This document provides an overview of HIV and AIDS. It discusses the background of HIV, including how it attacks the immune system. It describes the stages of HIV infection and provides a brief history of AIDS. The epidemiological triad of agent, host, and environment related to HIV transmission is examined. At-risk groups and behaviors are identified. Global and national statistics on prevalence and distribution are presented. Objectives of preventing and controlling HIV/AIDS through various strategies like education, testing, and treatment are outlined. Key findings around transmission modes, clinical features, and prevention/management approaches are summarized.

1. SEMINAR ON
HIV
By Ramesh Jangid

2. CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Background
 Epidemiological
 Epidemiological triad
 Epidemiological determinant
 Statement of problem
 Rational of the seminar
 Objective
 Methodology
 Findings

3. Background
 HIV stands for Human Immune deficiency Virus.
 If it is not treated it can leads to acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome (AIDS).
 HIV Specially attacks the body immune system the CD4 cells
(T cells).
 Untreated HIV reduces the number of CD$ cells (T cells) in
the body , making the person more likely to get infections or
infection related cancers.

4. Stages of HIV infection
Stage 1 : No AIDS – defining condition
 CD4 count of >_ 500 cells /uL of CD4 percentage of total lymphocytes of >_29
Stage 2: No AIDS – definition condition
 CD4 count <200 cells/uL or CD4 percentage of total lymphocytes<14
HIV infection ,stage unknow:
 No reported information on AIDS-defining condition and no information
available on CD4 count or percentage.
 AIDS (Acquired immune deficiency syndrome) is the final stage of HIV
infection , which causes damaged to the immune system.

5. HISTORY
 AIDS wad first identified in USA in 1981 when numbers of
gay men started to develop life threatening opportunistic and
cancer.
 In 1981 AIDS was first identified among gay men in USA.
 In 1983 discovery of a new retrovirus called
lymphadenopathy-Associated virus (or LAV)

6. HISTORY
 In 1983 world health organization first meeting to assess
global AIDS situation.
 In 1984 virus was isolated by Gallo and coworkers from
national institution of health in united state human T-call
lymph tropic virus III (HTLV-III).
 1985 , the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA
)licensed the first commercial blood test, ELISA, to detect
antibodies to the virus.

7. HISTORY
 in 1985 first international AIDS conference in Atlanta Georgia.
 In May 1986, the International Committee on the Taxonomy of
Viruses gave a new name called (human immunodeficiency virus)
instead of HTLV-III/LAV.
 In 1988, the WHO declared 1st December as the first World AIDS
Day.
 Since its identification , HIV/AIDS is devastating disease of
mankind.

8. Epidemiological Triad

9. Agent

10. Agent

11. Agent
HIV 1 HIV 2
HIV-1 more common worldwide HIV-2 found in west Africa , Mozambique , and
Angola,
HIV-1 is more pathogenic hIV-2 is less pathogenic
MTCT is relatively common with HIV-1 Duration of HIV-2 infection is shorter

13. HOST FACTORS
 Age: 20-49
 Sex: HIV infection people of any sex
Europe And Australia : 51% homosexual or bisexual man
Africa: Sex ratio is equal
Higher Risk group :
• prostitutes (heterosexual)
• Male homosexual and bisexual
• Intravenous drug abuser
• Transfusion recipient of blood and blood products
• Hemophiliacs and clients of STD

14. Environmental Factors
Social norms
Average rate of sex partner change
Condom self efficacy
Local prevalence
Probability of exposure
Social and economic determination

15. Factor of HIV AIDS
 Behaviors and condition that put individuals at greater risk of
contracting HIV include:
 Having unprotected anal or veginal sex:
 Having another sexually transmitted infection such as
syphilis, herpes , chlamydia gonorrhea and bacterial vaginosis

16. Risk Factor of HIV AIDS
 Sharing contaminated needles, syringe and other injection
equipment and drug solution when injection drugs
 Receiving unsafe injection , blood transfusion tissue
transplantation , medical procedure that involve unsterile
cutting or piercing and
 Experiencing accidental needle stick injuries including among
Health workers.

17. Epidemiological determinants

18. Determinant for HIV AIDS
 Economic status : poverty
 Poor education : low literacy regarding HIV and AIDS
 Occupation : laborers , migrants , transport workers police
militaries, surgeons
 Political system :
conflicts in country resulting in:

19. Determinants for HIV AIDS
 Gender inequalities : more in male
 Inadequate health care delivery system
 Migration and mobility
 Alcoholism and drug abuse
 Legal framework
 Change values : early sex
 High population growth and density

21. Statement of Problem
GLOBAL SCENARIO
 Prevalence of HIV increased from 29.8 million in 2001 to 36.9
million in 2014
 Globally 36.7 million people are living with HIV in 2016
 World wide 1.8 million people become newly infected with HIV.
 54% of adult and 43% of children living with HIV are
currently receiving lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART)

22. Global scenario
 world wide 1 million people died from AIDS related illness in
2016.
 Global ART coverage for pregnant and breastfeeding women
living with HIV is high at 76%.
 The WHO African region is the most affected region with
25.6 million people living with HIV in 2016. The African
region also accounts for almost two third of the global total of
new HIV infection.

23. Estimated number of people living with
HIV globally (2016)

24. National Scenario
 In India , first case of HIV /AIDS was diagnosed in 1989 , by
Dr. Suniti soloman and her student Dr. Sellappan Nirmala in
Chennai.
 Prevalence of AIDS in India in 2015 was 0.20% which is
down from 0.41 in 2002.
 Number estimated 2.11 million people live with HIV/AIDS in
India in 2015.

25. Distribution of reported HIV cases by
developmental Region

26. Estimated HIV infection by age group

27. Rational of the seminar
 Recognized as an emerging disease only in the early 1980 ,
AIDS has rapidly established itself throughout the world , and
is likely to ensure and persist well in 21st century.
 AIDS has evolved from a mysterious illness to a global
pandemic which has infected tens of million people.
 Among the special features of HIV infection are that once
infected , it is probably that a person will be infected for life.

28. Objectives
 General objective
To study epidemiology and overview of current policies , strategies
and programs for prevention and control of HIV AIDS
Specific Objectives
To explore epidemiological distribution and determinants of HIV
AIDS.
To review the milestone of HIV AIDS control in India.

29. Objectives
 To evaluate the current situation of HIV AIDS control
program.
 To discuss on policy and strategies on HIV AIDS.
 To explore prevention and control methods of HIV AIDS.

30. Methodology
 Key words used : HIV AIDS

31. Findings

32. Findings

33. Findings

34. Modes of Transmission

35. Findings

36. Findings
 Window period
6 weeks to 3 months
Incubation period
uncertain ( from few months to 10 Yrs from HIV infection
to development of AIDS )

37. Clinical Features
 The clinical presentation of HIV and AIDS has been divided
in to four phase of infection.
1. Primary infection
2. Asymptomatic carrier stage
3. AIDS related complex
4. Progression to AIDS

38. Findings

39. Findings

40. Findings

41. Findings

42. Findings

43. Early Symptoms

44. Early symptoms

45. Prevention , Control and Treatment
PRIMARY: Primary prevention refers to activity focused on
preventing uninfected people becoming infected.
 Health education
 Peer group education
 School curriculum
 Most at risk population
 Behavioral modification
 Specific protection

46. Secondary
 VCT
 SCREEN TEST: WESTERN BLOT , ELISA
 Diagnostic test

47. Tertiary
 Tertiary HIV prevention aims to minimize the effects of ill
health experience by someone who is symptomatic with HIV
disease (i.e. the prophylactic use of drug and complementary
 Rehabilitation
 Economic
 Social
 vocational

48. Prevention

49. Diagnosis

50. Laboratory Diagnosis