Examining Neurobehavioral Toxicity of Patulin in Adult ZebrafishQuang Nguyen
The content of this PowerPoint is strictly for the purpose of submission to the Sigma Xi Research Showcase. Please do not quote/cite/reference materials in this file in its entirety. I am not responsible for any misrepresentation of its reproduction. Any reproduction must have the author's written approval.
Otherwise, I hope you enjoy the slides.
Check out my page at http://patulinzebrafish.tumblr.com/
patulin is a secondary metabolite and know about its properties, physiological functions, importance of patulin and its biosynthesis . Types of patulin toxicity and its symptoms, detection and control measures of patulin.
Poor cellular and cardiovascular health is becoming a worldwide epidemic. An unhealthy diet of processed, high-calorie, high-fat foods, pollution, smoking and sedentary lifestyles all contribute to poor cell and heart health. Scientists revealed The French Paradox, which states that even though the French drink, smoke and eat high-fat foods they have some of the lowest incidences of poor cardiovascular and cellular health. Scientists attribute this to the large amounts of red wine that the French consume, or more importantly, an extract found in red wine, resveratrol.
Evaluation of the Impact of Biofield Treatment on Physical and Thermal Proper...wilhelm mendel
In the present study, the influence of biofield treatment on physical and thermal properties of Casein Enzyme Hydrolysate (CEH) and Casein Yeast Peptone (CYP) were investigated. The control and treated samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), particle size and surface area analysis. The FTIR results revealed that biofield treatment has caused reduction of amide group (amide-I and amide-II) stretching vibration peak that is associated with strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding in treated CEH as compared to control. However, no significant changes were observed in FTIR spectrum of treated CYP. The TGA analysis of treated CEH showed a substantial improvement in thermal stability which was confirmed by increase in maximum thermal decomposition temperature (217°C) as compared to control (209°C). Similarly, the treated CYP also showed enhanced thermal stability as compared to control. DSC showed increase in melting temperature of treated CYP as compared to control. However the melting peak was absent in DSC of treated CEH which was probably due to rigid chain of the protein. The surface area of treated CEH was increased by 83% as compared to control. However, a decrease (7.3%) in surface area was observed in treated CYP. The particle size analysis of treated CEH showed a significant increase in average particle size (d50) and d99 value (maximum particle size below which 99% of particles are present) as compared to control sample. Similarly, the treated CYP also showed a substantial increase in d50 and d99 values which was probably due to the agglomeration of the particles which led to formation of bigger microparticles. The result showed that the biofield treated CEH and CYP could be used as a matrix for pharmaceutical applications.
phytoecdysteroids affect the larval pupal and adult growth and developements of insects. it affects the digestion, pupation, moulting, reproduction, fecundity in insects. Also enhances silk production
Alteration in Protein Metabolic Profiles in Liver Tissue of Rats during Dimet...iosrjce
Dimethoate is the widely used organophosphorous insecticides in agriculture. The irrational use of
Dimethoate in Yemen play a crucial role in the occurrence of many diseases affecting plants, animals and man.
Dimethoate (DM) is used to kill mites and aphids among other insects and is applied on citrus, cotton, fruit,
olives, potatoes, tea, tobacco and vegetables. The aim of the present work was to study biochemical changes
that might occur in the liver of albino rats as a result of DM intoxication. In the present investigation the
animals were treated with 1/10th of LD50 of DM via oral gavage (34.5mg/kg body weight. The first group
animals were considered as control animals. Second group of animals were treated with Dimethoate via oral
gavage (34.5mg/kg body weight which is 1/10th of LD50) for 10 days, third and fourth groups of animals were
administered for 20 and 30 days with an interval of 48h respectively. The DM treated groups are AST and ALT
was selected in the present investigation showed an increment. The present findings indicate that chronic
exposure to DM has clear toxic effect on the liver of albino rats.
Examining Neurobehavioral Toxicity of Patulin in Adult ZebrafishQuang Nguyen
The content of this PowerPoint is strictly for the purpose of submission to the Sigma Xi Research Showcase. Please do not quote/cite/reference materials in this file in its entirety. I am not responsible for any misrepresentation of its reproduction. Any reproduction must have the author's written approval.
Otherwise, I hope you enjoy the slides.
Check out my page at http://patulinzebrafish.tumblr.com/
patulin is a secondary metabolite and know about its properties, physiological functions, importance of patulin and its biosynthesis . Types of patulin toxicity and its symptoms, detection and control measures of patulin.
Poor cellular and cardiovascular health is becoming a worldwide epidemic. An unhealthy diet of processed, high-calorie, high-fat foods, pollution, smoking and sedentary lifestyles all contribute to poor cell and heart health. Scientists revealed The French Paradox, which states that even though the French drink, smoke and eat high-fat foods they have some of the lowest incidences of poor cardiovascular and cellular health. Scientists attribute this to the large amounts of red wine that the French consume, or more importantly, an extract found in red wine, resveratrol.
Evaluation of the Impact of Biofield Treatment on Physical and Thermal Proper...wilhelm mendel
In the present study, the influence of biofield treatment on physical and thermal properties of Casein Enzyme Hydrolysate (CEH) and Casein Yeast Peptone (CYP) were investigated. The control and treated samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), particle size and surface area analysis. The FTIR results revealed that biofield treatment has caused reduction of amide group (amide-I and amide-II) stretching vibration peak that is associated with strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding in treated CEH as compared to control. However, no significant changes were observed in FTIR spectrum of treated CYP. The TGA analysis of treated CEH showed a substantial improvement in thermal stability which was confirmed by increase in maximum thermal decomposition temperature (217°C) as compared to control (209°C). Similarly, the treated CYP also showed enhanced thermal stability as compared to control. DSC showed increase in melting temperature of treated CYP as compared to control. However the melting peak was absent in DSC of treated CEH which was probably due to rigid chain of the protein. The surface area of treated CEH was increased by 83% as compared to control. However, a decrease (7.3%) in surface area was observed in treated CYP. The particle size analysis of treated CEH showed a significant increase in average particle size (d50) and d99 value (maximum particle size below which 99% of particles are present) as compared to control sample. Similarly, the treated CYP also showed a substantial increase in d50 and d99 values which was probably due to the agglomeration of the particles which led to formation of bigger microparticles. The result showed that the biofield treated CEH and CYP could be used as a matrix for pharmaceutical applications.
phytoecdysteroids affect the larval pupal and adult growth and developements of insects. it affects the digestion, pupation, moulting, reproduction, fecundity in insects. Also enhances silk production
Alteration in Protein Metabolic Profiles in Liver Tissue of Rats during Dimet...iosrjce
Dimethoate is the widely used organophosphorous insecticides in agriculture. The irrational use of
Dimethoate in Yemen play a crucial role in the occurrence of many diseases affecting plants, animals and man.
Dimethoate (DM) is used to kill mites and aphids among other insects and is applied on citrus, cotton, fruit,
olives, potatoes, tea, tobacco and vegetables. The aim of the present work was to study biochemical changes
that might occur in the liver of albino rats as a result of DM intoxication. In the present investigation the
animals were treated with 1/10th of LD50 of DM via oral gavage (34.5mg/kg body weight. The first group
animals were considered as control animals. Second group of animals were treated with Dimethoate via oral
gavage (34.5mg/kg body weight which is 1/10th of LD50) for 10 days, third and fourth groups of animals were
administered for 20 and 30 days with an interval of 48h respectively. The DM treated groups are AST and ALT
was selected in the present investigation showed an increment. The present findings indicate that chronic
exposure to DM has clear toxic effect on the liver of albino rats.
Comparative analysis of some biochemical responses of winter and spring wheat...Innspub Net
To compare changes of biochemical indices between spring (Kavir) and winter (Azar2) cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under low temperature, 14 days old wheat seedlings were exposed to cold. The seedlings were transferred into growth chamber for 9 days at 5/3 °C (day/night) as cold treatment, or at 20/18 °C as control. Proline content, total protein accumulation, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) enzymes, were assayed in the leaf extracts of control and cold treated plants. The results showed that cold led to an accumulation of proline and an increase in protein level, especially in winter cultivar. Rapid increases in proline and protein accumulations were observed during early stages of cold stress. SOD activity displayed no significant differences between the two cultivars during the first 3 days after cold stress, while in Azar 2, the level of SOD activity was gradually increased after 3 days of cold stress. The POD and CAT activity were higher in plants grown at cold stress than in the controls; however, their rate was different in winter and spring wheat cultivars. In general, Azar2 showed relatively higher POD and CAT activity compared to Kavir. Regarding antioxidant enzymes activities, cultivars respond differently under cold stress. Articles source: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Proteomic analysis of the interaction between the plant growth promoting fhiz...kys9723331
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) facilitate the plant growth and enhance their
induced systemic resistance (ISR) against a variety of environmental stresses. In this study,
we carried out integrative analyses on the proteome, transcriptome, and metabolome to investigate
Arabidopsis root and shoot responses to the well-known PGPR strain Paenibacillus
polymyxa (P. polymyxa) E681. Shoot fresh and root dry weights were increased, whereas root
length was decreased by treatment with P. polymyxa E681. 2DE approach in conjunction
with MALDI-TOF/TOF analysis revealed a total of 41 (17 spots in root, 24 spots in shoot)
that were differentially expressed in response to P. polymyxa E681. Biological process- and
molecular function-based bioinformatics analysis resulted in their classification into seven different
protein groups. Of these, 36 proteins including amino acid metabolism, antioxidant,
defense and stress response, photosynthesis, and plant hormone-related proteins were upregulated,
whereas five proteins including three carbohydrate metabolism- and one amino
acid metabolism-related, and one unknown protein were down-regulated, respectively. A good
correlation was observed between protein and transcript abundances for the 12 differentially
expressed proteins during interactions as determined by qPCR analysis. Metabolite analysis
using LC-MS/MS revealed highly increased levels of tryptophan, indole-3-acetonitrile (IAN),
indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and camalexin in the treated plants. Arabidopsis plant inoculated
P. polymyxa E681 also showed resistance to Botrytis cinerea infection. Taken together these
results suggest that P. polymyxa E681 may promote plant growth by induced metabolism and
activation of defense-related proteins against fungal pathogen.
Thermal stability of two xylanases from Macrotermes subhyalinus little soldie...INNS PUBNET
The knowledge on thermal inactivation kinetics of enzymes is necessary to allow their adequate utilization as natural biopreservatives in the food industry and technology applications. In this work, the kinetics of thermal inactivation was studied for the previously purified and characterized xylanases Xyl1 and Xyl2 from Macrotermes subhyalinus little soldier. Samples of xylanases were treated at different time-temperature combinations in the range of 5-60 min at 50-65°C and the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters for xylanases were calculated. The inactivation kinetic follows a first-order reaction with k-values between 0.0192 ± 0.0002 to 0.0405 ± 0.0003 and 0.0119 ± 0.0005 to 0.0418 ± 0.0004 min-1 for Xyl1 and Xyl2, respectively. Activation energy (Ea) and Z-values were estimated to 48.08 ± 1.84 kJ mol-1 and 43.47 ± 3.02°C for Xyl1, 75.52 ± 3.52 kJ.mol-1 and 27.77 ± 1.87°C for Xyl2. The catalytic reactions of both xylanases are endothermic due to positive enthalpy. The high value obtained for the variation in enthalpy of activation indicates that a high amount of energy is required to initiate denaturation, probably due to the molecular conformation of xylanases. All results suggest that both xylanases are relatively resistant to long heat treatments up to 50°C.
Influence of phosphorous acid application on the accumulation of total phenol...Innspub Net
One mechanism used by coconut plant to protect itself against Phytophthorakatsurae is linked to total
polyphenols production. This study aimed to investigate the impact of phosphorous acid plant treatment on the
production of total polyphenols in coconuthusk, as part of chemical control.The study was conducted on two
coconuts cultivars (EGD and PB 121+) with four doses of phosphorous acid [Control, 2.8 g (TA), 5.6 g (TB), 11.2 g
(TC)]. At each sampling, the husks were processed and extracts were prepared for total polyphenols assays. There
was significant difference between EGD and PB 121+ total polyphenols production (p<0.001).The interaction
between coconut variety and phosphorous acid doses was also significant.The interaction EGD and TC had the
highest total polyphenols accumulation of 4838.5 µg/g of fresh weight (FW). For PB121+, the highest total polyphenols accumulation of 6433.71 µg/g FW was obtained from the interaction between PB121+ and T0. From this observation, it could be statedthat phosphorous acid only triggers the treated plantdefense mechanisms to produce total phenolic compounds when attacked by a pathogen. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-3-september-2015-ijaar/
Comparative analysis of some biochemical responses of winter and spring wheat...Innspub Net
To compare changes of biochemical indices between spring (Kavir) and winter (Azar2) cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under low temperature, 14 days old wheat seedlings were exposed to cold. The seedlings were transferred into growth chamber for 9 days at 5/3 °C (day/night) as cold treatment, or at 20/18 °C as control. Proline content, total protein accumulation, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) enzymes, were assayed in the leaf extracts of control and cold treated plants. The results showed that cold led to an accumulation of proline and an increase in protein level, especially in winter cultivar. Rapid increases in proline and protein accumulations were observed during early stages of cold stress. SOD activity displayed no significant differences between the two cultivars during the first 3 days after cold stress, while in Azar 2, the level of SOD activity was gradually increased after 3 days of cold stress. The POD and CAT activity were higher in plants grown at cold stress than in the controls; however, their rate was different in winter and spring wheat cultivars. In general, Azar2 showed relatively higher POD and CAT activity compared to Kavir. Regarding antioxidant enzymes activities, cultivars respond differently under cold stress. Articles source: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Proteomic analysis of the interaction between the plant growth promoting fhiz...kys9723331
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) facilitate the plant growth and enhance their
induced systemic resistance (ISR) against a variety of environmental stresses. In this study,
we carried out integrative analyses on the proteome, transcriptome, and metabolome to investigate
Arabidopsis root and shoot responses to the well-known PGPR strain Paenibacillus
polymyxa (P. polymyxa) E681. Shoot fresh and root dry weights were increased, whereas root
length was decreased by treatment with P. polymyxa E681. 2DE approach in conjunction
with MALDI-TOF/TOF analysis revealed a total of 41 (17 spots in root, 24 spots in shoot)
that were differentially expressed in response to P. polymyxa E681. Biological process- and
molecular function-based bioinformatics analysis resulted in their classification into seven different
protein groups. Of these, 36 proteins including amino acid metabolism, antioxidant,
defense and stress response, photosynthesis, and plant hormone-related proteins were upregulated,
whereas five proteins including three carbohydrate metabolism- and one amino
acid metabolism-related, and one unknown protein were down-regulated, respectively. A good
correlation was observed between protein and transcript abundances for the 12 differentially
expressed proteins during interactions as determined by qPCR analysis. Metabolite analysis
using LC-MS/MS revealed highly increased levels of tryptophan, indole-3-acetonitrile (IAN),
indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and camalexin in the treated plants. Arabidopsis plant inoculated
P. polymyxa E681 also showed resistance to Botrytis cinerea infection. Taken together these
results suggest that P. polymyxa E681 may promote plant growth by induced metabolism and
activation of defense-related proteins against fungal pathogen.
Thermal stability of two xylanases from Macrotermes subhyalinus little soldie...INNS PUBNET
The knowledge on thermal inactivation kinetics of enzymes is necessary to allow their adequate utilization as natural biopreservatives in the food industry and technology applications. In this work, the kinetics of thermal inactivation was studied for the previously purified and characterized xylanases Xyl1 and Xyl2 from Macrotermes subhyalinus little soldier. Samples of xylanases were treated at different time-temperature combinations in the range of 5-60 min at 50-65°C and the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters for xylanases were calculated. The inactivation kinetic follows a first-order reaction with k-values between 0.0192 ± 0.0002 to 0.0405 ± 0.0003 and 0.0119 ± 0.0005 to 0.0418 ± 0.0004 min-1 for Xyl1 and Xyl2, respectively. Activation energy (Ea) and Z-values were estimated to 48.08 ± 1.84 kJ mol-1 and 43.47 ± 3.02°C for Xyl1, 75.52 ± 3.52 kJ.mol-1 and 27.77 ± 1.87°C for Xyl2. The catalytic reactions of both xylanases are endothermic due to positive enthalpy. The high value obtained for the variation in enthalpy of activation indicates that a high amount of energy is required to initiate denaturation, probably due to the molecular conformation of xylanases. All results suggest that both xylanases are relatively resistant to long heat treatments up to 50°C.
Influence of phosphorous acid application on the accumulation of total phenol...Innspub Net
One mechanism used by coconut plant to protect itself against Phytophthorakatsurae is linked to total
polyphenols production. This study aimed to investigate the impact of phosphorous acid plant treatment on the
production of total polyphenols in coconuthusk, as part of chemical control.The study was conducted on two
coconuts cultivars (EGD and PB 121+) with four doses of phosphorous acid [Control, 2.8 g (TA), 5.6 g (TB), 11.2 g
(TC)]. At each sampling, the husks were processed and extracts were prepared for total polyphenols assays. There
was significant difference between EGD and PB 121+ total polyphenols production (p<0.001).The interaction
between coconut variety and phosphorous acid doses was also significant.The interaction EGD and TC had the
highest total polyphenols accumulation of 4838.5 µg/g of fresh weight (FW). For PB121+, the highest total polyphenols accumulation of 6433.71 µg/g FW was obtained from the interaction between PB121+ and T0. From this observation, it could be statedthat phosphorous acid only triggers the treated plantdefense mechanisms to produce total phenolic compounds when attacked by a pathogen. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-3-september-2015-ijaar/
Antioxidant potentials of tannic acid on lipid peroxidation induced by severa...Premier Publishers
Various prospective studies have indicated the antioxidant potency of tannic acid in several models. However, there is no clear-cut evidence revealing that the reported antioxidant properties of tannic acid remains potent regardless of the lipid sources and pro-oxidants employed for the oxidative assault. Hence, this study sought to investigate the antioxidant properties of tannic acid against cerebral and hepatic lipid peroxidation induced by several pro-oxidants (Iron (II) sulfate, Sodium nitroprusside, cyclophosphamide and acetaminophen) in vitro. Rats were decapitated under mild ether anesthesia and the tissues were rapidly dissected, placed on ice, weighed and immediately homogenized in cold 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4 (1/10, w/v). The homogenates were centrifuged for 10 min at 4000 g to yield a pellet that was discarded and a low-speed supernatant (S1). Our results indicated that Fe (II) showed the highest pro-oxidative effects in both tissues lipids. Furthermore, tannic acid demonstrated potent inhibitory effects against lipid peroxidation in both tissues lipids regardless of the pro-oxidant employed. To this end, there is a dire need to exploit the protective benefits of tannic acid as a potential exogenous antioxidant against lipid peroxidation with a view to providing solution to the global oxidative stress menace.
Evaluation of In-vitro neuroprotective effect of Ethanolic extract of Canariu...AI Publications
The ethanolic extract of canarium solomonense leaves (ecsl) was studied for its neuroprotective activity. The neuroprotective activity of ECSL was found to have a significant impact on neuronal cell death triggered by hydrogen peroxide (MTT assay) in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Scopolamine, a muscarinic receptor blocker, is frequently used to induce cognitive impairment in laboratory animals. Injections of scopolamine influence multiple cognitive functions, including motor function, short-term memory, and attention. Using the Morris water maze, the Y maze, and the passive avoidance paradigm, memory enhancing activity in scopolamine-induced amnesic rats was evaluated. Using the Morris water maze, the Y maze, and the passive avoidance paradigm, ECSL was found to have a substantial effect on the memory of scopolamine- induced amnesic rats. Our experimental data indicated that ECSL can reverse scopolamine induced amnesia and assist with memory issues.
E-screen assay validation: evaluation of estrogenic activity by MCF7 cell cul...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Natural and synthetic estrogens have been detected in rivers, lakes and estuaries in many parts of the world. Primary sources of these compounds are domestic and industrial effluents, which are not deleted after the water treatment. Estrogen has been the endocrine disruptor most researched to be very active biologically and be the etiologic agent of diverse types of cancer and other conditions such as endometriosis, precocious puberty, feminization, masculinization, sterility. In this context, we use water of 36 natural reservoirs or dams, in a bioassay to characterize their estrogenicity in culture of MCF7 cells and obtained high concentration of estrogen in samples taken in Ibiúna and Equestrian Santo Amaro / SP. However, certain concentration in our samples for most water samples from different regions was very close to the limit of quantification by bioassay and estrogen was in fmol. It has been shown that e-screen assay with MCF7 cells is a sensitive and stable tool for quantitative analysis of estrogenicity of water and can easily be developed and implemented for routine for estrogen quantification also in animal food and man, aqueous and plastics etc. Keywords— endocrine disrupters, estrogen, breast cancer cells, (MCF7) bioassay: E-screen assay
Food based phytochemical luteolin their derivatives, sources and medicinal be...Skyfox Publishing Group
Luteolin is a type of flavonoid and a 38, 48, 5, 7-tetra hydroxyl flavone with a yellow crystalline appearance. Luteolin is
widely present in different plant families such as, Lamiacea, Arecaceae, Brassicaceae, Campanulaceae, Asteraceae, Resedaceae and
Scrophulariaceae. Luteolin mostly found in edible plants and most important food based phytochemical. Dietary sources of luteolin such
as, celery, peppers, carrots, peppermint, olive oil, thyme, oregano and rosemary, etc. On the base of luteolin content among other sources
oregano is the better source with 1028.75mg/100g contents. Flavonoids are important component of plants, and widely used in
traditional medicine to cure the different type of diseases. Luteolin has different health benefits such as, anti-inflammatory, sun
protectant, anti-oxidant, improve heart function, neurological impairments, anti-cancer and many more. Luteolin has many possible
mechanisms involved in different biological activities such as, stabilization of p53, modulation of ROS levels, and reduction of NF-
kappaB, reduction of AP-1 activity and inhibition of PI3K.
Suillus species, in general, are edible mushrooms, and environmentally important that are associated
mostly with pine trees in the tropics regions. These fungi considered a remarkable source of phenolic
compounds that play a crucial role as antioxidants which may reduce the risk of most human chronic
diseases such as cancer, diabetes, asthma, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer, and others. On the other hand,
carotenoids (β carotene) are the most popular natural pigments which play an important role to protect
the plants from photo-oxidative reactions. In human, these compounds prevent oxidative stress and
expects to have antimicrobial activity. Here, the phenolic compounds were extracted with Ethyl acetate
from fruiting bodies of Suillus sp and analyzed by HPLC, the antioxidant activity (reducing power%) of
phenolic compounds was determined at the concentrations of 1, 2.5, and 5 mg/mL. Antimicrobial activity
of β carotene pigment was measured at a concentration of 100 mg/mL against some human pathogenic
bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Staphylococcus
aureus. The specific DNA region ITS was amplified and sequenced using ITS1 and ITS4 primers with
some bioinformatics analyses. The phenolic extract isolated from fruiting bodies of Suillus sp showed a
remarkable antioxidant activity by increasing the reducing power percent (from F+3 ions to F+2 ions)
comparing with the industrial antioxidant (Propyl gallate) at all used concentrations. Percent of reducing
power of phenolic compounds were 75.5, 84.9 and 95.7% at concentrations of 1, 2.5, and 5 mg/mL
respectively; comparing with PG were 65.9, 81.3, and 93.3 at 1, 2.5, and 5 mg/mL respectively. The β
carotene pigment revealed a significant antimicrobial activity at a concentration of 100 mg/mL against K.
pneumonia, E. coli, and S. aureus. The highest bacterial growth inhibition was against K. pneumonia (40
mm), followed by E. coli (36 mm) and S. aureus (31 mm), while no effect showed against P. aeruginosa.
Our outcomes revealed that the phenolic bioactive compounds can be used as a natural antioxidant
instead of the industrial antioxidants, and also a β carotene pigment could be applied as a promising
natural compound rather than using the antibiotics and other manufactured compounds to inhibit
bacteria activity.
Ijb vol-16-no-1-Recovery of acetyl cholinesterase inhibition by Methanolic Ba...Innspub Net
Organophosphates (OPs) pesticides are reported to cause acute poisoning because of their ability to inhibit acetyl cholinesterase enzyme (AChE). Available antidotes drugs are atropine sulfur, Pralidoxime (2-pyridine aldoxime methyl chloride) and diazepam, which act to recover OP-AChE inhibition. These are controlled drugs not easily accessed and very expensive. In this present study Acacia nilotica was assessed for its antioxidant activity, and in vivo AChE depression and recovery from OP-AChE inhibition. The mice were exposed in three different OPs including chlorpyrifos 480g/l (CPF), Fenitrothion 10g/l (FNT) and Profenophos 720g/l (PFP). The methanolic bark extract of A. nilotica had a substantial increase of absorbance readings from 2.895±0.0032 to 3.716±0.0259 compared to standard (ascorbic acid) from 0.108±0.0033 to 1.468±0.0297 at P<0.05. AChE depression and recovery were assessed by using the AChE test mate kit to analyze blood collected from the mice’s tail. Recovery effect under crude methanolic extract from A. nilotica, ascorbic acid and normal feeding were compared with the untreated group. Results have shown that there is a significant decrease of AChE level from Day zero to 14th day in all treated groups of CPF, PFP and FNT which indicate poisoning. Significance of AChE recovery observed only in male mice in all treatment groups. This is a first study to assess and report the antioxidant activity of stem bark methanolic extracts of A. nilotica in controlling organophosphate pesticide toxicity in mice, hence further studies on isolation of active compounds are recommended.
1. Lab. of Vet. Anat.
Preventive effects of natural supplements
against embryotoxicity induced by
alcohol and nicotine
Sang-Yoon Nam, DVM, PhD
(synam@cbu.ac.kr)
Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy,
College of Veterinary Medicine,
CHUNGBUK NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
2. 제목서식
텍스트 서식
Lab. of Vet. Anat.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is characterized by pre- and postnatal growth retardation,
neuronal damage, a specific pattern of craniofacial abnormalities, and limb and cardiac defects
(Jones and Smith, 1973).
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
(http://www.faslink.org/fasmain.htm)
The insult on the brain by ethanol affects intelligence, cognitive function, and behavior (Abel,
1990).
In the United States and Europe, the FAS prevalence rate is estimated to be between 0.2-2 in
every 1000 live births (Vaux and Keith, 2012).
3. 제목서식
텍스트 서식
Lab. of Vet. Anat.
Ethanol-induced toxic mechanism
Maternal alcohol consumption induces an excess production of ROS in fetal tissues which is
responsible for some toxic responses to alcohol (Cohen-Kerem and Koren , 2003; Lee et al 2005).
Therefore, antioxidants may significantly improve adverse developmental
outcomes and diminish the incidence and severity of major malformations that
result from ethanol exposure in utero.
4. 제목서식
텍스트 서식
Lab. of Vet. Anat.
Effects on pregnancy and fetus by smoking
자연유산, 조산, 전치태반, 태반
조기박리, 신생아사망, 구순열,
구개열, 저체중아, 정신장애
수정능력 저하, 유산,
조기폐경, 골다공증,
암발생 및 심혈관계
질환 증가 등
A single cigarette smoking provides about 1 mg of nicotine for
human and produces a peak increment of plasma nicotine
concentration of 5–30 ng/ml within minutes (Benowitz, 1988).
Nicotine readily gains access to fetal compartment via the
placenta, with fetal concentrations generally 15% higher than
maternal levels (Lambers and Clark, 1996).
5. 제목서식
텍스트 서식
Lab. of Vet. Anat.
Nicotine toxic mechanisms
To reduce embryotoxicity caused by cigarette smoking during pregnancy, exogenous
antioxidants that counteract the damaging effects of cigarette smoke have received
increasing attention (Eiserich et al., 1995).
Nicotine induces excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that perturbs the
oxidant/antioxidant balance, and leads to the development of embryonic and fetal oxidative
stress during pregnancy (Zhao and Reece, 2005; Bruin et al., 2008).
6. 제목서식
텍스트 서식
Lab. of Vet. Anat.
Objectives
To search the preventive natural supplements against
embryotoxicities induced by alcohol and nicotine and
demonstrate their regulatory mechanisms using a
whole embryo culture system
7. 제목서식
텍스트 서식
Lab. of Vet. Anat.
Whole Embryo Culture System
Ed 8.5
(Ikemoto Rika Kogyo, Japan)
1) 5% O2, 5% CO2, 90% N2: 17 hrs
2) 20% O2, 5% CO2, 75% N2: 7 hrs
3) 40% O2, 5% CO2, 55% N2: 24 hrs
Ed 10.5 : 3.75 mg/embryo
Rat serum
Organogenesis is the stage of development during which the embryo is most sensitive to environmental
insults (Lambers and Clark, 1996).
8. 제목서식
텍스트 서식
Lab. of Vet. Anat.
Morphological Scoring: Van Maele-Fabry et al (1990)
17 standard scoring items (differentiation) along with the yolk sac diameter, crown-
rump length, and head length (growth).
Yolk sac circulation
Crown-rump length (mm)
Flexion
Midbrain
10. 제목서식
텍스트 서식
Lab. of Vet. Anat.
Capsaicin prevents ethanol-induced teratogenicity in cultured mouse whole
embryos (Reprod Toxicol. 2008;26(3-4):292-7.)
Capsaicin
1×10−8 or 1×10−7 μg/ml/embryo
= 0.16 or 1.6 μg/ 60 kg BW
Cap 1×10−8 μg/mlEthanol 1ul/ml
Cap 1×10−8 μg/ml E+Cap 1×10−8 or 1×10−7 μg/ml
Normal
The major pungent ingredient found in hot peppers of the plant genus Capsicum.
The capsaicin content in peppers ranges from 0.1 to 2.5 mg/g (Parrish, 1996).
Alcohol
1 μl/ml = 0.1%
면허취소/6개월이하 징역/
300만원이하 벌금
11. 제목서식
텍스트 서식
Lab. of Vet. Anat.
Capsaicin prevents ethanol-induced teratogenicity in cultured mouse whole
embryos (Reprod Toxicol. 2008;26(3-4):292-7)
SOD activity GPx1
GPx4
12. 제목서식
텍스트 서식
Lab. of Vet. Anat.
Black ginseng(BG)
1, 10 and 100 μg/ml/embryo
= 16, 160, 1600 g/ 60kg BW
Ethanol 1 μl/ml
E+ BG (1, 10 and 100 μg/ml)
Normal
Black ginseng inhibits ethanol-induced teratogenesis in cultured mouse embryos
through its effects on antioxidant activity (Toxicol In Vitro. 2009 ;23(1):47-52.)
Black ginseng is produced from red ginseng by 9 cycles of steam treatment, at which point it
becomes black in color (Lee et al., 2006).
During the steaming process, the ratio of major bioactive components, including ginsenosides,
saponin, phenolics, and proteins, is altered as newly produced components (Kim et al., 2007).
13. 제목서식
텍스트 서식
Lab. of Vet. Anat.
Black ginseng inhibits ethanol-induced teratogenesis in cultured mouse embryos
through its effects on antioxidant activity (Toxicol In Vitro. 2009 ;23(1):47-52)
GPx1 Selenoprotein p
GPx4
14. 제목서식
텍스트 서식
Lab. of Vet. Anat.
Ethanol 5 μl/3 ml
GIN 10−8 & 10−7 μg/ml
Protective Effect of [6]-Gingerol on the Ethanol-induced Teratogenesis of Cultured
Mouse Embryos (Arch Pharm Res. 2012;35(1):171-8)
[6]-Gingerol (GIN)
1 ×10−8 or 1 × 10−7 μg/ml
= 0.16 or 1.6 μg/ 60 kg BW
Normal
Ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale), commonly known as ginger, is consumed worldwide as a spice
and a flavoring agent which contains pungent phenolic substances and aromatic ketones known as [6]-
gingerols (Kim et al., 2005).
15. 제목서식
텍스트 서식
Lab. of Vet. Anat.
Protective Effect of [6]-Gingerol on the Ethanol-induced Teratogenesis of Cultured
Mouse Embryos (Arch Pharm Res. 2012;35(1):171-8)
GPx1
SOD2
SOD1
SOD activity
16. 제목서식
텍스트 서식
Lab. of Vet. Anat.
Normal Ethanol(E) E+Emo 10−5 , 10−4 μg/ml
Emodin Prevents Ethanol-Induced Developmental Anomalies in Cultured Mouse
Fetus through Multiple Activities (Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol. 2013;98(3):268-75)
Emodin
1 × 10−5 or 1 × 10−4 μg/ml
= 0.16 or 1.6 mg/ 60 kg BW
A naturally occurring anthraquinone that is found in many herbs and vegetables, such as aloe,
cabbage, lettuce, beans, and peas (Singh and Trigun, 2011).
17. 제목서식
텍스트 서식
Lab. of Vet. Anat.
Emodin Prevents Ethanol-Induced Developmental Anomalies in Cultured Mouse
Fetus through Multiple Activities (Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol. 2013;98(3):268-75)
HIF-1a
TNFa Caspase 3
SOD activity
SOD1
GPx1
SOD2
18. 제목서식
텍스트 서식
Lab. of Vet. Anat.
Natural products
Alcohol-induced
teratogenesis
Antioxidative effects
Conclusion (I)
Natural products (capsaicin, [6]-gingerol , black ginseng, and emodin)
play an important role in the protection of ethanol-induced
teratogenesis in mouse embryo through their antioxidative activities.
Capsaicin
Black ginseng
[6]-Gingerol
Emodin
19. 제목서식
텍스트 서식
Lab. of Vet. Anat.
Resveratrol prevents nicotine-induced teratogenesis in cultured mouse
embryos (Reprod Toxicol. 2012; 34(3):340-6)
Resveratrol
1×10−8 (C) & 1×10−7 (D) µM/ embryo
= 36.8 & 368 ng/ 60 kg BW
Nicotine + Resveratrol
1mM Nicotine
C1 D1 D2C2
Normal
A member of the phytoalexin family found in a wide diversity of plants including grapes,
raspberries, mulberries, pistachios, and peanuts (Soleas et al 2001).
Fresh grape skin contains about 50–100 mg of resveratrol per gram (Jeandet et al, 1991).
1mM Nicotine
(162.23 µg/ml )
= 0.16 cigarette
20. 제목서식
텍스트 서식
Lab. of Vet. Anat.
Resveratrol prevents nicotine-induced teratogenesis in cultured mouse
embryos (Reprod Toxicol. 2012; 34(3):340-6.)
HIF-1a
Hypoxia inducible factor-1a mRNA
expression levels
SOD1 SOD2
GPx1 GPx4
Gene expression levels of antioxidant enzymes
Lipid peroxidation levels
MDA
Antioxidative enzyme (SOD)
activity levels
SOD activity
Gene expression levels of apoptosis related factors
Bcl-𝑥𝐿
Caspase 3
21. 제목서식
텍스트 서식
Lab. of Vet. Anat.
1mM Nicotine
Morphological scoring (growth and differentiation) in cultured mouse embryos
Antiteratogenic effects of 𝛽-Carotene in cultured mouse embryos
exposed to nicotine (Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:575287)
𝛽-Carotene
1ⅹ10-7 (C) & 5ⅹ10-7 (D) µM = 0.88 & 4.4 mg/ 60 kg BW
Normal
Nicotine + 𝛽-Carotene
The provitamin A carotenoid 𝛽-carotene is not only an essential source of
vitaminA, but also shows antioxidative and antiinflammatory activities in
various tissues (Bai et al., 2005).
22. 제목서식
텍스트 서식
Lab. of Vet. Anat.
Lipid peroxidation levels
MDA
Antioxidative enzyme (SOD)
activity levels
SOD activity
Gene expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines
TNF-𝛼 IL-1𝛽
normal control
1mM nicotine
N+𝛽-car 1×10−7
Apoptotic embryos images by Nile
blue staining
N+𝛽-car 5×10−7
Antiteratogenic effects of 𝛽-Carotene in cultured mouse embryos
exposed to nicotine (Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:575287)
Gene expression levels of antioxidant enzymes
SOD1 SOD2
GPx1 GPx4
Gene expression levels of apoptosis related factors
Bcl-𝑥𝐿 Caspase 3
23. 제목서식
텍스트 서식
Lab. of Vet. Anat.
4-O-methylhonokiol inhibits serious embryo anomalies caused by nicotine via modulations of
oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation (Birth Defects Res B. 2014 (in press)
Magnolia officinalis(후박나무)
4-O-methylhonokiol
1х 10-4 (C) & 1х 10-3 (D) µM/ embryo = 4.4 & 44 mg/ 60 kg BW
1mM Nicotine
Nicotine + 4-O-methylhonokiol
Normal
Active components isolated from Magnolia officinalis.
4-O-methylhonokiol exhibits various biological activities including anticancer
effects, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant actions (Kong et al., 2008).
24. 제목서식
텍스트 서식
Lab. of Vet. Anat.
Lipid peroxidation levels
MDA
SOD activity
SOD1
GPx1 GPx4
Gene expression levels of antioxidant enzymes
HIF-1a
Hypoxia inducible factor-1a
mRNA expression levels
Gene expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines
TNF-𝛼
IL-1𝛽
Gene expression levels of apoptosis related factors
Bcl-𝑥𝐿 Caspase 3
4-O-methylhonokiol inhibits serious embryo anomalies caused by nicotine via modulations of
oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation (Birth Defects Res B. 2014 (in press)
25. 제목서식
텍스트 서식
Lab. of Vet. Anat.
Natural products
4-O-methylhonokiol
b-carotene
Resveratrol
Nicotine-induced
teratogenesis
anti-apoptotic,
anti-inflammatory,
anti-oxidative effects
Conclusion (II)
Natural products (resveratrol, β-carotene, and 4-O-
methylhonokiol) play an important role in the protection of
nicotine-induced teratogenesis in mouse embryo through anti-
apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidative effects.