OPC Maturation Article Presentation
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Presentation for the Nature paper: Bergles, et al. Glutamatergic synapses on oligodendrocyte precursor cells in the hippocampus, request download for animations
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This document summarizes key aspects of genetic code and translation. It notes that the genetic code consists of 3 nucleotide codons that specify amino acids. There are 64 possible codons but only 20 amino acids, so the code is degenerate with multiple codons encoding the same amino acid. It discusses features like nearly universal code, lack of pauses, and the wobble hypothesis to explain third position degeneracy. Examples are given of codon tables and how changes can cause mutations.
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The genetic code is the system by which nucleotide sequences in mRNA determine the amino acid sequences in proteins. The genetic code uses triplets of nucleotides called codons to specify which amino acid will be incorporated into the growing polypeptide chain. There are 64 possible codons but only 20 standard amino acids, so most amino acids have multiple codons. Three codons act as stop signals to end protein synthesis. The genetic code is nearly universal across all life due to its high degree of specificity and redundancy.
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The document discusses the genetic code and the wobble hypothesis. It notes that the genetic code uses triplets of bases to code for amino acids, with 61 codons specifying amino acids and 3 being stop codons. It explains that the wobble hypothesis proposes that the third base of the codon pairs non-specifically with the anticodon through wobble pairing, allowing multiple codons to code for the same amino acid. This wobble pairing allows inosine, the fifth base found in tRNAs, to pair with multiple bases and increases the efficiency of translation.
Genetic code
1. The genetic code is the set of triplet codons that specify the 20 amino acids during protein synthesis. Each codon is made up of three nucleotides that base pair with the anticodon on transfer RNA molecules.
2. Marshall Nirenberg and others conducted experiments in the 1960s that helped crack the genetic code by determining which codons code for each amino acid. They used synthetic RNA and cell-free protein synthesis systems.
3. The genetic code is nearly universal across all life due to its early development over 3 billion years ago in the first bacteria.
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single stranded to double helix to nucleosomes. Concept of genetic code.
Universality and degeneracy of genetic code. Define gene in terms of
complementation and recombination.
Gentic code
The genetic code is composed of triplets of nitrogen bases (codons) along mRNA that specify the sequence of amino acids in proteins. Evidence from experiments on mutations in bacteria and viruses showed that the genetic code is read in triplets, with one codon corresponding to one amino acid (except for some amino acids with multiple codons). The genetic code is nearly universal across all life and is non-overlapping, with each codon only being read once without influencing adjacent codons. The genetic code is composed of 64 possible codons that specify 20 standard amino acids.
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1) There are three main types of RNA - mRNA carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes, tRNA transfers amino acids during protein synthesis, and rRNA makes up the ribosomes.
2) Transcription copies one DNA strand into mRNA which moves to ribosomes for translation. During translation, tRNAs match their anticodons to mRNA codons and add the corresponding amino acids.
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The genetic code is defined as the sequence of DNA nucleotides that determines the sequence of amino acids in protein synthesis. It is universal across all lifeforms. The genetic code has the following key properties: it is triplet, meaning three nucleotides code for each amino acid; comma-less and non-overlapping, with no breaks or overlaps between codons; non-ambiguous, with each codon coding for only one amino acid; and redundant, with some amino acids coded for by multiple codons. The genetic code is read in the 5' to 3' direction and includes start codons that initiate protein synthesis and stop codons that terminate protein synthesis.
Genetic code
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The Drosophila protein Rolling Blackout (RBO) is required for synaptic vesicle endocytosis, as mutants show defects in vesicle recycling and endosome formation; RBO localizes to synapses and interacts genetically with the SNARE protein Syntaxin-1A, suggesting it functions in vesicle fusion or membrane uptake during endocytosis; Loss of RBO specifically impacts endocytosis, as evidenced by accumulation of docked vesicles and defects in dye uptake during stimulation.
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1. The genetic code is composed of nucleotide triplets called codons that specify individual amino acids.
2. Experiments confirmed that the genetic code is a triplet code and that each codon corresponds to a specific amino acid, with some codons coding for the same amino acid (degenerate).
3. Key properties of the genetic code include it being triplet-based, non-overlapping, unambiguous, degenerate, and nearly universal across organisms.
GENETIC CODE
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HISTORY AND DISCOVERY
FEATURES OF GENETIC CODE
IMPORTANCE
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UNAMBIGUOUS NATURE OF CODON
CODON ON mRNA AND ANTICODON ON t RNA
Genetic code properties
DNA contains the genetic code that directs protein synthesis. The genetic code is stored in the sequence of nitrogen bases (A, T, C, G) in DNA. Although there are 20 types of amino acids, they are specified by combinations of only 4 bases. According to Crick, the genetic code is organized into triplets of bases (codons), with each codon specifying a particular amino acid. There are 64 possible codons that can uniquely specify each of the 20 amino acids. Experiments by Nirenberg, Khorana, and others helped decipher the genetic code by correlating synthetic RNA sequences with the amino acids produced. The genetic code is nearly universal across all living things.
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The document discusses the genetic code and how it is translated from DNA to protein. Some key points:
- The genetic code is stored in the sequence of nitrogenous bases in DNA. DNA is transcribed into mRNA which moves to ribosomes for protein synthesis.
- There are 64 possible codon combinations of the 4 nitrogen bases, with 61 coding for 20 amino acids and 3 being stop codons. The sequence and order of the 3 bases in a codon determines which amino acid it codes for.
- Experiments by Crick and Brenner in 1961 proved the genetic code is read in triplets, with each codon made up of 3 nucleotides. Frameshift mutations that insert or delete a base pair change the reading frame
Genetic code
The genetic code is composed of triplets of nucleotide bases that correspond to specific amino acids. There are 64 possible codon combinations from sequences of the 4 nucleotide bases, with 61 coding for 20 amino acids and 3 serving as stop codons. The genetic code is universal across all living organisms, specifying the same amino acids for each codon. It is read in sets of 3 bases moving in the 5' to 3' direction on mRNA, and mutations in the code can result in silent, missense, nonsense, or frameshift changes to the specified protein.
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The genetic code is the system by which nucleotide sequences in mRNA determine the amino acid sequences in proteins. The genetic code uses triplets of nucleotides called codons to specify which amino acid will be incorporated into the growing polypeptide chain. There are 64 possible codons but only 20 standard amino acids, so most amino acids have multiple codons. Three codons act as stop signals to end protein synthesis. The genetic code is nearly universal across all life due to its high degree of specificity and redundancy.
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2. Marshall Nirenberg and others conducted experiments in the 1960s that helped crack the genetic code by determining which codons code for each amino acid. They used synthetic RNA and cell-free protein synthesis systems.
3. The genetic code is nearly universal across all life due to its early development over 3 billion years ago in the first bacteria.
Visualizing SNVs to quantify allele-specific expression in single cells
We present a FISH-based method for detecting single- nucleotide variants (SNVs) in exons and introns on individual RNA transcripts with high efficiency. We used this method
to quantify allelic expression in cell populations and in single cells, and also to distinguish maternal from paternal chromosomes in single cells.
Genetic Information Transfer (Biology for Engineers)
Information Transfer: Purpose: The molecular basis of coding and
decoding genetic information is universal. Molecular basis of information
transfer. DNA as a genetic material. Hierarchy of DNA structure- from
single stranded to double helix to nucleosomes. Concept of genetic code.
Universality and degeneracy of genetic code. Define gene in terms of
complementation and recombination.
Gentic code
The genetic code is composed of triplets of nitrogen bases (codons) along mRNA that specify the sequence of amino acids in proteins. Evidence from experiments on mutations in bacteria and viruses showed that the genetic code is read in triplets, with one codon corresponding to one amino acid (except for some amino acids with multiple codons). The genetic code is nearly universal across all life and is non-overlapping, with each codon only being read once without influencing adjacent codons. The genetic code is composed of 64 possible codons that specify 20 standard amino acids.
Genetic code
1) There are three main types of RNA - mRNA carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes, tRNA transfers amino acids during protein synthesis, and rRNA makes up the ribosomes.
2) Transcription copies one DNA strand into mRNA which moves to ribosomes for translation. During translation, tRNAs match their anticodons to mRNA codons and add the corresponding amino acids.
3) Mutations in DNA can lead to production of defective proteins through altered mRNA and incorrect amino acid sequences, resulting in genetic diseases.
Synthesis of gene
Brief discussion on the various mechanisms for synthesis of gene. please note this isn't valid unless you have a supporting statement. so use this presentation for reference only and do not depend on it solely
Genetic code and its properties
The genetic code is defined as the sequence of DNA nucleotides that determines the sequence of amino acids in protein synthesis. It is universal across all lifeforms. The genetic code has the following key properties: it is triplet, meaning three nucleotides code for each amino acid; comma-less and non-overlapping, with no breaks or overlaps between codons; non-ambiguous, with each codon coding for only one amino acid; and redundant, with some amino acids coded for by multiple codons. The genetic code is read in the 5' to 3' direction and includes start codons that initiate protein synthesis and stop codons that terminate protein synthesis.
Genetic code
Genetic code describes codons that code amino acids. Contents are well defined according to process central dogma specially Translation mechanism.
Thesis Research
The Drosophila protein Rolling Blackout (RBO) is required for synaptic vesicle endocytosis, as mutants show defects in vesicle recycling and endosome formation; RBO localizes to synapses and interacts genetically with the SNARE protein Syntaxin-1A, suggesting it functions in vesicle fusion or membrane uptake during endocytosis; Loss of RBO specifically impacts endocytosis, as evidenced by accumulation of docked vesicles and defects in dye uptake during stimulation.
Genetic code2
1. The genetic code is composed of nucleotide triplets called codons that specify individual amino acids.
2. Experiments confirmed that the genetic code is a triplet code and that each codon corresponds to a specific amino acid, with some codons coding for the same amino acid (degenerate).
3. Key properties of the genetic code include it being triplet-based, non-overlapping, unambiguous, degenerate, and nearly universal across organisms.
GENETIC CODE
GENETIC CODE
HISTORY AND DISCOVERY
FEATURES OF GENETIC CODE
IMPORTANCE
DEGENERATE CODON
UNAMBIGUOUS NATURE OF CODON
CODON ON mRNA AND ANTICODON ON t RNA
Genetic code properties
DNA contains the genetic code that directs protein synthesis. The genetic code is stored in the sequence of nitrogen bases (A, T, C, G) in DNA. Although there are 20 types of amino acids, they are specified by combinations of only 4 bases. According to Crick, the genetic code is organized into triplets of bases (codons), with each codon specifying a particular amino acid. There are 64 possible codons that can uniquely specify each of the 20 amino acids. Experiments by Nirenberg, Khorana, and others helped decipher the genetic code by correlating synthetic RNA sequences with the amino acids produced. The genetic code is nearly universal across all living things.
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This study aimed to introduce the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene into E. coli and human cells. GFP was successfully inserted into E. coli and shown to be expressed under control of the L-arabinose promoter. Addition of restriction sites to GFP was also successful, allowing for digestion of the GFP and pcDNA plasmid. However, ligation of the digested GFP fragment into pcDNA was unsuccessful, likely due to nuclease contamination. Expression of GFP in human cells could not be verified due to a technical error during immunoblotting. While some goals were achieved, such as GFP expression in E. coli, further optimization is needed to fully introduce GFP into human cells via this methodology.
Genetic code
Deciphering of genetic code and its salient features for undergraduates in biology, biochemistry and medicine
G.c -p.aswathy viswanath
The document discusses the genetic code and how it is translated from DNA to protein. Some key points:
- The genetic code is stored in the sequence of nitrogenous bases in DNA. DNA is transcribed into mRNA which moves to ribosomes for protein synthesis.
- There are 64 possible codon combinations of the 4 nitrogen bases, with 61 coding for 20 amino acids and 3 being stop codons. The sequence and order of the 3 bases in a codon determines which amino acid it codes for.
- Experiments by Crick and Brenner in 1961 proved the genetic code is read in triplets, with each codon made up of 3 nucleotides. Frameshift mutations that insert or delete a base pair change the reading frame
Genetic code
The genetic code is composed of triplets of nucleotide bases that correspond to specific amino acids. There are 64 possible codon combinations from sequences of the 4 nucleotide bases, with 61 coding for 20 amino acids and 3 serving as stop codons. The genetic code is universal across all living organisms, specifying the same amino acids for each codon. It is read in sets of 3 bases moving in the 5' to 3' direction on mRNA, and mutations in the code can result in silent, missense, nonsense, or frameshift changes to the specified protein.
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The document discusses a study examining which calcium channel subtypes may compensate for the loss of P/Q-type calcium channels in tottering (tg) mice treated with plasma from Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome (LEMS) patients. The study found increased expression of the N-type (α1B) and L-type (α1C) calcium channel subunits in the tg mice treated with LEMS plasma, suggesting these subtypes may compensate for the loss of the P/Q-type (α1A) channels. More trials are needed to confirm these results and calculate standard errors.
Evgeny nikolaev proteomics of body liquids as a source for potential methods ...
The document discusses using mass spectrometry to analyze body fluids like urine, saliva, and exhaled breath condensate for medical diagnostics and biomarker discovery. It describes creating databases of accurate mass tags and retention times from mass spec analyses of peptides and proteins in body fluids to enable fast identification. Biomarkers found for diseases like COPD, pneumonia and changes after lung transplantation are mentioned.
Parodi et al 2008 veneno ovocitos
The venom of the Chilean spider Latrodectus mactans was found to have effects on several ion currents in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Specifically, it was found to:
1) Make the resting membrane potential more negative, potentially by closing one or more ion conductances.
2) Primarily affect a transient outward potassium current, likely mediated by a Kv channel homologous to shaker, reducing this current.
3) Have no effect on calcium-dependent chloride currents activated through the lysophosphatidic acid receptor or on voltage- and calcium-activated chloride currents.
Ion channel RECEPTOR
The document summarizes ion channels and ion channel receptors. It discusses several key points:
1) Ion channels transport specific ions across cell membranes and generate electrical signals. Voltage-gated and ligand-gated ion channels open and close in response to changes in membrane potential or ligand binding.
2) Common types of ion channels include voltage-gated sodium, potassium, and calcium channels, as well as ligand-gated channels like GABA, glycine, and glutamate receptors.
3) Ion channels play important physiological roles in nerve impulse conduction, muscle contraction, and other processes. Dysfunctions can lead to channelopathies and medical conditions. Many drugs target ion channels.
Apoptosis
The document discusses cytometry techniques for analyzing apoptosis. It describes measuring mitochondrial changes, caspase activation, and DNA fragmentation to identify and quantify apoptotic cells. Specific techniques summarized include using fluorescent probes to detect mitochondrial membrane potential loss, caspase activation via cleavage of targets like PARP, and DNA strand breaks.
Generation and conduction of action potentials
This document provides an overview of action potentials and nerve conduction. It discusses synaptic transmission through both electrical and chemical synapses. It then covers the major classes of neurotransmitters and neurotransmitter receptors. The document reviews graded potentials, spatial and temporal summation, and electrotonic conduction. It describes the ionic basis and phases of the action potential as well as how action potentials propagate along axons. Finally, it discusses nerve conduction disorders like demyelination and multiple sclerosis.
Md (surg) part1 nmj 2011 student
This document summarizes key concepts in neuromuscular physiology including nerve conduction, the neuromuscular junction, and muscle contraction. It discusses the resting membrane potential, action potentials, propagation of action potentials, and factors that influence membrane potential. It also describes the structure and function of the neuromuscular junction, including acetylcholine release and receptor activation. Finally, it discusses neuromuscular blocking agents and disorders like myasthenia gravis.
Psy397 Lecture 4
Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a persistent strengthening of synapses based on timing of neural activity. It is believed to underlie memory formation in the brain. LTP was first discovered by Bliss and Lomo in the hippocampus through high frequency stimulation of synapses between the perforant path and dentate gyrus, resulting in a long-lasting increase in synaptic strength. The NMDA receptor acts as a coincidence detector, allowing calcium influx and LTP induction when the post-synaptic neuron is depolarized at the same time as presynaptic glutamate release. Pairing pre- and post-synaptic stimulation leads to associative LTP, supporting the idea that LTP encodes associations between events.
Florence Molinari INMED-INSERM U901. Marseille.
El lunes y martes 20 y 21 de noviembre coordinamos un simposio internacional en la Fundación Ramón Areces, sobre los defectos del transporte de aminoácidos.
Florence Molinari - INMED-INSERM U901. Marseille.
GC1 mutations can cause early epileptic encephalopathies. The document discusses:
1) GC1 mutations have been found in children with early epileptic encephalopathies and suppression bursts. GC1 is the mitochondrial glutamate carrier that transports glutamate into mitochondria.
2) Inactivating GC1 in astrocyte cultures leads to decreased NADH production, impaired mitochondrial membrane potential activation by glutamate, and decreased ATP levels.
3) This suggests GC1 is crucial for astrocyte glutamate metabolism and mitochondrial function, and its deficiency may cause excitotoxicity through impaired glutamate clearance from the extracellular space.
2. cholinergic drugs 2012
This document discusses cholinergic transmission in the autonomic and somatic nervous systems. It notes that acetylcholine is the main neurotransmitter and describes the cholinergic fibers involved in the peripheral and central nervous systems. These include preganglionic autonomic fibers, somatic motor fibers to skeletal muscles, and some postganglionic fibers. The document also summarizes the synthesis, storage, release, and termination of acetylcholine, as well as the two main types of cholinergic receptors: muscarinic and nicotinic receptors.
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