The document describes an HIV/AIDS tracking and management system. It includes two scenarios: 1) conducting an HIV risk assessment and prescribing PrEP for high-risk negative patients, and 2) confirming a positive HIV test, monitoring viral load and CD4 counts, and checking for drug interactions when prescribing antiretroviral therapy. Entities for the system include patients, providers, test results, and medications. The system aims to improve HIV care through risk screening, prevention, treatment monitoring via alerts and clinical decision support.
The presentation provides an overview of HIV/AIDS. It defines HIV as the virus that causes AIDS and explains that not all those living with HIV have AIDS. It then discusses HIV/AIDS as a pandemic disease and how HIV affects the immune system. The presentation covers the stages of HIV infection, modes of transmission, risk groups, diagnosis, clinical symptoms, treatment options including HAART, and concludes with references.
Identification of AIDS? And what is HIV infection and mode of transmission?Hassan Shaker
This presentation includes the following:
1) What are viruses and its classification
2) Over view of HIV infection
3) Development of HIV infection into AIDS.
4) HIV infection's clinical features and its complications.
5) Life cycle of HIV infection.
6) Mode of transmission of HIV infection.
7) How to diagnose HIV infection.
8) How to manage HIV infection.
9) Explain different preventive measures to prevent sexually transmitted viral infection
Hiv infection progresses from asymptomatic infection to AIDS, the most severe stage. It is caused by the HIV virus which depletes CD4+ T cells, weakening the immune system. Left untreated, opportunistic infections develop. HIV is transmitted via blood, sex, or perinatally. Treatment involves antiretroviral therapy to suppress the virus indefinitely and treat any infections, with the goals of prolonging life, improving quality of life, and restoring immune function. Nursing care focuses on medication adherence, nutrition, symptom management, and psychological support.
This document provides information about Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), including:
- AIDS is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) which weakens the immune system leaving the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections.
- HIV progresses through several stages from initial infection to AIDS. As it progresses it destroys CD4 cells weakening the immune system.
- HIV can be transmitted through unprotected sex, sharing needles, from mother to child during pregnancy/birth, or through blood transfusions. Prevention methods like condoms and treatment can reduce transmission risk.
- Factors like lifestyle, stress levels, and coping style can influence how quickly HIV develops into AIDS. Treatment adherence is
HIV Nursing and Home & Community Care Conference griehl
This joint presentation by Susann Nasewich and Greg Riehl will describe HIV Nursing as it relates to pre and post test counseling, and what is important to know for home and community care nurses and aides.
This document discusses HIV/AIDS, including transmission, testing, treatment, and comprehensive care approaches. It provides details on:
- How HIV enters the body, common routes of transmission, and viral load in different body fluids.
- The stages of HIV infection and testing methods, including the window period and antibody response.
- Treatment options like HAART and the importance of early diagnosis and treatment.
- Components of comprehensive care including medical, psychological, and socioeconomic support, with an emphasis on prevention and respect for human rights.
01.04 laboratory diagnosis and monitoring of hiv infectionDavid Ngogoyo
Laboratory tests play an important role in diagnosing and monitoring HIV infection. Tests used for diagnosis include ELISA, rapid tests, and confirmatory tests like Western Blot. CD4 counts and viral load are used to determine when to start ART, monitor disease progression and response to treatment. Other tests like hematology and biochemistry panels help monitor for side effects and coinfections. Proper use and interpretation of HIV laboratory tests is crucial for effective clinical management of patients.
The document provides information on HIV/AIDS, including:
1. HIV was first identified in 1981 and there have been two major strains identified, HIV-1 and HIV-2.
2. HIV is transmitted through bodily fluids and can be transmitted sexually or through contact with infected blood.
3. There are three phases of HIV infection eventually resulting in AIDS if not treated. Antiretroviral treatment can suppress the virus and prevent AIDS.
The presentation provides an overview of HIV/AIDS. It defines HIV as the virus that causes AIDS and explains that not all those living with HIV have AIDS. It then discusses HIV/AIDS as a pandemic disease and how HIV affects the immune system. The presentation covers the stages of HIV infection, modes of transmission, risk groups, diagnosis, clinical symptoms, treatment options including HAART, and concludes with references.
Identification of AIDS? And what is HIV infection and mode of transmission?Hassan Shaker
This presentation includes the following:
1) What are viruses and its classification
2) Over view of HIV infection
3) Development of HIV infection into AIDS.
4) HIV infection's clinical features and its complications.
5) Life cycle of HIV infection.
6) Mode of transmission of HIV infection.
7) How to diagnose HIV infection.
8) How to manage HIV infection.
9) Explain different preventive measures to prevent sexually transmitted viral infection
Hiv infection progresses from asymptomatic infection to AIDS, the most severe stage. It is caused by the HIV virus which depletes CD4+ T cells, weakening the immune system. Left untreated, opportunistic infections develop. HIV is transmitted via blood, sex, or perinatally. Treatment involves antiretroviral therapy to suppress the virus indefinitely and treat any infections, with the goals of prolonging life, improving quality of life, and restoring immune function. Nursing care focuses on medication adherence, nutrition, symptom management, and psychological support.
This document provides information about Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), including:
- AIDS is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) which weakens the immune system leaving the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections.
- HIV progresses through several stages from initial infection to AIDS. As it progresses it destroys CD4 cells weakening the immune system.
- HIV can be transmitted through unprotected sex, sharing needles, from mother to child during pregnancy/birth, or through blood transfusions. Prevention methods like condoms and treatment can reduce transmission risk.
- Factors like lifestyle, stress levels, and coping style can influence how quickly HIV develops into AIDS. Treatment adherence is
HIV Nursing and Home & Community Care Conference griehl
This joint presentation by Susann Nasewich and Greg Riehl will describe HIV Nursing as it relates to pre and post test counseling, and what is important to know for home and community care nurses and aides.
This document discusses HIV/AIDS, including transmission, testing, treatment, and comprehensive care approaches. It provides details on:
- How HIV enters the body, common routes of transmission, and viral load in different body fluids.
- The stages of HIV infection and testing methods, including the window period and antibody response.
- Treatment options like HAART and the importance of early diagnosis and treatment.
- Components of comprehensive care including medical, psychological, and socioeconomic support, with an emphasis on prevention and respect for human rights.
01.04 laboratory diagnosis and monitoring of hiv infectionDavid Ngogoyo
Laboratory tests play an important role in diagnosing and monitoring HIV infection. Tests used for diagnosis include ELISA, rapid tests, and confirmatory tests like Western Blot. CD4 counts and viral load are used to determine when to start ART, monitor disease progression and response to treatment. Other tests like hematology and biochemistry panels help monitor for side effects and coinfections. Proper use and interpretation of HIV laboratory tests is crucial for effective clinical management of patients.
The document provides information on HIV/AIDS, including:
1. HIV was first identified in 1981 and there have been two major strains identified, HIV-1 and HIV-2.
2. HIV is transmitted through bodily fluids and can be transmitted sexually or through contact with infected blood.
3. There are three phases of HIV infection eventually resulting in AIDS if not treated. Antiretroviral treatment can suppress the virus and prevent AIDS.
A new options for hiv prevention slides.2013Hivlife Info
This document discusses new options for HIV prevention through the use of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Observational studies and the HPTN 052 clinical trial showed that ART can significantly decrease the risk of transmitting HIV, with a 96% reduction in risk seen in the HPTN 052 trial. However, real-world adherence to lifelong ART may be challenging and is not as high as was achieved in HPTN 052 through intensive support strategies. U.S. guidelines now recommend ART for all HIV-infected individuals, but limitations remain regarding how well ART prevents transmission through different risk behaviors or in situations where adherence is imperfect.
HIV attacks and destroys CD4 cells, weakening the immune system and leading to AIDS. It is transmitted through bodily fluids like blood, breastmilk, semen and vaginal secretions. The infection progresses from HIV infection to AIDS in stages - first, the window period when antibodies are not detectable. It is then followed by asymptomatic phase that can last 10-15 years before HIV-related illnesses and infections emerge. Untreated, it culminates in AIDS when the immune system is severely compromised. Risk groups include those with multiple sexual partners and intravenous drug users. Testing involves pre- and post-test counseling and uses ELISA or Western Blot confirmatory tests.
This document contains data from the National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD and TB Prevention on the epidemiology of HIV infection in the United States through 2013. It includes statistics on HIV diagnoses, living cases, deaths, and AIDS classifications by sex, transmission category, race/ethnicity, age, and year. The data show trends in the HIV epidemic such as male-to-male sexual contact being the most common transmission category and blacks/African Americans having the highest rates of diagnoses and prevalence.
This document provides information about HIV/AIDS and other bloodborne pathogens. It defines HIV and AIDS, describes how HIV attacks and damages T cells, and explains how HIV is transmitted through blood and other bodily fluids. The document outlines precautions, testing, and the stages of HIV infection. It also discusses other bloodborne pathogens like hepatitis A, B, C, D and E and how they are transmitted and cause infection.
HIV - AIDS. Associated Infections and InvasionsEneutron
This document provides information on various infectious diseases associated with HIV/AIDS, including those that affect the central nervous system. It discusses toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus encephalitis, cryptococcal meningitis, primary CNS lymphoma, and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. It also covers common skin and mucous membrane disorders like candidiasis, Kaposi's sarcoma, and aphthous ulcers. Treatment options are provided for several conditions. The document contains detailed but technical medical information on infectious diseases indicators and presentations in patients with low CD4 counts.
HIV attacks and destroys CD4 cells, weakening the immune system and making one susceptible to infections and illnesses over time. If left untreated, HIV develops into AIDS, which is the final stage where the CD4 count is very low and one's ability to fight infection is lost. While there is no cure for HIV/AIDS, antiretroviral therapy can control the virus and help those infected live longer if medications are taken as prescribed.
Adult HIV: Skills workshop screening tests for HIVPiLNAfrica
Adult HIV was developed by doctors and nurses with wide experience in the care of adults with HIV, under the auspices of the Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation at the University of Cape Town. It covers: introduction to HIV infection, management of HIV-infected adults at primary-care clinics, preparing patients for antiretroviral (ARV) treatment, ARV drugs, starting and maintaining patients on ARV treatment, opportunistic infections
HIV/AIDS originated from chimpanzees in Africa and likely entered the US in the 1970s. In the 1980s, clusters of illnesses in gay men led to the identification of HIV and the disease being named AIDS. The Ryan White CARE Act provided funding for people with HIV/AIDS. Currently over 1 million people live with HIV/AIDS in the US, with higher rates among African Americans and men who have sex with men. Prevention focuses on abstinence, monogamy, and condom use.
This document summarizes the history and progression of HIV/AIDS from its discovery in 1981 to present day. It covers key events such as identifying HIV as the causative agent in 1985, developing antibody tests in 1987, and the approval of combination drug therapy and protease inhibitors in the 1990s which decreased mother-to-child transmission and increased life expectancy for those infected. The typical progression from acute infection to late stage AIDS is outlined if untreated, along with common opportunistic infections at each stage. Diagnostic tests, treatment goals, and nursing considerations are also briefly discussed.
The document discusses obstacles to adequate nutrition in HIV patients. It identifies factors that compromise the immune system in HIV patients like the virus's effect on CD4 cells. Common nutrition issues in this population include malabsorption, opportunistic infections, medication side effects, and difficulty maintaining weight. The document examines methods of assessing and monitoring nutritional status in HIV patients, including medical tests, dietary recalls, and physical exams. It also outlines nutrition interventions and education needed to help HIV patients maintain adequate nutrition.
The document provides information about AIDS/HIV including:
- HIV infects and destroys CD4 cells, weakening the immune system over time.
- It has several phases from acute infection to AIDS if untreated.
- It is transmitted through certain bodily fluids and can be prevented through condom use, medication, and needle safety.
- Complications increase as the immune system weakens, allowing opportunistic infections.
- Treatment involves antiretroviral therapy to suppress the virus with various drug classes.
This document provides an introduction to HIV treatment, including guidelines on when to start treatment, current treatment options, and tips for getting the most out of treatment. The key points are:
- Current guidelines recommend antiretroviral therapy (ART) for all HIV-positive individuals, especially those with a CD4 count below 350 or those at risk of transmitting HIV.
- ART involves taking a combination of at least three antiretroviral drugs from two different classes to suppress the virus and prevent drug resistance. Common classes include nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), protease inhibitors (PIs), and integra
Started in 1988, World AIDS Day is not just about raising money, but also about increasing awareness, fighting prejudice and improving education. World AIDS Day is important in reminding people that HIV has not gone away, and that there are many things still to be done. ~avert.org
The document discusses AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), which is caused by HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection. It defines AIDS and describes the pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, medical management including antiretroviral drugs, and nursing management of patients with AIDS. It also summarizes a research study on the use of first-line antiretroviral therapy from an ART program clinic in Pune, India.
AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.
HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus.
A pattern of devastating infections caused by the human immunodeficiency virus.
HIV, which attacks and destroys certain white blood cells that are essential to the body’s immune system.
HIV/AIDS is spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
This document provides an overview of HIV/AIDS including:
1. The global and local magnitude of the HIV/AIDS problem, highlighting prevalence rates.
2. Details about the HIV virus such as its structure, history of discovery, and origin.
3. Modes of HIV transmission including unprotected sex, contaminated blood, mother-to-child transmission, and intravenous drug use.
4. Diagnosis methods for HIV including antibody tests and nucleic acid amplification tests to detect the virus directly.
This document provides information on managing patients with AIDS. It discusses the introduction and global impact of HIV/AIDS. It then covers basic facts about HIV and AIDS, including causative agents, transmission, clinical staging, opportunistic infections, cancers, and complications. The remainder of the document outlines diagnosis, treatment, nursing management including common nursing diagnoses, and prevention of HIV/AIDS. It aims to inform on all aspects of caring for patients living with HIV/AIDS.
This document discusses Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). It defines AIDS as a condition caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that weakens the immune system. HIV is transmitted through sexual contact, exposure to infected body fluids, or from mother to child. A person may not notice symptoms initially or may experience brief flu-like symptoms before entering a prolonged asymptomatic phase. Late stage symptoms occur as the virus interferes more with the immune system, increasing risk of infections. Diagnosis involves HIV testing to detect antibodies or genetic material from the virus. There is currently no cure for AIDS but treatment involves antiretroviral therapy to slow disease progression.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome is severe HIV infection.
There were 940,000 deaths from AIDS in 2017.
Lancet estimated that global incidence of HIV infection peaked in 1997 at 3.3 million/year.
A new options for hiv prevention slides.2013Hivlife Info
This document discusses new options for HIV prevention through the use of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Observational studies and the HPTN 052 clinical trial showed that ART can significantly decrease the risk of transmitting HIV, with a 96% reduction in risk seen in the HPTN 052 trial. However, real-world adherence to lifelong ART may be challenging and is not as high as was achieved in HPTN 052 through intensive support strategies. U.S. guidelines now recommend ART for all HIV-infected individuals, but limitations remain regarding how well ART prevents transmission through different risk behaviors or in situations where adherence is imperfect.
HIV attacks and destroys CD4 cells, weakening the immune system and leading to AIDS. It is transmitted through bodily fluids like blood, breastmilk, semen and vaginal secretions. The infection progresses from HIV infection to AIDS in stages - first, the window period when antibodies are not detectable. It is then followed by asymptomatic phase that can last 10-15 years before HIV-related illnesses and infections emerge. Untreated, it culminates in AIDS when the immune system is severely compromised. Risk groups include those with multiple sexual partners and intravenous drug users. Testing involves pre- and post-test counseling and uses ELISA or Western Blot confirmatory tests.
This document contains data from the National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD and TB Prevention on the epidemiology of HIV infection in the United States through 2013. It includes statistics on HIV diagnoses, living cases, deaths, and AIDS classifications by sex, transmission category, race/ethnicity, age, and year. The data show trends in the HIV epidemic such as male-to-male sexual contact being the most common transmission category and blacks/African Americans having the highest rates of diagnoses and prevalence.
This document provides information about HIV/AIDS and other bloodborne pathogens. It defines HIV and AIDS, describes how HIV attacks and damages T cells, and explains how HIV is transmitted through blood and other bodily fluids. The document outlines precautions, testing, and the stages of HIV infection. It also discusses other bloodborne pathogens like hepatitis A, B, C, D and E and how they are transmitted and cause infection.
HIV - AIDS. Associated Infections and InvasionsEneutron
This document provides information on various infectious diseases associated with HIV/AIDS, including those that affect the central nervous system. It discusses toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus encephalitis, cryptococcal meningitis, primary CNS lymphoma, and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. It also covers common skin and mucous membrane disorders like candidiasis, Kaposi's sarcoma, and aphthous ulcers. Treatment options are provided for several conditions. The document contains detailed but technical medical information on infectious diseases indicators and presentations in patients with low CD4 counts.
HIV attacks and destroys CD4 cells, weakening the immune system and making one susceptible to infections and illnesses over time. If left untreated, HIV develops into AIDS, which is the final stage where the CD4 count is very low and one's ability to fight infection is lost. While there is no cure for HIV/AIDS, antiretroviral therapy can control the virus and help those infected live longer if medications are taken as prescribed.
Adult HIV: Skills workshop screening tests for HIVPiLNAfrica
Adult HIV was developed by doctors and nurses with wide experience in the care of adults with HIV, under the auspices of the Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation at the University of Cape Town. It covers: introduction to HIV infection, management of HIV-infected adults at primary-care clinics, preparing patients for antiretroviral (ARV) treatment, ARV drugs, starting and maintaining patients on ARV treatment, opportunistic infections
HIV/AIDS originated from chimpanzees in Africa and likely entered the US in the 1970s. In the 1980s, clusters of illnesses in gay men led to the identification of HIV and the disease being named AIDS. The Ryan White CARE Act provided funding for people with HIV/AIDS. Currently over 1 million people live with HIV/AIDS in the US, with higher rates among African Americans and men who have sex with men. Prevention focuses on abstinence, monogamy, and condom use.
This document summarizes the history and progression of HIV/AIDS from its discovery in 1981 to present day. It covers key events such as identifying HIV as the causative agent in 1985, developing antibody tests in 1987, and the approval of combination drug therapy and protease inhibitors in the 1990s which decreased mother-to-child transmission and increased life expectancy for those infected. The typical progression from acute infection to late stage AIDS is outlined if untreated, along with common opportunistic infections at each stage. Diagnostic tests, treatment goals, and nursing considerations are also briefly discussed.
The document discusses obstacles to adequate nutrition in HIV patients. It identifies factors that compromise the immune system in HIV patients like the virus's effect on CD4 cells. Common nutrition issues in this population include malabsorption, opportunistic infections, medication side effects, and difficulty maintaining weight. The document examines methods of assessing and monitoring nutritional status in HIV patients, including medical tests, dietary recalls, and physical exams. It also outlines nutrition interventions and education needed to help HIV patients maintain adequate nutrition.
The document provides information about AIDS/HIV including:
- HIV infects and destroys CD4 cells, weakening the immune system over time.
- It has several phases from acute infection to AIDS if untreated.
- It is transmitted through certain bodily fluids and can be prevented through condom use, medication, and needle safety.
- Complications increase as the immune system weakens, allowing opportunistic infections.
- Treatment involves antiretroviral therapy to suppress the virus with various drug classes.
This document provides an introduction to HIV treatment, including guidelines on when to start treatment, current treatment options, and tips for getting the most out of treatment. The key points are:
- Current guidelines recommend antiretroviral therapy (ART) for all HIV-positive individuals, especially those with a CD4 count below 350 or those at risk of transmitting HIV.
- ART involves taking a combination of at least three antiretroviral drugs from two different classes to suppress the virus and prevent drug resistance. Common classes include nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), protease inhibitors (PIs), and integra
Started in 1988, World AIDS Day is not just about raising money, but also about increasing awareness, fighting prejudice and improving education. World AIDS Day is important in reminding people that HIV has not gone away, and that there are many things still to be done. ~avert.org
The document discusses AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), which is caused by HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection. It defines AIDS and describes the pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, medical management including antiretroviral drugs, and nursing management of patients with AIDS. It also summarizes a research study on the use of first-line antiretroviral therapy from an ART program clinic in Pune, India.
AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.
HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus.
A pattern of devastating infections caused by the human immunodeficiency virus.
HIV, which attacks and destroys certain white blood cells that are essential to the body’s immune system.
HIV/AIDS is spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
This document provides an overview of HIV/AIDS including:
1. The global and local magnitude of the HIV/AIDS problem, highlighting prevalence rates.
2. Details about the HIV virus such as its structure, history of discovery, and origin.
3. Modes of HIV transmission including unprotected sex, contaminated blood, mother-to-child transmission, and intravenous drug use.
4. Diagnosis methods for HIV including antibody tests and nucleic acid amplification tests to detect the virus directly.
This document provides information on managing patients with AIDS. It discusses the introduction and global impact of HIV/AIDS. It then covers basic facts about HIV and AIDS, including causative agents, transmission, clinical staging, opportunistic infections, cancers, and complications. The remainder of the document outlines diagnosis, treatment, nursing management including common nursing diagnoses, and prevention of HIV/AIDS. It aims to inform on all aspects of caring for patients living with HIV/AIDS.
This document discusses Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). It defines AIDS as a condition caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that weakens the immune system. HIV is transmitted through sexual contact, exposure to infected body fluids, or from mother to child. A person may not notice symptoms initially or may experience brief flu-like symptoms before entering a prolonged asymptomatic phase. Late stage symptoms occur as the virus interferes more with the immune system, increasing risk of infections. Diagnosis involves HIV testing to detect antibodies or genetic material from the virus. There is currently no cure for AIDS but treatment involves antiretroviral therapy to slow disease progression.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome is severe HIV infection.
There were 940,000 deaths from AIDS in 2017.
Lancet estimated that global incidence of HIV infection peaked in 1997 at 3.3 million/year.
This document provides information on HIV/AIDS including what HIV/AIDS is, how it progresses, transmission routes, prevention methods, and treatment. It defines AIDS as occurring in people with HIV when the CD4 count is below 200 or they have an opportunistic infection. HIV progressively damages the immune system, making people more susceptible to infections. While there is no cure for AIDS, antiretroviral treatment can slow its progression. The document outlines transmission routes like unprotected sex, contaminated blood, and from mother to child; and prevention methods like condom use, circumcision, antiretroviral treatment, and not sharing needles.
HIV surveillance involves systematically collecting and analyzing HIV/AIDS data to guide prevention and treatment programs. Key aspects of HIV surveillance include monitoring prevalence, incidence, opportunistic infections, and antiretroviral drug resistance. Accurate case definitions and timely reporting are important for effective surveillance. The goals of HIV surveillance are to detect trends in the epidemic, identify at-risk groups, evaluate prevention programs, and inform research and policy.
HIV/AIDS is caused by the HIV virus which weakens the immune system by destroying CD4 cells. If untreated it can progress to AIDS, defined by a CD4 count below 200 or opportunistic infections. HIV is transmitted through sexual contact, blood transfusions, needle sharing, and from mother to child. While there is no cure, antiretroviral treatment can control the virus and prevent progression to AIDS if taken as prescribed. Monitoring involves regular testing of CD4 count and viral load to determine treatment effectiveness.
This document provides an overview of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and Hepatitis. It discusses the definition, incidence, transmission, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, management, and prevention of AIDS. It also covers the classification, causes, pathology, features, investigations, and treatment of various types of Hepatitis including Hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E.
The document discusses HIV and AIDS. It explains that HIV originated from chimpanzees in West Africa and was transmitted to humans through contact with their blood. HIV attacks and destroys CD4 cells, weakening the immune system and leading to AIDS. AIDS is diagnosed when someone with HIV gets an opportunistic infection due to a severely weakened immune system with a CD4 count below 200. Common symptoms of HIV include fatigue, fever, and swollen lymph nodes.
This document provides an overview of an HIV update presentation given by Dr. Ellen Tedaldi. It discusses the epidemiology of HIV in Philadelphia, noting higher rates than national averages and most new infections occurring in heterosexuals aged 25-45. It covers screening and diagnosis guidelines, evaluation of HIV+ patients, treatment updates including the benefits of early antiretroviral therapy initiation, and ophthalmology considerations for patients with low CD4 counts. Key aspects of monitoring and management of HIV patients are summarized, including recommended initial antiretroviral regimens and the importance of adherence for long-term treatment success.
1. An estimated 1.1 million people in the US are living with HIV, including nearly 181,000 who are unaware of their infection. The number living with HIV has increased over the past decade while new annual infections have remained stable at around 50,000.
2. MSM (men who have sex with men) continue to have the highest burden of HIV infection, and African Americans continue to be disproportionately affected.
3. In 2011, nearly 49,000 people were diagnosed with HIV and over 32,000 were diagnosed with AIDS in the US. Over 1.1 million people in the US have been diagnosed with AIDS since the start of the epidemic.
The document provides information about HIV/AIDS, including:
- HIV attacks and kills white blood cells, remaining in the body for life. AIDS develops when the immune system is severely weakened.
- HIV is transmitted via unprotected sex, contaminated needles/blood, and from mother to child. It is not spread through casual contact.
- The progression of HIV includes an initial window period, then a long asymptomatic period before symptoms of AIDS emerge like weight loss and infections.
- Tests can confirm HIV infection, and antiretroviral treatment can suppress the virus and prolong life for those infected.
- The National AIDS Control Programme aims to reduce new infections and AIDS-related deaths through testing, treatment, prevention and
Epidemiology of HIV & AIDS.pptx presentation 2024Motahar Alam
Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS encompasses the study of the distribution and determinants of HIV infection and AIDS-related illnesses within populations. HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is the virus that causes AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), a condition characterized by a weakened immune system, making individuals susceptible to various infections and illnesses.
Key aspects of the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS include:
Prevalence and Incidence: Prevalence refers to the total number of people living with HIV/AIDS within a population at a specific time, while incidence refers to the rate of new infections occurring within a given period. These measures help understand the burden of the disease and its spread over time.
Demographic Patterns: HIV/AIDS affects different demographic groups differently. Factors such as age, gender, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and geographical location can influence susceptibility, access to healthcare, and outcomes. For example, in many regions, young adults and certain minority populations may have higher rates of infection.
Transmission Routes: Understanding how HIV is transmitted is crucial for prevention efforts. HIV primarily spreads through unprotected sexual intercourse, sharing contaminated needles or syringes, and from mother to child during childbirth or breastfeeding. Other modes of transmission include blood transfusions (though rare in regions with screening protocols) and occupational exposure.
Risk Factors: Certain behaviors and circumstances increase the risk of HIV transmission. These include having multiple sexual partners, engaging in unprotected sex, using intravenous drugs, lack of access to healthcare, poverty, stigma, and discrimination. Additionally, structural factors such as laws and policies can influence risk behaviors and access to prevention and treatment services.
Global Distribution: HIV/AIDS is a global pandemic, but its prevalence varies widely between countries and regions. Sub-Saharan Africa remains the most affected, with the highest burden of HIV infections worldwide. However, significant progress has been made in some regions, while new challenges emerge in others, such as Eastern Europe and Central Asia.
Progress in Prevention and Treatment: Efforts to combat HIV/AIDS include prevention strategies such as promoting condom use, harm reduction programs for injecting drug users, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), and comprehensive sexual education. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has transformed HIV/AIDS into a manageable chronic condition for many, reducing mortality and transmission rates.
Challenges and Future Directions: Despite significant progress, challenges remain in the global response to HIV/AIDS. These include disparities in access to healthcare, stigma and discrimination, funding gaps, emergence of drug-resistant strains, and persistent barriers to prevention and treatment in certain populations.
1
Final Course Project Outline
Final Course Project Outline: The Role of Pharmaceutical Industry in
the Era of Climate Change
Ruinan Yang
King Graduate School, Monroe College
MG630: Organizational Behavior and Leadership in the 21st Century
Dr. Judith Riggs
November 20, 2021
2
Final Course Project Outline
I. Introduction
a. Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG)
b. Climate change and sustainable development
II. Case Study on Pharmaceutical Companies with Notable ESG
Scores
a. What is ESG score?
b. Case study: Boehringer Ingelheim, a German pharmaceutical company
III. Critical Analysis of The Role of Pharmaceutical Industry on Climate Change
IV. Conclusion: My Role as a Leader
V. Reference
HIV AND AIDS
TITLE
Prepared by:
Teacher :
OUTLINE:
Introduction
Pathogenesis
Risk factors
Clinical Manifestation
Diagnosis
History taking
Physical examination
Laboratory studies
VI. Infection control Policies
VII. Nursing Diagnosis And Intervention
VIII. Summary
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this lecture, students will be able to:
1. Know and understand what is HIV AND AIDS.
2. Understand the process how disease develop.
3. Practice how to deal and take care a patient according to infection control sets of guidelines.
4. Identify Nursing diagnosis and make interventions that help promote patient care and comfort.
INTRODUCTION
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) targets the immune system and weakens people's defense against many infections and some types of cancer that people with healthy immune systems can fight off. As the virus destroys and impairs the function of immune cells, infected individuals gradually become immunodeficient. Immune function is typically measured by CD4 cell count.
The most advanced stage of HIV infection is acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which can take many years to develop if not treated, depending on the individual. AIDS is defined by the development of certain cancers, infections or other severe long-term clinical manifestations.
Since HIV was first identified almost 30 years ago, remarkable progress has been made in improving the quality and duration of life for people living with HIV disease.
HIV or human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a chronic condition that requires daily medication.
HIV- 1 is a retrovirus isolated and recognized as the etiologic agent of AIDS.
HIV-2 is a retrovirus identified in 1986 in AIDS patients in West
HIV
AIDS
is defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as any person with HIV infection and a CD4 lymphocyte count below 200 cells/mcL (or a CD4 count below 14%) or having an AIDS-indicator condition
The primary route of transmission of the HIV virus is by entering the mucosal surface (predominantly sexual contact).
Following mucosal entry, the virus binds to peripheral circulating T cells and macrophages (e.g., dendritic cells) that express the CD4 and CCR5 receptors.
As the dis ...
This document provides information about HIV/AIDS, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It discusses how HIV weakens the immune system and can lead to AIDS if untreated. The document outlines how HIV is transmitted, the stages of HIV infection from early to late stage AIDS, and how HIV is diagnosed through blood tests. It discusses the current treatments for HIV like antiretroviral drugs and pre-exposure prophylaxis, as well as recent developments in treatments and efforts towards developing a vaccine.
This document provides information about HIV/AIDS treatment, including:
- Antiretroviral therapy (ART) involves taking a combination of three or more anti-HIV medications daily to prevent the virus from multiplying.
- When to start ART depends on a person's health and test results, with the goal of keeping the viral load undetectable and preventing immune system damage.
- Recommended first regimens include combinations of anti-HIV medications from different drug classes in order to control the virus most effectively.
This document provides information about HIV/AIDS treatment, including:
- Antiretroviral therapy (ART) involves taking a combination of three or more anti-HIV medications daily to prevent the virus from multiplying.
- When to start ART depends on a person's health and test results, with the goal of keeping the viral load undetectable and preventing immune system damage.
- Recommended first regimens include combinations of anti-HIV medications from different drug classes in order to control the virus most effectively.
This document provides information about HIV/AIDS treatment, including:
- Antiretroviral therapy (ART) involves taking a combination of three or more anti-HIV medications daily to prevent the virus from multiplying.
- When to start ART depends on a person's health and test results, with the goal of keeping the viral load undetectable and preventing immune system damage.
- Recommended first regimens include combinations of anti-HIV medications from different drug classes in order to control the virus most effectively.
HIV attacks and weakens the immune system by destroying CD4+ T cells. This leaves the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections and diseases. AIDS is the final stage of HIV infection where the CD4+ cell count drops below 200, resulting in life-threatening illnesses. There are two types of HIV - HIV-1 is the predominant global type while HIV-2 is less common and concentrated in West Africa. Both can be transmitted sexually, through blood exposure, and from mother to child, ultimately causing AIDS if left untreated.
The theme for the 2020 observance is “Ending the HIV/AIDS Epidemic: Resilience and Impact” (“Erradicar la epidemia del VIH/SIDA: Resiliencia e Impacto”). World AIDS Day was first observed in 1988.
This document provides a quick overview of HIV/AIDS, including descriptions of transmission, stages of infection, symptoms, testing and treatment. It is intended for community leaders and health workers without specialized training. Key points covered include that HIV attacks and destroys CD4 cells, leading to AIDS if untreated; it is transmitted through bodily fluids but not through casual contact; and while there is no cure, antiretroviral treatment can suppress the virus and prevent progression to AIDS. The document also provides information on testing locations and strategies for prevention.
Similar to HAP 752 Semester Long Project Write-Up Koyin Aladesuru Linkedin (20)
HAP 752 Semester Long Project Write-Up Koyin Aladesuru Linkedin
1. 1
Koyin Aladesuru
4/16/2015
HAP 752- AdvancedHealthInformationSystems
Semester Long Project
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Disease)
Introduction:
There was once upon a time when the word HIV seemed like a taboo, and the mere mention of
the word could have one glance at you with a death sentence stare. HIV, also known as Human
Immunodeficiency Virus, spreads through body fluids that affect vital cells in the immune
system. Without treatment, HIV often leads to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome),
an advance stage of HIV that destroys several cells in the body and makes one prone to
opportunistic infections and diseases. HIV can be transmitted through a list of possible risk
factors such as number of sexual partners, condom usage, injection drug users, sexual
orientation, history of STD’s, or even geographical location. According to recent statistics
provided by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), there are about 50,000 new
HIV infections per year and approximately 1.2 million people in the United States were living
with HIV at the end of 2011. Fortunately however, with the advancement of antiretroviral
therapy (ART) and proper medical care, HIV is no longer a death sentence. Antiretroviral
therapy, which was introduced in the mid-1990’s, has proven to be a life saver in the fight
against HIV. The goal of this project is to build a system that allows healthcare providers to
conduct a thorough risk assessment for HIV, recommend effective prevention methods, track
lab values for patients, show trend of values over time, detect abnormal results, and identify
adverse drug reactions.
Background:
HIV can be broken up into three stages:
1. Acute infection: This stage is typically within 2 to 4 weeks after infection of HIV, and the
word “acute” implies that this is when one is at the highest risk of spreading the disease.
This is also the period when one may display symptoms such as fever, fatigue, cough,
shortness of breath, sore throat, rash, and enlarge lymph nodes.
2. Clinical latency (inactivity or dormancy): This stage is often referred to as HIV
asymptomatic, where one may display little to no symptoms. Typically, people who are
adherent to antiretroviral therapy during this stage can maintain clinical latency for a
long period of time (usually several decades). Towards the latter end of this stage
however, the viral load (amount of virus in the blood) usually increases, while the CD4 T-
2. 2
cells (white blood cells in the body) begins to drop. The immune systemgets weaker at
this point.
3. AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome): As the immune system progressively
gets weaker, one becomes severely exposed to opportunistic infections and cancer.
When the CD4 count falls below 200 cells/mm^3, one may be diagnosed as AIDS.
Although, it is important to note that one can also be diagnosed as AIDS once one
develops one or more opportunistic infections, regardless of CD4 count. A normal range
for a CD4 count falls between 500 and 1,200 cells/mm^3. CDC points out that without
treatment, people diagnosed with AIDS survive an average of 3 years life expectancy.
HIV Testing
Know your HIV status- is the recurring mantra that has been floating around our society for
several decades. Risk assessment and routine testing for HIV is very important, particularly
amongst younger adults who may be at a higher risk of exposure. In the public health
community, it is not uncommon to hear that a sexually active person has never been tested for
HIV. ELISA, also known as Enzyme-Linked Immuno Assay, is a widely used laboratory test to
detect HIV antibodies in the blood. It can detect HIV as early as 3 weeks after exposure and if a
patient tests positive, they further undergo a confirmatory test, known as a Western Blot, to
confirm positivity. In order to screen out false-positive results, which happen in rare cases, it is
important to supplement an ELISA test with a Western Blot test. Subsequently, a clinician then
orders a Viral Load and CD4 test which we’ll discuss in the next few sections.
Viral Load
This is a term used to describe the amount of virus in the blood. In clinician language, viral Load
can be described as the number of copies of HIV RNA in a milliliter of blood. In simple terms,
the more HIV spreads in your blood, the higher your viral load. Viral load is a useful metric to
measure the health status of an HIV patient and the impact of antiretroviral therapy on their
health. It is recommended to look at a trend of viral load over time (we will discuss this later on
in the project). Compared to hypertension, diabetes, or some other chronic diseases, HIV does
not necessarily have a specific range/cutoff for a “normal” viral load. According to the Health
Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), viral count can be measured using the following
data criteria:
Suppressed (Undetectable level): < 200 copies/mL
Unsuppressed (Detectable level): > 200 copies /mL
CD4 Count:
CD4 T-cells, also known as “CD4 Count”, are white blood cells that protect the immune system.
A CD4 test measures the amount of T-cells in the body. As the CD4 count decreases, the risk of
developing opportunistic infections increases. As I mentioned earlier, a CD4 count less than 200
cells/mm^3 is considered below normal range and it indicates that HIV is advancing to AIDS.
3. 3
According to the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), CD4 count can be
measured using the following data criteria:
Normal range: 500 – 1,200 cells/mm^3
Below normal range: < 200 cells/mm^3
PrEP:
Pre-exposure prophylaxis, also known as PrEP, is an effective prevention option for people who
are at high risk of getting HIV. CDC recommends PrEP for people who are HIV-negative but are
at substantial risk for the disease. PrEP is taking in the form of a pill called Truvada and is
recommended to be taking daily to prevent HIV. According to a PreP study conducted, the risk
of getting HIV infection was about 92% lower for patients who took Truvada consistently. Part
of this project will explore a scenario where a provider conducts a risk assessment for a patient
recently exposed to HIV, performs an HIV test (which comes back negative), and recommends
PreP as an effective risk reduction method.
ALERTS and Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS):
In order for health providers to make accurate and effective clinical decisions, a data system
should be able to trigger a series of alerts or warnings to guide them during treatment. Data
mining helps physicians, nurses, and other health professionals predict the likelihood of an
event occurring. This could range from risk stratification of a particular disease, to disease
management and adverse drug interactions. Keep in mind that it is important not to
overwhelm providers with alerts, particularly for less urgent clinical decisions.
A clinician will be able to achieve the following with this system:
1. Identify patients who are at risk of getting HIV
2. Prescribe PrEP as an effective prevention method
3. Monitor viral load count for HIV positive clients
4. Monitor CD4 count and prescribe PCP Prophylaxis if CD4 count drops below 200
5. Prescribe antiretroviral medications and check for any drug interactions/allergies
6. View a graphical trend of viral load performance
RequirementsSpecification:
Scenario 1
A patient comes in for a routine HIV test. A nurse/community health educator uses a risk
assessment screening tool to measure the patients risk for HIV. Out of 9 standardized
questions, if the patient answers “Yes” to 5 or more, an alert will be triggered as “high risk”.
4. 4
The medical personnel will then perform an HIV (ELISA) test and if the test comes out negative,
a clinician will suggest/prescribe PreP as an effective risk reduction method.
Scenario name: Risk assessment and PrEP prescription
Decision made by the scenario: CDSS will help determine if patient is at substantial risk of
getting HIV and alert the provider to offer PrEP as a preventive option.
Actors: Medical Personnel, Patient
Description: The medical personnel can use the clinical decision support system to conduct a
risk assessment and prescribe PrEP to HIV-negative patients who are high risk of exposure to
HIV.
Use case name: CDSS utilization
Overview: HIV has a high correlation with sexual behaviors. The purpose of this use case is to
identify a patient who is at increased risk of exposure to the disease. If they answer yes to 5 or
more risk assessment questions, a provider will offer the option of PrEP in order to mitigate
their risk.
Primary actor: Medical staff (Phlebotomist, Nurse, Community Health educator)
Secondary actor: Clinicians
Start point: The medical staff performs a risk assessment of patient sexual behaviors. If patient
scores more than 5 out of 9 standardized questions, a “high risk alert” will pop up. Medical
personnel will the recommend an HIV test
End point: The provider reviews lab results and utilizes the clinical decision support systemto
offer PrEP to patient
Information Exchange: The information about potential risk factors is entered into a patient’s
sexual risk assessment screening tool. The provider will use the CDSS tool to identify if the
patient is high risk, perform HIV test, and recommend risk prevention treatment as needed i.e.
PrEP.
Scenario 2:
A patient walks in for a routine HIV test. The medical personnel administer an ELISA test and
the result comes back positive. Provider conducts a confirmatory test (Western Blot) to confirm
positivity. Results come back positive again. Provider then diagnoses patient as HIV (ICD9: 042).
The provider orders lab work which includes a Viral Load and CD4 test. If VL > 200, an alert
triggers “unsuppressed viral load”, and if CD4 < 200, another alert triggers “Below normal
5. 5
range”. Provider uses the CDSS systemto prescribe antiretroviral therapy and to check for any
allergies/drug to drug interaction.
Scenario name: Viral Load Suppression, CD4 monitor, and Drug to Drug interaction
Decision made by the scenario: To find out if an HIV positive patient has a detectable viral load
(VL > 200), a CD4 count < 200, and an adverse drug reaction to antiretroviral therapy. This will
be used to monitor health status of the patient.
Actors: Medical Personnel, Clinician
Description: The medical personnel will draw blood to check if viral load is suppressed, if CD4
count is within normal range, and if there are any adverse drug reactions
Use case name: VL suppression and CD4 normal range
Overview: The purpose of this use case is to routine test see if a patient is HIV positive. HIV test
comes back positive and nurse schedules same day appointment is scheduled for patient to see
provider. Provider diagnoses patient does confirmatory test and diagnoses patient with HIV.
(ICD-9: 042). Orders viral load and CD4 count to check normalcy and check for drug
interactions.
Start point: Nurse, Phlebotomist, or Community Health Educator tests patient for HIV. Results
come back positive. Western blot is performed for confirmatory test. Results come back
positive again.
End Point: Provider diagnoses patient and orders a viral load and CD4 test. Patient results show
that VL level is higher than normal and CD4 is below the normal range. Provider prescribes
antiretroviral therapy to patient. Check for any allergies. Allergy alert triggers and provider
prescribes appropriate medications.
Information Exchange: The information about the patient is entered into the system and the
provider will monitor the patient’s health outcomes over a period of time.
ENTITY RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM:
7. 7
Implementation:
Scenario 1 Implementation:
HIV Tester and Tracker
Step 1: A provider, nurse or community health educator conducts risk assessment of patient.
Enters patient demographics, and asks a series of 7 standardized questions.
Step 2: If patient answers “yes” to 5 questions or more, an alert will appear indicating the
patient is “high risk”
Step 3: The medical personnel (who could be a nurse, community health worker, or a clinician)
will then recommend an HIV test to the patient in attempt to promote risk reduction efforts
Step 4: HIV ELISA test is performed and noted. Based on the negative result, an alert will appear
indicating the patient is fine but will recommend PrEP for prevention strategy against the
exposure to HIV. Patient accepts recommendation and physician prescribes PreP to be taking
daily. Physician also educates patient about the impact of high risk sexual behaviors.
Scenario 2 Implementation:
Step 1: Patient walks in for HIV test with complaints of having flu-like symptoms. The Medical
personnel perform an HIV test (ELISA). The result comes back positive.
Step 2: The patient is sent to a provider who will conduct a confirmatory test (Western blot) to
make sure this is not a false-positive. The clinician orders the confirmatory test to evaluate true
positivity.
Step 3: The clinician diagnoses the patient with an ICD-9 “042” indicating “HIV”. The clinician
then explains the results to the patient and orders some additional labs to be performed such
as Viral Load, and CD4 tests.
Step 4: The clinician reviews the labs and based on if the values for the viral load are > 200 or
CD4 < 200, an alert will appear indicating an “unsuppressed’ VL and CD4 count “lower than
normal range”.
Step 5: The clinician clicks the “e-prescription” tab in the systemto prescribe antiretroviral
therapy.
Step 6: The clinician uses the CDSS to check for any drug interactions. If patient has any
allergies, an alert will appear indicating that an alternative medication should be prescribed.
Step 7: The clinician puts in prescription order for Stribild and Complera.
9. 9
Based on the patient’s answers to the risk assessment questions, an automatic high risk alert is
triggered.
10. 10
Although the patient tested negative for HIV, there will be another alert indicating a prevention
recommendation for PreP based on the patient’s risk factors.
11. 11
Alternatively, let’s see what happens if a patient tests positive to HIV. All steps listed earlier
should reflect in the following screenshots:
16. 16
CDSS
Conclusion:
CDSS and alerts are very important tools in clinical decision making. Whether it’s checking to
see patients risk stratification, or alerts when labs are abnormal, or when there is an adverse
drug reaction, CDSS proves to be a useful tool in guiding clinicians. This systemimproves the
quality of care, overall patient satisfaction, and ultimately reduces cost for both patient and
provider- achieving the IOM (Institute of Medicine) Triple Aim model. HIV is not a death
sentence and as long as people practice safe sex and monitor their sexual behavior regularly,
their risk significantly diminishes.
References:
1. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (Jan, 2015). HIV/AIDS. Retrieved from:
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/whatishiv.html
2. AIDSMap. (July, 2012). HIV/AIDS- sharing knowledge, changing lives. Retrieved from:
http://www.aidsmap.com/Viral-load/page/1327496/
3. AIDS.gov. (March, 2015). HIV/AIDS Basics. Retrieved from: https://www.aids.gov/hiv-
aids-basics/just-diagnosed-with-hiv-aids/understand-your-test-results/viral-load/
17. 17
4. AIDS.gov. (Sep, 2014). HIV/AIDS Basics. Retrieved from: https://www.aids.gov/hiv-aids-
basics/just-diagnosed-with-hiv-aids/understand-your-test-results/cd4-count/
5. Health Resources and Services Administration. (2015). About Ryan White HIV/AIDS
Program. Retrieved from: http://hab.hrsa.gov/abouthab/aboutprogram.html
Entities considered for this prototype:
Field Name Type Data Format Source of Data Intended Use of Data Description
patient_id Number Number
Entered by
front desk
staff
Used to identify patient
records within the
system and paper
records outsidethe
system
Clinic’s internal
patient identifier
(medical record
number); must be
unique to patient
within your
organization
dob
Date/Time Date Entered by
front desk
staff
Used to calculateage
of patient
Patient’s date of
birth
YYYY-MM-DD
gender Text Text
Entered by
front desk
staff
Used to identify patient
by race
Patient’s gender
First_name Text
Entered by
front desk
staff
Used to identify patient
by firstname
Patient's last
(family) name
Last_Name Text Text
Entered by
front desk
staff
Used to identify patient
by lastname
Patient’s, first
(given) name
pcp_id Text Text
Assigned by
front desk
staff
Used to assign patient
to a primary care
physician
ID of the patient’s
primary care
physician (as
indicated in the
"Providers"file)
ethnicity Text Text
Entered by
front desk
staff
Used to identify patient
by ethnicity
Patient’s ethnicity
race Text Text
Entered by
front desk
staff
Used to identify patient
by race
Primary racewith
which patient
identifies.
EncounterID Number 999.9
Generated
usingAccess
database
Used to identify each
unique patient
appointment
Each patient
appointment has
a unique identifier
for querying
purposes
18. 18
ApptDate Date/Time mm/dd/yyyy
Entered by
front desk
staff
Used to identify the
date of appointment
Patient
appointment date
StartTime Date/Time Date/Time
Entered by
front desk
staff
Used to identify the
starttime for each
appointment
Start time for
each appointment
endTime Date/Time Date/Time
Entered by
front desk
staff
Used to identify the
end time for each
appointment
End time for each
appointment
provider_id Text Text
Entered by
front desk
staff
Used to identify the
Primary CarePhysician
for each patient
Provider ID
(correspondingto
the provider
record in the
“Providers”file) of
the provider that
performed the
procedure.
DiagCode Text Text
Entered by
clinician
Used to identify the
ICD-9 diagnosiscodes
associated with each
appointment
The diagnosis
code
nomenclature
used to code the
firstdiagnosis
associated with
the current
procedure.
ICD_Code Text Text
Entered by
clinician
Used to identify
diagnosiscodes and
problem lists
The diagnosis
code
nomenclature
used to code the
diagnosis.
ICD_Description Text Text
Entered by
clinician
Used to identify
diagnosisdescription
The descriptive
label for diagnosis
code.
Lab_date
Date Date Entered by
medical
personnel
Used to identify the
date the lab test was
performed
The date on which
the current
measurement was
taken.
YYYY-MM-
DD
YYYY-MM-DD
19. 19
Lab_ID Integer Integer
Entered by
medical
personnel
Used to identify unique
lab tests in the HER
An identifier used
to uniquely
identify the
observation
within the client’s
EHR/Reporting
System.
LabName Text Text
Entered by
medical
personnel
Used to identify the
name of the lab test
that was administered
The descriptive
label for the type
of observation
being reported
LabValue Text String
Entered by
medical
personnel
Used to identify the lab
result
The raw valueof
the measurement
associated with
the current
observation.
Note: Blood
Pressurecan be
sent as one
“systolic/diastolic”
stringvalue
order_date
Date Date
Entered by
clinician
Used to identify date of
prescription
Date medication
was orderedYYYY-MM-
DD
YYYY-MM-DD
MedName Text Text
Prescribed by
Physician
To improve or maintain
the condition of the
patient
Medication
description
associated with
the current
drug_code in the
current record
provider_id Number Auto Number
Automatically
generated by
Access
database
Used to identify each
unique provider within
an organization
Clinic’s internal
provider
identifier. This
field should
accurately match
the current
provider to the
encounters for
which they were
the identified
provider in the
“encounters” file.
provider_name Text Text
20. 20
Entered by IT
administrator
or medical
personnel into
the EHR
Used to identify
provider by name and
credentials i.eMD, PA,
RN etc.
Provider’s name
as you wish for it
to appear in EHR
AgentSubstance Text Text
Entered by
clinician
Used to identify any
allergies to medications
Allergy name
Reaction Text Text
Entered by
clinician
Used to identify the
reaction caused by
allergy
Reaction to
allergic substance
i.e itching
RiskFactors Text Text
Entered by
medical
personnel
Used to identify risk
factors for HIV
Listof
standardized
questions for HIV
Risk Assessment
Result Text Text
Entered by
medical
personnel
Used to identify answer
to risk assessmenti.e
"Yes" or "No"
Yes or No answers
only