococcus aureus and E. coli. This study was thus initiated to investigate (1) the antimicrobial effects of slenderleaf on Candida albicans, staphylococcus aureus and E. coli, and (2) establish the presence of phenols, steroids, glycosides, saponins, quinones, tannins, terpenoids and flavonoids in its crude leaf and root extracts. The plant roots and leaves used during these studies were collected, shade dried and blended to obtain a fine powder. Ethanol was used as the solvent to extract the pure components by dissolving 25g of leaves and 6g of roots separately in 150ml of ethanol in each case. After seven days, the extract was filtered and the filtrate put in a rotary evaporator to obtain a pure solid sample of the extract. A stock solution was made with 3g of the leaf extract that resulted by dissolving in 40ml distilled water making a concentration of 75mg/ml. the stock was diluted to 3.75mg/ml, 11.25mg/ml, 18.75mg/ml and 37.5mg/ml as 5%, 15%, 25% and 50% respectively. A control with distilled water (0%) was used. This was then replicated thrice to minimize variability and arranged in a completely randomized design. The screening of antimicrobial activity of crude extracts was done by measuring the zone of inhibition using agar diffusion method. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means separated and compared using least significance difference (LSD) at (p<0.05). There was a clear zone observed around the discs impregnated in the extract and transferred to the inoculated petri dishes. High inhibition was observed on Escherichia coli at a concentration of 37.5mg/ml. phytochemical screening showed presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, anthraquinones, phenols, terpenoids and cardiac glycosides as secondary metabolites. The crude extracts obtained in these studies clearly indicated antimicrobial properties against the three tested microorganisms, and therefore there is need to determine the main active components for studies that may lead to the discovery of new natural drugs.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Medicinal plants are in use in many countries and cultures as a source of medicine. Biotechnological tools like tissue culture are important for selection, multiplication and conservation of medicinal plants genotypes. In addition, in-vitro regeneration plays a great role in the production of high-quality plant-based medicine. Plant tissue culture techniques offer an integrated approach for the production of standardized quality phytopharmaceutical through mass production of consistent plant material for physiological characterization and analysis of active ingredients. A number of medicinal plants reported to regenerate in vitro from their various parts but still, fewer are grown in soil, while their micropropagation on a mass scale has rarely been achieved. Micropropagation protocols for cloning of some medicinal plants had been developed by using different concentrations of plant growth regulators in a Murashige and Skoog media variant (Murashige and Skoog, 1962). Regeneration occurred via organogenesis and embryogenesis in response to auxins and cytokinins. The production of secondary metabolite is also becoming familiar by tissue culture for pharmaceutical use. The integrated approaches of culture systems will provide the basis for the future development of safe, effective, and high-quality products for consumers.
Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Screening of Phyllantus NiruriYogeshIJTSRD
Theorigin of Phyllanthus niruri is tropical America from there it spread as a weed to other tropic and sub tropics. It is a tropical annual herb shrub which grows as weed in moist humid waste land. Phyllanthus niruri is among more than 500 Phyllanthus species that are widely spread in temperate and tropical climates region Lizuka et al., 2007. It grows 30 40 cm in height, has small leaves and yellow flowers the stem has green capsule, and blooms with flowers with 5 white sepals and apical acute anther.38g of Mueller Hinton Agar was dissolved in 1000ml distilled water in a conical flask, the mouth of the conical flask was plugged with cotton woo wrapped in aluminium foil. This was sterilized in an autoclave at 121oC for 15mns. The media was removed and allowed to cool to 45oC, later poured into a sterilized plastic petri plates which were appropriately labeled. The present study revealed the antimicrobial activity and phytochemical screening of phyllanthus niruri. The antimicrobial activity of phyllanthus niruri shows great significant against pathogens which are responsible for common infections of skin, respiratory, urinary and gastrointestinal tracts. The phytochemical screening of oxalate, terpenoids, tannins, phenols, quinones, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and steroids were all found to be active within the plant. This bioactive phytochemicals present in P. niruri can be useful for further researches on the plant P. nururi since the phytochemicals have shown preclinical efficacies for treating human diseases’ which include hepatitis and HIV AIDS. This work has compiled the chemical constituents present and can be useful for further researches Dr. Mohammed Musa Lawan | Yusuf Sale Baba "Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Screening of Phyllantus Niruri" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd44948.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/44948/antimicrobial-and-phytochemical-screening-of-phyllantus-niruri/dr-mohammed-musa-lawan
Standardization and Formulations of Calotropis ProceraYogeshIJTSRD
Plants growing in arid regions have elicited increased attention, because the hostile environment, in which these plants survive, forces them to develop chemical protective systems through adaptation which is rarely found in vegetation of other ecosystems. Furthermore, many of the plants grow in areas, where the dependence on traditional, plant based medicines over industrially produced pharmaceuticals persists to this day. The two plants, Calotopris Procera giant milkweed, also named C. Persica and Calotropis gigantea crown ower , have been used widely in traditional medicine in North Africa, the Middle East, and South and South East Asia. This has led to extensive research on the chemical constituents of the plants. Both plants are known to be sources of cardenolides, and newer research has yielded a number of interesting cancer active constituents. In addition, extracts of both plants have remarkable nematocidal, molluscidal and insecticidal activities. In many regions, the wood of Calotropis plants has been used as a building material and as a source of fuel. In addition, certain parts of the plants have been used as feed for livestock. In other regions, Calotropis plants are seen as invasive species that threaten local plant life and that due to their toxicity also pose a threat to grazing eld animals. Jaffar Khan | Pankaj Chasta | Dr. Gaurav Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kaushal Kishore Chandrul "Standardization and Formulations of Calotropis Procera" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45145.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/45145/standardization-and-formulations-of-calotropis-procera/jaffar-khan
Isolation and Identification of Bacteria from Peeled and Ready to Eat Pineapp...YogeshIJTSRD
Pineapple Ananas comosus is an indispensible fruit that is cherished by many people due to its huge health benefits. It is peeled and sold in many markets and road sides for easy accessibility. The presence of bacteria in the peeled and ready to eat fruits was checked in this study. Peeled, sliced and cellophane packaged pineapple fruits were purchased from Eke Awka Market in Anambra State Nigeria. Nutrient agar was used to carry out bacterial isolation using pour plate technique. Results showed that colony count of the pineapple fruits ranged from 3.5 9.5 2cfu ml of the rinsed water. The isolates were identified on the basis of their colony and morphological features as well as biochemical and sugar fermentation tests. Gene sequencing was used to confirm the species of some of the isolates. A total of six bacteria species were isolated and identified with frequencies as Streptococcus spp 13.9 , Pseudomonas aeruginosa 22.2 , Staphylococcus aureus 25.0 , Micrococcus luteus 11.1 , Escherichia coli 19.5 and Staphylococcus epidermidis 8.3 . Staphylococcus aureus has the highest frequency followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Staphylococcus epidermidis has the least frequency. Almost all the isolates are pathogenic in nature and their presence in the consumable fruits indicates possible health problems to the consumers. The presence of E. coli indicates direct or indirect fecal contamination. Proper handling of pineapple fruits, hygiene and proper storage will help reduce the risk of contamination by these organisms. Umeh S. O. | Okafor O. I. | Chidubem-Nwachinemere, N. O "Isolation and Identification of Bacteria from Peeled and Ready to Eat Pineapple (Ananas Comosus) Fruits Retailed at Eke Awka Market, Anambra State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45050.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/45050/isolation-and-identification-of-bacteria-from-peeled-and-ready-to-eat-pineapple-ananas-comosus-fruits-retailed-at-eke-awka-market-anambra-state-nigeria/umeh-s-o
Effect of meal from the leaves of Manihot esulenta and Tithonia diversifolia ...Innspub Net
The leaves of Manihot esculenta and Tithonia diversifolia are valuable protein and mineral supplement for local chickens. The evaluation of the effect of the incorporation of meals from the leaves of these plants in the diet of the local laying hen on growth and laying performances, and quality of eggs was investigated. Fourty five hens and nine cocks local breeds were weighed and randomly distributed to three dietary treatments: RWL, RML and RTL which contained no leaves (control/RWL), meals of M. esculenta (RML) and T. diversifolia (RTL) included in the same proportion (7%). Each treatment was replicated 3 times in a completely randomized design. The hens were subjected to natural mating, eggs laid were collected according to breeding groups hatched and analyzed. Feed intake was comparable (p>0.05) between treatment groups as from the 4th week till the end of the experiment. Average daily gain and Laying rate evolved in a sawtooth-like manner regardless of the treatment considered. Hens fed RML recorded lowest (week 3) (p<0.05) and highest (weeks 6, 7, 12) (p<0.05) Feed conversion ratio. Hens in the control recorded higher (p<0.05) egg weight, egg shape index, width and laying rate but lowest (p<0.05) egg length. Fertility, hatchability, embryo mortality and chemical composition of eggs were similar (p>0.05) in all treatments. This study suggest that dried leaves of M. esculenta and T. diversifolia can be used as protein sources in local chicken feed during laying.
Aqueous flower extract of Tridax procumbens on the haematology/serum lipid pr...Innspub Net
This study is aimed at investigating the acute effects of aqueous flower extracts of Tridax procumbens on some haematological and serum lipid parameters at a dose of 100mg/kg/d in Wistar albino rats. Following a 7-day oral administration of the aqueous extract, haematological and serum lipid parameters were evaluated in the 10 Wistar albino rats. The rats weighed 187.7±28.49g and were randomly assigned into two groups (Group A: control and group B: 100mg/kg/d of extract). The evaluation was performed on fully automated analyzers (ERBA diagnostics) immediately after blood sample collection. The 100mg/kg/d of the flower extract caused significant increases in the levels of PCV, HB, MCH, MCHC, MCV and Platelet concentration (41.8±1.64, 13.64±0.41, 30.95±2.57, 32.99±0.67, 92.7±9.51 and 141.2±17.49 respectively) when compared to the controls which received no extract at all. The extract also caused reduction in the serum levels of Total cholesterol, Triglycerides, LDL and VLDL (134.68±5.21, 153.5±5.53, 45.5±7.19, 30.7±1.11 respectively). However, the extract produced a significant elevation in the level of the HDL (58.48±4.11). These changes suggest that flower extract has positive effects on the erythron of wistar rats, hemostatic and lipid lowering/anti-atherogenic properties. In conclusion, the flower extract can be exploited as a potential haematinic agent, haemostatic agent (for wound healing activity) and for its anti-hyperlidaemic/anti-atherogenic properties and thus can be useful for development of therapeutic agents in the prevention or management of diseases associated with haematopoietic and lipid disorders (such as anaemia, thrombocytopenia; obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus).
Ecological environment effects on germination and seedling morphology in Park...AI Publications
Néré (Parkia biglobosa) is a wild species preferred and overexploited for its multiple uses by rural populations in Sub-Saharan Africa. The study of its germination and seedlings could constitute a prerequisite for its domestication, necessary for its conservation. This study aimed to assess the germination and morphology of seedlings taking into account distinct habitats from its natural environment.A total of 2160 seeds from different mother plants and 540 seedlings from germination were selected and evaluated. The trials were conducted on three sites (two nurseries in Côte d'Ivoire vs one greenhouse in France) with different microclimates. The results showed that the larger the mother trees are, the larger the seeds they produce, which in turn generate more vigorous seedlings. This study showed that the species grows better in a milder environment that is different from its region of origin (fertile soil with a stable or humid tropical climate: Montpellier greenhouse and Daloa nursery). Overall, parent trees did not statistically influence each germination and seedling development parameter for the three sites combined (P > 0.05). However, analysis of variance showed that germination and seedling development parameters differed between experimental sites (P < 0.05). These results are useful and could be used as decision support tools to guide conservation (domestication) and agroforestry programmes based on Parkia biglobosa. This study could be extended to other endangered species in order to preserve biodiversity.
PHYTO-NUTRITIONAL PROFILES OF BROOM WEED (SIDA ACUTA) LEAF EXTRACTSubmissionResearchpa
Medicinal plants are abundant in phytochemicals that has significant therapeutic effects. They are relatively cheap, effective and safe in prolong use. This experiment was carried out to investigate the phyto-nutritional profile of broom weed (Sida acuta) leaf extract. Proximate analysis Sida acuta leaf indicated the presence of dry matter (91.88 %), crude protein (18.01 %), ash (9.73 %), crude fibre (6.24 %), ether extract (1.77 %) and energy (2760 Kcal/kg). Phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of condensed tannins, hydrolysable tannins, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, oxalate, phytate, alkaloids, terpenoids and glycosides at 0.82 %, 2.02 %, 4.25 %, 0.20 %, 0.17 %, 0.05 %, 0.23 %, 0.22 %, 0.95 % and 0.02 % respectively and the vitamin constituents are thiamine (0.33 mg/100g), ascorbic acid (30.17 mg/100g), riboflavin (0.05 mg/100g), β-carotene (0.79 mg/100g) and niacin (0.41 mg/100g). Mineral analysis showed that it contained calcium (127.6 mg/100g), phosphorus (78.6 mg/100g), potassium (31.6 mg/100g), magnesium (102.1 mg/100g), iron (2.14 mg/100g), manganese (0.60 mg/100g), copper (0.04 mg/100g) and zinc (1.75 mg/100g). Result on amino acid composition showed that they contained lysine (2.11 mg/100g), arginine (1.77 mg/100g), aspartic acid (2.13 mg/100g), threonine (1.85 mg/100g), histidine (4.71 mg/100g), serine (2.03 mg/100g), glycine (1.05 mg/100g), alanine (3.31 mg/100g), cystine (5.06 mg/100g), valine (0.88 mg/100g), leucine (2.04 mg/100g), phenyalanine (4.72 mg/100g), tyrosine (3.51 mg/100g), isoleucine (2.84 mg/100g), methionine (0.85 mg/100g) and proline (1.05 mg/100g). It was concluded that Sida acuta leaf extract is rich in various nutrients and phytochemicals conferring it the ability to perform multiple biological activities and as a natural alternative to antibiotics. by Shittu, M. D and Alagbe, J.O 2020. PHYTO-NUTRITIONAL PROFILES OF BROOM WEED (SIDA ACUTA) LEAF EXTRACT. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Nov. 2020), 119-124. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i11.845. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/845/806 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/845
Phytochemical Screening, Nutritional Composition and Antimicrobial Activity o...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
biodiversity of medicinal plants in thudaripettai villageIJEAB
The medicinal plants have received more attention among researchers to treat various diseases and disorders. This study was aimed to record the various medicinal plants present in Thudaripettai Village situated in Tharangambadi Taluk, Nagapattinam district of Tamil Nadu. A total of 60 plant species belonging to 35 families were reported with their medicinal values. These results will provide information about medicinal plants and methods of utilization of these plants to cure various diseases of mankind. Survey of the information of medicinal plants used by the villagers were collected and arranged alphabetically followed by common name, vernacular name, family name, parts of use, methods of uses, medicinal uses and their habit. The information is very much useful for further research which will lead to the discovery of new bioactive compounds from the above medicinal plants.
Phytochemical Analysis and Mineral Content of Ethanol Extract of Citrullus la...Premier Publishers
This study examined the phytochemical and elemental content of water melon (Citrullus lanatus) bark. The sample was spread in the laboratory to dry at room temperature after which it was grounded to get a coarse powder form using sterile mortar and pestle. The extracts (ethanol and aqueous) were subjected to phytochemical and elemental analysis using standard procedures. Qualitative phytochemical screening of the ethanol extract revealed the presence of tannins, alkaloid, saponins, oxalates, flavonoids, steroid, phytates and glycoside while the quantitative phytochemical screening indicated the contents of tannins to be (1.360g/100g), alkaloid (3.965 g/100g), saponins (1.380 g/100g), oxalates (3.675 g/100g), flavonoids (1.145g/100g), steroid (1.080g/100g), phytates (3.160g/100g) and glycoside (4.490 g/100g). The elemental analysis showed that the extracts contains Ca (0.025±0.002mg/100g), K (0.065±0.001mg/100g), Fe (0.189±0.007mg/100g), Zn (0.263±0.005mg/100g), Mg (1.771±0.005 mg/100g), Mn (0.670 ±0.003mg/100g), Na (0.033±0.001mg/100g), and Cu (0.245±0.003mg/100g) however Cr was not detected. The results of this study showed that the ethanol extract of C. lanatus contain bioactive compounds which might be responsible for pharmacological actions of the plant and the plant can also serve as a source of mineral elements in diet.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Ethnobotanical and traditional uses, phytochemical constituents and biologica...LucyPi1
Abstract Objective: Eryngium with the 274 accepted species, is the largest genus of Apiaceae family which are distributed all over the world and have been used in traditional remedies to manage various ailments in different nations. Ten species of Eryngium have been identified in Iran including E. caeruleum M.B. (syn: E. caucasicum Trautv.), E. creticum Lam., E. bungei Boiss., E. billardieri F. Delaroche. (syn: E. kotschyi Boiss.), E. glomeratum Lam. (syn: E. parviflorum Sm.), E. bornumulleri Nab., E. pyramidale Boiss. & Husson., E. noeanum Boiss., E. wanaturi Woron. (syn: E. woronowii Bordz.), and E. thyrsoideum Boiss. The aim of the present research is to review pharmacological activity, and phytochemical constituents as well as ethnobotany and traditional uses of Iranian species of Eryngium. Materials and methods: Electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct (ISI Web of Knowledge) and Embase library were comprehensively searched for research on Eryngium. The search period was from 1966 to October 2018. The related articles were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criterias in our study. Results: A total of 57 papers were enrolled in analyses. The findings showed that Iranian species of Eryngium, had a noticeable diverse of traditional medicinal uses and also broad range of pharmacological activities as well as various phytochemical compounds. Some remarkable biological and pharmacological activities of these species have been demonstrated in present scientific studies, including antimicrobial, cytotoxic and anticancer, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antinociceptive activities as well as antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-snake and anti-scorpion venom effects. Conclusion: Iranian Eryngium species have enormous potential for prospective preparation of herbal medicinal products and are good candidates for discovering new drugs.
Invitro and Invivo antibacterial study of leaf extracts of Euphorbia heteroph...Premier Publishers
A study was carried out to determine the phytochemical components and antibacterial activity of Euphorbia heterophylla crude extracts on four enteric organisms namely; Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris. The clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, E.coli and Proteus vulgaris were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test using agar diffusion technique. Phytochemistry of the Euphorbia heterophylla, crude extracts revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and cardiac glycosides. Methanolic and aqueous crude extract produced clear zones of inhibition at concentration ranging from 50 to 200mg/ml. In vivo antimicrobial assay revealed that the mice treated with the crude methanolic and aqueous extracts after being infected with the various test organisms, survived and showed minute pathological effects. Similarly, untreated mice (control) died after 48hours of inoculation with Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, E.coli and Proteus vulgaris. Euphorbia heterophylla crude extract, most especially its methanolic and aqueous counterpart could be a potential source for the treatment of diseases associated with enteric organisms. Further studies should be directed towards isolation and characterization of the active compound in the crude extracts.
Phytochemical Investigation and Characterization on the Stem Bark Extract of ...AI Publications
Croton macrostachyus which is called ‘rush foil’ or ‘broadleaved croton is a multipurpose, medium sized, drought-deciduous pioneer tree. It is a tall tree found in tropical regions of Africa. The genus Croton belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae, which commonly known asthe ‘spurge’ family, and it is known as ‘Bisana’ (in Amharic).Traditionally, C. macrostachyus used for treatment of malaria, rabies, gonorrhea, wound, diarrhea, hepatitis, jaundice, scabies, toothache, abdominal pain, cancer, typhoid, pneumonia and gastrointestinal disorders and as ethno-veterinary medicine.The air dried and powdered plant material (400g) was first soaked with 500mL n-hexane for 48hours and yielded 2g of n-hexane extract. Marc was soaked with 500mL of chloroform for 36hours and afforded 3.5g of chloroform extract. Finally, Marc was soaked with 500mL of methanol and yielded 18g of methanol extract.The chloroform extract of the stem bark ofC. Macrostachyus afforded a compound coded as EO. Its Structural determination was accomplished by means of spectroscopic techniques, namely IR, 1H NMR,13C NMR and DEPT-135. The compound, EOwas isolated and characterized from the stem bark of C. macrostachyus. Generally, more advanced chromatographic techniques are required to isolate more compounds from stem bark of C. macrostachyus. Also MS and 2D NMR spectroscopic techniques are needed to fully characterize the isolated compound.
Invasive Alien Plants: Valuable Elixir with Pharmacological and Ethnomedicina...ijtsrd
Use of herbal medicines is propagating day-by-day and several tribes still rely upon this green treasure against their ailments. Being unfortunate to the environment, invasive plants species hold supreme remedies that are unique. Besides ethnoremedial uses they embrace anticancerous, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antitubercular and other pharmacological attributes in them. In the present review, authors aimed to compile the segregated ethnomedicinal information of invasive plant species. The literature study revealed a significant ethnoremedial importance of invasive alien weeds that may serve to establish a ground for future researchers to explore in pharmacognostic field with safe and natural drug resource. Shaiphali Saxena | P. B. Rao"Invasive Alien Plants: Valuable Elixir with Pharmacological and Ethnomedicinal Attributes" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11636.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacognosy-/11636/invasive-alien-plants-valuable-elixir-with-pharmacological-and-ethnomedicinal-attributes/shaiphali-saxena
ABSTRACT- Populus deltoides is the exotic species of poplar introduced in India in late 50s and has been grown significantly in North– western states. It is one of the most important commercial tree planted in agrosilvicutural system adopted by farmers of the region. Meanwhile, it is prone to number of biotic and abiotic agents, which affects the plantations and thus depreciates its quality. Hence, to prevent the loss and manage the diseases, apart from fungicidal use biocontrol strategy has been adopted. In the present study fifteen isolates of Alternaria alternata has been tested against Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma viride. Both the antagonists were at par in suppressing the fungal growth and did not achieve the significant level of inhibition. T. harzianum could be shown as better biocontrol agent than the latter owing to the percent growth inhibition shown by the isolates.
Key-words- Populus deltoides, Alternaria alternata, Biocontrol, Growth suppression
A comprehensive review on Polyalthia longifoliaLucyPi1
Abstract
Herbal plants act as a significant source for discovering new compounds with potential therapeutic activities.
Polyalthia longifolia, which is commonly known as an Indian mast tree, has various pharmacological properties,
such as an anticancer, ulcer protective, hypoglycemic, hypotensive, a corrosion inhibitor, a bio-adsorbent, and few
more. Moreover, it is known as false ashoka owing to its close resemblance with Saraca indica (ashoka tree).
Various compounds have been reported from the extract of some parts of the plant, such as leaves, bark, root, and
seeds. These extracts possess an ability to treat a number of human ailments, such as fever, ulcer, skin diseases,
helminthiasis, and cardiac problems. Studies performed on the leave extract shows evidence that some compounds
cause cell death in various cancer cell lines. The plant also has some biological applications, such as antibacterial,
antiviral, and antimicrobial, which makes it clinically significant and useful. This review is an effort to explore and
gather plant information in an organized manner. It reveals detailed information about the propagation, synonyms,
vernaculars, varieties of plant, medicinal significance, ecology and distribution, botanical and ethnobotanical
description, phytochemical constituents, and pharmacological activity of the plant.
Isolation and Identification of Bacteria from Peeled and Ready to Eat Pineapp...YogeshIJTSRD
Pineapple Ananas comosus is an indispensible fruit that is cherished by many people due to its huge health benefits. It is peeled and sold in many markets and road sides for easy accessibility. The presence of bacteria in the peeled and ready to eat fruits was checked in this study. Peeled, sliced and cellophane packaged pineapple fruits were purchased from Eke Awka Market in Anambra State Nigeria. Nutrient agar was used to carry out bacterial isolation using pour plate technique. Results showed that colony count of the pineapple fruits ranged from 3.5 9.5 2cfu ml of the rinsed water. The isolates were identified on the basis of their colony and morphological features as well as biochemical and sugar fermentation tests. Gene sequencing was used to confirm the species of some of the isolates. A total of six bacteria species were isolated and identified with frequencies as Streptococcus spp 13.9 , Pseudomonas aeruginosa 22.2 , Staphylococcus aureus 25.0 , Micrococcus luteus 11.1 , Escherichia coli 19.5 and Staphylococcus epidermidis 8.3 . Staphylococcus aureus has the highest frequency followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Staphylococcus epidermidis has the least frequency. Almost all the isolates are pathogenic in nature and their presence in the consumable fruits indicates possible health problems to the consumers. The presence of E. coli indicates direct or indirect fecal contamination. Proper handling of pineapple fruits, hygiene and proper storage will help reduce the risk of contamination by these organisms. Umeh S. O. | Okafor O. I. | Chidubem-Nwachinemere, N. O "Isolation and Identification of Bacteria from Peeled and Ready to Eat Pineapple (Ananas Comosus) Fruits Retailed at Eke Awka Market, Anambra State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45050.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/45050/isolation-and-identification-of-bacteria-from-peeled-and-ready-to-eat-pineapple-ananas-comosus-fruits-retailed-at-eke-awka-market-anambra-state-nigeria/umeh-s-o
Effect of meal from the leaves of Manihot esulenta and Tithonia diversifolia ...Innspub Net
The leaves of Manihot esculenta and Tithonia diversifolia are valuable protein and mineral supplement for local chickens. The evaluation of the effect of the incorporation of meals from the leaves of these plants in the diet of the local laying hen on growth and laying performances, and quality of eggs was investigated. Fourty five hens and nine cocks local breeds were weighed and randomly distributed to three dietary treatments: RWL, RML and RTL which contained no leaves (control/RWL), meals of M. esculenta (RML) and T. diversifolia (RTL) included in the same proportion (7%). Each treatment was replicated 3 times in a completely randomized design. The hens were subjected to natural mating, eggs laid were collected according to breeding groups hatched and analyzed. Feed intake was comparable (p>0.05) between treatment groups as from the 4th week till the end of the experiment. Average daily gain and Laying rate evolved in a sawtooth-like manner regardless of the treatment considered. Hens fed RML recorded lowest (week 3) (p<0.05) and highest (weeks 6, 7, 12) (p<0.05) Feed conversion ratio. Hens in the control recorded higher (p<0.05) egg weight, egg shape index, width and laying rate but lowest (p<0.05) egg length. Fertility, hatchability, embryo mortality and chemical composition of eggs were similar (p>0.05) in all treatments. This study suggest that dried leaves of M. esculenta and T. diversifolia can be used as protein sources in local chicken feed during laying.
Aqueous flower extract of Tridax procumbens on the haematology/serum lipid pr...Innspub Net
This study is aimed at investigating the acute effects of aqueous flower extracts of Tridax procumbens on some haematological and serum lipid parameters at a dose of 100mg/kg/d in Wistar albino rats. Following a 7-day oral administration of the aqueous extract, haematological and serum lipid parameters were evaluated in the 10 Wistar albino rats. The rats weighed 187.7±28.49g and were randomly assigned into two groups (Group A: control and group B: 100mg/kg/d of extract). The evaluation was performed on fully automated analyzers (ERBA diagnostics) immediately after blood sample collection. The 100mg/kg/d of the flower extract caused significant increases in the levels of PCV, HB, MCH, MCHC, MCV and Platelet concentration (41.8±1.64, 13.64±0.41, 30.95±2.57, 32.99±0.67, 92.7±9.51 and 141.2±17.49 respectively) when compared to the controls which received no extract at all. The extract also caused reduction in the serum levels of Total cholesterol, Triglycerides, LDL and VLDL (134.68±5.21, 153.5±5.53, 45.5±7.19, 30.7±1.11 respectively). However, the extract produced a significant elevation in the level of the HDL (58.48±4.11). These changes suggest that flower extract has positive effects on the erythron of wistar rats, hemostatic and lipid lowering/anti-atherogenic properties. In conclusion, the flower extract can be exploited as a potential haematinic agent, haemostatic agent (for wound healing activity) and for its anti-hyperlidaemic/anti-atherogenic properties and thus can be useful for development of therapeutic agents in the prevention or management of diseases associated with haematopoietic and lipid disorders (such as anaemia, thrombocytopenia; obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus).
Ecological environment effects on germination and seedling morphology in Park...AI Publications
Néré (Parkia biglobosa) is a wild species preferred and overexploited for its multiple uses by rural populations in Sub-Saharan Africa. The study of its germination and seedlings could constitute a prerequisite for its domestication, necessary for its conservation. This study aimed to assess the germination and morphology of seedlings taking into account distinct habitats from its natural environment.A total of 2160 seeds from different mother plants and 540 seedlings from germination were selected and evaluated. The trials were conducted on three sites (two nurseries in Côte d'Ivoire vs one greenhouse in France) with different microclimates. The results showed that the larger the mother trees are, the larger the seeds they produce, which in turn generate more vigorous seedlings. This study showed that the species grows better in a milder environment that is different from its region of origin (fertile soil with a stable or humid tropical climate: Montpellier greenhouse and Daloa nursery). Overall, parent trees did not statistically influence each germination and seedling development parameter for the three sites combined (P > 0.05). However, analysis of variance showed that germination and seedling development parameters differed between experimental sites (P < 0.05). These results are useful and could be used as decision support tools to guide conservation (domestication) and agroforestry programmes based on Parkia biglobosa. This study could be extended to other endangered species in order to preserve biodiversity.
PHYTO-NUTRITIONAL PROFILES OF BROOM WEED (SIDA ACUTA) LEAF EXTRACTSubmissionResearchpa
Medicinal plants are abundant in phytochemicals that has significant therapeutic effects. They are relatively cheap, effective and safe in prolong use. This experiment was carried out to investigate the phyto-nutritional profile of broom weed (Sida acuta) leaf extract. Proximate analysis Sida acuta leaf indicated the presence of dry matter (91.88 %), crude protein (18.01 %), ash (9.73 %), crude fibre (6.24 %), ether extract (1.77 %) and energy (2760 Kcal/kg). Phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of condensed tannins, hydrolysable tannins, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, oxalate, phytate, alkaloids, terpenoids and glycosides at 0.82 %, 2.02 %, 4.25 %, 0.20 %, 0.17 %, 0.05 %, 0.23 %, 0.22 %, 0.95 % and 0.02 % respectively and the vitamin constituents are thiamine (0.33 mg/100g), ascorbic acid (30.17 mg/100g), riboflavin (0.05 mg/100g), β-carotene (0.79 mg/100g) and niacin (0.41 mg/100g). Mineral analysis showed that it contained calcium (127.6 mg/100g), phosphorus (78.6 mg/100g), potassium (31.6 mg/100g), magnesium (102.1 mg/100g), iron (2.14 mg/100g), manganese (0.60 mg/100g), copper (0.04 mg/100g) and zinc (1.75 mg/100g). Result on amino acid composition showed that they contained lysine (2.11 mg/100g), arginine (1.77 mg/100g), aspartic acid (2.13 mg/100g), threonine (1.85 mg/100g), histidine (4.71 mg/100g), serine (2.03 mg/100g), glycine (1.05 mg/100g), alanine (3.31 mg/100g), cystine (5.06 mg/100g), valine (0.88 mg/100g), leucine (2.04 mg/100g), phenyalanine (4.72 mg/100g), tyrosine (3.51 mg/100g), isoleucine (2.84 mg/100g), methionine (0.85 mg/100g) and proline (1.05 mg/100g). It was concluded that Sida acuta leaf extract is rich in various nutrients and phytochemicals conferring it the ability to perform multiple biological activities and as a natural alternative to antibiotics. by Shittu, M. D and Alagbe, J.O 2020. PHYTO-NUTRITIONAL PROFILES OF BROOM WEED (SIDA ACUTA) LEAF EXTRACT. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Nov. 2020), 119-124. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i11.845. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/845/806 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/845
Phytochemical Screening, Nutritional Composition and Antimicrobial Activity o...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
biodiversity of medicinal plants in thudaripettai villageIJEAB
The medicinal plants have received more attention among researchers to treat various diseases and disorders. This study was aimed to record the various medicinal plants present in Thudaripettai Village situated in Tharangambadi Taluk, Nagapattinam district of Tamil Nadu. A total of 60 plant species belonging to 35 families were reported with their medicinal values. These results will provide information about medicinal plants and methods of utilization of these plants to cure various diseases of mankind. Survey of the information of medicinal plants used by the villagers were collected and arranged alphabetically followed by common name, vernacular name, family name, parts of use, methods of uses, medicinal uses and their habit. The information is very much useful for further research which will lead to the discovery of new bioactive compounds from the above medicinal plants.
Phytochemical Analysis and Mineral Content of Ethanol Extract of Citrullus la...Premier Publishers
This study examined the phytochemical and elemental content of water melon (Citrullus lanatus) bark. The sample was spread in the laboratory to dry at room temperature after which it was grounded to get a coarse powder form using sterile mortar and pestle. The extracts (ethanol and aqueous) were subjected to phytochemical and elemental analysis using standard procedures. Qualitative phytochemical screening of the ethanol extract revealed the presence of tannins, alkaloid, saponins, oxalates, flavonoids, steroid, phytates and glycoside while the quantitative phytochemical screening indicated the contents of tannins to be (1.360g/100g), alkaloid (3.965 g/100g), saponins (1.380 g/100g), oxalates (3.675 g/100g), flavonoids (1.145g/100g), steroid (1.080g/100g), phytates (3.160g/100g) and glycoside (4.490 g/100g). The elemental analysis showed that the extracts contains Ca (0.025±0.002mg/100g), K (0.065±0.001mg/100g), Fe (0.189±0.007mg/100g), Zn (0.263±0.005mg/100g), Mg (1.771±0.005 mg/100g), Mn (0.670 ±0.003mg/100g), Na (0.033±0.001mg/100g), and Cu (0.245±0.003mg/100g) however Cr was not detected. The results of this study showed that the ethanol extract of C. lanatus contain bioactive compounds which might be responsible for pharmacological actions of the plant and the plant can also serve as a source of mineral elements in diet.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Ethnobotanical and traditional uses, phytochemical constituents and biologica...LucyPi1
Abstract Objective: Eryngium with the 274 accepted species, is the largest genus of Apiaceae family which are distributed all over the world and have been used in traditional remedies to manage various ailments in different nations. Ten species of Eryngium have been identified in Iran including E. caeruleum M.B. (syn: E. caucasicum Trautv.), E. creticum Lam., E. bungei Boiss., E. billardieri F. Delaroche. (syn: E. kotschyi Boiss.), E. glomeratum Lam. (syn: E. parviflorum Sm.), E. bornumulleri Nab., E. pyramidale Boiss. & Husson., E. noeanum Boiss., E. wanaturi Woron. (syn: E. woronowii Bordz.), and E. thyrsoideum Boiss. The aim of the present research is to review pharmacological activity, and phytochemical constituents as well as ethnobotany and traditional uses of Iranian species of Eryngium. Materials and methods: Electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct (ISI Web of Knowledge) and Embase library were comprehensively searched for research on Eryngium. The search period was from 1966 to October 2018. The related articles were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criterias in our study. Results: A total of 57 papers were enrolled in analyses. The findings showed that Iranian species of Eryngium, had a noticeable diverse of traditional medicinal uses and also broad range of pharmacological activities as well as various phytochemical compounds. Some remarkable biological and pharmacological activities of these species have been demonstrated in present scientific studies, including antimicrobial, cytotoxic and anticancer, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antinociceptive activities as well as antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-snake and anti-scorpion venom effects. Conclusion: Iranian Eryngium species have enormous potential for prospective preparation of herbal medicinal products and are good candidates for discovering new drugs.
Invitro and Invivo antibacterial study of leaf extracts of Euphorbia heteroph...Premier Publishers
A study was carried out to determine the phytochemical components and antibacterial activity of Euphorbia heterophylla crude extracts on four enteric organisms namely; Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris. The clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, E.coli and Proteus vulgaris were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test using agar diffusion technique. Phytochemistry of the Euphorbia heterophylla, crude extracts revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and cardiac glycosides. Methanolic and aqueous crude extract produced clear zones of inhibition at concentration ranging from 50 to 200mg/ml. In vivo antimicrobial assay revealed that the mice treated with the crude methanolic and aqueous extracts after being infected with the various test organisms, survived and showed minute pathological effects. Similarly, untreated mice (control) died after 48hours of inoculation with Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, E.coli and Proteus vulgaris. Euphorbia heterophylla crude extract, most especially its methanolic and aqueous counterpart could be a potential source for the treatment of diseases associated with enteric organisms. Further studies should be directed towards isolation and characterization of the active compound in the crude extracts.
Phytochemical Investigation and Characterization on the Stem Bark Extract of ...AI Publications
Croton macrostachyus which is called ‘rush foil’ or ‘broadleaved croton is a multipurpose, medium sized, drought-deciduous pioneer tree. It is a tall tree found in tropical regions of Africa. The genus Croton belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae, which commonly known asthe ‘spurge’ family, and it is known as ‘Bisana’ (in Amharic).Traditionally, C. macrostachyus used for treatment of malaria, rabies, gonorrhea, wound, diarrhea, hepatitis, jaundice, scabies, toothache, abdominal pain, cancer, typhoid, pneumonia and gastrointestinal disorders and as ethno-veterinary medicine.The air dried and powdered plant material (400g) was first soaked with 500mL n-hexane for 48hours and yielded 2g of n-hexane extract. Marc was soaked with 500mL of chloroform for 36hours and afforded 3.5g of chloroform extract. Finally, Marc was soaked with 500mL of methanol and yielded 18g of methanol extract.The chloroform extract of the stem bark ofC. Macrostachyus afforded a compound coded as EO. Its Structural determination was accomplished by means of spectroscopic techniques, namely IR, 1H NMR,13C NMR and DEPT-135. The compound, EOwas isolated and characterized from the stem bark of C. macrostachyus. Generally, more advanced chromatographic techniques are required to isolate more compounds from stem bark of C. macrostachyus. Also MS and 2D NMR spectroscopic techniques are needed to fully characterize the isolated compound.
Invasive Alien Plants: Valuable Elixir with Pharmacological and Ethnomedicina...ijtsrd
Use of herbal medicines is propagating day-by-day and several tribes still rely upon this green treasure against their ailments. Being unfortunate to the environment, invasive plants species hold supreme remedies that are unique. Besides ethnoremedial uses they embrace anticancerous, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antitubercular and other pharmacological attributes in them. In the present review, authors aimed to compile the segregated ethnomedicinal information of invasive plant species. The literature study revealed a significant ethnoremedial importance of invasive alien weeds that may serve to establish a ground for future researchers to explore in pharmacognostic field with safe and natural drug resource. Shaiphali Saxena | P. B. Rao"Invasive Alien Plants: Valuable Elixir with Pharmacological and Ethnomedicinal Attributes" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11636.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacognosy-/11636/invasive-alien-plants-valuable-elixir-with-pharmacological-and-ethnomedicinal-attributes/shaiphali-saxena
ABSTRACT- Populus deltoides is the exotic species of poplar introduced in India in late 50s and has been grown significantly in North– western states. It is one of the most important commercial tree planted in agrosilvicutural system adopted by farmers of the region. Meanwhile, it is prone to number of biotic and abiotic agents, which affects the plantations and thus depreciates its quality. Hence, to prevent the loss and manage the diseases, apart from fungicidal use biocontrol strategy has been adopted. In the present study fifteen isolates of Alternaria alternata has been tested against Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma viride. Both the antagonists were at par in suppressing the fungal growth and did not achieve the significant level of inhibition. T. harzianum could be shown as better biocontrol agent than the latter owing to the percent growth inhibition shown by the isolates.
Key-words- Populus deltoides, Alternaria alternata, Biocontrol, Growth suppression
A comprehensive review on Polyalthia longifoliaLucyPi1
Abstract
Herbal plants act as a significant source for discovering new compounds with potential therapeutic activities.
Polyalthia longifolia, which is commonly known as an Indian mast tree, has various pharmacological properties,
such as an anticancer, ulcer protective, hypoglycemic, hypotensive, a corrosion inhibitor, a bio-adsorbent, and few
more. Moreover, it is known as false ashoka owing to its close resemblance with Saraca indica (ashoka tree).
Various compounds have been reported from the extract of some parts of the plant, such as leaves, bark, root, and
seeds. These extracts possess an ability to treat a number of human ailments, such as fever, ulcer, skin diseases,
helminthiasis, and cardiac problems. Studies performed on the leave extract shows evidence that some compounds
cause cell death in various cancer cell lines. The plant also has some biological applications, such as antibacterial,
antiviral, and antimicrobial, which makes it clinically significant and useful. This review is an effort to explore and
gather plant information in an organized manner. It reveals detailed information about the propagation, synonyms,
vernaculars, varieties of plant, medicinal significance, ecology and distribution, botanical and ethnobotanical
description, phytochemical constituents, and pharmacological activity of the plant.
Terminalia avicennioides is an important medicinal plant used to manage many pathological
conditions among most inhabitants of rural communities in Nigeria and many other African countries. It
belongs to family Combretaceae and found commonly growing in the savannah region of West Africa. The
parts of the plant mostly used for medicinal purpose are root and stem barks extracts, which are rich sources
of phytochemicals such as anthraquinone, saponins, steroids, tannins and terpenes among others. In folk
medicine, there are claims that the plant has been used to cure various diseases such as dental caries, skin
infections, sore and ulcer, syphilis, bloody sputum, ringworm infection, gastrointestinal helminthes and several
others. In this review, we have tried to provide bases for most of these claims at the instance of the results of
modern investigations on the biological activities of the plant extract. The possibility of employing the plant
extract in the field of green chemistry for probable application in biomedical industries was also discussed.
Keywords: Terminalia avicennioides, uses, phytochemicals, biological activities, nanoparticles
Trichoderma is a filamentous fungus that is widely distributed in the soil, plant material, decaying vegetation, and wood. It belongs to the family Hypocreaceae. They have high potential for colonizing their habitats and have various applications in food industry, agriculture, as a biocontrol agent with mechanism involving antibiosis, competition, mycoparasitism, promotion of plant growth, solubilization and sequestration of inorganic plant nutrients, inducing resistance and inactivating pathogen’s enzymes and also as a source of transgene. The major driving force for investigation of biocontrol with Trichoderma is sustainability. As a plant symbiont and effective mycoparasites, numerous species of this genus have the potential to become biofungicides. the extensive studies on Trichoderma, including its diverse physiological traits available, is still progressing and making these fungi versatile model organisms for research on both industrial fermentations as well as natural phenomena. Jasmine Chughasrani | Abhishikta Dasgupta | Rutuja Das "Applications of Trichoderma- A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38341.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/38341/applications-of-trichoderma-a-review/jasmine-chughasrani
Therapeutic Properties and Nutritive Values of Some Fruit Bearing Medicinal P...Ram Sahu
The medicinal plants imparts chief role in protecting our health from various disease. It is nature’s gift to human being to live healthy life. Medicinal plants are believed to be much safer and proved as elixir in the treatment of various ailments. Medicinal plants used in Indian system of medicine from Rajasthan state have been surveyed and categorized systematically. The manuscript incorporated the therapeutic properties and nutritive values of medicinal plants of Rajasthan. The paper deals with 11 medicinal plants, thoroughly indexed along with their important traditional application for the cure of various ailments. This study also incorporates the ethno-botany and biological activities of these important plants
ABSTRACT- Moringa oleifera is a small, fast growing evergreen or deciduous tree. Moringa is rich in nutrition owing the presence of a variety of essential phytochemicals present in its leaves, pods and seeds. In fact, phytonutrient content of Moringa leaves (weight per weight) provides 7 times more vitamin C than in oranges, 10 times more vitamin A than carrots, 17 times more calcium content than milk, 9 times more protein than yoghurt, 15 times more potassium than bananas and 25 times more iron than in spinach. As numerous parts of Moringa oleifera plant such as roots, seed, bark, leaves, fruit, and immature pods, flowers act as cardiac and circulatory drugs, anti-pyretic, anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory, antiepileptic properties Moringa is called as Multipurpose Tree or “The Miracle Tree of Life”. Moringa also contains phytochemicals such as tannins, sterols, terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, anthraquinones, alkaloids and reducing sugar present along with anti-cancerous agents like glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, glycoside compounds, and glycerol-1-9-octadecanoate respectively. The other chief medicinal properties of the plant include antispasmodic, diuretic, antihypertensive, cholesterol lowering hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antibacterial and antifungal activities. Key-words- Anti-pyretic, Anti-ulcer, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-epileptic, Anti-oxidant, Anti-diabetic
Demand and Supply Situation for Medicinal PlantsAI Publications
From 2020 to 2015, it was predicted that the demand for medicinal plants in India will increase at an annual pace of between 17 and 23 percent to meet the needs of both domestic and international consumers. Small-scale farmers stand to gain financially and economically from a well-organized medicinal plant production and administration system. Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha are the three main Indian medical traditions, and together they are expected to bring in more than $500 million annually. In 2015, the gap between demand and supply of MAPs was predicted to be between 50,000 and 250,000 tons. In 2020, this hole was predicted to grow from 250,000 to 500,000 metric tons. Modified accelerated production (MAP) industries provide labor opportunities in economically depressed states, raising the standard of living and tax base of the area.
A review article: antimicrobial and antidiarrheal activity of tinospora cordi...SriramNagarajan16
The objective to the paper emphasizes on the study of various models related to antimicrobial and antidiarrheal
activity of Tinospora cordifolia. The plant also possesses various pharmacological activities including its use as
antihyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, antiarthritic, ant osteoporotic, enhance cognition (learning and memory),
antidiarrheal and immunomodulatory effects. The current works aims to justify the folklore use of the whole plant
of the Tinospora cordifolia for its antidiarrheal and antimicrobial potentiality. Tinospora cordifolia contains
phytochemical constituent such as alkaloids, diterpenoid lactones, glycosides, steroids, sesquiterpenoid, phenolics,
aliphatic compounds and polysaccharides. T. cordifolia is already an import- tent composition of many traditional
Indian medicine formulations, both its purified stem proteins and the derived peptides by enzyme hydrolysis could
be incorporated into food products or nutraceuticals or developed to be a safe and efficient drug for treating
oxidative stress and related disorders. Pretreatment with Tinospora cordifolia extracts provide significant protection
against castor oil and magnesium sulfate‑induced diarrhea, the extracts may presume to have antisecretory and
preventive action towards CCK release
Antihaemolytic, anti-lipid peroxidative potential by purified protease inhibi...Uploadworld
Protease inhibitor was isolated and purified from the fruits of Solanum aculeatissimum Jacq. (SAPI) via four sequential step procedures i.e., salt precipitation to sepharose affinity chromatography.
Analgesic activities of Geodorum densiflorum, Diospyros blancoi, Baccaurea ra...Uploadworld
Geodorum densiflorum, Diospyros blancoi, Baccaurea ramiflora and Trichosanthes dioica are four
important medicinal plants used traditionally in various iseases. Different parts of these plants have been used in different painful conditions
Pharmacological Applications of Isorhamnetin: A Short Reviewijtsrd
Isorhamnetin (30-Methoxy-3, 40, 5, 7-tetrahydroxyflavone) is a flavonol, and it belongs to a group of plant secondary metabolites known as flavonoids. It is present in mans daily diet and is known for its biological activities such as antioxidant, antiviral, anticancer, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory effects. Isorhamnetin has been reported for its antioxidant and antiviral applications hence it is not only used as such, but it also has various derivatized forms which has potentials for development into drugs for the treatment of diseases caused by oxidative stress and lethal viruses. The present review reflects the pharmacological importance of isorhamnetin. S Kandakumar | Dr V Manju"Pharmacological Applications of Isorhamnetin: A Short Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2202.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biochemistry/2202/pharmacological-applications-of-isorhamnetin-a-short-review/s-kandakumar
Studies that examined the therapeutic potential of plants leaf extracts
Plant Scientific Name Common Name Type of extraction Proposed active material
1. Solanum viarum Tropical Soda Apple Ether Solasodine glycoalkaloid
2. Acanthus illicifolious Harkucha Kanta Methanol Triterpenoids,Flavonoids,
Alkaloids
3. Annona squamosa Custard Apple Ethyl acetate Acetogenins,Alkaloids,
Dofamine
4 Alstonia scholaris. Chatium Methanol Alkaloids,Flavonoids
5. Calotropis gigantea Akanda Ethanol Triterpenoids,Flavonol
Glycosides
Scientific researches and innovations have been the stepping stone for development of the world. It is then very important to engage in research today, especially for developing countries. Plants have been instrumental in the hands of scientific researchers today and used to improve the health systems of the world. Thus, the purpose of this review is to explore the medicinal potentials of the commonly known Waterleaf (Talinum trianguare), which has been extensively used in local communities in Nigeria and beyond, to treat/manage various human ailments which include regulation of blood sugar level, dropsy, oedema and body weight management, as well as for food and feed. This research will help to promote the utilization and cultivation of Waterleaf by the public, and as well serve as a vital tool on which further researches can be based upon and used to explore the different parts of the plant.
Similar to Potential uses-of-moringa-oleifera (20)
Despite considerable interest in the use of Moringa oleifera as a nutrient source, gaps and inconsistencies in the information on the nutrient content of this interesting plant remain. There are many reasons for this. The nutrient content of newly harvested plant material naturally varies with soil and climate as well as season and plant age. Differences in processing and storage procedures add more variation; and the use of different analytical techniques amplifies the variation further. For moringa leaves, additional variation has been created over time due to errors created as nutrient content values are incorrectly copied from source to source (30). The purpose of this review is to summarize the more recent scientific information about the nutrient content of fresh Moringa oleifera leaves and dried Moringa oleifera leaf powder. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Moringa Oleifera, A Supermarket On A Tree
Moringa oleifera is extremely rich in vital nutrients and, as a bonus, can grow very fast in dry areas of the world, where food is scarce. Since ancient times, Moringa was used as a medicinal plant, known to heal and ease a wide number of diseases: from various inflammations to cancer, to parasitic diseases and diabetes. In more recent times, Moringa has gained notoriety as a nutrition power plant that can feed the needy and, in fact, save lives. And eyes… from blindness due to lack of vital nutrients such as vitamin A in the diet.
Moringa leaves or leaf powder can be used successfully as a suplement food to nourish small children, pregnant or nursing women, and of course, anybody else.
http://miracletrees.org/
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Original Research Article
POTENTIAL USES OF Moringa oleifera AND AN
EXAMINATION OF ANTIBIOTIC EFFICACY CONFERRED BY
M. oleifera SEED AND LEAF EXTRACTS USING CRUDE
EXTRACTION TECHNIQUES AVAILABLE TO
UNDERSERVED INDIGENOUS POPULATIONS
Rockwood, J.L.1
*,Anderson, B.G.2
*,Casamatta, D.A.3
1 MS4, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
2 DO, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA, USA
3 PhD, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
ABSTRACT:
Moringa oleifera, a pantropical plant, is one of approximately thirteen species belonging to the monogeneric
Moringaceae family. Ethnobotanical studies conducted in Guatemala found that one of the primary medicinal
purposes of M. oleifera was its use for the treatment of infectious skin and mucosal diseases. As it is common
practice for researchers to scientifically validate the efficacy of traditional medicine, it is less common for
researchers to scientifically validate simple, reproducible means of conferring therapeutic benefits of plant parts.
This study was conducted to investigate pragmatic extraction techniques for seed and leaf extracts of M. oleifera, a
plant species for which numerous studies have demonstrated its antimicrobial efficacy. M. oleifera seeds and leaves
were extracted using three different solvents (de-ionized water, inorganic ethanol, organic ethyl acetate) and two
different extraction methods (crude, sophisticated). Sensitivity disks impregnated with the various extracts were
used for antibiotic susceptibility testing of fourteen bacterial species: seven representative Gram-negative and seven
representative Gram-positive. De-ionized water was the only solvent capable of extracting plant constituents which
conferred bacterial inhibition. Seed extracts were found to inhibit a broader range of organisms (4) than leaf extracts
(1). 75% of the organisms inhibited by seed extracts were Gram-positive bacteria. A single parameter, the zone of
inhibition, was used to compare antibacterial efficacy between extraction methods, trials, and controls. No
difference was observed between the zone of inhibition of crude and sophisticated extracts. Seed extracts
demonstrated a zone of inhibition comparable to that of penicillin and tetracycline.
Keywords:Moringa oleifera,Crude extraction,Phytomedicine
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INTRODUCTION:
Antibiotic drugs are one of the many tools in
our current arsenal of medical defense.
Penicillin is a prime example of how
modern antibiotics revolutionized our
capacity to combat morbidity and mortality
resulting from bacterial infections. Despite
great strides and advances in medical
equipment and therapies, infectious diseases
have long remained the leading cause of
morbidity and mortality in the developing
world [1]. A sober approach to examining
the underlying cause for such disparities
requires acknowledging that within the
current climate of market-driven economies
and for-profit pharmaceutical practices,
people often suffer from curable and
preventable diseases due to the expenses
associated with research, development, and
delivery of healthcare [2].
Resources elucidating current research
efforts and statistical data for the ‘big-three’
communicable diseases – malaria (resulting
from infection with Plasmodium species),
AIDS (resulting from infection with HIV),
and tuberculosis (resulting from infection
with Mycobacterium species) - abound the
annals of scientific literature. Nevertheless,
documentation of research aimed toward
pragmatic and reproducible antibiotic
therapies for residents of resource-poor
settings is comparatively small. According
to Osrin et al. [3], the individuals who define
the majority of infectious disease mortality,
namely neonates and infants of rural
communities in low-income countries, do so
in fact because they fall beneath the research
and health services radar.
Plant Overview
A pantropical plant of the Moringaceae
family, Moringa oleifera, is one of
approximately thirteen species in the
monogeneric family [4] [5] [6] [7]. Native to
the sub-Himalayas of India, M. oleifera has
been naturalized in various tropical and sub-
tropical regions of the world, including the
Middle East, Africa, the Americas, Asia, the
Philippines, Cambodia, and the Caribbean
islands [4] [5] [6] [7]. A wide range of
common names for the tree are documented,
including benzolive tree, drumstick tree,
horse-radish tree, kelor tree, mother’s best
friend, never die tree, mlonge, moonga,
mulangay and numerous others [5] [6] [7].
Due to its tolerance of drought and nutrient
deficient soils, the perennial softwood is a
tree with minimal growth needs [6]. As
such, it can withstand climate conditions
that range from the high humidity found in
the tropics to the arid lands of sub-Saharan
Africa, parts of Asia, and the Middle East
[4] [5]. Physically, it reaches a maximum
height of 7-12 meters and a diameter of 20-
40 cm at roughly 2 meters of height [6].
Nutritive Properties
Asserting its multi-faceted value, the plant is
utilized for its highly nutritive, medicinal,
and water purification properties [4]. The
plant’s nutritive properties are ubiquitous
throughout the plant, resulting in the
observation that most plant parts attain
nutrition and can be eaten: leaves, seeds,
bark, roots, exudates, flowers, and pods [8].
After discovering the plant’s edible nature,
organizations such as Trees for Life, Church
World Service, and Educational Concerns
for Hunger Organization enacted its
widespread use as a nutritive supplement for
the malnourished and underserved
populations of the tropics and subtropics [8].
Regarding human micronutrient and
macronutrient needs, M. oleifera
quantitatively provides more nutrients per
gram of plant material than many other plant
species. For example, gram-for-gram
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comparisons of M. oleifera leaves (fresh and
dried) and other common nutritional plant
sources reveals that M. oleifera provides
more than seven times the vitamin C found
in oranges, 10 times the vitamin A found in
carrots, 17 times the calcium found in milk,
nine times the protein found in yogurt, 15
times the potassium found in bananas and 25
times the iron found in spinach [9] [10]. The
plant also has high concentrations of
phosphorus, copper, α-tocopherol,
riboflavin, nicotinic acid, folic acid,
pyridoxine, and β-carotene [11].
Furthermore, the plant’s leaf structure
contains significant quantities of the 10
essential amino acids [9] [10].
Water Purification Properties
M. oleifera has been shown to contain
water-soluble proteins that act as coagulants.
Numerous studies have demonstrated that
M. oleifera seed pumice, when added to
contaminated water supplies, effectively
precipitates mineral particulate and various
organics out of solution. The mechanism of
action that facilitates precipitation is
attributed to the ability of charged protein
molecules to bind and flocculate soluble
particulate matter [6] [12] [13].
Medicinal Properties
Chemical compounds isolated from M.
oleifera have been shown to contain useful
pharmacological properties with prospective
medicinal applications. A list of possible
medical applications conferred by M.
oleifera plant parts includes, but is not
limited to, antihypertensive, anticancer,
antispasmodic, antitumor, antiulcer,
cholesterol lowering, diuretic,
hepatoprotective, and hypoglycemic
capabilities, as well as treatment of
infectious skin and mucosal diseases [1] [4]
[14]. Leaf extracts have been used to treat
hyperthyroidism and currently have
application as an anti-Herpes Simplex Virus
Type-1 medicine [15] [16].
Phytochemical Constituents
Numerous antibacterial compounds have
been isolated from M. oleifera, including:
glucosinolates, rhamanose, pterygospermin,
and isothiocyanates. Specifically, these
compounds include 4-(4'-O-acetyl-a-L-
rhamnopyranosyloxy)benzyl isothiocyanate
(1), 4-(a-L-rhamnopyranosyloxy)benzyl
isothiocyanate (2), niazimicin (3),
pterygospermin (4), benzyl isothiocyanate
(5), and 4-(a-L-rhamnopyranosyloxy)benzyl
glucosinolate (6) [8].
Since extensive and scientifically rigorous
studies pertaining to the antibacterial
activity of M. oleifera seeds began, a
number of biochemical agents have been
purported as the component responsible for
the observed bacterial inhibition. During the
1940s and 1950s, prior to isolation and
identification of a specific antibacterial
agent from the seeds, it was hypothesized
that pterygospermin was responsible for the
seeds’ antibacterial activity [8].
Pterygospermin, however, was later found to
dissociate into two benzyl-isothiocyantes,
compounds known to possess antimicrobial
properties [8]. Current literature cites the
isothiocyanate structure and its precursor,
glucosinolate, as primary constituents from
M. oleifera seed extracts that confer
antibacterial activity [17].
Research
It is common practice for researchers to
scientifically validate the efficacy of
traditional medicine. It is less common for
researchers to scientifically validate efforts
to employ a simple, reproducible means of
conferring the therapeutic benefits of an
agent with pre-existing evidence that
substantiates its putative health benefits.
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Martin Price, executive director of
Educational Concerns for Hunger
Organization (ECHO), published an article
calling for the development of an antibiotic
ointment from the seeds of Moringa oleifera,
noting that the research would be an
undertaking of how the poor could benefit
from science [18].
The purpose of this study was to investigate
pragmatic extraction techniques for seed and
leaf extracts of Moringa oleifera, a plant
species for which numerous studies have
demonstrated its antimicrobial efficacy [4]
[5] [7]. It is hypothesized that bacterial
inhibition would be conferred – to varying
degrees – by both plant parts being studied.
Considering the populations for which this
research was aimed to benefit (those that
occupy resource-poor, low income, and
remote regions of the developing world), the
phrase ‘pragmatic technique’ is used in this
paper to define methods that do not require
sophisticated laboratory equipment (i.e.
rotary evaporators, gas-/high performance
liquid chromatography, etc.). Specifically,
M. oleifera seeds and leaves were extracted
using: three different solvents – de-ionized
water (DI H20), inorganic ethanol (95%
EtOH), and organic ethyl acetate (EA); and
two different extraction methods – crude and
sophisticated. Sensitivity disks impregnated
with the various extracts were used for
antibiotic susceptibility testing of fourteen
different bacterial organisms: seven
representative Gram-negative (G-) species
and seven representative Gram-positive
(G+) species.
METHODS
I. Plant material preparation
Leaf powder and whole seeds were obtained
from Educational Concerns for Hunger
Organization (ECHO), located in Ft. Myers,
Florida, U.S.A. Prior to extraction, seeds
were pulverized via two methods: crude and
sophisticated. The crude method, chosen for
its ease in reproducibility and designed for
use in the most unindustrialized regions of
the developing world, utilized the crushing
and grinding of the substrate with a mortar
and pestle. Alternatively, the sophisticated
method was propagated by means of an
ordinary coffee bean grinder. Both methods
were used until further agitation no longer
decreased the size gradation of ground plant
matter.
II. Antimicrobial constituent extraction
The extraction process included three
components. The first consisted of plant
part: leaf powder (obtained from Moringa
Farms, California, U.S.A.), and seed
powder/grinds (obtained from ECHO). The
second dimension included solvent
variability. Three different liquid media
were used to facilitate the extraction process
of antimicrobial constituents from leaf and
seed materials: 1) DI H2O, 2) 95% ethanol
(EtOH), and 3) ethyl acetate (EA). The final
dimension was created by the previously
stated dual extraction techniques: crude and
sophisticated.
For each extraction, 10 grams of raw plant
material was macerated with 40 mLs of
solvent; solvents were heated to boiling
temperatures and then introduced to small
containers (either sterilized glassware or tin
cans depending on the extraction method)
that contained the plant material. The plant-
solvent mixture was agitated for 30 s to
ensure thorough mixture of the components;
the solution was then covered and allowed
to steep with no heat stimulus for 15 mins.
After 15 mins of steeping, the containers
were each weighed to determine solvent loss
from evaporation. As needed, excess solvent
was added to the beakers to normalize the
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concentrations to 10 grams of plant material
(PM) per 40 mLs of solvent (crude
concentration equaling: 250 mg/mL).
The extraction process (heating solvent, then
transferring solvent to PM, then macerating
PM) for the crude technique was performed
using empty tin cans that were sterilized
with boiling water within the can and then
decanting the water. Alternatively, sterile
(autoclaved) laboratory glass beakers were
used to facilitate the sophisticated technique.
After normalization of the plant, liquid
extract was separated from solid PM by
filtration using coffee filters. In light of the
possibility of other modalities, this method
was chosen because it was economical,
effective, and extendable to the geographical
areas of this study’s interest.
III. Extract impregnation of sensitivity
disks
Sterile sensitivity disks were crafted by
autoclaving 6.5 mm circular disks punched
from Whatman GF/D Glass Microfibre filter
disks, using a standard 6.5 mm hole-punch.
Sterile forceps were used to individually
submerge sensitivity disks in extracts
(experimental trials) or solvents (negative
controls), thus impregnating them. After
submersion, the disks were flicked to
remove excess fluid and then placed upon
aluminum foil plates. These plates were
heated at 80°C for 45 minutes to dry the
disks and evaporate residual solvent.
IV. Organism growth
Fourteen bacterial organisms were grown at
37.5°C to assist in determining plant
constituent efficacy as an antimicrobial
agent (Table 1).
Table 1. Three organisms (M. smegmatis, A. faecalis and S. aureus) exhibited susceptibility to
M. oleifera seed extracts, while one organism (B. sphaericus) demonstrated susceptibility to both
M. oleifera seed and leaf extracts.
Organism Biological Classification
Inhibition
Seed
Extracts
Leaf
Extracts
Gram
Stain
Morphology Yes No Yes No
1 Bacillus sphaericus G+ Bacillus X X
2 Bacillus subtilis G+ Bacillus X X
3 Bacillus megaterium G+ Bacillus X X
4 Bacillus ceresu G+ Bacillus X X
5 Mycobacterium smegmatis G+ Bacillus X X
6 Micrococcus luteus G+ Coccus X X
7 Staphylococcus aureus G+ Coccus X X
8 Alcaligenes faecalis G- Bacillus X X
9 Enterobacter aerogenes G- Bacillus X X
10 Escherichia coli G- Bacillus X X
11 Klebsiella pneumoniae G- Bacillus X X
12 Proteus mirabilis G- Bacillus X X
13 Proteus vulgaris G- Bacillus X X
14 Shigella flexneri G- Bacillus X X
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Organisms were attained from American
Type Culture Collection. Agar slants,
incubated at 37.5°C were used as perpetual
growth sites for the organisms. Seven days
before plating, the organisms were
transferred to tryptic soy broth (TSB), the
medium in which they remained until
susceptibility testing was performed.
Transference of 75 µLs of TSB (containing
the respective microorganism) to sterile LB
agar plates was followed with a glass
hockey-stick method of evenly distributing
the organism across the plate and ensuring
confluent bacterial growth.
Five sets of organisms were prepared to
correlate with extract methods and plant part
(4); a final set of organisms were prepared to
examine positive and negative controls.
Three agar plate replicates were prepared for
each organism within all 5 sets.
V. Disk implantation
Immediately following dissemination of
bacterial TSB onto LB agar plates,
sensitivity disks were implanted onto the
plate. Three sensitivity disks, each
correlating to a specified extract solvent,
were placed on each replicate within the
four extraction sets. Six sensitivity disks,
which correlated to the positive
(Vancomycin, Penicillin, and Tetracycline)
and negative (pure solvent without extract)
controls, were placed on each replicate
within the control set. A rectangular shape
beneath the agar plate was used for
standardized orientation of the plate and
subsequent placement of each disk.
VI. Incubation and reading of dishes
Agar plates were incubated at 37.5°C for a
total duration of 72 hrs, and zones of
inhibition (mm) were recorded at 24, 48, and
72 hrs post disk-placement.
RESULTS
I. Plant part and solvent
Leaf and seed extracts prepared with 95%
EtOH or EA conferred no inhibition among
the 14 organisms. Extracts prepared using
M. oleifera leaves with DI H2O exhibited
antibacterial inhibition against one of the
fourteen bacteria: Bacillus sphaericus (Table
1). M. oleifera seed extracts prepared with
DI H2O conferred inhibition among four of
the 14 bacteria: B. sphaericus,
Mycobacterium smegmatis, Staphylococcus
aureus, and Alcaligenes faecalis (Table 1).
II. Susceptible species
A total of four bacterial species were
susceptible to inhibition by either leaf or
seed extracts prepared from M. oleifera
(Table 1). One species, B. sphaericus,
showed susceptibility to both seed and leaf
extracts. M. smegmatis, S. aureus, and A.
faecalis were susceptible to seed extracts but
were resistant to leaf extracts. Of the
species susceptible to seed extracts, bacterial
inhibition was phylogenetically and
morphologically scattered; the extracts were
effective against representative species of
G+ bacillus (B. sphaericus and M.
smegmatis), G+ coccus (S. aureus), and G-
bacillus (A. faecalis). One common trend
was the indication that 75% of the
organisms inhibited by seed extracts were
G+ while the remaining 25% were G-;
further 75% were bacilli species, whereas
the remaining 25% were cocci species.
III. Method variation
(Results are displayed as Average ±
Standard Error)
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Each extraction for the given plant part and
solvent was performed using two extraction
methods: crude, and sophisticated. The leaf-
water extract prepared using sophisticated
methods demonstrated antibacterial efficacy
against B. sphaericus (4.11mm ± 0.11),
while the leaf-water extract prepared using
crude methods did not inhibit the organism.
Of the four organisms susceptible to seed-
water extracts, two were susceptible to both
crude and sophisticated extraction methods,
while the remaining two were susceptible to
only one method (Table 2).
Table 2. Utilizing sophisticated and crude methods, DI H2O M. oleifera seed extracts
demonstrated statistically significant zones of inhibition and provided statistically similar results
to penicillin and/or tetracycline with regard to four pathogens.
Organisms Inhibited
by Seed DI H2O
Extract
Bacterial Inhibition Method Observed
Antibiotic
Efficacy
Antibiotics for Which Seed
Extracts Demonstrated
Statistically Comparable
Results
Sophisticated Crude V P T
1 Bacillus sphaericus X X V, P & T X
2
Mycobacterium
smegmatis
X T X
3
Staphylococcus
aureus
X T X X
4 Alcaligenes faecalisX X V, P & T X
(Where: V = vancomycin, P = penicillin, and T = tetracycline)
B. sphaericus and A. faecalis demonstrated
susceptibility to both extraction methods for
the extracts. The sophisticated method
produced a wider zone of inhibition
(diameter) for B.sphaericus, crude (6.44mm
± 1.97) and sophisticated (11.22mm ± 0.29);
the crude method, however, demonstrated an
increased zone of inhibition (diameter) for
A. faecalis (crude = 5.67mm ± 1.92 and
sophisticated = 1.67mm ± 0.19). M.
smegmatis was inhibited by crude extract
(2.0mm ± 1.73), but showed no resistance to
the sophisticated extract. S. aureus was
susceptible to sophisticated extracts
(1.78mm ± 0.91), but not crude seed-water
extracts. For all organisms, no significant
difference in zone of inhibition was
observed between the two extraction
methods (P >0.1 or P > 0.2).
IV. Controls versus extracts
Each organism examined was subjected to
susceptibility tests with negative and
positive controls (NCs and PCs).
Susceptibility to NCs, PCs, and plant part
extracts were compared using zone of
inhibition (ZOI) measurements. NCs
consisted of sensitivity disks soaked in pure
solvent: DI H2O, 95% EtOH, or EA. None
of the NCs were found to confer inhibition
among the fourteen organisms.
PCs consisted of three known antibiotic
agents: penicillin, tetracycline, and
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vancomycin. Species susceptible to both
penicillin and the seed extracts, namely B.
sphaericus and A. faecalis, did not
demonstrate a significant difference between
the average ZOI produced by penicillin or
the seed extracts. Similar to penicillin,
species susceptible to tetracycline and seed
extracts, with the exception of B. sphaericus,
demonstrated comparable average ZOIs, that
is, ZOIs were not significantly different
between tetracycline disks and seed extract
disks. Alternatively, for organisms
susceptible to vancomycin and seed extracts
– B. sphaericus and A. faecalis –
vancomycin disks resulted in significantly
elevated ZOIs relative to the seed extracts.
DISCUSSION
I. Plant Part and Solvent
In discussing the general inhibitory efficacy
of leaf and seed extracts from this research,
regrowth must be considered. Regrowth is a
biological phenomenon whereby organismal
reproduction/growth is inhibited for a short
duration, but is subsequently followed by
proliferation of the organism. Because data
collections were performed at 24-hr
intervals, regrowth of organisms prior to the
first data collection (24-hrs) or between each
of the 24-hr intervals must not be ruled out
and may account for the lack of observed
organismal inhibition by leaf or seed
extracts.
Plant Part
Of the fourteen organisms examined, seed
extracts were more effective antibacterial
inhibitors than leaf extracts. In fact, several
trials exhibited microbial proliferation near
and/or on the sensitivity disks soaked in leaf
extract. It is suspected that proliferation was
due to the nutrient dense structure of M.
oleifera leaves [8]. Similarly, for organisms
that were not inhibited by seed extracts,
proliferation of bacterial colonies was also
observed near and/or on the sensitivity disks
soaked in seed extract. Again, this may also
be attributed to the nutrient rich nature of the
plant’s seeds [8]. Thus, given the abundance
of vitamins, minerals, and amino acids
found within the leaves [4] [5] [7] [19],
coupled with the populations this research
aimed to address, it can be reasonably
concluded that leaf material would be more
appropriately allocated for use as a
nutritional supplement rather than a source
of antibacterial components.
Solvent
The polarity of water is markedly elevated
relative to EtOH and EA. It is possible that
variations in solvent polarity, as measured
by dielectric constants, explains why EtOH
and EA extracts did not attract, bind, and
thus extract charged antimicrobial
constituents. Further, it is also possible that
the 95% EtOH extract used, may have
degraded proteins implicated in inhibitory
properties, thus debilitating the extract’s
ability to confer bacterial inhibition.
II. Method Variation
The primary objective underlying the
experimental design for this study was the
determination as to whether crude extraction
methods were capable of inhibiting bacterial
growth. The absence of statistical evidence
pointing toward significant differences
between ZOIs conferred by crude and
sophisticated extraction methods implicates
that for certain bacterial species, the crude
method of extraction is just as effective as
the sophisticated method. These findings
support the prospect of crude extraction as a
pragmatic method of extracting antibacterial
agents from M. oleifera in resource-poor
settings.
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III. Susceptible Species
Despite phylogenetic diversity among
species susceptible to M. oleifera extracts,
results demonstrated a common trend in that
M. oleifera seed extracts were three times
more effective against G+ species compared
to G- species based upon the species
observed. It is suspected that these
differences were observed due to variation
between the cell wall composition of G+ and
G- bacteria. Perhaps the second
phospholipid membrane bilayer of G-
bacteria helped these species evade
antibiotic degradation from the peptides
within the seed extract [20].
IV. Controls versus Extract
The lack of significant difference between
ZOIs produced by M. oleifera seed extracts
compared to those produced by penicillin
and tetracycline implicate comparable
antibacterial efficacy in susceptible taxa
between M. oleifera seed extracts and the
aforementioned antibiotics. These results
encouraged the researchers of this study to
examine the biochemical mechanism of
action for penicillin and tetracycline, and
then use such activity to hypothesize
possible mechanisms of action yielded by
seed extracts.
Administered at clinical doses, antibiotics
that inhibit the proliferation of bacteria are
classified as either: bactericidal or
bacteriostatic. The former prevent bacterial
proliferation by killing the organism,
whereas the latter prevents bacterial
proliferation by preventing the organism
from dividing, which in turn assists the
individual’s immune system to destroy the
pathogen. Penicillin is a bacteriostatic β-
lactam antibiotic derived from a fungi
source, and is effective in destroying G+
bacteria. Its mechanism of action is such that
it inhibits bacterial cell wall formation by
blocking the cross-linking of structures
within the cell wall (i.e. cell wall synthesis)
[20]. Tetracyline, however, is a broad-
spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotic,
functioning as a G+ and G- antibiotic.
Unlike penicillin, tetracycline inhibits
bacterial growth intracellularly by binding to
the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, thus
disrupting protein synthesis [20].
The mechanism by which M. oleifera
derived isothiocyanates result in bacterial
inhibition is not understood to date.
However, extensive research documenting
the efficacy of synthetic, highly active
antibacterial peptides derived from M.
oleifera seed proteins has helped elucidate
the mechanism by which the cationic
peptide results in microbial inhibition [13].
The secondary structure of the antimicrobial
polypeptide contains positively charged α-
helices that are thought to bind to negatively
charged phospholipid heads of the bacterial
cell membrane; the charge attraction and
stabilization allows for subsequent
interaction between a loop region in the
antibacterial peptide structure and aliphatic
fatty acids of the bacterial membrane [13].
In turn, the bacterial membrane is
destabilized by changes in permeability and
lipid distribution, as well as disruption of its
membrane potential. In sum, these effects
result in breaks in the bacterial cell
membrane, disaggregation of its
components, and eventually cell death [12]
[13].
With this understanding, antibiotic peptides
of M. oleifera seed extracts were expected to
exhibit inhibition comparable to that of
penicillin; however, they were not expected
to produce results similar to tetracycline.
Given that tetracycline works intracellularly
as a bacteriostatic antibiotic, it is possible
that other constituents of M. oleifera seed
10. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHEARPY RESEARCH
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70 www.earthjournals.org Volume 3 Issue 2 2013
extracts, such as the identified
isothiocyanates, also work intracellularly in
a concerted effort with the antibiotic
peptides.
V. Future Research
In futures trials it would be desirable to
repeat the leaf and seed DI H2O extract
experimentation, withholding the 80°C
incubation that evaporated the solvent. It is
suspected that motility afforded to microbial
inhibiting molecules by the presence of DI
H2O will allow the molecules to disperse
across the agar lawn with greater
confluence. Repeated experiments could
also rule out the possibility of regrowth by
collecting data samples over durations
shorter than 24-hrs, i.e. 3-hr, 6-hr, 9-hr, or
12-hr time intervals.
Although several of the organisms tested in
this study are known to be common
colonizers of human skin and
gastrointestinal tracts, it is recommended
that antibacterial susceptibility tests, using
M. oleifera extracts, be performed against
pathogenic bacteria endemic to resource-
poor settings. Further, it is also suggested
that MIC studies be conducted using the
crude extraction technique. If the extracts
prove to be efficacious inhibitors of
pathogenic bacteria, then shelf-life studies
should be performed to further qualify this
pragmatic extraction technique that it may
be used in destitute regions worldwide.
CONCLUSIONS
This study demonstrated that when M.
oleifera seeds and leaves are prepared using
very crude methods they can provide, to
varying abilities, antimicrobial capabilities
comparable to some contemporary remedies
against common pathogens that cause
human morbidity. This research is a
reminder that heroic lengths and modern
science are not always necessary to combat
antimicrobial pathogens in remote regions
where modern medicine is not available.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Many thanks to Educational Concerns for
Hunger Organization (ECHO), located in Ft.
Myers, Florida, U.S.A. and Moringa Farms,
located in Sherman Oaks, California, U.S.A.
for their abundant guidance and provision of
plant part specimens for this and future
research endeavors.
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