In the present study, the influence of biofield treatment on physical and thermal properties of Casein Enzyme Hydrolysate (CEH) and Casein Yeast Peptone (CYP) were investigated. The control and treated samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), particle size and surface area analysis. The FTIR results revealed that biofield treatment has caused reduction of amide group (amide-I and amide-II) stretching vibration peak that is associated with strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding in treated CEH as compared to control. However, no significant changes were observed in FTIR spectrum of treated CYP. The TGA analysis of treated CEH showed a substantial improvement in thermal stability which was confirmed by increase in maximum thermal decomposition temperature (217°C) as compared to control (209°C). Similarly, the treated CYP also showed enhanced thermal stability as compared to control. DSC showed increase in melting temperature of treated CYP as compared to control. However the melting peak was absent in DSC of treated CEH which was probably due to rigid chain of the protein. The surface area of treated CEH was increased by 83% as compared to control. However, a decrease (7.3%) in surface area was observed in treated CYP. The particle size analysis of treated CEH showed a significant increase in average particle size (d50) and d99 value (maximum particle size below which 99% of particles are present) as compared to control sample. Similarly, the treated CYP also showed a substantial increase in d50 and d99 values which was probably due to the agglomeration of the particles which led to formation of bigger microparticles. The result showed that the biofield treated CEH and CYP could be used as a matrix for pharmaceutical applications.
Research by Mahendra Kumar Trivedi - Evaluation of the Impact of Biofield Tre...Abby Keif
http://works.bepress.com/mahendra_trivedi/54/ - Research on Trivedi Effect - In the present study, the influence of biofield treatment on physical and thermal properties of Casein Enzyme Hydrolysate (CEH) and Casein Yeast Peptone (CYP) were investigated. The control and treated samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), particle size and surface area analysis.
Research by Mahendra Kumar Trivedi - Evaluation of the Impact of Biofield Tre...john henrry
Research on Trivedi Effect - In the present study, the influence of biofield treatment on physical and thermal properties of Casein Enzyme Hydrolysate (CEH) and Casein Yeast Peptone (CYP) were investigated. The control and treated samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), particle size and surface area analysis.to read more visit http://www.academicroom.com/article/evaluation-impact-biofield-treatment-physical-and-thermal-properties-casein-enzyme-hydrolysate-and-casein-yeas-t-peptone
Bio-field Treatment: An Effective Strategy to Improve the Quality of Beef Ext...Mahendra Kumar Trivedi
The present research work investigated the influence of bio-field treatment on two common flavoring agents used in food industries namely beef extract powder (BEP) and meat infusion powder (MIP)
An Effective Strategy to Improve the Quality of Beef Extract and Meat Infusio...rachelsalk
The present research work investigated the influence of bio-field treatment on two common flavoring agents used in food industries namely beef extract powder (BEP) and meat infusion powder (MIP). The treated powders were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size analysis, surface area analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The FT-IR results showed disappearance of triglycerides peaks in both the treated powders as compared to control. XRD results corroborated the amorphous nature of both control and treated samples. The BEP showed enhanced average particle size (d50) and d99 (size exhibited by 99% of powder particles) by 5.7% and 16.1%, respectively as compared to control. Contrarily, the MIP showed a decreased particle size (d50;0.4% and d99; 18.1%) as compared to control.It was assumed that enormous energy was stored in MIP after bio-field treatment that led to fracture into smaller particles. The surface area was increased in both the treated powders. DSC result showed significant increase in melting temperature, in BEP and MIP, which indicated the higher thermal stability of the samples. However, the specific heat capacity (∆H) was decreased in both samples, which was probably due to high energy state of the powders.
Physical and Structural Characterization of Biofield Treated Imidazole Deriva...albertdivis
The Aim of present study was to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on two imidazole derivatives (i.e., imidazole and 2-methylimidazole) by various analytical methods.
Thermal and Physical Properties of Biofield Treated Bile Salt and Proteose Pe...Mahendra Kumar Trivedi
Bile salt (BS) and proteose peptone (PP) are important biomacromolecules being produced inside the human body. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of biofield treatment on physicochemical properties of BS and PP. The study was performed in two groups (control and treated). The control group remained as untreated, and biofield treatment was given to treated group. The control and treated BS and PP samples were characterized by particle size analyzer (PSA), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). PSA results showed increase in particle size (d50 and d99) of both treated BS and PP as compared to control. Surface area analysis showed minimal decrease by 1.59%, in surface area of treated BS as compared to control. However, the treated PP showed increase (8%) in surface area as compared to control. DSC characterization showed increase in melting temperature of treated BS as compared to control. Whereas, DSC thermogram of treated PP showed decrease in melting temperature with respect to control. Moreover, the DSC of control and treated PP showed presence of exothermic peaks which were possibly due to protein aggregation. The treated PP showed higher exothermic transition temperature as compared to control. XRD analysis revealed slight reduction in crystalline nature of BS as compared to control. On the other hand, XRD data of control and treated PP showed an amorphous nature. TGA analysis of treated BS showed maximum thermaldecomposition temperature at 22°C which was higher as compared to control sample (106°C). This could be due to biofield treatment which may enhance the thermal stability of treated BS with respect to control. However, the TGA thermogram of treated PP showed decrease in maximum thermal stability as compared to control. The overall results showed that biofield treatment has significantly altered the physical and thermal properties of BS and PP.
Research by Mahendra Kumar Trivedi - Evaluation of the Impact of Biofield Tre...Abby Keif
http://works.bepress.com/mahendra_trivedi/54/ - Research on Trivedi Effect - In the present study, the influence of biofield treatment on physical and thermal properties of Casein Enzyme Hydrolysate (CEH) and Casein Yeast Peptone (CYP) were investigated. The control and treated samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), particle size and surface area analysis.
Research by Mahendra Kumar Trivedi - Evaluation of the Impact of Biofield Tre...john henrry
Research on Trivedi Effect - In the present study, the influence of biofield treatment on physical and thermal properties of Casein Enzyme Hydrolysate (CEH) and Casein Yeast Peptone (CYP) were investigated. The control and treated samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), particle size and surface area analysis.to read more visit http://www.academicroom.com/article/evaluation-impact-biofield-treatment-physical-and-thermal-properties-casein-enzyme-hydrolysate-and-casein-yeas-t-peptone
Bio-field Treatment: An Effective Strategy to Improve the Quality of Beef Ext...Mahendra Kumar Trivedi
The present research work investigated the influence of bio-field treatment on two common flavoring agents used in food industries namely beef extract powder (BEP) and meat infusion powder (MIP)
An Effective Strategy to Improve the Quality of Beef Extract and Meat Infusio...rachelsalk
The present research work investigated the influence of bio-field treatment on two common flavoring agents used in food industries namely beef extract powder (BEP) and meat infusion powder (MIP). The treated powders were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size analysis, surface area analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The FT-IR results showed disappearance of triglycerides peaks in both the treated powders as compared to control. XRD results corroborated the amorphous nature of both control and treated samples. The BEP showed enhanced average particle size (d50) and d99 (size exhibited by 99% of powder particles) by 5.7% and 16.1%, respectively as compared to control. Contrarily, the MIP showed a decreased particle size (d50;0.4% and d99; 18.1%) as compared to control.It was assumed that enormous energy was stored in MIP after bio-field treatment that led to fracture into smaller particles. The surface area was increased in both the treated powders. DSC result showed significant increase in melting temperature, in BEP and MIP, which indicated the higher thermal stability of the samples. However, the specific heat capacity (∆H) was decreased in both samples, which was probably due to high energy state of the powders.
Physical and Structural Characterization of Biofield Treated Imidazole Deriva...albertdivis
The Aim of present study was to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on two imidazole derivatives (i.e., imidazole and 2-methylimidazole) by various analytical methods.
Thermal and Physical Properties of Biofield Treated Bile Salt and Proteose Pe...Mahendra Kumar Trivedi
Bile salt (BS) and proteose peptone (PP) are important biomacromolecules being produced inside the human body. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of biofield treatment on physicochemical properties of BS and PP. The study was performed in two groups (control and treated). The control group remained as untreated, and biofield treatment was given to treated group. The control and treated BS and PP samples were characterized by particle size analyzer (PSA), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). PSA results showed increase in particle size (d50 and d99) of both treated BS and PP as compared to control. Surface area analysis showed minimal decrease by 1.59%, in surface area of treated BS as compared to control. However, the treated PP showed increase (8%) in surface area as compared to control. DSC characterization showed increase in melting temperature of treated BS as compared to control. Whereas, DSC thermogram of treated PP showed decrease in melting temperature with respect to control. Moreover, the DSC of control and treated PP showed presence of exothermic peaks which were possibly due to protein aggregation. The treated PP showed higher exothermic transition temperature as compared to control. XRD analysis revealed slight reduction in crystalline nature of BS as compared to control. On the other hand, XRD data of control and treated PP showed an amorphous nature. TGA analysis of treated BS showed maximum thermaldecomposition temperature at 22°C which was higher as compared to control sample (106°C). This could be due to biofield treatment which may enhance the thermal stability of treated BS with respect to control. However, the TGA thermogram of treated PP showed decrease in maximum thermal stability as compared to control. The overall results showed that biofield treatment has significantly altered the physical and thermal properties of BS and PP.
Thermal stability of two xylanases from Macrotermes subhyalinus little soldie...INNS PUBNET
The knowledge on thermal inactivation kinetics of enzymes is necessary to allow their adequate utilization as natural biopreservatives in the food industry and technology applications. In this work, the kinetics of thermal inactivation was studied for the previously purified and characterized xylanases Xyl1 and Xyl2 from Macrotermes subhyalinus little soldier. Samples of xylanases were treated at different time-temperature combinations in the range of 5-60 min at 50-65°C and the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters for xylanases were calculated. The inactivation kinetic follows a first-order reaction with k-values between 0.0192 ± 0.0002 to 0.0405 ± 0.0003 and 0.0119 ± 0.0005 to 0.0418 ± 0.0004 min-1 for Xyl1 and Xyl2, respectively. Activation energy (Ea) and Z-values were estimated to 48.08 ± 1.84 kJ mol-1 and 43.47 ± 3.02°C for Xyl1, 75.52 ± 3.52 kJ.mol-1 and 27.77 ± 1.87°C for Xyl2. The catalytic reactions of both xylanases are endothermic due to positive enthalpy. The high value obtained for the variation in enthalpy of activation indicates that a high amount of energy is required to initiate denaturation, probably due to the molecular conformation of xylanases. All results suggest that both xylanases are relatively resistant to long heat treatments up to 50°C.
Toxicological profile of Grewia bicolor root extractIOSRJPBS
In recent years, traditional system of medicine has become a topic of global importance. Many of the plant species that provide medicinal herbs have been scientifically evaluated for their possible medicinal, pharmacological and toxicological effects. A number of species of the genus Grewia have been used as medicinal herbs to treat several diseases in different parts of the globe. Grewia bicolor is the most famous medicinal plant among the genus Grewia. Despite the wide use of the plant in traditional medicine, so far no scientific evaluation was carried out on this plant for the preclinical toxicity profile. The present study was conducted to evaluate the safety of Grewia bicolor root extract. The plant extract proved that it is relatively safe through the acute and sub-acute studies.
Correction of the Secondary Immunodeficiency at Radiation Sickness with the H...IJSRP Journal
The influence of herbal remedies on immunological and hematological parameters in mice with radiation sickness was studied. It has been revealed that the supromed, pro-vision, biomyrin and biophthysetham correct the inhibited immune response to erythrocytes of the sheep under radiation exposure, and also the studied means promote the increase in the number of erythrocytes and leukocytes in the blood in mice with radiation sickness. Under the influence of biomyrin, the number of blood leukocytes increases by 1.25 times, providas by 1.33 times, supercedes by 1.42 times and biofetizoetham by 1.47 times.
Lack of association between CD45 C77G polymorphism and multiple sclerosis in ...ijtsrd
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a severe disabling and demyelinating disease of the nervous system. Its etiology involves profound genetic component. The latest contender known to have been correlated with MS is protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor-type C (PTPRC or CD45); however, to date its role remains contentious. The aim of the current study was to examine the association of functionally significant exon 4 C77G polymorphism of CD45 with MS in Kashmiri population from Indian subcontinent. The preliminary findings of our study revealed absence of C77G in majority of the cases as well as controls. These findings strongly suggest that the alterations in CD45 are sporadically associated with the genesis of MS. In conclusion, results from our study are in accordance with some of the international studies; however, more studies with large datasets from Kashmir as well as other ethnic populations are warranted to validate the above preliminary findings and demonstrate the role of CD45 C77G polymorphism in MS pathogenesis. Insha Zahoor | Amrina Shafi | Mudasir A Mir"Lack of association between CD45 C77G polymorphism and multiple sclerosis in Kashmir" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd5813.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/5813/lack-of-association-between-cd45-c77g-polymorphism-and--multiple-sclerosis-in-kashmir/insha-zahoor
Genipin cross-linked electrospun chitosan-based nanofibrous mat as tissue eng...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s):
To improve water stability of electrospun chitosan/ Polyethylene oxide (PEO) nanofibers, genipin, a biocompatible and nontoxic agent, was used to crosslink chitosan based nanofibers.
Materials and Methods:
Different amounts of genipin were added to the chitosan/PEO solutions, chitosan/PEO weight ratio 90/10 in 80 % acetic acid, and the solutions were then electrospun to form nanofibers. The spun nanofibers were exposed to water vapor to complete crosslinking. The nanofibrous membranes were subjected to detailed analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy, swelling test, MTT cytotoxicity, and cell attachment.
Results:
SEM images of electrospun mats showed that genipin-crosslinked nanofibers retained their fibrous structure after immerging in PBS (pH=7.4) for 24 hours, while the uncrosslinked samples lost their fibrous structure, indicating the water stability of genipin-crosslinked nanofibers. The genipin-crosslinked mats also showed no significant change in swelling ratio in comparison with uncrosslinked ones. FTIR-ATR spectrum of uncrosslinked and genipin-crosslinked chitosan nanofibers revealed the reaction between genipin and amino groups of chitosan. Cytotoxicity of genipin-crosslinked nanofibers was examined by MTT assay on human fibroblast cells in the presence of nanofibers extraction media. The genipin-crosslinked nanofibers did not show any toxic effects on fibroblast cells at the lowest and moderate amount of genipin. The fibroblast cells also showed a good adhesion on genipin-crosslinked nanofibers.
Conclusion:
This electrospun matrix would be used for biomedical applications such as wound dressing and scaffold for tissue engineering without the concern of toxicity.
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis cause severe disease of lungs known as Tuberculosis. It is a major cause
of morbidity and mortality even in the emerging countries also. However, to prepare an antibiotics drug against Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a major challenge
Structural and Physical Properties of Biofield Treated Thymol and MentholMahendra Kumar Trivedi
Thymol and menthol are naturally occurring plant derived compounds, which have excellent pharmaceutical and antimicrobial applications. The aim of this work was to evaluate the impact of biofield energy on physical and structural characteristics of thymol and menthol. The control and biofield treated compounds (thymol and menthol) were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). XRD study revealed increase in intensity of the XRD peaks of treated thymol, which was correlated to high crystallinity of the treated sample. The treated thymol showed significant increase in crystallite size by 50.01% as compared to control. However, the treated menthol did not show any significant change in crystallite size as compared to control. DSC of treated menthol showed minimal increase in melting temperature (45oC) as compared to control (44oC). The enthalpy (ĢH) of both the treated compounds (thymol and menthol) was decreased as compared to control samples which could be due the high energy state of the powders. TGA analysis showed that thermal stability of treated thymol was increased as compared to control; though no change in thermal stability was noticed in treated menthol. FT-IR spectrum of treated thymol showed increase in wave number of .OH stretching vibration peak (14 cm-1) as compared to control. Whereas, the FT-IR spectrum of treated menthol showed appearance of new stretching vibration peaks in the region of 3200-3600 cm-1 which may be attributed to the presence of hydrogen bonding in the sample as compared to control. Overall, the result showed that biofield treatment has substantially changed the structural and physical properties of thymol and menthol.
An Effective Strategy to Improve the Quality of Beef Extract and Meat Infusio...wilhelm mendel
The present research work investigated the influence of bio-field treatment on two common flavoring agents used in food industries namely beef extract powder (BEP) and meat infusion powder (MIP). The treated powders were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size analysis, surface area analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The FT-IR results showed disappearance of triglycerides peaks in both the treated powders as compared to control. XRD results corroborated the amorphous nature of both control and treated samples. The BEP showed enhanced average particle size (d50) and d99 (size exhibited by 99% of powder particles) by 5.7% and 16.1%, respectively as compared to control. Contrarily, the MIP showed a decreased particle size (d50;0.4% and d99; 18.1%) as compared to control.It was assumed that enormous energy was stored in MIP after bio-field treatment that led to fracture into smaller particles. The surface area was increased in both the treated powders. DSC result showed significant increase in melting temperature, in BEP and MIP, which indicated the higher thermal stability of the samples. However, the specific heat capacity (∆H) was decreased in both samples, which was probably due to high energy state of the powders.
Thermal and Physical Properties of Biofield Treated Bile Salt and Proteose Pe...albertdivis
Bile salt (BS) and proteose peptone (PP) are important biomacromolecules being produced inside the human body. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of biofield treatment on physicochemical properties of BS and PP.
Research by Mahendra Trivedi - Biofield Treatment: A Potential Strategy for M...Abby Keif
Research on Trivedi Effect - The objective of present research was to investigate the influence of biofield treatment on physical and thermal properties of indole. The study was performed in two groups (control and treated). The present study showed that biofield has substantially affected the physical and thermal nature of indole. Visit http://works.bepress.com/mahendra_trivedi/40/ for details.
Biofield Treatment: A Potential Strategy for Modification of Physical and The...albertdivis
Indole compounds are important class of therapeutic molecules, which have excellent pharmaceutical applications. The objective of present research was to investigate the influence of biofield treatment on physical and thermal properties of indole.
Structural and Physical Properties of Biofield Treated Thymol and Mentholalbertdivis
Thymol and menthol are naturally occurring plant derived compounds, which have excellent pharmaceutical and antimicrobial applications. The aim of this work was to evaluate the impact of biofield energy on physical and structural characteristics of thymol and menthol.
Thermal stability of two xylanases from Macrotermes subhyalinus little soldie...INNS PUBNET
The knowledge on thermal inactivation kinetics of enzymes is necessary to allow their adequate utilization as natural biopreservatives in the food industry and technology applications. In this work, the kinetics of thermal inactivation was studied for the previously purified and characterized xylanases Xyl1 and Xyl2 from Macrotermes subhyalinus little soldier. Samples of xylanases were treated at different time-temperature combinations in the range of 5-60 min at 50-65°C and the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters for xylanases were calculated. The inactivation kinetic follows a first-order reaction with k-values between 0.0192 ± 0.0002 to 0.0405 ± 0.0003 and 0.0119 ± 0.0005 to 0.0418 ± 0.0004 min-1 for Xyl1 and Xyl2, respectively. Activation energy (Ea) and Z-values were estimated to 48.08 ± 1.84 kJ mol-1 and 43.47 ± 3.02°C for Xyl1, 75.52 ± 3.52 kJ.mol-1 and 27.77 ± 1.87°C for Xyl2. The catalytic reactions of both xylanases are endothermic due to positive enthalpy. The high value obtained for the variation in enthalpy of activation indicates that a high amount of energy is required to initiate denaturation, probably due to the molecular conformation of xylanases. All results suggest that both xylanases are relatively resistant to long heat treatments up to 50°C.
Toxicological profile of Grewia bicolor root extractIOSRJPBS
In recent years, traditional system of medicine has become a topic of global importance. Many of the plant species that provide medicinal herbs have been scientifically evaluated for their possible medicinal, pharmacological and toxicological effects. A number of species of the genus Grewia have been used as medicinal herbs to treat several diseases in different parts of the globe. Grewia bicolor is the most famous medicinal plant among the genus Grewia. Despite the wide use of the plant in traditional medicine, so far no scientific evaluation was carried out on this plant for the preclinical toxicity profile. The present study was conducted to evaluate the safety of Grewia bicolor root extract. The plant extract proved that it is relatively safe through the acute and sub-acute studies.
Correction of the Secondary Immunodeficiency at Radiation Sickness with the H...IJSRP Journal
The influence of herbal remedies on immunological and hematological parameters in mice with radiation sickness was studied. It has been revealed that the supromed, pro-vision, biomyrin and biophthysetham correct the inhibited immune response to erythrocytes of the sheep under radiation exposure, and also the studied means promote the increase in the number of erythrocytes and leukocytes in the blood in mice with radiation sickness. Under the influence of biomyrin, the number of blood leukocytes increases by 1.25 times, providas by 1.33 times, supercedes by 1.42 times and biofetizoetham by 1.47 times.
Lack of association between CD45 C77G polymorphism and multiple sclerosis in ...ijtsrd
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a severe disabling and demyelinating disease of the nervous system. Its etiology involves profound genetic component. The latest contender known to have been correlated with MS is protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor-type C (PTPRC or CD45); however, to date its role remains contentious. The aim of the current study was to examine the association of functionally significant exon 4 C77G polymorphism of CD45 with MS in Kashmiri population from Indian subcontinent. The preliminary findings of our study revealed absence of C77G in majority of the cases as well as controls. These findings strongly suggest that the alterations in CD45 are sporadically associated with the genesis of MS. In conclusion, results from our study are in accordance with some of the international studies; however, more studies with large datasets from Kashmir as well as other ethnic populations are warranted to validate the above preliminary findings and demonstrate the role of CD45 C77G polymorphism in MS pathogenesis. Insha Zahoor | Amrina Shafi | Mudasir A Mir"Lack of association between CD45 C77G polymorphism and multiple sclerosis in Kashmir" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd5813.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/5813/lack-of-association-between-cd45-c77g-polymorphism-and--multiple-sclerosis-in-kashmir/insha-zahoor
Genipin cross-linked electrospun chitosan-based nanofibrous mat as tissue eng...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s):
To improve water stability of electrospun chitosan/ Polyethylene oxide (PEO) nanofibers, genipin, a biocompatible and nontoxic agent, was used to crosslink chitosan based nanofibers.
Materials and Methods:
Different amounts of genipin were added to the chitosan/PEO solutions, chitosan/PEO weight ratio 90/10 in 80 % acetic acid, and the solutions were then electrospun to form nanofibers. The spun nanofibers were exposed to water vapor to complete crosslinking. The nanofibrous membranes were subjected to detailed analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy, swelling test, MTT cytotoxicity, and cell attachment.
Results:
SEM images of electrospun mats showed that genipin-crosslinked nanofibers retained their fibrous structure after immerging in PBS (pH=7.4) for 24 hours, while the uncrosslinked samples lost their fibrous structure, indicating the water stability of genipin-crosslinked nanofibers. The genipin-crosslinked mats also showed no significant change in swelling ratio in comparison with uncrosslinked ones. FTIR-ATR spectrum of uncrosslinked and genipin-crosslinked chitosan nanofibers revealed the reaction between genipin and amino groups of chitosan. Cytotoxicity of genipin-crosslinked nanofibers was examined by MTT assay on human fibroblast cells in the presence of nanofibers extraction media. The genipin-crosslinked nanofibers did not show any toxic effects on fibroblast cells at the lowest and moderate amount of genipin. The fibroblast cells also showed a good adhesion on genipin-crosslinked nanofibers.
Conclusion:
This electrospun matrix would be used for biomedical applications such as wound dressing and scaffold for tissue engineering without the concern of toxicity.
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis cause severe disease of lungs known as Tuberculosis. It is a major cause
of morbidity and mortality even in the emerging countries also. However, to prepare an antibiotics drug against Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a major challenge
Structural and Physical Properties of Biofield Treated Thymol and MentholMahendra Kumar Trivedi
Thymol and menthol are naturally occurring plant derived compounds, which have excellent pharmaceutical and antimicrobial applications. The aim of this work was to evaluate the impact of biofield energy on physical and structural characteristics of thymol and menthol. The control and biofield treated compounds (thymol and menthol) were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). XRD study revealed increase in intensity of the XRD peaks of treated thymol, which was correlated to high crystallinity of the treated sample. The treated thymol showed significant increase in crystallite size by 50.01% as compared to control. However, the treated menthol did not show any significant change in crystallite size as compared to control. DSC of treated menthol showed minimal increase in melting temperature (45oC) as compared to control (44oC). The enthalpy (ĢH) of both the treated compounds (thymol and menthol) was decreased as compared to control samples which could be due the high energy state of the powders. TGA analysis showed that thermal stability of treated thymol was increased as compared to control; though no change in thermal stability was noticed in treated menthol. FT-IR spectrum of treated thymol showed increase in wave number of .OH stretching vibration peak (14 cm-1) as compared to control. Whereas, the FT-IR spectrum of treated menthol showed appearance of new stretching vibration peaks in the region of 3200-3600 cm-1 which may be attributed to the presence of hydrogen bonding in the sample as compared to control. Overall, the result showed that biofield treatment has substantially changed the structural and physical properties of thymol and menthol.
An Effective Strategy to Improve the Quality of Beef Extract and Meat Infusio...wilhelm mendel
The present research work investigated the influence of bio-field treatment on two common flavoring agents used in food industries namely beef extract powder (BEP) and meat infusion powder (MIP). The treated powders were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size analysis, surface area analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The FT-IR results showed disappearance of triglycerides peaks in both the treated powders as compared to control. XRD results corroborated the amorphous nature of both control and treated samples. The BEP showed enhanced average particle size (d50) and d99 (size exhibited by 99% of powder particles) by 5.7% and 16.1%, respectively as compared to control. Contrarily, the MIP showed a decreased particle size (d50;0.4% and d99; 18.1%) as compared to control.It was assumed that enormous energy was stored in MIP after bio-field treatment that led to fracture into smaller particles. The surface area was increased in both the treated powders. DSC result showed significant increase in melting temperature, in BEP and MIP, which indicated the higher thermal stability of the samples. However, the specific heat capacity (∆H) was decreased in both samples, which was probably due to high energy state of the powders.
Thermal and Physical Properties of Biofield Treated Bile Salt and Proteose Pe...albertdivis
Bile salt (BS) and proteose peptone (PP) are important biomacromolecules being produced inside the human body. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of biofield treatment on physicochemical properties of BS and PP.
Research by Mahendra Trivedi - Biofield Treatment: A Potential Strategy for M...Abby Keif
Research on Trivedi Effect - The objective of present research was to investigate the influence of biofield treatment on physical and thermal properties of indole. The study was performed in two groups (control and treated). The present study showed that biofield has substantially affected the physical and thermal nature of indole. Visit http://works.bepress.com/mahendra_trivedi/40/ for details.
Biofield Treatment: A Potential Strategy for Modification of Physical and The...albertdivis
Indole compounds are important class of therapeutic molecules, which have excellent pharmaceutical applications. The objective of present research was to investigate the influence of biofield treatment on physical and thermal properties of indole.
Structural and Physical Properties of Biofield Treated Thymol and Mentholalbertdivis
Thymol and menthol are naturally occurring plant derived compounds, which have excellent pharmaceutical and antimicrobial applications. The aim of this work was to evaluate the impact of biofield energy on physical and structural characteristics of thymol and menthol.
Physicochemical and Spectroscopic Characterization of Biofield Energy Treated...rachelsalk
The p-anisidine is widely used as chemical intermediate in the production of various dyes, pigments, and pharmaceuticals. This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of biofield energy treatment on the physicochemical and spectroscopic properties of p-anisidine. The study was performed after dividing the sample in two groups; one was remained as untreated and another was subjected to Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment. Afterward, both the control and treated samples of p-anisidine were evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), surface area analyzer, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis-derivative thermogravimetry (TGA-DTG), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. The XRD analysis showed the increase in unit cell volume from 683.81 → 690.18 × 10-24 cm3 and crystallite size from 83.84→84.62 nm in the treated sample with respect to the control. The surface area analysis exhibited the significant increase (25.44%) in the surface area of treated sample as compared to control. The DSC thermogram of control p-anisidine showed the latent heat of fusion and melting temperature and 146.78 J/g and 59.41°C, respectively, which were slightly increased to 148.89 J/g and 59.49°C, respectively after biofield treatment. The TGA analysis showed the onset temperature of thermal degradation at 134.68°C in the control sample that was increased to 150.02°C after biofield treatment. The result showed about 11.39% increase in onset temperature of thermal degradation of treated p-anisidine as compared to the control. Moreover, the Tmax (temperature at which maximum thermal degradation occurs) was also increased slightly from 165.99°C (control) to 168.10°C (treated). This indicated the high thermal stability of treated p-anisidine as compared to the control. However, the FT-IR and UV spectroscopic studies did not show any significant changes in the spectral properties of treated p-anisidine with respect to the control.
Physicochemical and Spectroscopic Characterization of Biofield Energy Treated...wilhelm mendel
The p-anisidine is widely used as chemical intermediate in the production of various dyes, pigments, and pharmaceuticals. This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of biofield energy treatment on the physicochemical and spectroscopic properties of p-anisidine. The study was performed after dividing the sample in two groups; one was remained as untreated and another was subjected to Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment. Afterward, both the control and treated samples of p-anisidine were evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), surface area analyzer, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis-derivative thermogravimetry (TGA-DTG), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. The XRD analysis showed the increase in unit cell volume from 683.81 → 690.18 × 10-24 cm3 and crystallite size from 83.84→84.62 nm in the treated sample with respect to the control. The surface area analysis exhibited the significant increase (25.44%) in the surface area of treated sample as compared to control. The DSC thermogram of control p-anisidine showed the latent heat of fusion and melting temperature and 146.78 J/g and 59.41°C, respectively, which were slightly increased to 148.89 J/g and 59.49°C, respectively after biofield treatment. The TGA analysis showed the onset temperature of thermal degradation at 134.68°C in the control sample that was increased to 150.02°C after biofield treatment. The result showed about 11.39% increase in onset temperature of thermal degradation of treated p-anisidine as compared to the control. Moreover, the Tmax (temperature at which maximum thermal degradation occurs) was also increased slightly from 165.99°C (control) to 168.10°C (treated). This indicated the high thermal stability of treated p-anisidine as compared to the control. However, the FT-IR and UV spectroscopic studies did not show any significant changes in the spectral properties of treated p-anisidine with respect to the control.
Biofield Treatment Impact on 1,2,4-Triazoledeeptimishra10
The biofield treatment has improved the growth and production of agriculture crops and significantly altered the phenotypic characteristics of various pathogenic microbes. Additionally, biofield treatment has substantially altered the medicinal, growth and anatomical properties of ashwagandha.
Characterization of Physical, Spectral and Thermal Properties of Biofield Tre...albertdivis
The objective of the present research was to investigate the influence of biofield treatment on physical, spectral and thermal properties of 1,2,4-triazole.
Phytochemical Profile and in vitro and in vivo Anticonvulsant and Antioxidant...Self-employed researcher
This study presents the phytochemical profile and in vitro and in
vivo anticonvulsant and antioxidant activities of Epilobium hirsutum, which
has been traditionally used in the treatment of epilepsy by local people of
Turkey. In vitro studies revealed that the extract contained a pronounced
amount of phenolics (206.3±0.9 mg Gallic acid Eq/g extract) and exhibited
significant levels of antioxidant (FRAP; 6226 µmol Fe2+/g extract, ORAC;
6593 µmol Trolox Eq/g extract, DPPH; IC50:33.8 ug/mL and metal chelation;
IC50:114 ug/mL) and anticonvulsant (AChE; IC50:71.2 ug/mL, BChE; IC50:92.5
ug/mL, GABA-T; IC50:94.7 ug/mL) activities. In vivo studies shown that the
the extract exhibited high anticonvulsant activities. In addition, the extracts
regulated the behavior, locomotion, and mental activities of the mice tested.
Biochemical evaluation of the brain tissue revealed that the extract inhibited
the production of MDA and stimulated the increase of antioxidant enzyme
levels, which suggest the possible antioxidative role of the extract that worked
as neuroprotective agents by scarfing the free radicals produced through PTZ
seizure inducer and attenuate convulsions. Moreover the extract regulated
serum biochemical parameters, total antioxidants, total oxidant, and ischemia modified albumin levels. Chromatographic studies were revealed that gallic
acid principally might be the major contributor of anticonvulsant and
antioxidant activities with the additive contributions of fatty acids and mineral
compounds. Findings obtained from this study partially justified the traditional
use of Epilobium hirsutum in the treatment of epilepsy and suggest potential
use of the extract as an industrial or pharmaceutical agent.
This is a lecture by Dr. Jerry McLaughlin about his research into extracts of pawpaw plants, annonaceous acetogenins, in vitro, in vivo, mechanism of action, and toxicity in mice.
Background: Dennentia tripetalla (Pepper Fruit) belongs to the Annonaceae family and is abundant in Nigeria. Its
fruit in folklore medicine is used for treatment of varying ailments. While ample research evidence exists on the
plants fruit and seed, no current study exists on the toxicological profile of the plant leaves.
Methods: qualitative and quantitative phytochemicals and In vitro antioxidant assays were carried out using
standard methods. The acute toxicity study indicates that the LD50 was higher than 2000 mg/Kg body weight. Subchronic
toxicity studies was carried out using five groups of rats. Group 1 served as control, 2–5 received 100 mg/
Kg, 200 mg/Kg, 500 mg/Kg and 1000 mg/Kg body weight orally for 28 days.
Results: Post-administration biochemical analysis indicates there was increased weight in rats administered 100
mg/kg and 200 mg/kg while it reduced in the 500 mg/kg group. Significant elevations of liver function markers
were reported for 200 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg respectively. Serum and hepatic protein profiles remained unaltered.
Renal function analysis revealed elevated serum urea and creatinine for 200 and 500 mg/kg groups, elevated serum
Na+ and Ca+ and reduced serum Cl− for the 500 mg/Kg group. Elevated Kidney K+ and Ca+ levels, reduced Cl−
were significantly observed in 500 mg/Kg group. Significant rise in hepatic and renal lipid peroxidation was
observed in 200 and 500 mg/Kg groups. There were observed disarmament of the antioxidant defense systems
occasioned by rise and drop in tissue (hepatic, renal, testes, heart) Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (Cat),
Glutathione-s-transferase (GST), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities in the test groups relative to control.
Histopathological examination indicated architectural aberrations at 500 and 1000 mg/kg.
Conclusions: It concluded that the plant had significant phytochemical and antioxidant properties of medical
interest and possessed toxic properties in rats when administered at a dose above 200 mg/Kg over a prolonged
period of time.
Resorcinol is widely used in manufacturing of several drugs and pharmaceutical products that are mainly used
for topical ailments. The main objective of this study is to use an alternative strategy i.e., biofield treatment to alter
the physical, spectral and thermal properties of resorcinol.
Similar to Evaluation of the Impact of Biofield Treatment on Physical and Thermal Properties of Casein Enzyme Hydrolysate and Casein Yeast Peptone (20)
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
2. Citation: Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Jana S, et al (2015) Evaluation of the Impact of Biofield Treatment on Physical and Thermal
Properties of Casein Enzyme Hydrolysate and Casein Yeast Peptone. Clin Pharmacol Biopharm 4: 138. doi:10.4172/2167-065X.1000138
Page 2 of 7
Volume 4 • Issue 2 • 1000138
Clin Pharmacol Biopharm
ISSN: 2167-065X CPB, an open access journal
Galvani first time observed this phenomenon in a frog where he had
been working on static electricity [13]. Similarly it was believed that
electromagnetic field exists around the human body and the evidence
was found using some medical technologies such as electromyography,
electrocardiography, and electroencephalogram. This field is known
as biofield and the exposure of the said biofield has been referred
hereinafter as Biofield treatment.
Recently, biofield treatment was used to modify the physical,
atomic and thermal properties of various ceramic, metals and carbon
allotropes [14-21]. Mr. Trivedi is known to transform these materials
using his biofield. The biofield treatment has also improved the
production and quality of various agricultural products [22-25].
Moreover, the biofield has resulted into altered antibiotic susceptibility
patterns and the biochemical characteristics of various bacteria [26-
28]. Exposure to the said biofield has caused an enhancement in
growth and anatomical characteristics of herbs like Pogostemon cablin
that is commonly used in perfumes, in incense/insect repellents, and
alternative medicine [29]. In this study, the effects of biofield treatment
on two protein based organic compounds (CEH and CYP) are studied
and their physicochemical properties are evaluated.
Materials and Methods
The casein enzyme hydrolysate and casein yeast peptone were
procured from HiMedia Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. India. The samples were
grouped into two parts; one was kept as a control sample, while the
remaining sample was subjected to Mr. Trivedi’s biofield treatment
and coded as treated sample. After that, all the samples (control and
treated) were characterized with respect to FTIR, DSC, TGA, particle
size and surface area analysis.
Characterization
Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy: The infrared
spectra of CEH and CYP (control and treated) were recorded on FT-IR
spectrometer, (Perkin Elmer, USA).
The IR spectrum was recorded in the range of 4000-500 cm-1
.
Particle size analysis: The average particle size and particle size
distribution were analyzed by using Sympetac Helos-BF Laser Particle
Size Analyzer with a detection range of 0.1 micrometer to 875 micrometer.
Average particle size (d50
) and d99
(maximum particle size below which
99% of particles) were computed from laser diffraction data table. The d50
and d99
value were calculated using the following formula.
Percentage change in d50
size = 100 × (d50
treated- d50
control)/ d50
control
Percentage change in d99
size = 100 × (d99
treated- d99
control)/ d99
control
Surface area analysis: The surface area of CEH and CYP were
characterized by using surface area analyzer, SMART SORB 90 BET
(Brunauer-Emmett-Teller), which had a detection range of 0.1-100
m2
/g.
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) study: The CEH and
CYP (control and treated) were used for DSC study. The samples were
analyzed by using a Pyris-6 Perkin Elmer DSC on a heating rate of
10°
C/min under oxygen atmosphere.
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA): Thermal stability of CEH
and CYP (control and treated) were analyzed by using Metller Toledo
simultaneous TGA. The samples were heated from room temperature
to 400o
C with a heating rate of 5o
C/min under oxygen atmosphere.
Results and Discussion
FTIR spectroscopy:
Figure 1a and 1b showed the FTIR spectrum of control and treated
CEH, respectively. The FTIR spectrum of control CEH showed (Figure
1a) an important absorption peaks at 3215 cm-1
, 2974 cm-1
which were
attributed to -OH and -CH stretching vibration peaks respectively.
Other absorption peaks were observed at 1654 cm-1
and 1596 cm-1
due to
amide-I and amide-II stretching vibration peaks. The spectrum showed
peaks at 1078 cm-1
which was responsible to -OH bending vibration
peaks. The treated CEH showed (Figure 1b) shifting of the -OH/-NH
stretching and amide (amide-I and amide-II) peaks toward lower
wavenumbers. The -OH stretching vibration peak was shifted to 3199
cm-1
and amide group peaks were shifted to lower wavenumber 1633
cm-1
and 1587 cm-1
respectively. This showed that biofield treatment
has induced strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding in treated CEH
structure. It was previously shown that hydrogen bonding lowered
the frequency of stretching vibrations in proteins, since it lowers the
restoring force, however increases the frequency of bending vibrations
since it produces an additional restoring force [30,31]. Additionally it
was shown that hydrogen bonding in -NH group lowers the stretching
vibration by 10 to 20 cm-1
[32]. Hence in treated CEH, the amide-I
band lowered by 21 cm-1
and amide-II lowered by 13 cm-1
provided a
strong proof of hydrogen bonding in the treated sample.
The Figure 2a and 2b shows the FTIR spectrum of control and
treated CYP powder. FTIR spectrum of treated and control powder
shows (Figure 2a) slight reduction in the hydrogen bonded -OH
stretching of treated sample as compared to control. The control
CYP sample showed 1635 and 1589 cm-1
which were due to amide-I
and amide-II stretching vibration peaks. The treated sample showed
(Figure 2b) minimal changes in wavenumber of -OH (3060 cm-1
) ,
amide-I (1687 cm-1
) and amide-II (1585 cm-1
). The results confirmed
that biofield treatment has induced the structural changes in the
treated samples.
Particle size and surface area analysis
The particle size analysis results of CEH and CEP (control and
treated) are depicted in Figures 3 and 4. The average particle size
Figure 1: FTIR spectrum of (a) Control casein enzyme hydrolysate (b)
Treated casein enzyme hydrolysate.
3. Citation: Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Jana S, et al (2015) Evaluation of the Impact of Biofield Treatment on Physical and Thermal
Properties of Casein Enzyme Hydrolysate and Casein Yeast Peptone. Clin Pharmacol Biopharm 4: 138. doi:10.4172/2167-065X.1000138
Page 3 of 7
Volume 4 • Issue 2 • 1000138
Clin Pharmacol Biopharm
ISSN: 2167-065X CPB, an open access journal
(d50
) and d99
values were calculated from the particle size distribution
results (Figure 3). The control CEH showed d50
value of 11.88 μm and
it has found increased to 12.6 μm in treated sample. The d99
value was
also increased in treated sample (136.74 μm) as compared to control
(115.16 μm). The percentage average particle size, d50
and d99
of the
treated CEH were increased (6.1 and 18.7%) substantially as compared
to control (Figure 4).
Whereas, in treated sample of casein yeast peptone (12.61 μm), the
d50
value has been found increased in comparison with control (10.86
μm). Nonetheless, most significant result was observed in d99
value of
treated sample of CYP which was found to be 317.52 μm as compared
to 143.4 μm in control sample. In treated, the average particle sizes, d50
and d99
of CYP were found increased by 16.1% and 121.4% respectively
(Figure 4).
The surface area was analyzed by BET analysis and the results are
presented in Table 1. The surface area of treated CEH (1.004 m2
/g)
showed significant improvement as compared to control sample
(0.5459 m2
/g). After calculation, the percentage change in surface area
was found to be increased by 83.9% in the treated sample of CEH.
Contrarily the treated CYP (1.12 m2
/g) showed a decrease in surface
area by 7.3% as compared to control sample (1.21 m2
/g). This result can
be correlated with increased particle size results of CYP. The surface
area and particle size changes are usually opposite to each other, i.e.
smaller the particles size, larger the surface area and vice versa [33-35].
Hence, we conclude that increase in particle size substantially reduced
the surface area of treated CYP as compared to control sample.
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
DSC is a popular technique for investigating the glass transition,
melting nature and change in specific heat capacity of materials. The
DSC thermogram of control and treated CEH is presented in Figure 5a
and 5b. The control CEH sample showed (Figure 5a) an endothermic
peak at 140°
C which was probably due to bound water with the protein
sample. The thermogram also showed a very broad endothermic
inflexion at 198°
C which was responsible for its melting temperature.
The broad peak was probably due to associated water with the sample.
DSC of treated CEH showed (Figure 5b) no thermal transition in its
thermogram. This was probably due to the highly rigid nature of the
treated protein network which was not melted even on the higher
temperature. It may be correlated with good thermal stability of the
treated sample. Based on the results, we postulate that biofield may
have acted directly upon amorphous regions of protein hydrolysate
and induced the atoms to come together that led to the formation
of a long range order. This may have caused higher crystallinity and
ordered regions which probably required more energy in order to
break the chains.
The DSC thermogram of CYP (control and treated) powders are
presented in Figure 6a and 6b. The control sample showed (Figure
6a) an endothermic peak at 144°
C. However the DSC thermogram of
treated CYP showed (Figure 6b) a broad endothermic peak at 191°
C
which was associated with its melting temperature. This showed the
increased thermal stability of the CYP after biofield treatment.
Figure 2: FTIR spectrum of (a) Control casein yeast peptone (b) Treated
casein yeast peptone.
Figure 3: Particle sizes of Control and Treated samples.
Figure 4: Percentage change between particle size between Control and
Treated samples.
Material
Surface area
Control (m2
/g) Treated (m2
/g)
% Change in surface
area
Casein enzyme
hydrolysate
0.55 1.00 83.90
Casein yeast peptone 1.21 1.12 -7.30
Table 1: Surface area analysis of Casein enzyme hydrolysate and Casein yeast
peptone.
4. Citation: Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Jana S, et al (2015) Evaluation of the Impact of Biofield Treatment on Physical and Thermal
Properties of Casein Enzyme Hydrolysate and Casein Yeast Peptone. Clin Pharmacol Biopharm 4: 138. doi:10.4172/2167-065X.1000138
Page 4 of 7
Volume 4 • Issue 2 • 1000138
Clin Pharmacol Biopharm
ISSN: 2167-065X CPB, an open access journal
Figure 5a: DSC thermogram of Control casein enzyme hydrolysate.
Figure 5b: DSC thermogram of Treated casein enzyme hydrolysate.
Figure 6a: DSC thermogram of Control casein yeast peptone. Figure 6b: DSC thermogram of Treated casein yeast peptone.
Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA)
TGA analysis provides information about thermal stability of the
sample. TGA thermogram of control and treated samples of CEH is
presented in Figure 7a and 7b respectively. The control CEH sample
showed (Figure 7a) single step thermal degradation which started at
170°
C and stopped at 240°
C. The derivative thermogravimetry (DTG)
showed maximum thermal decomposition temperature at 209°
C in
control sample. TGA thermogram of treated sample (Figure 7b) showed
two step thermal decomposition pattern. In the first step, the sample
started to degrade at 190o
C and ended at 240°
C. During this event the
sample lost 12.4% of its original weight. The second step commenced
at 260°
C and ended at 380°
C. The DTG analysis showed a maximum
thermal decomposition peak at 217°
C in treated sample. The increase
in maximum thermal decomposition peak in treated sample probably
enhanced the thermal stability as compared to control. It is presumed
that biofield treatment has probably induced strong hydrogen bonds
in treated CEH sample which raised the decomposition temperature
of the sample. It is worthwhile to note here that the FTIR spectrum
(Figure 1b) of treated CEH showed hydrogen bonding in the sample.
This is also well supported by DSC results.
TGA thermogram of CYP (control and treated) sample is presented
in Figure 8a and 8b. The thermal decomposition of the control CYP
(Figure 8a) started at 180°
C and ended at 228°
C. The sample has showed
maximum thermal decomposition at 202°
C. During this thermal
process sample lost 11.26% of its original weight. The comparative
evaluation of DTG peaks showed that after biofield treatment the
thermal stability of the treated CYP (216°
C) (Figure 8b) is found to be
increased as compared to control (202°
C). This shows the enhanced
thermal stability of the treated CYP sample.
Conclusion
This study showed the influence of biofield treatment on the
physical and thermal properties of the CEH and CYP. Biofield
treatment did cause a significant change in structure characterization,
along with an increase in particle size, melting temperature and
maximum decomposition temperature as compared to control sample,
which were analyzed by standard techniques. Hence we postulate that
the biofield treated organic protein products (CEH and CYP) could be
used either as an interesting matrix for drug delivery or as a medium
for cell culture research.
5. Citation: Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Jana S, et al (2015) Evaluation of the Impact of Biofield Treatment on Physical and Thermal
Properties of Casein Enzyme Hydrolysate and Casein Yeast Peptone. Clin Pharmacol Biopharm 4: 138. doi:10.4172/2167-065X.1000138
Page 5 of 7
Volume 4 • Issue 2 • 1000138
Clin Pharmacol Biopharm
ISSN: 2167-065X CPB, an open access journal
Figure 7a: DTGA thermogram of Control casein enzyme hydrolysate.
Figure 7b: TGA thermogram of Treated casein enzyme hydrolysate.
6. Citation: Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Jana S, et al (2015) Evaluation of the Impact of Biofield Treatment on Physical and Thermal
Properties of Casein Enzyme Hydrolysate and Casein Yeast Peptone. Clin Pharmacol Biopharm 4: 138. doi:10.4172/2167-065X.1000138
Page 6 of 7
Volume 4 • Issue 2 • 1000138
Clin Pharmacol Biopharm
ISSN: 2167-065X CPB, an open access journal
Figure 8a: TGA thermogram of Control casein yeast peptone.
Figure 8b: TGA thermogram of Treated casein yeast peptone.
7. Citation: Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Jana S, et al (2015) Evaluation of the Impact of Biofield Treatment on Physical and Thermal
Properties of Casein Enzyme Hydrolysate and Casein Yeast Peptone. Clin Pharmacol Biopharm 4: 138. doi:10.4172/2167-065X.1000138
Page 7 of 7
Volume 4 • Issue 2 • 1000138
Clin Pharmacol Biopharm
ISSN: 2167-065X CPB, an open access journal
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powders. Materials Research Innovations 13- 473-480.
17. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2012) Thought Intervention through
Biofield Changing Metal Powder Characteristics Experiments on Powder
Characterisation at a PM Plant , Future Control and Automation Lecture Notes
in Electrical Engineering Volume 17: 247-252 .
18. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2013) Effect of Biofield Treatment on
the Physical and Thermal Characteristics of Vanadium Pentoxide Powders.
Journal of Material Sciences & Engineering S11:001.
19. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2013) Effect of bio field treatment on the
physical and thermal characteristics of Silicon, Tin and Lead powders. Journal
of Material Sciences & Engineering 2:125.
20. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2014) Atomic, Crystalline and Powder
Characteristics of Treated Zirconia and Silica Powders. J Material Sci Eng 3: 144.
21. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RMR (2015) Effect of Biofield Treatment on
the Physical and Thermal Characteristics of Aluminium Powders. Industrial
Engineering & Management 4:151.
22. Shinde V, Sances F, Patil S, Spence A (2012) Impact of Biofield Treatment
on Growth and Yield of Lettuce and Tomato. Australian Journal of Basic and
Applied Sciences 6: 100-105
23. Sances F, Flora E, Patil S, Spence A, Shinde V (2013) Impact of Biofield
Treatment on Ginseng and Organic Blueberry Yield. AGRIVITA, Journal of
Agricultural Science 35: 1991
24. Lenssen AW (2013) Biofield and Fungicide Seed Treatment Influences on
Soybean Productivity, Seed Quality and Weed Community. Agricultural Journal
8: 138-143.
25. Altekar N, Nayak G (2015) Effect of Biofield Treatment on Plant Growth and
Adaptation. Journal of Environment and Health sciences 1: 1-9
26. Trivedi M, Patil S (2008) Impact of an external energy on Staphylococcus
epidermis [ATCC –13518] in relation to antibiotic susceptibility and biochemical
reactions - An experimental study. Journal of Accord Integrative Medicine 4:
230-235.
27. Trivedi M, Patil S (2008) Impact of an external energy on Yersinia enterocolitica
[ATCC –23715] in relation to antibiotic susceptibility and biochemical reactions:
An experimental study. The Internet Journal of Alternative Medicine 6.
28. Trivedi M, Bhardwaj Y, Patil S, Shettigar H, Bulbule A (2009) Impact of an
external energy on Enterococcus faecalis [ATCC – 51299] in relation to
antibiotic susceptibility and biochemical reactions - An experimental study.
Journal of Accord Integrative Medicine 5: 119-130.
29. Patil SA, Nayak GB, Barve SS, Tembe RP, Khan RR (2012) Impact of Biofield
Treatment on Growth and Anatomical Characteristics of Pogostemon cablin
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Citation: Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Jana S, et al (2015)
Evaluation of the Impact of Biofield Treatment on Physical and Thermal
Properties of Casein Enzyme Hydrolysate and Casein Yeast Peptone. Clin
Pharmacol Biopharm 4: 138. doi:10.4172/2167-065X.1000138