This document summarizes the key characteristics and functions of smooth muscle. Smooth muscle cells are involuntary, spindle-shaped with a single nucleus, and contain more actin than myosin. They lack sarcomeres and striations seen in skeletal muscle. Smooth muscle forms sheets in organ walls, with longitudinal and circular layers involved in peristalsis. It is innervated by the autonomic nervous system and can contract in a slow, graded manner or as a syncytium. Contraction is triggered by calcium binding to calmodulin and activating myosin light chain kinase to phosphorylate myosin heads, forming actin-myosin cross-bridges. Relaxation occurs via myosin light chain phosphatase dephosph