The document discusses HIV epidemiology in Saskatchewan, highlighting that the province has seen a rapid increase in new HIV cases and now has the highest rates in Canada. It summarizes Saskatchewan's 2010-2013 HIV Strategy, which aims to reduce new infections and improve quality of life for those living with HIV through improved surveillance, clinical management, prevention, and harm reduction programs. The strategy goals include earlier detection of cases, decreasing new infections and sexually transmitted infections, and increasing access to testing, care, and prevention services.
Dr. Kathleen Brady (AACO)'s annual epidemiological update. This presentation was given to the Philadelphia EMA Ryan White Planning Council on Thursday, February 20, 2014.
Dr. Kathleen Brady (AACO)'s annual epidemiological update. This presentation was given to the Philadelphia EMA Ryan White Planning Council on Thursday, February 20, 2014.
Michael Tang, MD
Infectious Disease Fellow
Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health
Department of Medicine
University of California, San Diego
Amutha Rajagopal, MD
Associate Physician Diplomate
Division of Infectious Diseases & Global Public Health
Department of Medicine
University of California, San Diego
Good surveillance is at the heart of the fight against Hepatitis C however continued lack of epidemiological data remains a problem.
Although progress has been made to improve education and increase outreach programmes, the prevalence of free testing and lack of specific awareness campaigns is impeding progress in the move towards evidence-based policy.
Tackling hepatitis C: Moving towards an integrated policy approach is an Economist Intelligence Unit report, supported by Janssen, which investigates national and multinational policy initiatives to combat the hepatitis C virus.
Read more>> bit.ly/HCpFB1
Michael Tang, MD
Infectious Disease Fellow
Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health
Department of Medicine
University of California, San Diego
Amutha Rajagopal, MD
Associate Physician Diplomate
Division of Infectious Diseases & Global Public Health
Department of Medicine
University of California, San Diego
Good surveillance is at the heart of the fight against Hepatitis C however continued lack of epidemiological data remains a problem.
Although progress has been made to improve education and increase outreach programmes, the prevalence of free testing and lack of specific awareness campaigns is impeding progress in the move towards evidence-based policy.
Tackling hepatitis C: Moving towards an integrated policy approach is an Economist Intelligence Unit report, supported by Janssen, which investigates national and multinational policy initiatives to combat the hepatitis C virus.
Read more>> bit.ly/HCpFB1
e632 www.thelancet.comhiv Vol 6 September 2019ViewpoiAlyciaGold776
e632 www.thelancet.com/hiv Vol 6 September 2019
Viewpoint
The disconnect between individual-level and population-level
HIV prevention benefits of antiretroviral treatment
Stefan Baral, Amrita Rao, Patrick Sullivan, Nancy Phaswana-Mafuya, Daouda Diouf, Greg Millett, Helgar Musyoki, Elvin Geng, Sharmistha Mishra
In 2019, the HIV pandemic is growing and soon over 40 million people will be living with HIV. Effective population-
based approaches to decrease HIV incidence are as relevant as ever given modest reductions observed over the past
decade. Treatment as prevention is often heralded as the path to improve HIV outcomes and to reduce HIV
incidence. Although treatment of an individual does eliminate onward transmission to serodifferent partners
(unde tectable=untransmittable or U=U), population-level observational and experimental data have not shown a similar
effect with scale-up of treatment on reducing HIV incidence. This disconnect might be the result of little attention given
to heterogeneities of HIV acquisition and transmission risks that exist in people at risk for and living with HIV, even in
the most broadly generalised epidemics. Available data suggest that HIV treatment is treatment, HIV prevention is
prevention, and specificity of HIV treatment approaches towards people at highest risk of onward transmission drives
the intersection between the two. All people living with HIV deserve HIV treatment, but both more accurately estimating
and optimising the potential HIV prevention effects of universal treatment approaches necessitates understanding who
is being supported with treatment rather than a focus on treatment targets such as 90-90-90 or 95-95-95.
Introduction
In 2019, we are at a pivotal time in the global HIV response
in that many people believe that the HIV pandemic is
over given the advances in HIV treatment.1 Yet the HIV
pandemic continues to grow as defined by numbers of
people living with HIV. Specifically, given the encouraging
decreases in overall mortality among people living with
HIV, in the context of universal treat ment as prevention,
approximately 930 000 more people annually (1·7 million
new infections minus 770 000 deaths of people living with
HIV) require anti retroviral therapy (ART) and many more
would need to change ART regimens. At the current rate
of new infections, over 40 million people will be living
with HIV by 2025.2 The global optimism about the HIV
pandemic has not been matched by decreases in new
HIV infections. New infections have declined by less than
2% per year since 2005, which means that between
1·8 and 2·5 million people acquired HIV in 2017.2,3 To
date, just over 60% of the 37·9 million people living with
HIV are on ART; of those 37·9 million, just over half
(20·1 million) are estimated to have achieved viral sup
pression.2 Taken together, these data suggest that an
estimated 18 million people living with HIV require ART
or improved ART regimens giv ...
Dr. Kathleen Brady of Philadelphia's AIDS Activities Coordinating Office (AACO) gave this presentation at the January 9, 2013 Comprehensive Planning Committee meeting.
The Effect Race and Income on HIV AIDS infection in African-Americans - Sunil...Sunil Nair
Race and Income has a significant influence on susceptibility to HIV/AIDS infections; Afro-Americans (Blacks) are 1.33 times more likely to be infected than whites. A significant finding is that the income level didn't change race's effect on HIV infections. Race has a significant effect on HIV infections or is an important predictor of incidence of HIV infections independent of the income. In other words, irrespective of the income level being black and poor increases the changes of being infected with HIV/AIDS.
13Importance of Preventing Sexually Transmitted AnastaciaShadelb
13
Importance of Preventing Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Daniela Montalvo
Miami Regional University
ENC2201: Report Writing and Research Methods
Dr. Uliana Gancea
April 11, 2022
Abstract
While research shows that no one preventative measure can curb cases of HIV prevalence, high rates of infertility, and pelvic inflammatory diseases, STIs prevention has shown to be an effective way of drastically reducing these cases. This is because most STIs are the leading causes of these conditions. Therefore, reducing the rates of STIs is an essential aspect of reducing these cases worldwide. We shall look into the relationship between STIs and HIV prevalence, high infertility rates, and pelvic inflammatory diseases. Using a systematic review of previous research papers, we shall seek to show the importance of preventing STIs.
Keywords: preventing STIs, curbing HIV prevalence, infertility rates, pelvic inflammatory diseases, reproductive health.
Importance of Preventing Sexually Transmitted Diseases
An astounding 376 million sexually transmitted (STI) curable infections emerge annually across the globe. Sexual transmission accounts for more than 80% of all new HIV diagnoses (WHO, 2019). The immense strain of STI morbidity and death has a significant effect on the quality of life, sexual and reproductive health (SRH), and infant health, and as co-components for the transmission of HIV subsequently (Mayaud & McCormick, 2001). The risk of acquiring or transmitting HIV is significantly increased by sexually transmissible diseases like syphilis, chancroid ulcer, and genital herpes simplex virus ulcer. In some instances, they represent over 40% or more HIV transmissions (WHO, 2019).
In the evolution of sexually transmitted infection (STI) management, as with other infectious diseases, the pendulum moves around vertical disease-specific and broader horizontal interventions, from a focused emphasis on conditions and their care to people's more extensive interests that harbor and spread them. STI prevention efforts have been more and more established with respect to the goals of HIV programs since the introduction of HIV in the 1980s. While HIV itself is an STI, attempts to deter its transmission are primarily controlled by funding, execution, and evaluation programs, regardless of other STI management efforts.
Such a broken model has a harmful effect. Too frequently, the overlooked STI programs - the basis on which attempts were made to avoid HIV - fail when funding is limited. As a result, STI hospitals and programs are under-personalized, overlooked, or entirely lost (Steen et al., 2009). HIV testing may be provided for pregnant mothers, but STIs such as syphilis are no longer being thoroughly checked. Furthermore, STI reporting, a vital indicator for sexually transmitted infection inclinations, has withered away. This paper seeks to evaluate the need for putting more emphasis on the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases.
Back ...
13
Importance of Preventing Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Daniela Montalvo
Miami Regional University
ENC2201: Report Writing and Research Methods
Dr. Uliana Gancea
April 11, 2022
Abstract
While research shows that no one preventative measure can curb cases of HIV prevalence, high rates of infertility, and pelvic inflammatory diseases, STIs prevention has shown to be an effective way of drastically reducing these cases. This is because most STIs are the leading causes of these conditions. Therefore, reducing the rates of STIs is an essential aspect of reducing these cases worldwide. We shall look into the relationship between STIs and HIV prevalence, high infertility rates, and pelvic inflammatory diseases. Using a systematic review of previous research papers, we shall seek to show the importance of preventing STIs.
Keywords: preventing STIs, curbing HIV prevalence, infertility rates, pelvic inflammatory diseases, reproductive health.
Importance of Preventing Sexually Transmitted Diseases
An astounding 376 million sexually transmitted (STI) curable infections emerge annually across the globe. Sexual transmission accounts for more than 80% of all new HIV diagnoses (WHO, 2019). The immense strain of STI morbidity and death has a significant effect on the quality of life, sexual and reproductive health (SRH), and infant health, and as co-components for the transmission of HIV subsequently (Mayaud & McCormick, 2001). The risk of acquiring or transmitting HIV is significantly increased by sexually transmissible diseases like syphilis, chancroid ulcer, and genital herpes simplex virus ulcer. In some instances, they represent over 40% or more HIV transmissions (WHO, 2019).
In the evolution of sexually transmitted infection (STI) management, as with other infectious diseases, the pendulum moves around vertical disease-specific and broader horizontal interventions, from a focused emphasis on conditions and their care to people's more extensive interests that harbor and spread them. STI prevention efforts have been more and more established with respect to the goals of HIV programs since the introduction of HIV in the 1980s. While HIV itself is an STI, attempts to deter its transmission are primarily controlled by funding, execution, and evaluation programs, regardless of other STI management efforts.
Such a broken model has a harmful effect. Too frequently, the overlooked STI programs - the basis on which attempts were made to avoid HIV - fail when funding is limited. As a result, STI hospitals and programs are under-personalized, overlooked, or entirely lost (Steen et al., 2009). HIV testing may be provided for pregnant mothers, but STIs such as syphilis are no longer being thoroughly checked. Furthermore, STI reporting, a vital indicator for sexually transmitted infection inclinations, has withered away. This paper seeks to evaluate the need for putting more emphasis on the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases.
Back ...
Ellington, Katherine. ‘Invisible Hope: HIV/AIDS and Women’ in ed. Grace Bantebya-Kyomuhendo. Women’s Health: African and Global Perspectives. Kampala: Women and Gender Studies, Makerere University, 2005.
Gender,HIV/AIDs Transmission: Socio Economic And Socio Cultural Impact in Tan...Sandeep Singh
The research was done in Tanzania and presented at Banaras Hindu University International Conference who also published Complete article in "EDUCATION FOR THE NEW MILLENNIUM" by Nutan Publication Chapter 6 ISBN: 978 81 927002 1 2
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Global Medical Cures™ | HIV TESTING IN USA
DISCLAIMER-
Global Medical Cures™ does not offer any medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or recommendations. Only your healthcare provider/physician can offer you information and recommendations for you to decide about your healthcare choices.
Privileged perspectives working with vulnerable marginalized populations in ...griehl
Learn about personal experiences working with marginalized/vulnerable people, who are those people? And what have they taught me?
Memorable experiences lead me to embrace the Platinum Rule
I will describe the bronze silver gold platinum rules
Guide to acknowledging Indigenous Peoples, Land, and Traditional Territorygriehl
The goal of this speaker series is to encourage all faculty and staff to acknowledge, where appropriate, the Indigenous peoples, on whose land, and traditional territory we live, learn, and work. Acknowledgment by itself before a meeting, printed in an email or a course outline, is a small gesture, but it becomes more powerful and meaningful when coupled with personal statements, authentic local knowledge and relationships and informed action
topics of discussion:
Research ethical considerations
Sex vs Gender
Indigenous World view and ways of knowing
Sharing/talking circle
Land based teachings
Two eyed seeing
Strength based vs deficit based
Research Ethics Boards
In the eyes of our patients and families we are often the heroes of healthcare. But in our own eyes, or the eyes of our peers, we are often ‘just a nurse’. I have been a part of the nursing family for 3 decades and have had the privilege and honour to be with people on all aspects of their journeys through life and death. The challenges of being a nurse are only outweighed by the rewards of the profession and is why I remain dedicated to the next generation of nurses.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
37. “ Rate” Gerstman Chapter 2 Loosely, the “rate” of an event is the number of events divided by population size
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Editor's Notes
Why was there a dramatic increase in the rate of HIV in 2008?
The term epidemic can be applied to any disease or health-related condition that occurs in clear Excess of normal expectancy. Define these terms: epidemic , pandemic , endemic , morbidity , mortality .
The term epidemic can be applied to any disease or health-related condition that occurs in clear Excess of normal expectancy.
Another point to remember is that looking at the years in which people tested HIV positive does not tell you when they were infected - the test itself may come many years after infection occurred. And when looking at HIV reports, it's important to keep in mind that there might be more than one reason for trends in the data. An increase in diagnoses might not mean that more people are becoming infected with HIV than in previous years - it might mean, instead, that HIV testing has become more easily available than in recent years, or that stigmatisation of people living with HIV has declined, so more people are willing to be tested.
analogous - similar
A competing pathogenic hypothesis at the time was that HIV was caused by environmental toxins, such as "poppers.“ In terms of characteristics (such as age, gender, race, etc), HIV reports are not necessarily entirely representative of all HIV infections because some groups of people may be more likely to be tested than others. It is worth remembering this limitation when interpreting reported statistics by exposure category in particular. Reports from the most recent years are usually affected by reporting delays
With reported diagnoses, each number indicates an actual positive result for a person's HIV test. This method of looking at an epidemic can give an extremely clear picture in terms of real people who have been affected by the virus, especially when looking at smaller areas. However, it is often not a reliable way of assessing wider trends because many people living with HIV have never taken an HIV test, and not all diagnoses are reported.
If data collection is different across the province, community, or nation, can we compare. Can we compare if populations are different? Who should we compare our data too? And for what reason?
Because the next swan you see may not be white.
Why or why not?
3. Everyday behaviors and experiences often provide useful analogies and examples for the kinds of thinking used in epidemiology. Think of an instance when you tried to figure out why something in your everyday life (e.g., a computer program, illness or clinical experience, automobile, etc.) was not working the way it was supposed to. How did you proceed? What steps did you follow to figure out the problem? What observations did you note? Did you try altering settings and observe changes? How successful were your observations? 4. Describe three attributes of public health problems that make them particularly difficult to study in terms of cause and effect. http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/gerstman/eks/Lab_The_Epidemiologic_Tradition.pdf
How has surveillance and data been used to change programs at provincial or national levels? Do targeted interventions work or do targeted interventions further stigmatize key populations? What about general messages in the media? Most messages in the media report HIV in relation to IDU, Aboriginal, prostitutes, ...
So, when HIV prevalence is reported for Aboriginals in Saskatchewan, what does this mean? In most cases, HIV prevalence cannot be accurately determined from reported cases because many infections are undiagnosed or unreported. The best estimates are mainly based on the results of surveys of large groups of people. How many HIV tests are performed in SK per year? How does this compare to other provinces as far as prevalence is concerned? We most likely would have to dig deeper.
What goes into the numerator of an incidence proportion? No. of disease onsets. What goes into the denominator of an incidence proportion? Size of cohort at risk Why do denominators of incidence proportions exclude those who are not at risk? Because they do not have the potential to develop the disease.
prevalence count population size None; prevalences are proportions, and proportions are unit-free “dimensionless” numbers. It considers both new and old cases and involves no follow-up of individuals (also see Table 6.2, p. 135). Prevalence will increase over time.
What is the prevalence in SK? Double the national average? Prevalence versus the number of infections versus incidence. Prevalence rate refers to the percentage of a country’s whole population infected with a disease. The number of infections can either be the total number, or expressed in 100,000s, ie: 5 per 100,000 people. Incidence refers to the number of new cases of a disease in a population over a specific period of time, usually annually.
The first thing to understand is that the crime rate is not the same as the actual number of crimes. Crime rates are the result of crimes reported to police. Since most people don't report crimes, the official rates provided by the FBI in the Uniform Crime Reports are always less than the actual crime rate. Additionally, the UCR crime rates only reflect 8 different crimes: 1)Homicide 2) Robbery 3) Rape 4) Burglary 5) Aggravated Assault 6) Larceny/theft 7) Motor vehicle theft 8) Arson. Since the UCR, which is where crime rate data is collected from, doesn't report on other crimes, there could be all sorts of other crime going on over and above these 8 "index crimes" even if these are going down. However, once the police are aware of a crime, they prepare a report to go to the FBI for the annual UCR. The police can tweak how they report crimes to make their crime rate look higher or lower. For example, Burglary can be reported as just that, or the police can choose to code the incident as a trespass and a theft, which would make the burglary rate look lower. Also, police agencies are not required to actually send these reports to the FBI either, so this can have an impact on the overall crime rate. One final thing to keep in mind is that comparing crime rates at a local level can be rather deceptive unless you look at the hard numbers. For example, if a city has no murders one year and then 2 the next, the rate would have increased by 200% although 2 murders is hardly a crime wave. The types of crimes the police focus on can also change how crime statistics look. If the crime rate is based on crimes known to the police, more proactive enforcement on a particular category of crime or in a specific crime-prone area will make the reported numbers increase even if the actual true number of crimes has not. The rate goes up because of police action, but only because they are taking more reports and making more arrests. Other government agencies, such as the Bureau of Justice Statistics, also collects crime data and reports on crime rates involving crime categories not included in the UCR results. Drug crime is a good example of this. If the police suddenly crack down on drugs in an area, the number of police generated reports on drug offenses will increase, as will the reported crime rate. If they reduce enforcement efforts, the rate will go down even if the actual amount of crime doesn't. To truly understand crime statistics, you have to look at rates, hard numbers, the population of the reporting jurisdiction, the arrest and clearance rates, and consider that the numbers are influenced by a wide variety of factors, which always make the number lower than the actual number of crimes that take place in society since the police can't possibly be aware of all crimes.
http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/gerstman/eks/
– both sexes
Article???? Statistics???? Are we being realistic????
Does Saskatchewan have population based data? objectives of conducting a population-based HIV prevalence survey could include: :to obtain national and subnational estimates of HIV prevalence and demographic variation in HIV prevalence in the general population; :to provide information on HIV prevalence that can be used to calibrate, validate and improve the use of HIV sentinel surveillance data among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics; :to identify risk factors that predispose the general population and subpopulations to HIV infection; :to link the risk factors with biological measures and to assess the associations between the two; and :to assess the extent to which current interventions are accessible to the general population, including their impact on the population.
What happens in Saskatchewan?
What do ASO’s NGO’s want? Is lack of housing, residential schools, being aboriginal, related to HIV? How?